深圳英文介绍 City profile Shenzhen
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ern part. The northwestern portion is relatively low lying with sea plains along the west coast (SSB, 2002, p 3outheastern part shields it from most typhoon attacks in summer. Shenzhen lies in the sub-tropical maritime climatic zone with an average annual temperature of 22.4 °C. The rainy season spans from May to September and the annual rainfall is 1933 cm.
Keywords: Shenzhen, urban development, planning, socialist market economy
An undulating linear city
Before China’s Open Door Policy in late 1978, Shenzhen was just a sleepy border town lying north of the then British colony, Hong Kong, in southern China (Figure 1). Shenzhen now has an area of 2020 km2 with six districts housing over 4.69 million population1. The SSEZ occupied an area of about 392 km2 with four administrative dis∗ Tel.: +852-2859-2276; fax: +852-25590468; e-mail: meekng@hkucc.hku.hk 1 The official figure for population in 2001 is 4.69 million, with 1.32 million registered residents and 3.37 million temporary residents (SSB, 2002, p 63). However, it was reported in the year 2000 Fifth National Census that the population in Shenzhen was about seven million (Shenzhen Daily, 2001; Guangdong Statistics Bureau, 2002). In other words, there were three million unregistered “floating” population in Shenzhen at the time of the Census.
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City profile: M K Ng
Figure 1 Districts in Shenzhen
Figure 2 Shenzhen in the context of the Pearl River Delta (Source: Ng and Tang, 1999a, p 597.)
17th century when the Qing Dynasty government built defence towers in Bao’an and named one of them as Shenzhen (op cit., 1999, p 6), probably because the area was criss-crossed by deep drains in the paddy fields (“shen” means “deep” and “zhen” means “drains”)2. In 1911, when the Kowloon Canton Railway was built between Hong Kong and Guangzhou, a small station was set up in Shenzhen. After the setting up of the People’s Republic
tricts: Yantian, Luohu, Futian and Nanshan. Outside the SSEZ then were Bao’an and Longgan Counties. In 1993, the two Counties were turned into Districts and formally became part of Shenzhen. The city is flanked by the Mirs Bay in the east and the Pearl River Estuary in the west. The coastline extends to about 230 km with many locations suitable for constructing seaports. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) lies to its south whereas Dongguan and Huizhou are its northern neighbours. One of the major constraints of the city is a shortage of land resources. Located between longitude 113° 46Ј to 114° 37Ј and latitude 22° 27Ј to 22° 52Ј, Shenzhen is a linear city with a moderately hilly terrain. Its east–west span is over 49 km while its north–south span is only 7 km. An undulating topography is found in the city, particularly in the southeast-
doi:10.1016/j.cities.2003.08.010
/locate/cities
Cities, Vol. 20, No. 6, p. 429–441, 2003 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Printed in Great Britain 0264-2751/$ - see front matter
2 Source: Shenzhen Government Online, History, /english/gi/history.htm, viewed in July 2003.
of China in 1949, Shenzhen, like the rest of the country, underwent a collectivization process in the 1950s and the Cultural Revolution in the 1960s and 1970s. These developments left Bao’an a destitute County. The annual per capita net income of the rural residents was 152 RMB, that is, less than 13 RMB per month (SSB, 2002, p 48). No wonder, the County was the major source of illegal immigrants into the then booming capitalist haven of Hong Kong. Per capita GDP in Hong Kong in 1979 was HK$25,081 (CSD, 1991, p 9).
Border town in an agricultural backwater
Today’s Shenzhen is situated within the once rural Bao’an County which was set up in the fourth century and consisted of today’s Shenzhen, Dongguan, Zhongshan, Zhuhai and Hong Kong (Shenzhen Museum, 1999, p 3) (Figure 2). The name “Shenzhen” did not appear in historical documents until the
City profile
Shenzhen
Mee Kam Ng
Centre of Urban Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
As China’s first Special Economic Zone (SEZ) to spur economic growth after the near collapse of the socialist centrally-planned economy in 1980, Shenzhen has transformed the agriculture-based Bao’an County into a 21st century metropolis housing over four million people. The Shenzhen Special Economic Zone (SSEZ) was built through demolishing native villages and the territorial spaces on which it now stands have undergone incessant pressure to restructure: agricultural land was first razed to give way to an industry-led SEZ which itself has been reconfigured since the 1980s as a result of internal and external changes. The physical growth and restructuring of the city reflect the imagination and bold experimentation of the government and urban planners who had no prior experience of planning for the growth of the invisible hand in a fledgling socialist market economy. This paper argues that while socio-economic and spatial planning have played an important and exploratory role in Shenzhen’s breathtaking growth from an outward processing SEZ to an aspiring world city of the 21st century, the city needs to work harder to establish an effective development control system. 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
