长沙理工大学大学英语练习册答案

unit1Word Formation1. (1) pleasantly (2) pleasant (3) please (4) pleasure (5) pleased2.(1) necessities (2) necessarily (3) unnecessary (4) necessary3.(1) married (2) unmarried (3) marriage (4) marry (5) marriage4.(1) fast-food (2) chairman (3) gentlemen (4) classmate.V ocabulary1.(1) was running (2) required (3) coincidence (4) avoid (5) origins(6) was referring (7) distinguish (8) complain (9) have shortened (10) rather2.(1) B (2) A (3) C (4) D (5) A(6) D (7) B (8) C (9) A (10) B.3.Structure1.(1) It so happens that I saw my former high school teacher in New York.(2)It so happens that they went to the same university after they parted ten years ago.(3)It so happens that this bank-note has come back to me when I spent it last month.2.(1) shaking hands(2) to learn a foreign language(3) playing the piano. Sentence Translation1.There is not much to distinguish her from the other candidates.2.Five hundred jobs were axed suddenly as a result of government spending cuts.3.Although I met him for the first time, I was immediately attracted by him.4.I’m sorry to tell you that I have to go somewhere else and cannot stay here any longer.5.When we first studied English, the teacher gave everyone an English name.6.我的生意越来越大，我也比以前更忙了。

一：Explain the following terms: Negative skin frictionSpread foundationShallow foundationCombined foundationCast-in-situ pilePrecast pilePoint bearing pileFrictional pileRigid pileFlexible pileLaterally loaded pileTension pileFloating foundationMat foundationpile foundationEfficiency of group pileEffect of group pileFoundationModulus of subgrade reactionStatic pile capacity二、Answer the questions:Compare the general shear failure, the local shear failure with the punching shear failure.How to estimate the frictional resistance of a pile in clay?Give the considerations for choice of the type of the pile foundation.Give the difference of the nature of pile deflection between rigid pile and elastic pile.Under which conditions the negative skin friction can occur?Give more than three methods to evaluate the ultimate bearing capacity (qu) of shallow foundation.Give the general requirements of foundation design.How to estimate the settlement of a pile?Give the considerations for choice of the depth of the foundation.Give the difference of spreading load of the shallow foundation from deep foundation.In which conditions it may be necessary to place footings on stratified deposits?What’s the assumption of the pressure distribution used in footing design?三、Analysis and calculation:Determine the footing dimensions of the rectangular foundation for the following design data: Loads: DL=1560kN LL=1220kNFooting: qa=255kPaFor the strip footing on layered soil with width of 3.6m and depth of 1.8m, the top layer is clay with thickness of 4m, γ=18KN/m3, c=25kPa, φ=30º, the lower layer is clay with thickness of 5m, γ=16.5KN/m3, c=15kPa, φ=18º, determine the modified φand c values and the ultimate bearing capacity qult., ,Assume the pile group of m×n=4×2 is in a saturated clay having an undrained shear strength c=su=qu/2=55kPa. Given:Diameter of piles (D)= 500mmCenter-to-center spacing of piles=1200mmLength of piles=20mEstimate the allowable group capacity and assume there is a 300mm cap projection beyond the outer piles. Use SF=3, Nc=9.0, α=0.6。

2019年长沙理工大学外国语学院357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解一、词语翻译（每小题2分，共50分）1. 《西游记》【答案】Journey to the West2. 《五经》【答案】Five Classics3. 《论语》【答案】the Analects of Confucius4. 归化翻译【答案】domesticating translation5. 京津冀一体化【答案】Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei integration6. 有效合同【答案】valid contract7. 消费税【答案】consumption tax8. 浮动汇率【答案】floating exchange rate9. 股东【答案】shareholder10. 优先股【答案】preferred stock11. Great Expectations【答案】《远大前程》12. The Sound and the Fury 【答案】《喧哗与骚动》13. Gothic fiction【答案】哥特式小说14. Hard Times【答案】《艰难时世》15. Oliver Twist【答案】《雾都孤儿》16. The Wars of the Roses 【答案】玫瑰战争17. High Court of Justice 【答案】高等法院18. Enclosure Movement 【答案】圈地运动19. Catholicism【答案】天主教教义20. The Holy Bible【答案】圣经21. stagnation【答案】停滞22. investment trust【答案】信托公司23. deflation【答案】通货紧缩24. hard currency【答案】硬通货25. rediscount【答案】再贴现二、英汉互译（每小题50分，共100分）（一）汉译英我对于海，好像着了魔似的一天比一天迷恋起来，我爱它，甚至一天也不能离开它。

Unit 11-7 Y Y N Y NG Y N8. have a feeling of direction9. contribute to10. Pay attention to11－15 CDBAB 16－20 CBBDC 21－25 AACAB 26－30 DBBBA 31－35 ABCDB36.invaded 37.emitting 38. corn 39. portion 40. releases 41. respond 42. nourish 43. specific44. This explains how a wasp can find a caterpillar in a huge field of corn.45. By enhancing this natural response in plants, researchers might reduce, some day even eliminate, the need46. or they might transplant specific genes to increase the release of the chemical signals.47-51 IJBGA 52-56 MKFCH57-61 CBDAB 62-66 BCDAC67-71 BADAC 72-76 CABBA 77-81DCACD 82-86 AABBCUnit 21-7 Y N N Y NG Y Y8. the brainwave patterns9. rapid eye movement10. 90 minutes11－15 BDBAD 16－20 ABBDC 21－25 DCADD26－30 CBDAB 31－35 BCADD36. unrelated 37. increasingly 38. helpless 39. solemn40. swore 41. sense 42. abandoned 43. divorced44. not necessarily because they love each other, but because they were stuck, and it was better to be stuck comfortably than otherwise .45. some divorcees even argue that divorce is beneficial, educational, that the second or third marriage is “the best”, and the only reason left to marry is love.46. In other respects, our rapidly-rising divorce rate and the declining marriage rate represents a loss .47-51 LFHAJ 52-56 EGKBN57-61 BAADC 62-66 CACDB67-71 DDBAC 72-76 ABCCB 77-81 CDABD 82-86 ACBACUnit 31-7 BCDAB CD8. sunlight9. toxins10. foods such as liver, yeast and dairy products11－15 CCABD 16－20 BDACD 21－25 CACAA26－30 BACCD 31－35 ADDBA36. civilization 37.developed 38. probably 39. ancient40. societies 41. roles 42. pattern 43. responsibilities44. What is remarkable about the history of toys is not so much how they changed over the centuries but how much they have remained the same.45. It is the universality of toys with regard to their development in all parts of the world46. Variations depended on local customs and ways of life because toys imitate their surroundings.47-51 BJDNE 52-56 OKLHM57-61 DCACB 62-66 DCBBD67-71 CABDA 72-76 DCCBA 77-81ADBCB 82-86 DACBDUnit 41-7. Y Y N N Y N NG8. 80,000,0009. split the ranks10. 40%11－15 DADAB 16－20 ABACA 21－25 DCDCB 26－30 CDBBA 31－35 DBABD36. refers 37. various 38. ruin 39. scattering40. exhaust 41. disturbing 42. serious 43. survival44. Pollution of the soil reduces the amount of land on which we can grow food45. Everyone wants to reduce pollution, but the pollution problem is as complicated as it is serious46. For example, exhaust from automobiles causes a large percentage of all air pollution, but the automobile provides transportation for millions of people47-51 BLFGK 52-56 EMOIC57-61 CDABB 62-66 ACCBA67-71 CCDBB 72-76 ACABA 77-81 CDADD 82-86 BCABBUnit 51-7. Y Y N Y N NG N8. 528,4319. liberalized10. public charges11－15 CBDCA 16－20 BBBAB 21－25 DBBDB 26－30 BCCCB 31－35 DADBA36. terrible 37. expected 38. pressure 39. embarrassed40. pretended 41. delighted 42. continued 43. illegally44. Fortunately I was never stopped by the police and the next time I took my driving test, I passed45. Anyway, I’d been thinking about learning to drive and I persuaded her to let me have a go.46. We were having such fun that we didn’t notice the tide was coming in until the car was actually swimming in the water47-51 DFLJG 52-56 IHCMB57-61 ADDCA 62-66 BADCC67-71 CADAB 72-76 BCCAD 77-81 DADBB 82-86 CDABCUnit 61-7. NY N Y Y N NG8. protein9. less important10. beta carotene11－15 DCDBD 16－20 BABCB 21－25 BCCDC 26－30 BACAD 31－35 BBABD36. generally 37. characteristic 38. relaxation 39. scenic40. refreshed 41. sessions 42.effective 43. nodding44. If you set impossible goals for yourself you can only be disappointed in your progress.45. this period can last for days or even weeks46. like Chinese medicine, the effects of your study come slowly but surely47-51 CHDEM 52-56 ANFGL57-61 CADDD 62-66 BDCCB67-71 AAADC 72-76 BADCD 77-81 CBBCA 82-86 DCCBDUnit 71-7. N Y Y N N Y NG8. failed to perform properly9. the highest salaries10. 1960s11－15 DCAAD 16－20 CCBCD 21－25 BABDC26－30 CDDBC 31－35 BBCAB36. full 37. correct 38. Latin 39. chiefly40. repetitions 41. analysis 42.reveals 43. frequently44. Both lists consist, without exception, of native words.45. words of the Bible are ninety-four percent native, Shakespeare’s ninety-one percent,46. Only in present–day technical writing do we find the foreign element climbing to forty percent.47-51 IBEAM 52-56 GLDJC57-61 DADBC 62-66 BDBDB67-71 CBABB 72-76 CDBDA 77-81 CBCDB 82-86 BACBDUnit 81-7 Y N Y N Y N NG8. hydroponics9. purifying sea water10. transmitting communications across the globe11－15 DBBAC 16－20 ADDCA 21－25 BCDCC26－30 DDBDC 31－35 BCAAC36. typically 37. connected 38.accompanies 39. link40. produced 41. issue 42.associated 43. elderly44. Between age 25 and 35, the deep sleep drops to about 12 percent45. By the time men reach 45, they have nearly lost the ability to fall into deep sleep and after age 50, men’s total sleep declined by about 27 minutes per decade of age46. Exercising at least 20 minutes three or four times a week is also helpful47-51 AFOGK 52-56 CNEDM57-61 DDABD 62-66 CDABC67-71 CABBA 72-76 CDCDC 77-81 DDBBA 82-86 DCBACUnit 91-7. N Y Y N Y N NG8. comprehensive high schools9. John Dewey10. preschool training11－15 CCCCD 16－20 ABCDA 21－25 DADCD 26－30 CACCA 31－35 BBBCA36. reward 37. staged 38. quit 39. participated40. gratitude 41. Prevention 42. screened 43. cigarettes44. when I had to keep chewing gum and drinking ice-cold water45. During the first several days when I began to quit, I could n’t get to sleep46. I wish my friends would quit for their own health and that of their families47-51 DEICK 52-56 HOJFB57-61 ACBBC 62-66 DDCBC67-71 BBCAA 72-76 CDBAB 77-81 ABCDB 82-86 AACDBUnit 101-7 N Y NG N Y N N8. take breaks9. positive10. under-exertion11－15 ABDBC 16－20 CDBDC 21－25 ABCDD26－30DCCDB 31－35 CDCDD36. valuable 37. importing 38. usual 39. engaged40. important 41. promising 42. left 43. intending44. I was looking through the morning newspaper, which had been brought on board45. threw the ring overboard46. it was a fish bone47-51 IJGMK 52-56 CFHDB57-61 CBCAD 62-66 ADCAA67-71 CCADA 72-76 AADBA 77-81 BBCAA 82-86 ADADB。

英语（二）复习范围一、V ocab ulary and S tructures1、We __________ go out to restaurants, but mostly we eat at home.A、occasionallyB、relativelyC、continuallyD、absolutely2、If payment is not received, legal action will be our only __________.A、aggressionB、advantageC、alternativeD、ambition3、The conclusion from the study is not definite; it is just __________.A、tentativeB、validC、technicalD、thorough4、When you __________ know Bob better, you will like him.A、go toB、got toC、went toD、get to5、__________ Tom has done really amazed everyone in his class.A、WhatB、WhichC、ThatD、Who6、__________ he has many friends, he is often feeling lonely.A、AsB、WhenC、WhileD、Since7、There are many sales this season, during which stores will lower their __________ prices.A、normalB、generalC、ordinaryD、usual8、Scientists doubt whether it’s __________ to regulate one’s biological clock by drinking.A、feasibleB、incredibleC、fashionableD、valuable9、The room was quiet, __________ the occasional coughing from my throat.A、in caseB、except forC、by farD、instead of10、The profit-sharing plan is designed to __________ the staff to work hard.A、calculateB、demonstrateC、speculateD、motivate11、Although she had received no __________ education, she was skilled in chemistry.A、preschoolB、traditionalC、formalD、remedial12、The general manager was very busy yesterday, otherwise he __________ to the meeting.A、would have comeB、would comeC、should comeD、had come13、The professor has __________ his whole life to the nation’s education.A、involvedB、devotedC、distributedD、managed14、The __________ away we get from the earth, the __________ the air becomes.A、farther…thinB、far…thinnerC、farther…thinnerD、further…thin15、Anyone __________ to learn English well should remember the proverb: Practice makes perfect.A、wantsB、wantC、wantedD、wanting16、The success of the young scientist is, ________, due to his hard work.A、to advantageB、to no availC、to excessD、to a great extent17、It is important to ________ the fine tradition of plain living and hard work.A、call offB、keep upC、make overD、lay out18、He has bought a new bookcase because of his ________ book collection.A、expandingB、exaggeratingC、exhaustingD、excluding19、The boy went to the seaside for the summer vacation to escape the ________ of school life.A、optimumB、boredomC、freedomD、wisdom20、The editor went through the article carefully, trying to ________ all the mistakes in it.A、undermineB、withstandC、visualizeD、eliminate21、If you try to learn too many things at a time, you may get ________.A、concentratedB、confusedC、confirmedD、convinced22、Y ou should help them ________ when your friends quarrel with each other.A、come into sightB、come to termsC、come into playD、come to power23、I was writing a report last night; ________ I would not have stayed up late.A、howeverB、otherwiseC、thereforeD、furthermore24、He insured his car ________ he had an accident.A、unlessB、ifC、sinceD、in case25、The twin sisters were identical ________ appearance and character.A、ofB、withC、inD、to26、Scientists are now working on programs to ________ the place and time of earthquakes.A、assumeB、guessC、predictD、release27、An employee has perfect reliability if he always does his work ________.A、personallyB、scarcelyC、respectivelyD、responsibly28、She couldn’t ________ the meaning of the poem because it’s too vague.A、work withB、work outC、work atD、work up29、Y ou’d better leave things ________ if you don’t know how to deal with them.A、offB、outC、aloneD、over30、The wounded soldiers would recover quickly if they were well ________.A、nourishedB、stuffedC、tamedD、ventured31、The traffic was held up for more than thirty minutes, ________ caused me to arrive late.A、itB、thatC、whatD、which32、Poor speaker of English though he was at the time, he still managed to make himself ____.A、understandB、understoodC、understandingD、to understand33、As for family education, parents are encouraged to rely on ________ rather than punishment.A、criticismB、intimidationC、persuasionD、scolding34、Y ou’d better leave things ________ if you don’t know how to deal with them.A、lonelyB、onlyC、loneD、alone35、So far scientists have only acquired ________ understanding of the physical processes thatcause earthquakes.A、a partialB、a changeableC、an originalD、an individual36、Whenever I go out to dinner with him, I always ________ paying the bill.A、end upB、arrive atC、drop outD、give off37、Modern economics ________ the country’s agricultural policies.A、undergoesB、understandsC、underliesD、undertakes38、What he told us was more of a(n) ________ than a reality.A、illusionB、demonstrationC、illustrationD、reputation39、Children have a natural ________ about the world around them.A、certaintyB、capabilityC、clevernessD、curiosity40、He has deep love for the people and ________ loyalty to the country.A、intenseB、initialC、instantD、imitative41、This is the first time that a woman has been ________ to the post.A、grantedB、praisedC、pointedD、appointed42、Don’t trust everything ________ you have read in the newspapers.A、whichB、thatC、asD、what43、She ________ everything else and concentrated on the task before her.A、set offB、set backC、set asideD、set up44、I’ve got the order from the boss that the work ________ finished before 5 p.m. today.A、would beB、beC、will have beenD、could be45、It is not decided ________ the conference will be held.A、whatB、whichC、whenD、that二、Cloze T estPassage 1Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives. If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made. Decision __1__ is the process of choosing, and many decisions have a broad range of choice. For example, a student __2__ be able to choose among a number of different courses in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree. For manager, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the __3__. These constraints exist __4__ all levels of the organization.Alternatives are the possible courses of action __5__ choices can be made. If there are no alternatives, there is no choice and, therefore, __6__ decision. __7__ no alternatives are seen, often it means that a thorough job of examining the problems has not been done. For example, managers sometimes __8__ problems in an either/or fashion; this is their way of simplifying complex problems. But the tendency to __9__ blinds them to other alternatives.At the managerial level, decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them, and the range is from highly limited __10__ practically unlimited.（）1、A、made B、making C、make D、to make （）2、A、must B、can C、may D、should （）3、A、similar B、same C、so on D、like（）4、A、at B、for C、on D、over（）5、A、among what B、between them C、of that D、from which （）6、A、somewhat B、some C、no D、any（）7、A、As B、If C、While D、Though （）8、A、treat B、meet C、face D、deal（）9、A、satisfy B、simplify C、identify D、modify （）10、A、before B、in C、to D、after Passage 2What is a comet? It is a ___1___ that goes round our sun, not in a ___2___ like the planets, but in a kind of egg ___3___ that takes it round our solar system, ___4___ in some cases perhaps even outside it, and then bake in ___5___. The nearest any comet gets to the edge of our sun during its orbits is about 145,000 kilometers. The ___6___ orbit is three years, and the longest is ___7___ to be something like a million years. There are thought to be about 120,000 comets in our solar system.A comet has a head and one or more long ___8___. What are they ___9___? Most scientists believe they are frozen gases and dust, but ___10___ there has been another idea will be tested in future scientific research.（）1、A、system B、body C、satellite D、zone（）2、A、line B、triangle C、square D、circle（）3、A、shape B、shadow C、shade D、space（）4、A、but B、and C、or D、as（）5、A、aboard B、away C、apart D、again（）6、A、latest B、smallest C、shortest D、slowest（）7、A、likely B、vital C、typical D、subtle（）8、A、surfaces B、tails C、wings D、strings（）9、A、made out B、made up C、made from D、made of（）10、A、instantly B、nearly C、recently D、naturally Passage 3We all believe that modern technology can make life better because it makes everything faster. But by ___1___ everything up, we suffer losses we have not yet learnt to know. Our day begins with speedy urges: the alarm rings and you jump ___2___ bed. Y ou take a quick shower. Then you wake the kids and ___3___ them through breakfast so they won’t miss the bus. At the dining table, you swallow some slices of bread with a cup of tea. When everything ___4___, you hurry to the car, thinking of the things you would buy from the supermarket on the way ___5___. Driving 20 minutes in the busy traffic, you reach your workplace, rushing into the building and ___6___ up the stairs three at a time, arriving at your desk with seconds to spare. Y ou take ___7___ deep breaths. Then, you instantly remember that the ___8___ you didn’t finish last night must be faxed to Beijing by 10 o’clock in the morning.Y et it seems that the ___9___ we go, the further we fall behind. Not only in the literal sense of not getting done what we set out to do, ___10___ at a deeper level. It has come to the point where my days feel like an Olympic marathon.（）1、A、speeding B、setting C、waking D、looking（）2、A、away from B、on to C、back on D、out of（）3、A、look B、break C、rush D、see（）4、A、is done B、begins C、works D、is gone（）5、A、to home B、home C、at home D、from home （）6、A、leaping B、walking C、driving D、moving（）7、A、a great deal of B、a number of C、a lot of D、a couple of （）8、A、subject B、project C、object D、inject（）9、A、more B、slower C、faster D、less（）10、A、but also B、as well C、too D、either三、Read ing ComprehensionPassage OneIn the sea, at the base of what scientists call the food chain are single-celled plants. These microscopic algae (海藻) provide the energy for the chain that feeds higher forms of life. Under some conditions, algae suddenly begin to spread very quickly and the event is known as a bloom. Usually blooms are not harmful but some kinds of algae produce poisons. These toxins can be deadly to sea animals and also dangerous to people. When algae bloom, they can change the color of the water as they form dense areas near the surface.Y ou may have heard the term “red tide”. But experts at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute in Massachusetts say this is incorrect. Blooms are not connected with tides and there arenot always red. The water can appear brown or greenish. And in fact, some algae can be harmful without changing the color of the water. So instead of red tide, scientists use the term “harmful algal bloom”. Algal is the adjective form of alga —a single plant. But they also just say HAB for short.The toxins can very quickly kill fish such as herring and anchovies that feed on algae. But even if they survive, they can be dangerous to eat. Not only that, bigger fish that eat the algae eaters may also be dangerous. Some toxins harm only sea life, but others can cause severe stomach and intestinal problems as well as neurological disorders and even death in people. The only way to know whether these toxins are present is through laboratory testing of fish and shellfish.Experts say the meaty or hard muscle parts of shrimps, crabs, scallops and lobsters are safe to eat because they do not absorb the poison. But people should not eat the liver of other organs or soft tissues. Also people should not eat other kinds of shellfish during an HAB. These include oysters, clams, mussels and whelks.1、It can be inferred from the passage that algae are ________.A、simple plantsB、desert plantsC、garden plantsD、tropical plants2、The color of the water in the sea changes when algae ________.A、cause neurological disordersB、grow and become poisonousC、become dense near the surfaceD、kill large numbers of sea animals3、The toxins of algae could be tested through ________.A、bloomB、waterC、algaeD、fish4、It is mentioned in the passage that the color of HAB can be ________.A、red, brown or greenishB、red, brown or yellowishC、red, greenish or yellowishD、brown, greenish or yellowish5、The passage mainly deals with ________.A、the deadly poisons in algae in the seaB、the algal bloom and its harmful effectsC、the precise definition of algae in the seaD、the general classification of algae in the seaPassage T woMany children first learn the value of money by receiving an allowance. The purpose is to let children learn from experience at an age when financial mistakes are not very costly. The amount of money that parents give to their children to spend as they wish differs from family to family. Timing is another consideration. Some children get a weekly allowance. Others get a monthly allowance. In any case, parents should make clear what, if anything, the child is expected to pay for with the money.At first, young children may spend all of their allowance soon after they receive it. If they do this, they will learn the hard way that spending must be done within a budget. Parents are usually advised not to offer more money until the next allowance.The object is to show young people that a budget demands choices between spending and saving. Older children may be responsible enough to save money for larger costs, like clothing or electronics.Many people who have written on the subject of allowances say it is not a good idea to pay your child for work around the home. These jobs are a normal part of family life. Paying children to do extra work around the house, however, can be useful. It can even provide an understandingof how a business works.Allowances give children a chance to experience the three things they can do with money. They can share it in the form of gifts or giving to a good cause. They can spend it by buying things they want. Or they can save it.Saving helps children understand that costly goals require sacrifice: you have to cut costs and plan for the future.6、Parents often give allowance to their children for them ________.A、to pay for school feesB、to buy gifts for themselvesC、to put savings in banksD、to learn to manage money7、According to the passage, it seems that ________.A、older children often make financial mistakesB、younger children know little about money spendingC、parents usually give their children monthly allowancesD、experts advise parents to give their children more money8、If young children have spent all of their allowances beyond a budget, parents ________.A、should give them more moneyB、should not offer them any adviceC、should help them to make a budgetD、should not offer them extra money9、When giving their children allowance, parents should be careful of ________.A、age and amountB、place and timeC、amount and timingD、timing and age10、If a child sets a goal he tries to obtain with money, he should first ________.A、make extra moneyB、reduce his expensesC、share his money with othersD、do more work around the homePassage ThreeWe live in a technologi cal society. Almost every aspect of life in the modern world is influenced (for better or worse) by technology . Communications, transportation, manufacturing, mining and exploration, the service industries, medicine, agri culture all are dominated by methods and apparatus which are the results of technologi cal advances. The basi s of technology is science. wi thout the fundamental discoveries and understanding provided by science, technology would be hit-or-miss(随意的) affair, lacking di rection and making little progress. One can argue that our society is beginning to suffer from too much technology, but we will never return to the primitive life of our ancestors –technology is with us and it will remain with us.Just as it is important to study history so that we can appreciate how the world came to its present state, it is important to learn some of the basic concepts of science so that we can appreciate the role that technology plays in modern society. For without some knowledge of the scientific principles by which technology operates, one can neighter cope with technology nor assist in directing it into the proper channels.In recent times, we have had the general attitude that whatever is technologically possible should be done. It is now becoming increasingly apparent that our scientific and technological progress has outstripped (超越) our capacity to perform or absorb everything that is possible. More and more, we will have decisions to make: in what directions should the thrust of our new discoveries be made? The situation requires that we make intelligent decisions – decisions based in a knowledge and an understanding of what can be done, what will be the benefits, and what will be the consequences. Scientists do not make these decisions; people make them. It is thereforeincumbent (义不容辞的) on every individual to acquire the basic knowledge that will permit him to participate intelligently in directing the course of our technological advancement.1、According to the passage, technology can ________.A、produce bad effects on societyB、suffer from hit-or-miss affairsC、influence the courage of scienceD、restore life of the primitive age2、According to the passage, one must learn basic concepts of science in order to ________.A、assist in directing science in a proper wayB、contribute to the orientati on of technol ogyC、discover the progress of science in historyD、find out about the exi stence of technology3、Because the human capacity to perform or absorb everything that is possible has beenoutstripped, it is time for people to ________.A、slow down the development of technologyB、reduce the role of science in modern timesC、take a new point of view about technologyD、reevaluate the lifestyle of human ancestors4、According to the write, it is everyone’s responsibility to particip ate in deciding on ________.A、how fast scientific advancement should beB、how fast technological progress should beC、what to acquire and what to skip in scienceD、what to do and what to avoid in technology5、The passage is mainly about ________.A、the influence of technology on modern societyB、the importance of learning scientific principlesC、the impact of scientific progress on civilizationD、the difference between science and technologyPassage FourSince we are social beings, the quality of our lives depends in large measure on out interpersonal relationships. One strength of the human condition is our tendency to give and receive support from one another under stressful circumstances. Social support consists of the exchange of resources among people based on their interpersonal ties. Those of us with strong support systems appear better able to cope with major life changes and daily problems. People with strong social ties live longer and have better health than those without such ties. Studies over a range of illnesses, from depression to heart disease, reveal that the presence of social support helps people fight off illness, and the absence of such support makes poor health more likely.Social support cushions stress in a number of ways. First, friends, relatives, and co-workers may let us know that they value us. Our self-respect is strengthened when we feel accepted by others despite our faults and difficulties. Second, other people often provide us with informational support. They help us to define and understand our problems and find solutions to them. Third, we typically find social companionship supportive. Engaging in leisure-time activities with others helps us to meet our social needs while at the same time distracting us from our worries and troubles. Finally, other people may give us instrumental support – financial aid, material resources, and needed services – that reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.1、We learn from the passage that interpersonal relationships are important because _________.A、they are essential to people’s social well-being.B、they arouse people's desire for communicationC、they deal with problems in the information eraD、they are effective in curing a range of diseases2、Research shows that people's physical and mental health _________.A、is related to stressful conditionsB、is related to support from othersC、relies on social welfare systemsD、relies on the severity of diseases3、The underlined word "cushions" (paragraph 2) most probably means _________.A、adds up toB、does away withC、lessens the effect ofD、lays the foundation for4、Social companionship is beneficial in that _________.A、it enables people to eliminate their mistakesB、it helps people to understand their problemsC、it adds a new meaning to people's social lifeD、it creates a new focus of attention for people5、Helping a sick neighbor with some repair work is an example of _________.A、instrumental supportB、informational supportC、social companionshipD、increasing self-respectPassage FiveThe question of whether dogs have a sense of humor is often fiercely argued. My own opinion is that some have and some haven’t. Dachshunds have, but not St Bernards or Great Danes. Apparently a dog has to be small to be fond of joke. Y ou never find a Great Dane trying to be a comedian.But it is fatal to let any dog know that he is funny, for he immediately loses his head and starts overdoing it. As an example of this I would point to Rudolph, a dachshund I once owned, whose slogan was “Anything for a Laugh”. Dachshunds are always the worst offenders in this respect because of their peculiar shape. It is only natural that when a dog finds that his mere appearance makes the viewing public laugh, he should imagine nature intended him to be a comedian.I had a cottage at the time outside an English village, not far from a farm where they kept ducks, and one day the farmer called on me to say his ducks were disappearing and suspicion had fallen on my Rudolph. Why? I asked, and he said because mine was the only dog in the neighborhood except his own Towser and Towser had been so carefully trained that he would not touch a duck even if you brought it to him with orange sauce over it.I was very annoyed. I said he only had to gaze into Rudolph’s truthful brown eyes to see how baseless were his suspicions. Had he not, I asked, heard of foxes? How much more likely that a fox was the Bad Guy in the story. He was beginning to look doubtful and seemed about to make an apology, when Rudolph, who had been listening with interest and at a certain point had left the room, came trotting (小跑) in with a duck in his mouth.Y es, dachshunds overplay their sense of humour, and I suppose other dogs have their faults, but they seem unimportant compared with their virtues.1、In the author’s opinion, that dogs have a sense of humour ________.A、is still under considerable debateB、is an undeniable fact known to allC、depends on what kind of dog they areD、depends on how many jokes they have2、It can be inferred from the first paragraph that a Great Dane is ________.A、a funny dogB、a fierce dogC、a small-sized dogD、a large-sized dog3、When a dachshund knows that he looks funny, he ________.A、becomes so excited as to perform too fullyB、shakes his head right away and refuses to workC、raises his head very high to show his superiorityD、thinks carefully at once and begins to work hard4、When the farmer blamed Rudolph for the disappearing of his ducks, Rudolph’s ownerthought that ________.A、Rudolph was a well-trained dogB、Rudolph was wronged by his neighborC、Towser was the worst offender in the worldD、Towser was the only dog tamed in the village5、The purpose of the story is to prove that ________.A、Rudolph is a truthful dogB、Rudolph is a dangerous dogC、Rudolph is a suspicious dogD、Rudolph is a humorous dogPassage SixStorytelling is one of the few human features that are truly universal across culture and through all of known history. Anthropologists find evidence of folktales everywhere in ancient cultures, written in Sanskrit, Latin, Greek, Chinese, Egyptian and Sumerian. People in societies from oral storytellers in hunter-gatherer tribes to the millions of writers bringing out books, television shows and movies. And when a characteristic behavior shows up in so many different societies, researchers pay attention: its roots may tell us something about our evolutionary past.To study storytelling, scientists must first define what constitutes a story, and that can prove tricky. Because there are so many diverse forms, scholars often define story structure, known as narrative, by explaining what is it not. Exposition contrasts with narrative by being a simple, straightforward explanation, such as a list of facts or an encyclopedia entry. Another standard approach defines narrative as a series of causally linked events that unfold over time. A third definition draws on the typical narrative’s subject matter: the interactions of intentional agents —characters with minds —who possess various motivations.However narrative is defined, people know it when they feel it. Whether fiction or nonfiction, a narrative engages its audience through psychological realism —recognizable emotions and believable interactions among characters.“Everyone has a natural detector for psychological realism,” says Raymond A. Mar, assistant professor of psychology at Y ork University in Toronto. “We can tell when something rings false.”But the best stories —those retold thorough generations and translated into other languages —do more than simply present a believable picture. These tales attract their audience, whose emotions can be closely tied to those of the story’s characters. Such immersion (沉浸) is a state psychologists call “narrative transport”. Researchers have only begun figuring out the relations among the variables that can initiate narrative transport.1、The passage indicates that storytelling ________.A、is becoming less and less popular in modern societiesB、attracts researchers’ attention all through human historyC、is the best way to show the evolutionary past of human beingsD、is a common cultural phenomenon all through the known history2、The phrase “a characteristic behavior” in Para.1 refers to ________.A、telling storiesB、studying folktalesC、writing booksD、producing movies3、Exposition is characterized by ________.A、believable picturesB、diverse subject mattersC、a simple and direct explanationD、a number of causally linked events4、How many approaches are mentioned to define a narrative?A、One.B、Two.C、Three.D、Four.5、the best stories attract their audience because they ________.A、present a believable pictureB、express the audience’s emotionsC、are translated into other languagesD、are retold from generation to generationPassage SevenIn recent years many companies of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive. Some experts claim the answer is to make jobs more varied. But do more varied jobs lead to greater productivity? There is evidence to suggest that while variety certainly makes the worker’s life more enjoyable, it does not actually make him work harder. As far as increasing productivity is concerned, variety is not an important factor.Other experts feel that giving the worker freedom to do his job in his own way is important and there is no doubt that this is true. The problem is that this kind of freedom cannot easily be given in the modern factory with its complicated machines which must be used in a fixed way. Thus while freedom of choice may be important, there is usually very little that can be done to create it. Another important consideration is how much each worker contributes to the product he is making. In most factories the worker sees only one small part of the product. Some car factories are now experimenting with having many small production lines rather than one large one, so that each worker contributes more to the production of the cars on his line. It would seem that not only is the degree of workers’ contribution an important factor, therefore, but it is also one we can do something about.To what extent does more money lead to greater productivity? The workers themselves certainly think this is important. But perhaps they want more money only because the work they do is so boring. Money just lets them enjoy their spare time more. A similar argument may explain demands for shorter working hours. Perhaps if we succeed in making their jobs more interesting, they will neither want more money, nor will shorter working hours be so important to them.1、The passage is mainly about how to ____.A、promote workers’ competitionB、meet worker’s need for varietyC、ensure workers’ right of choiceD、improve workers’ pe rformance2、According to the writer, variety enables a worker to _____.A、derive more enjoyment from lifeB、work in his own way more freelyC、fulfill his job requirements betterD、undertake greater responsibilities3、We learn from the passage that freedom of choice _____.A、can hardly function in a flexible mannerB、can hardly lead to increased productivityC、is hardly seen as effective by companiesD、is hardly available in the modern factory4、It can be inferred from the passage that, compared with large production lines, smaller onesgive workers ____.A、a greater variety of interesting tasksB、a stronger sense of accomplishmentC、a better idea of the modern industryD、a clearer picture of essential factors5、According to the writer, higher pay can _____.。

2017年长沙理工大学外国语学院357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解一、词汇翻译：英汉术语、缩略词或专有名词互译（每小题2分，共50分）1. Comfortable Housing Project【答案】安居工程2. careers guidance【答案】就业指导3. issues of agriculture, farmer and rural area【答案】“三农”问题4. UNESCO【答案】联合国教科文组织（United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization）5. ATM【答案】自动出纳机（Automatic Teller Machine）/ 空中交通管理（Air Traffic Management）6. MTI【答案】翻译硕士专业学位（Master of Translation and Interpreting）7. HDTV【答案】高清晰度电视（high-definition TV）8. income tax【答案】所得税9. back translation【答案】回译10. foreignization【答案】异化11. videoconference【答案】视频会议12. school district houses【答案】学区房13. “四个全面”【答案】the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy14. 重阳节【答案】Double Ninth Festival15. 不忘初心【答案】stay true to the original self16. 必修课【答案】required course17. 金融风险【答案】financial risk18. 交替传译【答案】consecutive interpreting19. 洪荒之力【答案】prehistorical powers/ mystic energy20. 微信朋友圈【答案】WeChat Moments21. 创客【答案】Maker22. 金融风险【答案】financial risk23. 叫车软件【答案】car-hailing app24. 供给侧改革【答案】supply side reform25. 友好城市【答案】sister city/twin town二、英汉互译（段落翻译）（每小题50分，共100分）（一）英译汉Sooner or later, we must realize that we have to live within the planet’s means. We can’t use more water than the Earth is capable of providing. A globally sustainable civilization doesn’t mean one that’s poor or without joy. On the contrary, we can have spectacularly affluent civilizations where we don’t use more resources than the environment can provide. I call this eco-affluence. There can benew lifestyles of the grandest quality that heal rather than harm our global ecosystem.A quality of life that doesn’t damage the environment doesn’t mean “back-to-nature.”You don’t have to live like Thoreau (unless you want to). It could mean living in a superbly sophisticated city, near family, with the excitement of creative work, cultural diversity, elegant parks and superlative entertainment. Cities can be both beautiful and ecologically correct. A good lifestyle may mean developing a connection to religion, beauty and community. Future civilizations will be anything but simple, and they will have a wide variety of lifestyles.There are many ways to be affluent without harming the environment. Some involve the love of nature, some involve high technology and some involve opera, baseball, theater, or jazz. The Earth will have large protected areas of ancient and immense biodiversity, and some people will be passionate about understanding this biodiversity. Some will be crazy about ocean racing, paragliding, birding, breeding orchids, hydroponics, cricket, camping or walking in beautiful places. Digital technology will bring global computer games with virtual reality of great richness. With hi-fi earphones and high-definition goggles, we can take state-of-the-art entertainment anywhere.The future will be characterized by a rapid growth in knowledge and new techniques for putting knowledge to work. Routine work will continue to be done by machines, leaving humans to focus increasingly on jobs that demand human feeling and creativity. The 21st century will bring extraordinary levels ofeco-affluent creativity. There will be a near-infinite number of eco-affluent avocations and hobbies.【参考译文】我们迟早一定会意识到，我们不得不在地球所能提供的物质财富范围内生活。

KeysTest 1Part I Vocabulary and Structure1. B2. D3. B4. A5. D6. C7. B8. A9. A 10. B 11. C 12. C 13. C 14. A 15. A 16. B 17. A 18. D 19. C 20. BPart II Listening ComprehensionSection A 1-8 BACDBBBC 9-12 CA BC 13-15 CADSection B 16-18 CDD 19-22 CCBD 23-25 BDDSection C 26. employment 27. against 28. shocked29. described 30. unchanged 31. employment32. confined 33. particularly34. Many of them are forced to start work when they are only ten years old.35. The children not only receive nothing or very little for their long hours of work but also they are prevented from attending school.36. better laws to protect young children, greater supervision of industry and heavier fines for those who break the laws.Part III Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)Section A 1-5 J F K O L 6 -10 G C M H ISection B 1-5 A D B B D 1-5 D B C A DPart IV Cloze1 -5 D A BCA 6 -10 C D B A D 11 -15 C B A D C 16 -20 A B D A CPart V Translation1.Supposing/Suppose (that) the contrast I have made is valid2.while/though we admit the seriousness of the problem3.So accustomed are we to the idea that money means success4.if I had been on the spot then5.that confidence and hard work can greatly contribute to his successTest 2Part I Vocabulary and Structure1. A2. D3. B4. C5. A6. A7. C8. D9. C 10. C 11. D 12. B 13. B 14. B 15. B 16. C 17. C 18. A19. B 20. BPart II Listening ComprehensionSection A 1-8 CDBCDCCC 9-12 ACDB 13-15 BDDSection B 16-18 ACD 19-22 CADC 23-25 ACDSection C 26. Motor 27. danger 28. screens29. controllers 30. exactly 31. handle32. controllers 43. disaster34. An air traffic controller noticed on his radar screen that the two planes were too close to each other.35. He ordered one to turn to the right and to climb, but he made a mistake: he ordered the wrong plane to do this! So, instead of turning away from the second plane, the first plane turned down towards it.36. They avoid each other by the smallest of a second.Part III Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)Section A 1 -5 M F I E D 6 -10 N L A K JSection B 1 -5 A B D B C 1-5 C B D A CPart IV Cloze1 -5 D A D B D 6 -10 C C B A C 11 -15 B C B A D 16 -20 A C D C APart V Translation1.some effective measures were taken2.should be measured by how much he does to society3.not so much a scholar4.he should adapt himself to5.wondering his real purposeTest 3Part I Vocabulary and Structure1. C2. C3. D4. D5. B6. B7. B8. C9. D 10. B 11. B 12. A 13. A 14. D 15. D 16. A 17. D 18. C 19. A 20. APart II Listening ComprehensionSection A 1-8 CCDDDCAC9-12 ADDA 13-15 BBBSection B 16-18 BAD 19-22 ACBD 23-25 BCDSection C 26. simply 27.necessarily 28. realize 29. dangerous30. concentrate 31. exaggerate 32. survey 33. typical34. Most mentioned Shakespeare, queen, village inns, English folk dancing, football hooligans, umbrellas, English castles, cricket, and fish and chips wrapped in newspaper.35. They are, in fact, simply stereotypes—that is, general features which people wrongly think are typical.36. If people have such a wrong impression of their own culture, how much more false would their impression of other cultures be!Part III Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)Section A 1 -5 J D F N G 6 -10 M K H E ISection B 1 -5 B C D A C 1-5 B A D A CPart IV Cloze1 -5 DBACA 6 -10 DBCBD 11 -15 CDBDA 16 -20 BCADCPart V Translation1.It is unbelievable that2.not so serious as they reported3.Chances are that the rumor4.It is because she is too inexperienced5.People suffering from cultural shockTest 4Part I Vocabulary and Structure1. C2. B3. D4. D5. C6. C7. A8. D9. B 10. D 11. A 12. B 13. A 14. C 15. A 16. B 17. C 18. B 19. D 20. DPart II Listening ComprehensionSection A 1-8 BDBDCBDA 9-12 ACDC 13-15 DBASection B 16-18 BCD 19-22 DADC 23-25 ADDSection C 26.chicken 27. construction 28. feeding 29.believed 30. morals31. country 32. Palace 33. stage34. I have been rejected so many times by record companies that it was hard not to be discouraged.35. A few weeks later, my manager received the phone call—Warner Brother’s wanted to sign me to a record deal.36. It was the sense of responsibility that made me like a man. Knowing that I had done my best filled me with pride.Part III Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)Section A 1 -5 K O J A N 6 -10 I G D M ESection B 1 -5 A B D B C 1-5 C B D A CPart IV Cloze1 -5 D A D B C 6 -10 A D B C D 11 -15 B D C B A 16 -20 C D A C BPart V Translation1.normally/usually give priority to2.can the embrace a brilliant future3.Not until he had fulfilled his college dream4.the lower its dropout rate is5.If the police hadn’t rescued him in timeTest 5Part I Vocabulary and Structure1. D2. B3. D4. B5. B6. C7. A8. A9. C 10. D 11. C 12. C 13. D 14. D 15. A 16. B 17. B 18. A 19. B 20. CPart II Listening ComprehensionSection A 1-8 BDDAABDC 9-12 CBAD 13-15 CBDSection B 16-18 CBD 19-22 ABBC 23-25BDDSection C 26. grandparents, 27. used 28. extended 29. throughout30. nuclear 31. consists 32. structure 33.offers34. They have freedom from their relatives and the husband does not have all the powers of the family.35. Wives in nuclear families do not enjoy this benefit, and they have another disadvantage, too; women generally live longer than their husbands, so older women from nuclear families often have to live alone.36. In the past, men worked outside home and women worked inside. Housework and child care were a full-time job, and there was no time for anything else. +Now women work outside and have more freedom than they did in the past, but they still have to do most of the housework.Part III Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)Section A 1 -5 G F A K G 6 -10 J D H O MSection B 1 -5 B A C C B 1-5 D B C D BPart IV Cloze1 -5 ADACC 6 -10 DACAA 11 -15 DBDBC 16 -20 DDBABPart V Translation1.entering into the second round of negotiation2.could she feel peaceful and relaxed3.the ability to get along/on well with others4.no matter how frequently (they are) performed5.would not have survived that disasterTest 6Part I Reading Comprehension （Skimming and Scanning）1-7 A B A D C B C8 much more evidence9 put nicotine on its agenda10 could be eliminatedPart II Listening ComprehensionSection A 1-8CBDDCDAC 9-12 BCBC 13-15 BBDSection B 16-18 CDB 19-22 DBCC 23-25 DCBSection C 26. former 27. aimed 28. volunteer 29. billion30.coordination 31.specialists 32. grants 33.address34. They’re likely to drop out of school and less likely to succeed in life. But 40 percent of them still can’t read at a basic level.35. The program, initiated by President Clinton has come under criticism by Congress.36.Dozens of colleges and universities are prepared to send thousands of their students in support of the program.Part III Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)Section A 1-5 M C L O N 6 -10 D B F G ASection B 1-5 B A D D C 1-5 D D B D CPart IV Cloze1 -5 CDBDC 6 -10 DADBD 11 -15 CBBAB 16 -20 CDADAPart V Translation1.not take this medicine2.at the cost/expense of polluting the environment3.(which is) longer than we had expected4.you can’t praise him enough5.let alone have dinner with himTest 7Part I Vocabulary and Structure1. D2. B3. C4. B5. D6. A7. D8. C9. B 10. A 11. D 12. C 13. B 14. A 15. A 16. B 17. B 18. D 19. A 20. BPart II Listening ComprehensionSection A 1-8 ACDCAADB 9-12 DDBA 13-15 ACDSection B 16-18 AAD 19-22 BDCA23-25 BDASection C 26. summed 27. mystery 28. senses 29. tasted30. similarly 31. harmless 32. masses 33. completely34. Your body will replace the dead cells with healthy ones.35. Serious damage can be done without the victim being aware at the time that damage has occurred36. Or a child can be born weak or liable to serious illness as a result of radiation absorbed by its grandparents.Part III Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)Section A 1—5 B E F G I 6—10 K N A J DSection B1—5 B A C B D 1—5 C C A B CPart IV Cloze1）D 2）B 3）A 4）C 5）B 6）C7）B 8）D 9）A 10）B 11）A 12）D13）C 14）A 15）B 16）C 17 ）A 18）C19）A 20）DPart V Translation1 No sooner had I lit the candle than / Hardly had I lit the candle when2 instead of cutting the costs of production3 would he break his promise / commitment to pay back the money4 should not be addicted to computer games. / should not indulge themselves in computer games / should not abandon themselves to computer games.5 were most impressed with / by his efficiencyTest 8Part I Vocabulary and Structure1. B2. D3. A4. C5. C6. A7. B8.D9. A 10. B 11. D 12. B 13. D 14. C 15. C 16. B 17. A 18. C19. A 20. APart II Listening ComprehensionSection A 1-8 DCBBBDBD 9-12 CBDA 13-15 CBASection B 16-18 BBB 19-22 AABC 23-25CAASection C 26. headquarters 27. priceless 28. valuable antique 29. Consequently30. status 31. threat 32. journalist 33. accused34. He claimed that art treasure were being illegally exported to London on a regular basis,35. They will severely damage London’s credibility as a centre of the world’s art trade.36. If passed in Britain, the EU laws would make London a much less attractive place to purchase art treasures.Part III Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)Section A 1—5 H J A G B 6—10 D N I M KSection B 1—5 A D C B B 1—5 C A B D APart IV Cloze1） D 2）B 3） A 4） C 5） A 6）B7）D 8）C 9） B 10） D 11）B 12）D13）A 14）C 15）A 16） D 17 ） A 18）A19）C 20）APart V Translation1 only to be told that she couldn’t come by then2 nothing (should) be touched until the police arrived3 have they undergone / endured tremendous hardship in the travel4 the more concern we should draw to its safety5 despite repeated assurances that it is safeTest 9Part I Vocabulary and Structure1.B2.D3.C4.B5.D6.D7.B8.A9.D 10.D 11.A 12.C 13.D 14.C 15.B 16.B 17.A 18.B 19.B 20.A Part II Listening ComprehensionSection A 1-8 DADCBBCC 9-12 CCDA 13-15BDDSection B 16-18 CAA 19-22 DCAA23-25 AADSection C 26.confusing 27. achieve 28. nervous29.confidence 30.range 31.equipped32. audio 33. socially34. Most schools offer General English courses which are either part time—usually 15 hours per week—or full time, which can be as much as 40 hours.35. General English course also give students the chance to discover new parts of Britain.36. Wherever they go in Britain, they are assured high quality courses.Part III Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)Section A 1—5 B O I E M 6—10 K H A G CSection B 1—5 C C D A B 1—5 B C D C APart IV Cloze1） C 2） D 3） B 4）B 5） A 6）D7） C 8） A 9） B 10）A 11） D 12）A13）B 14） D 15） C 16） D 17 ）A 18）D19） B 20） APart V Translation1 decided not to punish those students who had been late for class2 which made the others jealous3 falling export rates would have an impact on the economy4 this dispute (should) be resolved / settled as soon as possible5 forgetting to call in advance to cancel the dateTest 10Part I Vocabulary and Structure1. A2. B3. B4. C5. A6. C7. B8. D9. B 10. B 11. C 12. D 13. D 14. A 15. A 16. D 17. A 18. B 19. C 20. BPart II Listening ComprehensionSection A 1-8 CBCDA ADB 9-12 BDAD 13-15 BCDSection B 16-18 ABA 19-22 BBAA 23-25 BADSection C 26.awake 27. quiet 28. hillside 29. pot30. boiled 31. share 32. fragrant 33. grinding34. For only a little money, they could meet friends, play chess, talk, and discuss the news of the day.35. Coffeehouses became popular in America, when settlers from Europe brought the idea with them.36. In all the ways coffee is served, it has become an international drink.Part III Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)Section A 1—5 C I A K N 6—10 G E L H DSection B 1—5 C A B B D 1—5 C A D C DPart IV Cloze1） D 2） C 3）C 4）B 5） A 6）B7） D 8） A 9）B 10） C 11） D 12）B13） A 14） D 15）C 16）B 17 ）C 18）D19） A 20） BPart V Translation1 He might have thought his speech convincing2 derives pleasure from helping others3 how much you will be charged for your services4 he is not so much a photographer than a painter / he is more of a painter than a photographer5 largely due to the poor managementTest 11Part I Vocabulary and Structure1.A2.B3.B4.D5.C6.B7.A8.A9.D 10.B 11.A 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.C 16.A 17.C 18.C 19.C 20.D Part II Listening ComprehensionSection A 1-8 CCBADBDC 9-12 CBCD 13-15 DBASection B 16-18 ACA 19-22 BDDA 23-25 BBCSection C 26. rough 27. otherwise 28. hanging29.leaving 30. weight 341. stiff32.elastic 33. slightly34. This is enough to save the ship from breaking into pieces.35. The boy had a bag of nuts beside him, and every time the ship was lifted by a wave and the joint opened.36. The boy then took it out and put the next one in a s the joint opened again.Part III Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)Section A 1—5 F G A M N 6—10 B L C J DSection B 1—5 C A A A C 1—5 A C B A APart IV Cloze1） C 2）B 3） B 4） D 5） C 6）B7） A 8）B 9） D 10） C 11） B 12）A13）C 14） D 15） B 16） A 17 ） A 18）C19） B 20） DPart V Translation1.Having been damaged in the earthquake2.should we give up pursuing knowledge /should we abandon the pursuit of knowledge3.Being asked to give a performance4.hoping that we could reach the airport on time / in hopes that we could arrive at the airport ontime5.become aware of its serious consequencesTest 12Part I Reading Comprehension （Skimming and Scanning）1-8 B C C D B C A8 apply to them and their kids9 go to bed hungry10 80 percentPart III Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)Section A 1—5 C D B O K 6—10 F I L A GSection B 1—5 C A C D C 1—5 D B A C CPart IV Cloze1） C 2） D 3） A 4） B 5） A 6）D7） B 8） C 9） C 10）A 11）D 12）B13） A 14）C 15） D 16）B 17 ）B 18）A19） C 20）DPart V Translation1 would not have broken into my house2 did he begin to realize his mistakes3 completely lost in it4 being invited to attend the opening ceremony5 the less likely it is to do so。

长沙理工大学学士学位英语真题Changsha University of Science and Technology Bachelor’s graduation English exam：Section A: Grammar。

1. The teacher asked the students ______ their English well.A. to studyB. studyC. studyingD. studied。

2. He asked if I _______ the party that night.A. will attendB. am attendingC. attendedD. had attended。

3. _____ the bad weather, they still held the outdoor concert.A. DespiteB. ButC. ThoughD. Although。

4. There was only one entrance to the beach, but it _______ when the storms came.A. will closeB. closedC. had closedD. closes。

I. Read the following passage and answer the questions:。

Grammar can be a tricky and confusing thing. It is important to understand the rules of grammar in order to write or speak effectively. But one of the great things about language is that it is always changing. You need to know the basics of grammar but don't be afraid to break the rules when necessary.A. What is this passage about?B. What is the great thing about language according to this passage?C. What is the advice of the passage?A. This passage is about the importance of understanding grammar.B. The great thing about language is that it is always changing.C. The advice of the passage is to know the basics of grammar but don't be afraid to break the rules when necessary.。

2023年湖南理工学院《大学英语》考试真题还原本次考试总体难度属于中等略微偏上与我们平时练习的难度匹配，题型方面，和2022年考查题型差异较小。

本次考试考查题型包括词汇语法单选题(多为固定搭配、形近词辨析、时态语态、非谓语、虚拟语气等)，阅读理解题，完型填空题，翻译题，作文题。

其中，语法词汇题占比 20%，阅读分值占比 30%，完形填空分值占比 10%，翻译分值占比 20%，作文分值占比20%。

知识点覆盖率 100%，原题占比 15%。

Part I Vocabulary and Structure (20%)1. _____ for the fact that she broke her leg, she might have passed the exam.A. Had it not beenB.Hadn't it beenC. Was it notD.Were it not[本题答案]A[本题解析]本题考查虚拟倒装。

根据主中“might have passed”判断是对过去进行虚拟，从句应用haddone，故排除CD;虚拟倒装将had,should,were”提至主语前并省略i其余不变(否定不提前)，所以选A。

[本题翻译]如果不是因为她摔断腿这件事，她或许就通过考试了2.It's no use _____ your past mistakes.A. regrettingB.regretC. to regretD. regretted[本题答案]A[本题解析]本题考查非谓语。

“Itisnouse/gooddoingsth”，所以选A[本题翻译]为你过去的过错后悔是没有用的。

3.It is imperative that students _____ their term papers on time.A.hand inB.would hand inC.have to hand inD. handed in[本题答案]A[本题解析]本题考查虚拟语气。

SampleTest Paper for English for General Academic PurposePart I. Listening (30%)Section ADirections: In this section, you will watch a video twice and choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D to complete the following statements. (10%)1.What problem does the speaker believe many of the TED audience have?________________A.They are not effective.B.They are tying their shoes incorrectly.C.They are living a sad life.D. They are not innovative. ( B)2.3.4.5.Section BDirections: In this section, you will watch a video twice and choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D to complete the following statements. (10%)6.What is the background of the mesh according to the speaker?A. Climate change.B. Population growth and density into cities.C. The recent distrust of global big brands.D. All of the above. (D)7.8.9.10.Section CDirections: In this section, you will listen to a video clip three times and fill in the blanks with the exact words or phrases you have just heard. (10%) So an important biomimicry principle is to find ways of bringing technologies together in symbiotic clusters. And the technology that we 11 on as an ideal partner for the Seawater Greenhouse is concentrated 12 power, which uses solar-tracking 13 to focus the sun's heat to create electricity. And just to give you some sense of the 14 of CSP, consider that we receive 10,000 times asmuch 15 from the sun every year as we use in energy from all forms -- 10,000 times. So our energy 16 are not intractable. It's a challenge to our ingenuity. And the kind of synergies I'm talking about are, firstly, both these 17 work very well in hot, sunny deserts. CSP needs a 18 of demineralized freshwater. That's exactly what the Seawater Greenhouse produces. CSP produces a lot of 19 heat. We'll be able to make use of all that to evaporate more seawater and enhance the restorative 20 . And finally, in the shade under the mirrors, it's possible to grow all sorts of crops that would not grow in direct sunlight. So this is how this scheme would look.(11. settled 12. mirrors 13. solar 14. potential 15. energy 16. problems 17. technologies 18. supply 19. waste 20. benefits)Part II. Paraphrase (20%)Directions: Paraphrase the following sentences.1.None of the data categories gave specific information about what websites peoplewere visiting, the content of their emails or chats, or the types of files being downloaded—they simply indicated the extent to which people used different broad categories of net-based resources, as well as differences in people’s tendency to use many resources at once2.The project, scheduled to wrap up at the end of the year, is focused on protectingvehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication designed to prevent traffic accidents.3.The drop in U.S. emissions –according to the EIA, total U.S. carbon emissionshave now fallen by more than 8 percent since peaking in 2007 –is in part due to the economic slowdown, but more so to a move from coal-fired electricity generation to less carbon-intensive natural gas, particularly gas produced from hydraulic fracturing or “fracking.”4.After factoring in cloud cover and flux from the stars, they determined that thesteadiest situations would come from binary twins, stars of approximately the same mass. Of these, a pair of stars 80 percent as massive as the Sun would hitwhat Clark called “the sweet spot,”though a range of twins and other special combinations would also work well.Part III. Writing a Summary (50%)Directions: Write a summary of the following passage in about 100~ 150 words.Effect of Interorganizational Teamwork on Project OutcomeINTRODUCTIONTeamwork has been regarded as a key factor leading to productivity in the engineering and construction industry (Mendelsohn 1998). An effective team-building process can bring major financial and other nonfinancial benefits for both public-sector and private-sector construction projects (Albanese 1994). The capabilities of the construction management team in planning, team building, and communications were found to have a strong positive relationship with construction time performance (Walker 1996). As teamwork could have a substantial contribution to project performance, it warrants further research effort and attention. In particular, it is worth examining the effect of interorganizational teamwork—teamwork developed across project participants, including client organization, contractor firm, and architectural and engineering consulting firms—on the performance of design/build (D/B) projects. While establishing a high level of cooperation and coordination is essential for project team members to achieve target performance, it is even more critical for projects that have to be accomplished within a short time (e.g., D/B projects). In fact, the importance of teamwork in D/B projects has been stressed by contractors, as indicated in the Jefferies et al. (1999) survey.Teamwork and partnering are not synonyms, although they share some key characteristics, including mutual trust, common goals, and effective communication. In general, two forms of partnering—strategic partnering and project partnering—can be identified for managing construction projects. According to the Construction Industry Institute (1996), strategic partnering stresses the development of a long-term commitment between two or more project organizations to achieve specific business objectives. This is achieved through the cultivation of a supportive culture among the project participants, the establishment of mutual trust and common goals, and an appreciation of expectations and values of project team members. Improvement in efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and quality can be attained if a successful strategic partnering relationship is developed. Project partnering is “a method of transforming contractual relationships into a cohesive, cooperative project team with a set of goalsand established procedures for resolving disputes in a timely and effective manner”(Cowan et al. 1992, p. 5). In contrast to strategic partnering, teamwork is characterized by the focus on a single project (Albanese 1994) and does not involve the establishment of any formal agreement among project team members, but such an agreement is commonplace for both strategic partnering and project partnering.Gransberg et al. (1999) pointed out that public agencies might experience more difficulties in developing longstanding, strategic partnerships with private organizations than their counterparts in the private sector. It is because public agencies would face relatively more constraints on the form and substance of their internal operations and contractual relationships than private organizations do. In this regard, building effective interorganizational teams is attractive to the public agencies in improving project performance. Albanese (1994), in a study of public-sector and private-sector construction projects in the United States, found that project success could be achieved if project team members have shared goals, take pride in their team, communicate openly, give each other a lot of feedback, trust each other, and share the commitment to work together. Review of past studies on project evaluation (Ashley et al. 1987; Naoum 1994; Ndekugri and Turner 1994) indicates that the main research foci are on (1) the functional aspects of project performance, such as cost, time, and quality performance; (2) project participants’satisfaction on construction project performance; (3) the effect of the procurement method on project performance. It is argued that functional project performance represents one of the project evaluation criteria. The human aspect of project performance —project participants’job satisfaction —should also be addressed if we are to obtain a balanced judgment of the overall project performance.It appears that teamwork has a positive effect on project participants’job satisfaction. Some of the reported benefits of the team-building process are that it speeds up the development of good working relationships and helps project team members feel ownership of the project (Albanese 1994). Project participants’job satisfaction may also be related to functional project performance. If project team members enjoy their jobs, they may be willing to devote more effort to completing their tasks, and project performance could be improved. It is also anticipated that if the procurement method of a building project facilitates teamwork and the project outcome is good, project participants may form a positive view of the procurement method adopted. Developing such a positive view can encourage project team members to participate more in similar projects in the future, because these projects provide them with chances to perform their jobs in the ways they desired.Given the importance of evaluating the human aspect of project performance, the significance of interorganizational teamwork in building projects (in particular, the public-sector projects and D/B projects), and the need to examine the relationship between interorganizational teamwork and project performance, this exploratory study was undertaken to fill the research gap. Positive relationships among interorganizational teamwork, project participants’job satisfaction, their personal views on the D/B procurement method, and overall project outcome were hypothesized, and examined by the survey research method.。