科技论文写作中常见错误
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科技论⽂写作中常见错误
科技论⽂写作中常见错误及改进⽅法
摘要:⽂章列出了科技论⽂写作中⼀些常见错误,结合原⽂详细解释了错误产⽣的原因。⽂章还根据具体实例,详细分析了如何去改正这些常见的错误,避免在撰写科技论⽂时再次犯相同的错误。
关键词:科技论⽂写作;常见错误;改进1、引⾔
绝⼤多数中国⾼校都要求科技类的博⼠研究⽣或硕⼠研究⽣,在就读期间⾄少发表⼀篇英⽂论⽂。然⽽,由于很多因素,导致这项任务很难完成。⾸先,前续的英语课程对写作(尤其是科技英语写作)的关注程度不够,部分院校甚⾄在研究⽣阶段不开设英语课程,导致英语写作⽔平下降。其次,绝⼤多数中国作者⽣活在⾮英语环境中。第三,由于科技英语具有⾃⾝特点,许多英语国家的作者也要接受专门的写作课程课程学校。
在论⽂投稿过程中,有很多论⽂因为⽋缺流利的英语表达⽽被拒。如果有可能的话,应该在论⽂投稿前请英语国家的编辑帮忙修改。然⽽⼀个分院⾥往往有很多学⽣,并且每篇论⽂都需要修改两次,请⼈帮忙⼏乎不可能实现。请⼈修改论⽂的成本⾮常⾼,⽽且有时只能解决⼀部分问题。对于英语国家的编辑⽽⾔,他可以⾮常专业地消除论⽂中出现的语法错误,但是如果他缺乏科技背景,特别是论⽂所在的研究领域的研究背景,他将很难改正论⽂中出现的所有错误,也很难保证论⽂的表达清晰明了。聘请有着专业研究背景的学者来修改论⽂,是⼀个⾮常好的想法。但是他可能⽆法向作者清楚地解释,未来该如何避免类似的错误。⽽且对于绝⼤多数中国学⽣⽽⾔聘请专业⼈⼠帮忙修改论⽂,是⾮常困难的⼀件事情。
尽管聘请专业⼈⼠帮忙修改论⽂可以使加速论⽂发表进度,但是这种⽅法不能帮助作者避免重复出现同样的错误。⼤部分论⽂的作者都对英语有着固定的理解,只有让他们清楚地意识到他们的错误以及避免错误的⽅法,才能真正地帮助作者提⾼英语写作⽔平。
本⽂介绍了中国学⽣在写科技论⽂时最常见的错误,包括:语法错误,专有名词,格式错误,这些错误经常导致读者不能清除地理解⽂章的含义。虽然有些错误可以利⽤MS word的语法检查⼯具进⾏排查,但是这些软件⼯具是⽆法准确出绝⼤部分错误。2、常见错误
2.1 冠词“a”、“an”以及“the”
最简单最常见的错误是漏写冠词“a”,“an“以及“the”。因为中国的普通话中并没有与这些冠词直接对应的词语,对于⾮英语国家的作者来说,冠词的使⽤规则也⽐较复杂,导致了这个错误频繁发⽣。冠词意味着后⾯将会出现名词,任何⽤于修饰的词语都应在冠词和名词之间(⽐如abig blue bicycle,或者the first award)。“a”和“an”是不定冠词,“the”是定冠词。当名词需要限定词的时候,会⽤单数。经常犯的错误有3种:1)在需要冠词的时候没加“a”、“an”以及“the”;2)在不需要的时候添加了;3)错误使⽤。
例1:错误的写法:Figure 2 shows the distribution of relative velocity on surface of main and splitter blades.
正确的写法:Figure 2 shows the distribution of relative velocity on the surface of the main and splitter blades.
例2:错误的写法:The software PowerSHAPE is chosen to be a 3D modeling tooling; it is good at dealing with free
surfaces and curves.
正确的写法:The software PowerSHAPE is chosen to be the 3D modeling tooling; it is good at dealing with free
surfaces and curves.
论⽂中只有⼀种3D建模⼯具,因此“3D modeling tooling”前⾯需要⽤定冠词“the”特指。
例3:错误的写法:A theoretical method for calculating the inner flow-field in centrifugal impeller with splitter blades
and investigation of the interactions between main and splitter blades is presented in this paper. The vortices are distributed on the main andsplitter blades to simulate the effects of flows. Systematical study of number and distribution of vortices is conducted.
正确的写法:A theoretical method for calculating the inner flow-field in a centrifugal impeller with splitter blades
and an investigation of the interactions between main and splitter blades is presented in this paper.
The vortices are distributed on the main and splitter blades to simulate the effects of flows. Asystematical study of the number and distribution of vortices is conducted.
例4:错误的写法:Theoretically, remanufacturing could fully take advantage of resources contained in EOF product thereby minimizing impact on environmentto the greatest extent compared to landfill or recycling of materials; consequently it contributes greatly to resource conservation.
正确的写法:Theoretically, remanufacturing could fully take advantage of resources contained in an EOF product thereby minimizing the impact on theenvironment to the greatest extent compared to landfill or recycling of materials; consequently it contributes greatly to resource conservation.
2.2 超长句
在中国作者撰写的论⽂中,由于直接将中⽂翻译成英⽂,超长句是⼀种⾮常普遍的现象。尽管在汉语中,可以将⼏个不同的⽀撑观点放在同⼀个句⼦中,⽤于强调他们之间的关系,但是在英语中,主要观点和⽤于⽀撑这些观点的内容通常需要单独成句。⼀般认为只有那些含有60个或者更多单词的句⼦是超长句,但是有时⼀个句⼦中包含了好⼏层意思,以⾄于混淆了最主要的观点,这样的句⼦也应该缩短。在写作时限定⼀个句⼦只表达⼀个观点,可以有效避免这种错误。在需要表达各观点之间的关系时,可以⽤分号。
例5:错误的写法:According to the characteristic of fan-coil air-conditioning systems, this paper derives the cooling formula of fan-coil units based on the heattransfer theories and puts forward a new method to gauge cooling named Cooling Metering on the Air-side, which can monitor the individualair-conditioning
cooling consumption during a period of time by detecting the parameters of inlet air condition-temperature and humidity -of the fan-coil air-conditioning system as well as the
parameters of inlet cooling water provided by the chiller.
正确的写法:This paper derives the cooling formula of fan-coil units based on the characteristics
of fan-coil air-conditioning systems and heat transfer theories, and puts forward a new method to gauge cooling called Cooling Metering onthe Air-side. The new method can monitor individual air-conditioning cooling consumption during a period of time by detecting the conditionof inlet air –
temperature and humidity – of the fan-coil air-conditioning system as well as the parameters of the inlet cooling water provided by the chiller.
例6:错误的写法:The gear transmission is grade seven, the gear gap is 0.00012 radians, the gear gap has different
output values corresponding to any given input value, nonlinearity of the gear gap model can be
described by using the phase function method, the existing backlash block in the non-linear library of
the Matlab/zdimulink toolbox can be used, the initial value of gear gap in the backlash block is set to