Conic Sections
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汽车冲压模具英语词汇Die / Tool= 模具Prog. Die=progressive die 级进模Ball bearing guide posts and bushings=球形滚珠导柱和轴套Casting die=铸造模Cage=套Part=钣件Rigidity=强度Die material=制模材料Thin=薄Tool design=模具设计Strip design=料条设计Using material thickness radii where sharp corners are shown on the part reduces the occurrence of chipped punch or die corners in the tool. =在尖角处使用与材料厚度一样的R角减少冲头碎裂或模具中有“刀口”Tool design approval=模具设计审核Tool design modification/revision=模具设计更改Tool parts design (detail) = 模具钣件设计(详细)Heeled die sets, internally heel form & trim sections=带箱根的模架,成形与切刃冲头带导引FMC Make=保丽龙制作Construction method=结构方法modification= 更改Check & measure=检查& 测试Machining= 机器加工Large machining=在大型机器上加工上下模架(铣、车等)Small machining=在小型机器上加工模块等Lower die trim inserts=下模切刃块Lower trim inserts retainer=下模切刃块承盘Assemble inserts=组立镶块Punch stripping plates=冲头压料板Assembly=组立Trim punch backing plates=切刃冲头背板NC Machining=NC雕刻加工Stripper window inserts=料条窗户镶块Fitting=研磨组立Spotting=合模Die tryout=试模Cushing stroke=缓冲行程Dowel pin=定位销Guide lift pin=导引升降销Assemble gas spring=安装氮气缸Stamp parts=冲钣件Adjustment=调试Run off parts=冲钣件Lower trim steels=下刃块Hit parts=冲钣件Section=冲头断面Lifters=提升器Trim punch=切刃冲头Coil=卷材jack screw hole=起重[千斤顶]螺旋孔Guide block=导引块Die set, lower plate=下模架Guide the coil through the tool=导引卷材Die set, upper plate=上模架layout inspection=全尺寸检验Die inspection & approval=模具检查和审核Stretch carriers=拉伸运送装置delivery=发货Punch stripping plates=冲头压料板Rejected=拒收Trim punch backing plates=切刃冲头背板Scrapped=报废Stripper window inserts=料条窗户镶块Rework=返工Heel plates=背托stop block=停止块Prepare for delivery=准备发货Hydro form 液压成形Key=键Shear=剪切For locating retainer blocks=承盘键Sensor=传感器For holding buttons or pilots=冲母座或导销键Stretch web=拉伸网For fixed heel or positive stop=镶根键Layout the parts=设计钣件Construction method=结构方法Preceding into the design=继续设计Manual Surface Grinder=手动平面磨床Guide the coil through the tool=导引卷材Spotting red=合模用丹红Checking aid /checking gage=检具Layout ink=试模用蓝墨水Jig=夹具Masking tape=黄色不透明胶带(遮蔽胶带) Fixture=夹具Pliers=尖嘴钳,老虎钳Ball bearing guide posts and bushings=球形滚珠轴套Cresent wrench=可调扳手Guide post=导柱Bushings=导套Pump pipe=泵管Using material thickness radii where sharp corners are shown on the part reduces the occurrence of chipped punch or die corners in the tool. =在尖角处使用与材料厚度一样的R 角减少冲头碎裂或模具中有“刀口”CMM=三次元测量仪Symmetric=对称的The axis of symmetry=对称轴Technical=技术上的Diagonal=对角线Heeled die sets, internally heel form & trim sections=带箱根的模架,成形与切刃冲头带导引One two three block=一二三模块Adjustable parallels=可调平行块Stop block=阻止块Granite Table=花岗岩平台Backing Plate=背板Plotter= .描绘器, 图形显示器, 绘图器, 坐标自记器, 标图员Shoulder Bolt=肩头螺丝(Stripper bolt)Belt Sander=带磨机Keeper Block=行程块Metal Cutting Band Saw=立式带锯床Corner Guide Block=导块Blanchard Grinder=大型平面磨床Dowel pin=定位销Joe Blocks=精密量块Set Screw=螺塞Whirly Gig=筒夹式冲子成形器Jig & fixture =夹具Chamfer Tools=倒角刀具组Checking fixture=检具Angle Plate=L形直角座Guide Block=导块Gage Pins=英寸塞规Plunger=柱塞Sine Plate (magnetic)=正弦磁台Pierce=冲孔Flute End Mill=硬质合金钢铣刀Wear Strip=耐磨板Mill Cutter=波纹粗铣刀(标准型)Mating area=组立的接触面C’bore/ counter bore=六角沉头铣刀Accommodate=适应Radius Dresser=砂轮修整器Wiping hard (very shiny)= 过分摩擦闭合[接触](闪光)Boring Head & Boring Bar=搪孔器、搪刀杆Pin=销Increase the die clearance between the form steels=增加成形块间隙Reamer=绞刀Clearance=间隙Approval=确认Oil paper=油纸Impact wrench=气动扳手0-11” Micrometer=0-11”千分尺Air pin=空气销Trim line=切边bumper[‘bQmpE(r)] n.缓冲器+/-0.5mm unless otherwise specified除非另有规定,否则公差为+/-0.5mmV endor [‘vendE(r), -dC:(r)] n.卖主Part tolerance=钣件公差stripper layout=排样图Ball nose=球刀drawing of panel #987415&16=钣件设计图(公差)Bore=镗Line tap=攻丝校直Arbor =柄轴;心轴Borer=镗刀,镗床Drill chuck=钻夹头Chamfer=倒角Button=冲母座Radius=半径Nitrogen Cylinder=氮气缸Coolant=切削液Pilot=导销Punch=冲头Retainer=承盘Distribution Blocks=接头座Button=冲母座Screw=螺丝Hose Straps=软管夹(塑料)Shop=车间Flat Feet Keepers=顶料销Crib=仓库Ejector Pin=顶出销CNC mill= CNC机床Spring=弹簧Jack=千斤顶Straight Port Adapter=直管接头Strips=料条Y-205 Hose=软管(塑料)Styrofoam [`stairEfEum]n.聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料(保丽龙材料)Short Neck Adapter=短接头Cut off=落料45。
2.12.比:ratio 比例:proportion 利率:interest rate 速率:speed 除:divide 除法:division 商:quotient 同类量:like quantity 项:term 线段:line segment 角:angle 长度:length 宽:width高度:height 维数:dimension 单位:unit 分数:fraction 百分数:percentage3.(1)一条线段和一个角的比没有意义,他们不是相同类型的量.(2)比较式通过说明一个量是另一个量的多少倍做出的,并且这两个量必须依据相同的单位.(5)为了解一个方程,我们必须移项,直到未知项独自处在方程的一边,这样就可以使它等于另一边的某量.4.(1)Measuring the length of a desk, is actually comparing the length of the desk to that of a ruler.(3)Ratio is different from the measurement, it has no units. The ratio of the length and the width of the same book does not vary when the measurement unit changes.(5)60 percent of students in a school are female students, which mean that 60 students out of every 100 students are female students.2.22.初等几何:elementary geometry 三角学:trigonometry 余弦定理:Law of cosines 勾股定理/毕达哥拉斯定理:Gou-Gu theorem/Pythagoras theorem 角:angle 锐角:acute angle 直角:right angle 同终边的角:conterminal angles 仰角:angle of elevation 俯角:angle of depression 全等:congruence 夹角:included angle 三角形:triangle 三角函数:trigonometric function直角边:leg 斜边:hypotenuse 对边:opposite side 临边:adjacent side 始边:initial side 解三角形:solve a triangle 互相依赖:mutually dependent 表示成:be denoted as 定义为:be defined as3.(1)Trigonometric function of the acute angle shows the mutually dependent relations between each sides and acute angle of the right triangle.(3)If two sides and the included angle of an oblique triangle areknown, then the unknown sides and angles can be found by using the law of cosines.(5)Knowing the length of two sides and the measure of the included angle can determine the shape and size of the triangle. In other words, the two triangles made by these data are congruent.4.(1)如果一个角的顶点在一个笛卡尔坐标系的原点并且它的始边沿着x轴正方向,这个角被称为处于标准位置.(3)仰角和俯角是以一条以水平线为参考位置来测量的,如果正被观测的物体在观测者的上方,那么由水平线和视线所形成的角叫做仰角.如果正被观测的物体在观测者的下方,那么由水平线和视线所形成的的角叫做俯角.(5)如果我们知道一个三角形的两条边的长度和对着其中一条边的角度,我们如何解这个三角形呢?这个问题有一点困难来回答,因为所给的信息可能确定两个三角形,一个三角形或者一个也确定不了.2.32.素数:prime 合数:composite 质因数:prime factor/prime divisor 公倍数:common multiple 正素因子: positive prime divisor 除法算式:division equation 最大公因数:greatest common divisor(G.C.D) 最小公倍数: lowest common multiple(L.C.M) 整除:divide by 整除性:divisibility 过程:process 证明:proof 分类:classification 剩余:remainder辗转相除法:Euclidean algorithm 有限集:finite set 无限的:infinitely 可数的countable 终止:terminate 与矛盾:contrary to3.(1)We need to study by which integers an integer is divisible, that is , what factor it has. Specially, it is sometime required that an integer is expressed as the product of its prime factors.(3)The number 1 is neither a prime nor a composite number;A composite number in addition to being divisible by 1 and itself, can also be divisible by some prime number.(5)The number of the primes bounded above by any given finite integer N can be found by using the method of the sieve Eratosthenes.4.(1)数论中一个重要的问题是哥德巴赫猜想,它是关于偶数作为两个奇素数和的表示.(3)一个数,形如2p-1的素数被称为梅森素数.求出5个这样的数.(5)任意给定的整数m和素数p,p的仅有的正因子是p和1,因此仅有的可能的p和m的正公因子是p和1.因此,我们有结论:如果p是一个素数,m是任意整数,那么p整除m,要么(p,m)=1.2.42.集:set 子集:subset 真子集:proper subset 全集:universe 补集:complement 抽象集:abstract set 并集:union 交集:intersection 元素:element/member 组成:comprise/constitute包含:contain 术语:terminology 概念:concept 上有界:bounded above 上界:upper bound 最小的上界:least upper bound 完备性公理:completeness axiom3.(1)Set theory has become one of the common theoretical foundation and the important tools in many branches of mathematics.(3)Set S itself is the improper subset of S; if set T is a subset of S but not S, then T is called a proper subset of S.(5)The subset T of set S can often be denoted by {x}, that is, T consists of those elements x for which P(x) holds.(7)This example makes the following question become clear, that is, why may two straight lines in the space neither intersect nor parallel.4.(1)设N是所有自然数的集合,如果S是所有偶数的集合,那么它在N中的补集是所有奇数的集合.(3)一个非空集合S称为由上界的,如果存在一个数c具有属性:x<=c对于所有S中的x.这样一个数字c被称为S的上界.(5)从任意两个对象x和y,我们可以形成序列(x,y),它被称为一个有序对,除非x=y,否则它当然不同于(y,x).如果S和T是任意集合,我们用S*T表示所有有序对(x,y),其中x术语S,y属于T.在R.笛卡尔展示了如何通过实轴和它自己的笛卡尔积来描述平面的点之后,集合S*T被称为S和T的笛卡尔积.2.52.竖直线:vertical line 水平线:horizontal line 数对:pairs of numbers 有序对:ordered pairs 纵坐标:ordinate 横坐标:abscissas 一一对应:one-to-one 对应点:corresponding points圆锥曲线:conic sections 非空图形:non vacuous graph 直立圆锥:right circular cone 定值角:constant angle 母线:generating line 双曲线:hyperbola 抛物线:parabola 椭圆:ellipse退化的:degenerate 非退化的:nondegenerate任意的:arbitrarily 相容的:consistent 在几何上:geometrically 二次方程:quadratic equation 判别式:discriminant 行列式:determinant3.(1)In the planar rectangular coordinate system, one can set up aone-to-one correspondence between points and ordered pairs of numbers and also a one-to-one correspondence between conic sections and quadratic equation.(3)The symbol can be used to denote the set of ordered pairs(x,y)such that the ordinate is equal to the cube of the abscissa.(5)According to the values of the discriminate,the non-degenerate graph of Equation (iii) maybe known to be a parabola, a hyperbolaor an ellipse.4.(1)在例1,我们既用了图形,也用了代数的代入法解一个方程组(其中一个方程式二次的,另一个是线性的)。
平面镜 Flat Mirrors球面凹面镜,球面凸面镜 Spherical Concave and Convex Mirrors 抛物面镜,椭圆面镜 Off-Axis Paraboloids and Ellipsoids Mirrors 非球面镜 Aspheric Mirrors多面镜 Polygonal Mirrors热镜 Hot Mirrors冷镜 Cold Mirrors玻璃,玻璃/陶瓷面镜 Glass and Glass-Ceramic Mirrors双色向面镜 Dichroic Mirror金属面镜 Metal Mirrors多层面镜 Multilayer Mirrors半涂银面镜 Half-Silvered Mirrors激光面镜 Laser Mirrors天文用面镜 Astronomical Mirrors棱镜系列术语中英文对照Nicol棱镜 Nicol PrismsGlan-Thomson棱镜 Glan-Thomson PrismsWollaston棱镜 Wollaston PrismsRochon棱镜 Rochon Prisms直角棱镜 Right-Angle; Rectangular Prisms五面棱镜 Pentagonal Prisms脊角棱镜 Roof Prisms双棱镜 Biprisms直视棱镜 Direct Vision Prisms微小棱镜 Micro Prisms滤光镜系列术语中英文对照尖锐滤光镜 Sharp Cut (off) Filters色温变换滤光镜,日光滤光镜 Colour Conversion/Daylight Filters 干涉滤光镜 Interference Filters中性密度滤光镜 Neutral Density Filters空间/光学匹配滤光镜 Spatial/Optical Matched Filters双色向滤光镜 Dichroic Filters偏光滤光镜 Polarizing Filters排除频带滤光镜 Rejection Band Filters可调式滤光镜 Turnable Filter超窄频滤光镜 Ultra Narrowband Filters色吸收滤光镜 Absorption Filters红外吸收/反射滤光镜 Infrared Absorbing/Reflecting Filters 红外透过滤光镜 Infrared Transmitting Filters紫外吸收滤光镜 Ultraviolet Absorbing Filters紫外透过滤光镜 Ultraviolet Transmitting Filters针孔滤光镜 Pinhole Filters有色玻璃滤光镜 Colored-Glass Filters塑胶滤光镜 Plastic Filters照像用滤光镜 Photographic Filters全像滤光镜 Holographic Filters微小干涉滤光镜 Micro Interference Filters光学词汇Iris – aperture stop虹膜孔径光珊retina视网膜Color Blind 色盲weak color 色弱Myopia – near-sighted 近视Sensitivity to Light感光灵敏度boost推进lag behind落后于Hyperopic – far-sighted 远视Dynamic Range 动态范围critical fusion frequency 临界融合频率CFF临界闪变频率visual sensation视觉Chromaticity Diagram色度图Color Temperature色温HSV Model色彩模型(hue色度saturation饱和度 value纯度CIE Model 相干红外能量模式Complementary Colors补色Bar Pattern条状图形Heat body 热稠化approximate近似violet紫罗兰Body Curve人体曲线Color Gamut色阶adjacent邻近的normal illumination法线照明Primary colors红黄蓝三原色Color saturation色饱和度Color Triangle颜色三角Color Notation颜色数标法Color Difference色差TV Signal Processing电视信号处理Gamma Correction图像灰度校正Conversion Tables换算表out of balance失衡wobble摇晃back and forth前后clear (white) panel白光板vibrant震动fuzzy失真quantum leap量子越迁SVGA (800x600)derive from起源自culprit犯人render呈递inhibit抑制,约束stride大幅前进blemish污点obstruction障碍物scratch刮伤substance物质实质主旨residue杂质criteria标准parameter参数adjacent邻近的接近的asynchrony异步cluster串群mutually互助得algorithm运算法则Chromatic Aberrations色差Fovea小凹Visual Acuity视觉灵敏度Contrast Sensitivity对比灵敏度Temporal (time) Response反应时间rendition表演,翻译animation活泼又生气ghost重影Parallax视差deficient缺乏的不足的Display panel显示板NG.( Narrow Gauge)窄轨距dichroic mirror二色性的双色性的Brewster Angle布鲁斯特角Polarized Light极化光Internal reflection内反射Birefringence 双折射Extinction Ratio 消光系数Misalignment 未对准Quarter Waveplates四分之一波片blemish污点瑕疵Geometric几何学的ripple波纹capacitor电容器parallel平行的他tantalum钽(金属元素)exsiccate使干燥exsiccate油管,软膏furnace炉子镕炉electrolytic电解的,由电解产生的module模数analog类似物out of the way不恰当pincushion针垫拉lateral侧面得rectangle长方形fixture固定设备control kit工具箱DVI connector DVI数局线Vertical垂直的horizontal 水平的interlace隔行扫描mullion竖框直楞sawtooth锯齿toggle套索钉keypad数字按键键盘tangential切线diagnostic tool诊断工具sagittal direction径向的cursor position光标位置ray aberration光线相差weighting factor权种因子variables变量for now暂时,目前.眼下check box复选框Airy disk艾里斑exit pupil出[射光]瞳optical path difference光称差with respect to关于diffraction limited衍射极限wavefront aberration波阵面相差spherical aberration球面象差paraxial focus傍轴焦点chromatic aberration象差local coordinate system局部坐标系统coordinate system坐标系orthogonal直角得,正交的conic sections圆锥截面account for解决,得分parabolic reflector拋物面反射镜radius of curvature曲率半径spherical mirror球面镜geometrical aberration几何相差incident radiation入射辐射global coordinate总体坐标in terms of根据按照reflected beam反射束FYI=for your information供参考Constructive interference相长干涉phase difference相差achromatic singlet消色差透镜Interferometer干涉仪boundary constraint边界约束,池壁效应radii半径Zoom lenses变焦透镜Beam splitters分束器discrete不连续的,分离的objective/eye lens物镜/目镜mainframe主机rudimentary根本的,未发展的photographic照相得摄影得taxing繁重的,费力得algebra代数学trigonometry三角学geometry几何学calculus微积分学philosophy哲学lagrange invariant拉格朗日不变量spherical球的field information场信息Standard Lens标准透镜Refracting Surface折射面astigmatism散光HDTV高清晰度电视DLV ( Digital Light Valve)数码光路真空管,简称数字光阀diffraction grating衍射光珊field angle张角paraxial ray trace equations近轴光线轨迹方称back focal length后焦距principal plane主平面vertex顶点,最高点astigmatism散光,因偏差而造成的曲解或错判medial中间的,平均的variance不一致conic圆锥的,二次曲线field of view视野collimator瞄准仪convolution回旋.盘旋,卷积fuzzy失真,模糊aberrated异常的asymmetry不对称得indicative可表示得parabolic拋物线得suffice足够,使满足specification规格,说明书straightforward易懂的,直接了当的solidify凝固,巩固.Constraints 约束,限制metrology度量衡field coverage视场,视野dictate口述, 口授, 使听写, 指令, 指示, 命令, 规定irradiance发光, 光辉,辐照度aerial空气得,空中得halide卤化物的monochromatic单色的,单频的polychromatic多色的aspherical非球面的spherical球面的alignment列队,结盟power(透镜)放大率equiconvergence 同等收敛EFL(effective focal length)有效焦距workhorse广为应用的设备biconvex两面凸的global optimization整体最优化concave凹得,凹面得cylindrical圆柱得solid model实体模型Modulation Transfer Function调制传递函数in the heat of在最激烈的时候protocol协议,规定triplet三重态sanity心智健全zinc锌,涂锌的selenide 硒化物,硒醚miscellaneous各色各样混在一起, 混杂的, 多才多艺的versus与...相对polynomial多项式的coefficient系数explicit function显函数distinct清楚的,截然不同的emanate散发, 发出, 发源rudimentary根本的,未发展的intersection角差点PRTE=paraxial ray trace equation旁轴光线轨迹方程 achromats 消色差透镜cardinal points基本方位separations分色片dashed 虚线blow up放大overlay覆盖,覆盖图 multiplayer 多层的humidity 湿度float glass浮法玻璃square one 出发点,端点square up to 准备开打,坚决地面对reflecting telescope 反射式望远镜 diagnostic tools诊断工具Layout plots规划图Modulation transfer function调制转换功能FFT快速傅里叶变换Point spread function点传播功能wavelength波长angle角度absorption吸收system aperture系统孔径lens units透镜单位wavelength range 波长范围singlet lens单业透镜spectrum光谱diffraction grating 衍射光栅asphere半球的LDE=Lens data editor Surface radius of curvature表面曲率半径surface thickness表面厚度material type 材料种类semi-diameter半径focal length焦距aperture type孔径类型aperture value孔径值field of view视场microns微米F, d, and C= blue hydrogen, yellow helium, red hydrogen lines, primary wavelength主波长sequential mode连续模式object surface物表面The front surface of the lens透镜的前表面stop 光阑The back surface of the lens透镜的后表面The image surface 像表面symmetric相对称的biconvex两面凸的The curvature is positive if the center of curvature of the surface is to the right of the vertex. It is negative if the center of curvature is to the left of the vertex.如果曲率中心在最高点的右边,曲率值为正,如果曲率中心在最高点的左边,则曲率为负image plane像平面Ray Aberration光线相差tangential direction切线方向sagittal direction径向paraxial focus旁轴的Marginal边缘的spherical aberration球面像差Optimization Setup最优化调整variable变量mathematical sense数学角度MFE= Merit Function Editor, Adding constraints增加约束focal length焦矩长度operand操作数the effective focal length有效焦矩primary wavelength主波长initiate开始spot diagram位图表Airy disk艾里斑axial chromatic aberration轴向色差with respect to关于至于exit pupil出射光瞳OPD=optical path difference光学路径差diffraction limited衍射极限chromatic aberration色差chromatic focal shift色焦距变换paraxial focus傍轴焦点axial spherical aberration轴向球差(longitudinal spherical aberration 纵向球差:沿光轴方向度量的球差)lateral spherical aberration垂轴球差(在过近轴光线像点A‵的垂轴平面内度量的球差)coma、comatic aberration彗差meridional coma子午彗差sagittal coma弧矢彗差astigmatism像散local coordinate system 本地坐标系统meridional curvature of field子午场曲sagittal curvature of field弧矢场曲decentered lens偏轴透镜orthogonal 直角的垂直的conic section圆锥截面account for说明,占有,得分stigmatic optical system无散光的光学系统Newtonian telescope牛顿望远镜parabolic reflector抛物面镜foci焦距chromatic aberration,色差superpose重迭parabola抛物线spherical mirror球面镜RMS=Root Mean Square均方根wavefront 波阵面spot size光点直径Gaussian quadrature高斯积分rectangular array矩阵列grid size磨粒度PSF=Point Spread Function点扩散函数FFT=Fast Fourier Transform Algorithm快速傅里叶变换Cross Section横截面Obscurations昏暗local coordinates局部坐标系统vignette把…印为虚光照Arrow key键盘上的箭头键refractive折射reflective反射in phase同相的协调的Ray tracing光线追迹diffraction principles衍射原理order effect式样提出的顺序效果energy distribution能量分配Constructive interference相长干涉dispersive色散的Binary optics二元光学phase advance相位提前achromatic single消色差单透镜diffractive parameter衍射参数Zoom lenses变焦透镜Athermalized lenses绝热透镜Interferometers干涉计Beam splitter分束器Switchable component systems可开关组件系统common application通用symmetry对称boundary constraint边界约束multi-configuration (MC) MC Editor (MCE) perturbation动乱,动摇index accuracy折射率准确性index homogeneity折射率同种性index distribution折射率分配abbe number离差数Residual 剩余的Establishing tolerances建立容差figure of merit质量因子tolerance criteria公差标准Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)调制传递函数boresight视轴,瞄准线Monte Carlo蒙特卡洛Tolerance operands误差操作数conic constant ]MC1"{_qT .ueg g 圆锥常数astigmatic aberration像散误差Mechanical tilt机械倾斜,机械倾角Tolerance Data Editor (TDE)公差资料编辑器compensator补偿棱镜estimated system performance预估了的系统性能iteratively反复的,重迭的statistical dependence统计相关性sequential ray trace model连续光线追迹模型imbed埋葬,埋入multiple多样的,多重的,若干的Non-Sequential Components 不连续的组件Corner cube角隅棱镜,三面直角透镜Sensitivity Analysis灵敏度分析Faceted reflector有小面的反射镜emit发射,发出nest嵌套overlap交迭outer lens外透镜brute force强力seidel像差系数aspect ratio长宽比MRA边缘光线角MRH边缘光线高度asynchronous不同时的,异步 Apodization factor变迹因子hexapolar六角形dithered高频脉冲衍射调制传递函数(DMTF),衍射实部传递函数(DRTF),衍射虚部传递函数(DITF),衍射相位传递函数(DPTF),方波传递函数(DSWM)logarithmic对数的parity 奇偶 % Uc,I e ,17]3NnoClongitudinal aberrations 纵向像差赛得系数: 球差(SPHA,SI),彗差(COMA,S2),像散(ASTI,S3),场曲(FCUR,S4),畸变(DIST,S5),轴向色差(CLA,CL)和横向色差(CTR,CT).横向像差系数:横向球差(TSPH),横向弧矢彗差(TSCO),横向子午彗差(TTCO),横向弧矢场曲(TSFC),横向子午场曲(TTFC),横向畸变(TDIS)横向轴上色差(TLAC)。
调和平均定理圆锥曲线几何观点用一个平面去截一个二次锥面,得到的交线就称为圆锥曲线(conic sections)。
通常提及的圆锥曲线包含椭圆,双曲线和抛物线,但严苛来说,它还包括一些发育情形。
具体内容而言:1) 当平面与二次锥面的母线平行,且不过圆锥顶点,结果为抛物线。
2) 当平面与二次锥面的母线平行,且过圆锥顶点,结果发育为一条直线。
3) 当平面只与二次锥面一侧相交,且不过圆锥顶点,结果为椭圆。
4) 当平面只与二次锥面一侧平行,且不过圆锥顶点,并与圆锥的对称轴横向,结果为圆。
5) 当平面只与二次锥面一侧相交,且过圆锥顶点,结果为一点。
6) 当平面与二次锥面两侧都平行,且不过圆锥顶点,结果为双曲线(每一支为此二次锥面中的一个圆锥面与平面的交线)。
7) 当平面与二次锥面两侧都相交,且过圆锥顶点,结果为两条相交直线。
代数观点在笛卡尔平面上,二元二次方程的图像是圆锥曲线。
根据判别式的不同,也包含了椭圆、双曲线、抛物线以及各种退化情形。
焦点--准线观点(严格来讲,这种观点下只能定义圆锥曲线的几种主要情形,因而不能算是圆锥曲线的定义。
但因其使用广泛,并能引导出许多圆锥曲线中重要的几何概念和性质)。
取值一点p,一直线l以及一非负实常数e,则至p的距离与l距离之比是e的点的轨迹就是圆锥曲线。
根据e的范围不同,曲线也各不相同。
具体如下:1) e=0,轨迹为圆(椭圆的特例);2) e=1(即到p与到l距离相同),轨迹为抛物线 ;3) 0<e<1,轨迹为椭圆;4) e>1,轨迹为双曲线的一支。
(以下以氢铵几何方式描述主要的圆锥曲线通用型的概念和性质,由于大部分性质就是在焦点-准线观点下定义的,对于更通常的发育情形,有些概念可能将不适用于。
)考虑焦点--准线观点下的圆锥曲线定义。
定义中提到的定点,称为圆锥曲线的焦点;定直线称为圆锥曲线的准线;固定的常数(即圆锥曲线上一点到焦点与准线的距离比值)称为圆锥曲线的离心率;焦点到准线的距离称为焦准距;焦点到曲线上一点的线段称为焦半径。
有关die 的词汇Die / Tool= 模具Prog. Die=progressive die 级进模Ball bearing guide posts and bushings=球形滚珠导柱和轴套Casting die=铸造模Cage=套Part=钣件Rigidity=强度Die material=制模材料Thin=薄Tool design=模具设计Strip design=料条设计Using material thickness radii where sharp corners are shown on the part reduces the occurrence of chipped punch or die corners in the tool. =在尖角处使用与材料厚度一样的R角减少冲头碎裂或模具中有“刀口”Tool design approval=模具设计审核Tool design modification/revision=模具设计更改Tool parts design (detail) = 模具钣件设计(详细)Heeled die sets, internally heel form & trim sections=带箱根的模架,成形与切刃冲头带导引FMC Make=保丽龙制作Construction method=结构方法modification= 更改Check & measure=检查& 测试Machining= 机器加工Large machining=在大型机器上加工上下模架(铣、车等)Small machining=在小型机器上加工模块等Lower die trim inserts=下模切刃块Lower trim inserts retainer=下模切刃块承盘Assemble inserts=组立镶块Punch stripping plates=冲头压料板Assembly=组立Trim punch backing plates=切刃冲头背板NC Machining=NC雕刻加工Stripper window inserts=料条窗户镶块Fitting=研磨组立Spotting=合模Die tryout=试模Cushing stroke=缓冲行程Dowel pin=定位销Guide lift pin=导引升降销Assemble gas spring=安装氮气缸Stamp parts=冲钣件Adjustment=调试Run off parts=冲钣件Lower trim steels=下刃块Hit parts=冲钣件Section=冲头断面Lifters=提升器Trim punch=切刃冲头Coil=卷材jack screw hole=起重[千斤顶]螺旋孔Guide block=导引块Die set, lower plate=下模架Guide the coil through the tool=导引卷材Die set, upper plate=上模架layout inspection=全尺寸检验Die inspection & approval=模具检查和审核Stretch carriers=拉伸运送装置delivery=发货Punch stripping plates=冲头压料板Rejected=拒收Trim punch backing plates=切刃冲头背板Scrapped=报废Stripper window inserts=料条窗户镶块Rework=返工Heel plates=背托stop block=停止块Prepare for delivery=准备发货Hydro form 液压成形Key=键Shear=剪切For locating retainer blocks=承盘键Sensor=传感器For holding buttons or pilots=冲母座或导销键Stretch web=拉伸网For fixed heel or positive stop=镶根键Layout the parts=设计钣件Construction method=结构方法Preceding into the design=继续设计Manual Surface Grinder=手动平面磨床Guide the coil through the tool=导引卷材Spotting red=合模用丹红Checking aid /checking gage=检具Layout ink=试模用蓝墨水Jig=夹具Masking tape=黄色不透明胶带(遮蔽胶带) Fixture=夹具Pliers=尖嘴钳,老虎钳Ball bearing guide posts and bushings=球形滚珠轴套Cresent wrench=可调扳手Guide post=导柱Bushings=导套Pump pipe=泵管Using material thickness radii where sharp corners are shown on the part reduces the occurrence of chipped punch or die corners in the tool. =在尖角处使用与材料厚度一样的R 角减少冲头碎裂或模具中有“刀口”CMM=三次元测量仪Symmetric=对称的The axis of symmetry=对称轴Technical=技术上的Diagonal=对角线Heeled die sets, internally heel form & trim sections=带箱根的模架,成形与切刃冲头带导引One two three block=一二三模块Adjustable parallels=可调平行块Stop block=阻止块Granite Table=花岗岩平台Backing Plate=背板Plotter= .描绘器, 图形显示器, 绘图器, 坐标自记器, 标图员Shoulder Bolt=肩头螺丝(Stripper bolt)Belt Sander=带磨机Keeper Block=行程块Metal Cutting Band Saw=立式带锯床Corner Guide Block=导块Blanchard Grinder=大型平面磨床Dowel pin=定位销Joe Blocks=精密量块Set Screw=螺塞Whirly Gig=筒夹式冲子成形器Jig & fixture =夹具Chamfer Tools=倒角刀具组Checking fixture=检具Angle Plate=L形直角座Guide Block=导块Gage Pins=英寸塞规Plunger=柱塞Sine Plate (magnetic)=正弦磁台Pierce=冲孔Flute End Mill=硬质合金钢铣刀Wear Strip=耐磨板Mill Cutter=波纹粗铣刀(标准型)Mating area=组立的接触面C’bore/ counter bore=六角沉头铣刀Accommodate=适应Radius Dresser=砂轮修整器Wiping hard (very shiny)= 过分摩擦闭合[接触](闪光)Boring Head & Boring Bar=搪孔器、搪刀杆Pin=销Increase the die clearance between the form steels=增加成形块间隙Reamer=绞刀Clearance=间隙Approval=确认Oil paper=油纸Impact wrench=气动扳手0-11” Micrometer=0-11”千分尺Air pin=空气销Trim line=切边bumper[‘bQmpE(r)] n.缓冲器+/-0.5mm unless otherwise specified除非另有规定,否则公差为+/-0.5mmVendor [‘vendE(r), -dC:(r)] n.卖主Part tolerance=钣件公差stripper layout=排样图Ball nose=球刀drawing of panel #987415&16=钣件设计图(公差)Bore=镗Line tap=攻丝校直Arbor =柄轴;心轴Borer=镗刀,镗床Drill chuck=钻夹头Chamfer=倒角Button=冲母座Radius=半径Nitrogen Cylinder=氮气缸Coolant=切削液Pilot=导销Punch=冲头Retainer=承盘Distribution Blocks=接头座Button=冲母座Screw=螺丝Hose Straps=软管夹(塑料)Shop=车间Flat Feet Keepers=顶料销Crib=仓库Ejector Pin=顶出销CNC mill= CNC机床Spring=弹簧Jack=千斤顶Straight Port Adapter=直管接头Strips=料条Y-205 Hose=软管(塑料)Styrofoam [`stairEfEum]n.聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料(保丽龙材料)Short Neck Adapter=短接头Cut off=落料45。
有关die 的词汇Die / Tool= 模具Prog. Die=progressive die 级进模Ball bearing guide posts and bushings=球形滚珠导柱和轴套Casting die=铸造模Cage=套Part=钣件Rigidity=强度Die material=制模材料Thin=薄Tool design=模具设计Strip design=料条设计Using material thickness radii where sharp corners are shown on the part reduces the occurrence of chipped punch or die corners in the tool. =在尖角处使用与材料厚度一样的R角减少冲头碎裂或模具中有“刀口”Tool design approval=模具设计审核Tool design modification/revision=模具设计更改Tool parts design (detail) = 模具钣件设计(详细)Heeled die sets, internally heel form & trim sections=带箱根的模架,成形与切刃冲头带导引FMC Make=保利龙制作Construction method=结构方法modification= 更改Check & measure=检查& 测试Machining= 机器加工Large machining=在大型机器上加工上下模架(铣、车等)Small machining=在小型机器上加工模块等Lower die trim inserts=下模切刃块Lower trim inserts retainer=下模切刃块承盘Assemble inserts=组立镶块Punch stripping plates=冲头压料板Assembly=组立Trim punch backing plates=切刃冲头背板NC Machining=NC雕刻加工Stripper window inserts=料条窗户镶块Fitting=研磨组立Spotting=合模Die tryout=试模Cushing stroke=缓冲行程Dowel pin=定位销Guide lift pin=导引升降销Assemble gas spring=安装氮气缸Stamp parts=冲钣件Adjustment=调试Run off parts=冲钣件Lower trim steels=下刃块Hit parts=冲钣件Section=冲头断面Lifters=提升器Trim punch=切刃冲头Coil=卷材jack screw hole=起重[千斤顶]螺旋孔Guide block=导引块Die set, lower plate=下模架Guide the coil through the tool=导引卷材Die set, upper plate=上模架layout inspection=全尺寸检验Die inspection & approval=模具检查和审核Stretch carriers=拉伸运送装置delivery=发货Punch stripping plates=冲头压料板Rejected=拒收Trim punch backing plates=切刃冲头背板Scrapped=报废Stripper window inserts=料条窗户镶块Rework=返工Heel plates=背托stop block=停止块Prepare for delivery=准备发货Hydro form 液压成形Key=键Shear=剪切For locating retainer blocks=承盘键Sensor=传感器For holding buttons or pilots=冲母座或导销键Stretch web=拉伸网For fixed heel or positive stop=镶根键Layout the parts=设计钣件Construction method=结构方法Preceding into the design=继续设计Manual Surface Grinder=手动平面磨床Guide the coil through the tool=导引卷材Spotting red=合模用丹红Checking aid /checking gage=检具Layout ink=试模用蓝墨水Jig=夹具Masking tape=黄色不透明胶带(遮蔽胶带) Fixture=夹具Pliers=尖嘴钳,老虎钳Ball bearing guide posts and bushings=球形滚珠轴套Cresent wrench=可调扳手Guide post=导柱Bushings=导套Pump pipe=泵管Using material thickness radii where sharp corners are shown on the part reduces the occurrence of chipped punch or die corners in the tool. =在尖角处使用与材料厚度一样的R 角减少冲头碎裂或模具中有“刀口”CMM=三次元测量仪Symmetric=对称的The axis of symmetry=对称轴Technical=技术上的Diagonal=对角线Heeled die sets, internally heel form & trim sections=带箱根的模架,成形与切刃冲头带导引One two three block=一二三模块Adjustable parallels=可调平行块Stop block=阻止块Granite Table=花岗岩平台Backing Plate=背板Plotter= .描绘器, 图形显示器, 绘图器, 坐标自记器, 标图员Shoulder Bolt=肩头螺丝(Stripper bolt)Belt Sander=带磨机Keeper Block=行程块Metal Cutting Band Saw=立式带锯床Corner Guide Block=导块Blanchard Grinder=大型平面磨床Dowel pin=定位销Joe Blocks=精密量块Set Screw=螺塞Whirly Gig=筒夹式冲子成形器Jig & fixture =夹具Chamfer Tools=倒角刀具组Checking fixture=检具Angle Plate=L形直角座Guide Block=导块Gage Pins=英寸塞规Plunger=柱塞Sine Plate (magnetic)=正弦磁台Pierce=冲孔Flute End Mill=硬质合金钢铣刀Wear Strip=耐磨板Mill Cutter=波纹粗铣刀(标准型)Mating area=组立的接触面C’bore/ counter bore=六角沉头铣刀Accommodate=适应Radius Dresser=砂轮修整器Wiping hard (very shiny)= 过分摩擦闭合[接触](闪光)Boring Head & Boring Bar=搪孔器、搪刀杆Pin=销Increase the die clearance between the form steels=增加成形块间隙Reamer=绞刀Clearance=间隙Approval=确认Oil paper=油纸Impact wrench=气动扳手0-11” Micrometer=0-11”千分尺Air pin=空气销Trim line=切边bumper[‘bQmpE(r)] n.缓冲器+/-0.5mm unless otherwise specified除非另有规定,否则公差为+/-0.5mmV endor [‘vendE(r), -dC:(r)] n.卖主Part tolerance=钣件公差stripper layout=排样图Ball nose=球刀drawing of panel #987415&16=钣件设计图(公差)Bore=镗Line tap=攻丝校直Arbor =柄轴;心轴Borer=镗刀,镗床Drill chuck=钻夹头Chamfer=倒角Button=冲母座Radius=半径Nitrogen Cylinder=氮气缸Coolant=切削液Pilot=导销Punch=冲头Retainer=承盘Distribution Blocks=接头座Button=冲母座Screw=螺丝Hose Straps=软管夹(塑料)Shop=车间Flat Feet Keepers=顶料销Crib=仓库Ejector Pin=顶出销CNC mill= CNC机床Spring=弹簧Jack=千斤顶Straight Port Adapter=直管接头Strips=料条Y-205 Hose=软管(塑料)Styrofoam [`stairEfEum]n.聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料(保利龙材料)Short Neck Adapter=短接头Cut off=落料45。
线性代数课程专业词汇表英文单词或词组中文翻译书中出现页码Linear equation 线性方程 1Linear system(s) 线性方程组 1Consistent 有解 2Inconsistent 无解 2Solution set of linear system 线性方程组的解集合 2Equivalent systems 等价的线性方程组 3Row operations 行变换 5Strict triangular form 严格三角形式 5Back substitution 回代法 6Equivalent systems 等价的线性方程组 6Coefficient matrix 系数矩阵 7Coefficient matrix 系数矩阵 7Augmented matrix 增广矩阵 8Pivot 主元 8Free variables 自由未知量 14Lead variables 前变量 14Gaussian elimination 高斯消元法 15Overdetermined linear system 方程个数超过未知数个数的方程组 15 Row echelon form 行阶梯形 15Underdetermined linear system 方程个数低于未知数个数的方程组 17 Gauss-Jordan reduction 高斯-若当归纳法 18Reduced row echelon form 减少的行阶梯形 18Homogeneous linear system 齐次线性方程组 22Homogeneous system 齐次线性方程组 22nontrivial solution 非零解 22Trivial solution 平凡解,全零解 22Matrix algebra 矩阵代数 30Scalars 常数 30Column vector(s) 列向量 31Euclidean n-space 欧几里得空间 31Row vector(s) 行向量 31Vector(s)向量 31Addition of matrices 矩阵加法 32Addition of matrices 矩阵加法 32Equality of matrices 矩阵相等 32Scalar multiplication for matrices 矩阵的数乘 32Scalar multiplication of matrices 矩阵的数乘 32Zero matrix 零矩阵 33Scalar product 内积 34Linear combination 线性组合 36Consistency Theorem 解的存在性定理 37Multiplication of matrices 矩阵乘法 38Identity matrix 单位矩阵 47Inverse matrix 逆矩阵 48Invertible matrix 可逆矩阵 48Nonsingular matrix 非奇异矩阵 48Singular matrix 奇异矩阵 49Transpose of a matrix 矩阵的转置 49Transpose of matrix 矩阵的转置 49Symmetric matrix 对称矩阵 51Symmetric matrix 对称矩阵 51Adjacency matrix 邻接矩阵 52Graph(s) 图 52Angle between vectors 向量的夹角 56Markov chain(s) Markov链 57Elementary matrix 初等矩阵 62Row equivalent 行等价 64Row equivalent matrices 行等价矩阵 64Diagonal matrix 对角矩阵 67Lower triangular 下三角 67Triangular factorization 三角分解 67Triangular matrix 三角形矩阵 67Triangular matrix 三角形矩阵 67Upper triangular 上三角 67Upper triangular matrix 上三角矩阵 67LU factorization LU分解 68Matrix factorizations 矩阵分解 68Partitioned matrices 分块矩阵 72Vandermonde matrix 范德蒙矩阵 72Block multiplication 分块乘法 74Inner product 内积 78Determinant(s) 行列式 90Cofactor 代数余子式 93Minor 余子式 93Cofactor expansion 代数余子式展开 94Determinant of matrix 矩阵的行列式 95Skew symmetric 反对称 105Adjoint of a matrix 伴随矩阵 106Cramer’s rule 克莱姆法则 107Cryptography 密码学 108Addition of vectors 向量的加法 119Closure properties 封闭性 119Vector space 向量空间 119Zero vector 零向量 119C[a,b] 区间[a,b]上的连续函数 120Isomorphism between vector spaces 向量空间的同构 123Subspace(s) 子空间 123Zero subsapce 零空间 125Nullspace 零化空间 127Nullspace of matrix 矩阵的零化空间 127Span 张成 128Spanning set 生成集 129Linearly dependent 线性相关 136Linearly independent 线性无关 136Basis 基 145Dimension 维数 147Finite dimensional 有限维 147Infinite dimensional 无限维 147Standard basis 标准基 150change of basis 基的变换 151Coordinate vector 坐标向量 152Transition matrix 过渡矩阵 155Coordinates 坐标 157Column space 列空间 162Column space of matrix 矩阵的列空间 162Rank of a matrix 矩阵的秩 162Rank of matrix 矩阵的秩 162Row space 行空间 162Row space of matrix 矩阵的行空间 162Nullity 零化度 164Rank-Nullity Theorem Rank-Nullity定理 164Left inverse 左可逆 170Right inverse 右逆 170Full rank 满秩 171Linear transformation(s) 线性变换 175Linear operator 线性算子 176Image 象 181Kernel 核 181Contraction 收缩 192Dilation 扩张 192Similarity 相似性 199Similar matrices 相似矩阵 202Trace 迹 206Angle between vectors 向量的夹角 211Euclidean length 欧几里得长度 211Distance in 2-space 2维空间的距离 212Cauchy-Schwarz inequality 柯西-施瓦兹不等式 213 Orthogonality 正交性 213Scalar projection 数量投影 214equation of plane 平面方程 215Nonmal vector 正规向量 215Angle between vectors 向量的夹角 216Pythagorean Law Pythagorean 定理 216Correlations 相关 219Correlation matrix 相关矩阵 221Covariance 协方差 222Covariance matrix 协方差矩阵 222Factor analysis 因子分析 222Fundamental subspaces 基本子空间 227Range of a matrix 矩阵的值域 227Direct sum 直和 229Least squares problem(s) 最小二乘法问题 234Projection onto column space 列空间上的投射 236Normal equations 正规方程 237Inner product space 内积空间 245Length in inner product spaces 内积空间中的长度 246 Orthogonal set(s) 正交集合 255Orthonormal set(s) 标准正交集 255orthonormal basis 标准正交基 256Orthonormal basis 标准正交基 256Orthogonal matrices 正交矩阵 258Orthogonal matrix 正交矩阵 258Approximation of functions 函数的逼近 264Fourier coefficients 傅里叶系数 266Fourier matrix 傅里叶矩阵 269Gram-Schmidt process Gram-Schmidt过程 274Dimension Theorem 维数定理 283Orthogonal polynomials 正交多项式 283Hermite polynomials Hermite 多项式 287Jacobi polynomials Jacobi多项式 287Lagrange’s interpolating formula Lagrange 插值公式 288 Gaussian quadrature 高斯求积 289Characteristic value(s) 特征值 301Characteristic vector 特征向量 301Eigenvalue 特征值 301Eigenvector 特征向量 301Characteristic equation 特征方程 302Characteristic polynomial 特征多项式 302Eigenspace 特征空间 302Nilpotent 幂零的 311Companion matrix 友矩阵 313Linear differential equations 线性微分方程 313Initial value problems 初值问题 314Diagonalizable matrix 可对角化的矩阵 326Distance in n-space n维空间的距离 332Complex matrix 复矩阵 346Hermite matrix Hermite 矩阵 346Unitary matrix 酉矩阵 347Unitary matrix 酉矩阵 347Normal matrices 正规矩阵 351Singular values 奇异值 356Conic sections 二次曲线部分 371Quadratic equation in n variables n个变量的二次方程 376 Quadratic form in n variables n个变量的二次型 376 Definite quadratic form 定二次型 378Indefinite quadratic form 不定二次型 378Negative definite matrix 负定矩阵 378Negative definite quadratic form 负定二次型 378 Negative semidefinite matrix 半负定矩阵 378Negative semidefinite quadratic form 半负定二次型 378 Positive definite matrix 正定矩阵 378Positive definite quadratic form 正定二次型 378Positive semidefinite matrix 半正定矩阵 378Positive semidefinite quadratic form 半正定二次型 378 Local maximum 极大值 382Local minimum 极小值 382Positive definite matrix 正定矩阵 384Leading principal submatrix 顺序主子矩阵 385 Nonnegative matrix 非负矩阵 392Nonnegative vector 非负向量 392Positive matrix 正矩阵 392Positive matrix 正矩阵 392Reducible matrix 可约矩阵 394Frobenius theorem Frobenius 定理 395Absolute error 绝对误差 411Relative error 相对误差 411Back substitution 回代法 419QR factorization QR分解 448。
圆锥曲线简介圆锥曲线圆锥曲线(英语:conic section ),又称圆锥截痕、圆锥截面、二次曲线,是数学、几何学中通过平切圆锥(严格为一个正圆锥面和一个平面完整相切)得到的曲线,包括圆,椭圆,抛物线,双曲线及一些退化类型。
圆锥曲线在约公元前200年时就已被命名和研究了,其发现者为古希腊的数学家阿波罗尼奥斯,那时阿波罗尼阿斯对它们的性质已做了系统性的研究.圆锥曲线应用最广泛的定义为(椭圆,抛物线,双曲线的统一定义):动点到一定点(焦点)的距离与其到一定直线(准线)的距离之比为常数(离心率e)的点的集合是圆锥曲线.对于0 < e〈 1得到椭圆,对于e = 1得到抛物线,对于e〉 1得到双曲线。
圆锥曲线的类型圆锥曲线方程离心率(e)半焦距(c)半正焦弦(ℓ)焦点准线距离(p)圆椭圆抛物线双曲线圆锥曲线的类型:1.抛物线2.圆和椭圆3.双曲线椭圆,圆:当平面只与圆锥面一侧相交,交截线是闭合曲线的时候,且不过圆锥顶点,结果为椭圆。
如果截面与圆锥面的对称轴垂直,结果为圆。
抛物线:截面与圆锥面的母线平行,且不过圆锥顶点,结果为抛物线。
双曲线:截面与圆锥面两侧都相交,且不过圆锥顶点,结果为双曲线.在平面通过圆锥的顶点的时候,有一些退化情况。
交截线可以是一个直线、一个点、或一对直线。
几何性质椭圆(Ellipse)椭圆上的点到两个焦点的距离和等于长轴长(2a)。
抛物线(Parabola)抛物线上的点到焦点的距离等于该点到准线的距离.双曲线(Hyperbola)双曲线上的点到两个焦点的距离之差的绝对值等于贯轴长(2a)。
离心率有固定焦点F和准线的椭圆 (e=1/2)、抛物线 (e=1)和双曲线(e=2)。
对于椭圆和双曲线,可以采用两种焦点-准线组合,每个都给出同样完整的椭圆或双曲线。
从中心到准线的距离是,这里的是椭圆的半长轴,或双曲线的半实轴。
从中心到焦点的距离是。
在圆的情况下,e= 0且准线被假想为离中心无限远。
附4.GOGO的数学词汇mapimagefixed pointcomposite functionone to one / injectiveonto / surjectivebijectiveinverse functionreciprocaldenominatorsymmetric with respect to the y axis / the origin / the line y=xabscissax/y interceptordinateanalytic geometryparabolahyperbolaconic sections 二次曲线系coefficientspoint-slope formuladirectrix 准线 vertex focuslatus rectum 过焦点平行于准线的弦radius, centertangent linedegenerate 退化major axis / minor axiseccentricity e=c/adifference 差branch 支asymptotes 渐近线focal axispolynomial equationsquadratic polynomial 二次多项式quadratic formuladiscriminant判别式division algorithm / remainder theorem quotientfundamental theorem of algebra multiplicity 重根conjugate radical 共轭根the complex conjugate 共轭复数‘monic (an=1)the rational roots theoremlogarithm 对数GRE用log x表示lnx trigonometry 三角几何complementary 互余cos = complementary sinetangent / cotangent / secant / cosecant terminal side 终边quadrant 象限arbitrary angle 钝角trig function 三角函数periodicity 周期性periodequidistant 等距sequence 序列convergent / divergent(minus) infinitymonotonic 单调bounded 有界the sandwich (or squeeze) theorem approach A from above (右逼近A) continuous functionThe Intermediate Value Theorem 中值定理derivative 导数secant line 割线tangent line 切线normal line 法线differential 微分的linear appropriationimplicit differentiation 隐函数求导concave up (convex) f’’>0concave down (concave) f’’<0inflection point 拐点local minimum / absolute minimum critical point / stationary point (f’=0)nth-derivative test fn>0 极小,反之极大adjacent sides 毗连的边relate rates dy/dt= r dx/dtindefinite integration 不定积分intersect 曲线相交rectangular (or Cartesian) coordinates polar coordinatescardioids 心形线r=2a(1+cos(sita)) solids of revolution 旋转体infinite series 无穷极数harmonic seriesp-seriesalternation seriespower seriesthe radius of convergencethe interval of convergencearccosine functionarcsine functiondomainadjoint 伴随阵determinantexpected valueprobability density functionderivativeinflection pointrankeigenvalueeigenvetoreigenspacesubsetpolyhedron 多面体vertices / vertexinverse of the matrixorthogonal 正交height 多项式系数绝对值和+最高次tracepolynomialidempotent 幂等A2=Anilpotent 幂零scalar 数量阵fixed pointthe qth roots of unitycoset 陪集dot/scalar product 点积projAB B在A的投影cross producttriple scalar product (A*B)•Cmagnitude 模parametric equation 参数方程symmetric equation (直线)对称式generator, elements cracking p111arbitrarylevel curve of height 等高线contour curve 轮廓线(被平面截的截面)hyperboloid 双曲面circular poraboloidcylindrical coordinatesspherical coordinatespartial derivativedirectional derivativesgradientsaddle point cracking p131 Hessian matrixline integralThe Fundamental Theorem of Calculus for Line Integral 势场内线积分只与起止点有关gradient field My=Nx conservative 值与路值无关Green Theorem cracking p152ordinary/partial differential equation (ODE/PDE)homogeneous of degree n n阶齐次exact differentialintegrating function 积分因子inconsistent (线性方程组)无解commutative 交换的invertible 可逆的associative 传递性coefficient matrixaugmented matrix 增广矩阵Gaussian Eliminationechelon formparameter 参数nullspacelinear combinationspan 几个向量的所有线性组合trivial combination即linearly independent basis a minimal spanning set for avector spacedimension 基中向量数normal vector 法向量column space / row spaceLaplace expansions 即按某行/列展开adjugate matrix 共轭矩阵Cramer’s Rule克莱莫法则scalar 数乘linear operation=linear transformation kernel / nullity / range / rankRank plus Nullity TheoremCayley-HamiltonTheorem p(A)=0 divisibility, factor, multipleprime number, compositegreatest common divisor (gcd)least common multiple (lcm)the congruence equation ax=b(mod n)the Euclidean Algorithm 欧氏算法cracking p222congruence 余数binary operation on S S*S S associate :a•(b•c)=(a•b)•c semigroup条件identity 单位元semigroup+identity=monoidmonoid+inverse=groupabelian groupgeneral/special linear groupSn symmetric group对称群(阶为n!)S3为最小的6阶非阿贝尔对称群alternating group 置换群(同上)polygon 多边形equilateral triangle 等边三角形isosceles triangle 等腰三角形Dn nth dihedral group :order(Dn)=2n additive group of integers modulo n multiplicative group of integers modulo p cyclic groupKlein four-group, or viergruppeproper subgroupnontrivial subgroupgenerators 生成元finitely generatedisomorphism 同构homomorphism 同态monomorphism 单同态epimorphism 满同态endomorphism 自同态automorphism 自同构direct product (a, b) cracking p237 direct sum 同上if abelian elementary divisors/ invariant factors cracking p238normal subgruoup 正规子群inner automorphism induced by aunity 环乘法单位元unit 存在乘法逆的非零元素ring with unity 幺环commutative ringsubringcharacteristicring of integersr ing of integers modulo n (Zn, +, •)ring of Gaussian integers Z(i)ring of polynomials in x over R R[x] ring of real-valued functions on R RR 交换幺环evaluation (or substitution) homomorphism at a cracking p249Frobenius endomorphism f(a)=app is a prime numberbinomial theorem 二项式定理integral domain 整环left/right zero divisor 零因子cancellation law a!=0, ac=ab, them c=bdivision ring 无零因子的环field= commutative division ring又,有限整环是域strictly-skew field= noncommutative division ring体real quatenion 四元素体Boolean ring 该环中元素idempotentsubset > supersetuniversal setcomplement of B relative to A A-Bunion / intersectionsymmetric difference (A-B)U(B-A) Cartesian product 笛卡尔积open / closed intervalcardinality (cardinal number) 元素数countably infinitealgebraic numbers cracking p267power set of Alevels of infinitycardinal number of continuum transcendental numberscombination, permutationbinomial coefficientpigeonhole principle 抽屉原理probabilityBoolean algebra (or algebra) of sets on S: E 指the power set of S 的子集probability measure on E cracking p274 distribution functionvariance, standard deviationthe normal distribution 正态分布standard normal distributionbinomial distribution 二项分布imaginary unit iprinciple argument 幅角主值sample space (S), outcomes (S中元素), events(E中元素,S的子集)independent独立, mutually exclusive相斥Bernoulli trialspolar form, exponential formprincipal logarithmprincipal value of zwhyperbolic function 双曲函数Laplace equation / harmonic uxx+uyy=0 entire function 在复平面内解析disk of convergencepunctured open disk cracking p312 singularity, isolated singularitypole of order nsimple pole (n=1) double pole (n=2) essential singularityannulus 环面singular (or principal ) part / analytic part residueHausdorff spaceindiscrete / trivial topologyinterior, exterior, boundary, limit point, closureinterior+boundary=closurelower-limit topology B=[a,b) connectedcovering, open coveringcompactnessnorm of a point cracking p290 Euclidean metric 欧氏度量square metricopen map != continuous 一来一去,方向反homeomorphism = continuous + open map upper bound, bounded abovelub=suremum (sup)glb=infimum (inf)complete space = no holesLebesgue measurable setssingletonLebesgue measurable function Lebsegue integrablestep function cracking p296 index of a group 子群中元素的最小公共阶tangent 相切loop 循环inradius 内径trajectory 轨迹centroid 重心clusterpartial fraction expansionsufficient / necessary condition。
圆锥曲线准线定义
圆锥曲线(Conic Sections)是在平面上绘制的一类曲线,它们可以由平面上一固定点(焦点)和一条固定直线(准线)以一定的几何方式生成。
圆锥曲线包括四种主要类型:椭圆、双曲线、抛物线和圆。
准线(Directrix)是生成圆锥曲线的重要元素之一,准线通常是一条直线,对于不同类型的圆锥曲线,准线的性质和位置有所不同:
1. 对于椭圆(Ellipse):准线是两个焦点之间的一条直线,椭圆是由距离两焦点的距离之和恒定的点的集合。
准线与椭圆的关系是,对于任何一点到两焦点的距离之和等于常数,该常数等于准线的长度。
2. 对于双曲线(Hyperbola):双曲线有两条准线,分别位于两个焦点的两侧。
双曲线是由距离两焦点的距离之差恒定的点的集合。
每一条准线都与双曲线的一个分支相关。
3. 对于抛物线(Parabola):抛物线只有一条准线,位于焦点的一侧。
抛物线是由距离焦点和准线的距离相等的点的集合,这意味着焦点到准线的距离与焦点到抛物线上的点的距离相等。
4. 对于圆(Circle):圆不涉及准线,它是由平面上到一个固定中心点的距离恒定的点的集合。
圆锥曲线是数学中的基本曲线类型,它们具有广泛的应用,包括物理学、工程学、天文学和计算机图形学等领域。
准线的性质对于理解和描述这些曲线的形状和特点非常重要。
透镜系列术语中英文对照单透镜Simple (Single) Lenses球透镜Ball Lenses歪像透镜Anamorphic Lenses圆锥透镜Conical Lenses柱状透镜,环形透镜Cylindrical & Toroidal Lenses非球面透镜Aspheric Lenses反射折射透镜Catadioptric Lenses绕射极限透镜Diffraction-Limited LensesGRIN透镜GRIN Lenses (Graduated Refractive Index Rod)微小透镜阵列Micro Lens Arrays准直透镜Collimator Lenses聚光透镜Condenser Lenses多影像透镜Multiple Image Lenses傅利叶透镜Fourier Lenses菲涅尔透镜Fresnel Lenses替续透镜Relay Lenses大口径透镜(直径150mm以上) Large Aperture Lenses (150mm) 复合透镜Complex Lenses红外线透镜Infrared Lenses紫外线透镜Ultraviolet Lenses激光透镜Laser Lenses望远镜对物镜Telescope Objectives Lenses显微镜对物镜Microscope Objectives Lenses接目镜Eyepieces Lenses向场透镜Field Lenses望远镜头Telephoto Lenses广角镜头Wide Angle Lenses可变焦伸缩镜头Variable Focal Length Zoom LensesCCTV镜头CCTV Lenses影印机镜头Copy Machine Lenses传真机镜头Facsimile Lenses条码扫描器镜头Bar Code Scanner Lenses影像扫描器镜头Image Scanner Lenses光碟机读取头透镜Pick-up Head LensesAPS相机镜头APS Camera Lenses数位相机镜头Digital Still Camera Lenses液晶投影机镜头Liquid Crystal Projector Lenses镜面系列术语中英文对照平面镜Flat Mirrors球面凹面镜,球面凸面镜Spherical Concave and Convex Mirrors 抛物面镜,椭圆面镜Off-Axis Paraboloids and Ellipsoids Mirrors 非球面镜Aspheric Mirrors多面镜Polygonal Mirrors热镜Hot Mirrors冷镜Cold Mirrors玻璃,玻璃/瓷面镜Glass and Glass-Ceramic Mirrors双色向面镜Dichroic Mirror金属面镜Metal Mirrors多层面镜Multilayer Mirrors半涂银面镜Half-Silvered Mirrors激光面镜Laser Mirrors天文用面镜Astronomical Mirrors棱镜系列术语中英文对照Nicol棱镜Nicol PrismsGlan-Thomson棱镜Glan-Thomson PrismsWollaston棱镜Wollaston PrismsRochon棱镜Rochon Prisms直角棱镜Right-Angle; Rectangular Prisms五面棱镜Pentagonal Prisms脊角棱镜Roof Prisms双棱镜Biprisms直视棱镜Direct Vision Prisms微小棱镜Micro Prisms滤光镜系列术语中英文对照尖锐滤光镜Sharp Cut (off) Filters色温变换滤光镜,日光滤光镜Colour Conversion/Daylight Filters 干涉滤光镜Interference Filters中性密度滤光镜Neutral Density Filters空间/光学匹配滤光镜Spatial/Optical Matched Filters双色向滤光镜Dichroic Filters偏光滤光镜Polarizing Filters排除频带滤光镜Rejection Band Filters可调式滤光镜Turnable Filter超窄频滤光镜Ultra Narrowband Filters色吸收滤光镜Absorption Filters红外吸收/反射滤光镜Infrared Absorbing/Reflecting Filters红外透过滤光镜Infrared Transmitting Filters紫外吸收滤光镜Ultraviolet Absorbing Filters紫外透过滤光镜Ultraviolet Transmitting Filters针孔滤光镜Pinhole Filters有色玻璃滤光镜Colored-Glass Filters塑胶滤光镜Plastic Filters 照像用滤光镜Photographic Filters全像滤光镜Holographic Filters微小干涉滤光镜Micro Interference Filters光学词汇Iris – aperture stop虹膜孔径光珊retina视网膜Color Blind 色盲weak color 色弱Myopia – near-sighted 近视Sensitivity to Light感光灵敏度boost推进lag behind落后于Hyperopic – far-sighted 远视Dynamic Range 动态围critical fusion frequency 临界融合频率CFF临界闪变频率visual sensation视觉Chromaticity Diagram色度图Color Temperature色温HSV Model色彩模型(hue色度saturation饱和度value纯度CIE Model 相干红外能量模式Complementary Colors补色Bar Pattern条状图形Heat body 热稠化approximate近似violet紫罗兰Body Curve人体曲线Color Gamut色阶adjacent邻近的normal illumination法线照明Primary colors红黄蓝三原色Color saturation色饱和度Color Triangle颜色三角Color Notation颜色数标法Color Difference色差TV Signal Processing电视信号处理Gamma Correction图像灰度校正Conversion Tables换算表out of balance失衡wobble摇晃back and forth前后clear (white) panel白光板vibrant震动fuzzy失真quantum leap量子越迁SVGA (800x600)derive from起源自culprit犯人render呈递inhibit抑制,约束stride大幅前进blemish污点obstruction障碍物scratch刮伤substance物质实质主旨residue杂质criteria标准parameter参数adjacent邻近的接近的asynchrony异步cluster串群mutually互助得algorithm运算法则Chromatic Aberrations色差Fovea小凹Visual Acuity视觉灵敏度Contrast Sensitivity对比灵敏度Temporal (time) Response反应时间rendition表演,翻译animation活泼又生气ghost重影Parallax视差deficient缺乏的不足的Display panel显示板NG.( Narrow Gauge)窄轨距dichroic mirror二色性的双色性的Brewster Angle布鲁斯特角Polarized Light极化光Internal reflection反射Birefringence 双折射Extinction Ratio 消光系数Misalignment 未对准Quarter Waveplates四分之一波片blemish污点瑕疵Geometric几何学的ripple波纹capacitor电容器parallel平行的他tantalum钽(金属元素) exsiccate使干燥exsiccate油管,软膏furnace炉子镕炉electrolytic电解的,由电解产生的module模数analog类似物out of the way不恰当pincushion针垫拉lateral侧面得rectangle长方形fixture固定设备control kit工具箱DVI connector DVI数局线Vertical垂直的horizontal 水平的interlace隔行扫描mullion竖框直楞sawtooth锯齿toggle套索钉keypad数字按键键盘tangential切线diagnostic tool诊断工具sagittal direction径向的cursor position光标位置ray aberration光线相差weighting factor权种因子variables变量for now暂时,目前.眼下check box复选框Airy disk艾里斑exit pupil出[射光]瞳optical path difference光称差with respect to关于diffraction limited衍射极限wavefront aberration波阵面相差spherical aberration球面象差paraxial focus傍轴焦点chromatic aberration象差local coordinate system局部坐标系统coordinate system坐标系orthogonal直角得,正交的conic sections圆锥截面account for解决,得分parabolic reflector拋物面反射镜radius of curvature曲率半径spherical mirror球面镜geometrical aberration几何相差incident radiation入射辐射global coordinate总体坐标in terms of根据按照reflected beam反射束FYI=for your information供参考Constructive interference相长干涉phase difference相差achromatic singlet消色差透镜Interferometer干涉仪boundary constraint边界约束,池壁效应radii半径Zoom lenses变焦透镜Beam splitters分束器discrete不连续的,分离的objective/eye lens物镜/目镜mainframe主机rudimentary根本的,未发展的photographic照相得摄影得taxing繁重的,费力得algebra代数学trigonometry三角学geometry几何学calculus微积分学philosophy哲学lagrange invariant拉格朗日不变量spherical球的field information场信息Standard Lens标准透镜Refracting Surface折射面astigmatism散光HDTV高清晰度电视DLV ( Digital Light Valve)数码光路真空管,简称数字光阀diffraction grating衍射光珊field angle角paraxial ray trace equations近轴光线轨迹方称back focal length后焦距principal plane主平面vertex顶点,最高点astigmatism散光,因偏差而造成的曲解或错判medial中间的,平均的variance不一致conic圆锥的,二次曲线field of view视野collimator瞄准仪convolution回旋.盘旋,卷积fuzzy失真,模糊aberrated异常的asymmetry不对称得indicative可表示得parabolic拋物线得suffice足够,使满足specification规格,说明书straightforward易懂的,直接了当的solidify凝固,巩固.Constraints 约束,限制metrology度量衡field coverage视场,视野dictate口述, 口授, 使听写, 指令, 指示, 命令, 规定irradiance发光, 光辉,辐照度aerial空气得,空中得halide卤化物的monochromatic单色的,单频的polychromatic多色的aspherical非球面的spherical球面的alignment列队,结盟power(透镜)放大率equiconvergence 同等收敛EFL(effective focal length)有效焦距workhorse广为应用的设备biconvex两面凸的global optimization整体最优化concave凹得,凹面得cylindrical圆柱得solid model实体模型Modulation Transfer Function调制传递函数in the heat of在最激烈的时候protocol协议,规定triplet三重态sanity心智健全zinc锌,涂锌的selenide 硒化物,硒醚miscellaneous各色各样混在一起, 混杂的, 多才多艺的versus与...相对polynomial多项式的coefficient系数explicit function显函数distinct清楚的,截然不同的emanate散发, 发出, 发源rudimentary根本的,未发展的intersection角差点PRTE=paraxial ray trace equation旁轴光线轨迹方程achromats 消色差透镜cardinal points基本方位separations分色片dashed虚线blow up 放大overlay覆盖,覆盖图multiplayer 多层的humidity 湿度float glass 浮法玻璃square one 出发点,端点square up to 准备开打,坚决地面对reflecting telescope 反射式望远镜diagnostic tools诊断工具Layout plots规划图Modulation transfer function调制转换功能FFT快速傅里叶变换Point spread function点传播功能wavelength波长angle角度absorption吸收system aperture系统孔径lens units透镜单位wavelength range波长围singlet lens单业透镜spectrum光谱diffraction grating衍射光栅asphere半球的LDE=Lens data editor Surface radius of curvature表面曲率半径surface thickness表面厚度material type材料种类semi-diameter半径focal length焦距aperture type孔径类型aperture value孔径值field of view视场microns微米F, d, and C= blue hydrogen, yellow helium, red hydrogen lines, primary wavelength主波长sequential mode连续模式object surface物表面The front surface of the lens透镜的前表面stop光阑The back surface of the lens透镜的后表面The image surface像表面symmetric相对称的biconvex两面凸的The curvature is positive if the center of curvature of the surface is to the right of the vertex. It is negative if the center of curvature is to the left of the vertex.如果曲率中心在最高点的右边,曲率值为正,如果曲率中心在最高点的左边,则曲率为负image plane像平面Ray Aberration光线相差tangential direction切线方向sagittal direction径向paraxial focus旁轴的Marginal 边缘的spherical aberration球面像差Optimization Setup最优化调整variable变量mathematical sense数学角度MFE= Merit Function Editor, Adding constraints增加约束focal length焦矩长度operand操作数theeffective focal length有效焦矩primary wavelength主波长initiate开始spot diagram位图表Airy disk艾里斑axial chromatic aberration轴向色差with respect to关于至于exit pupil出射光瞳OPD=optical path difference 光学路径差diffraction limited衍射极限chromatic aberration色差chromatic focal shift色焦距变换paraxial focus傍轴焦点axial spherical aberration轴向球差(longitudinal spherical aberration 纵向球差:沿光轴方向度量的球差)lateral spherical aberration垂轴球差(在过近轴光线像点A‵的垂轴平面度量的球差)coma、comatic aberration彗差meridional coma子午彗差sagittal coma弧矢彗差astigmatism像散local coordinate system本地坐标系统meridional curvature of field子午场曲sagittal curvature of field弧矢场曲decentered lens偏轴透镜orthogonal直角的垂直的conic section圆锥截面account for说明,占有,得分stigmatic optical system无散光的光学系统Newtonian telescope牛顿望远镜parabolic reflector抛物面镜foci焦距chromatic aberration,色差superpose重迭parabola抛物线spherical mirror球面镜RMS=Root Mean Square均方根wavefront波阵面spot size光点直径Gaussian quadrature 高斯积分rectangular array矩阵列grid size磨粒度PSF=Point Spread Function点扩散函数FFT=Fast Fourier Transform Algorithm快速傅里叶变换Cross Section横截面Obscurations昏暗local coordinates局部坐标系统vignette把…印为虚光照Arrow key键盘上的箭头键refractive折射reflective反射in phase同相的协调的Ray tracing光线追迹diffraction principles衍射原理order effect式样提出的顺序效果energy distribution 能量分配Constructive interference相长干涉dispersive色散的Binary optics二元光学phase advance相位提前achromatic single消色差单透镜diffractive parameter衍射参数Zoom lenses变焦透镜Athermalized lenses绝热透镜Interferometers干涉计Beam splitter分束器Switchable component systems可开关组件系统common application通用symmetry 对称boundary constraint边界约束multi-configuration (MC) MC Editor (MCE) perturbation动乱,动摇index accuracy折射率准确性index homogeneity折射率同种性index distribution折射率分配abbe number 离差数Residual剩余的Establishing tolerances建立容差figure of merit 质量因子tolerance criteria公差标准Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)调制传递函数boresight视轴,瞄准线Monte Carlo蒙特卡洛Tolerance operands误差操作数conic constant ]MC1"{_qT .ueg g圆锥常数astigmatic aberration像散误差Mechanical tilt机械倾斜,机械倾角Tolerance Data Editor (TDE)公差资料编辑器compensator补偿棱镜estimated system performance预估了的系统性能iteratively反复的,重迭的statistical dependence统计相关性sequential ray trace model连续光线追迹模型imbed埋葬,埋入multiple多样的,多重的,若干的Non-Sequential Components不连续的组件Corner cube角隅棱镜,三面直角透镜Sensitivity Analysis灵敏度分析Faceted reflector有小面的反射镜emit发射,发出nest嵌套overlap交迭outer lens外透镜brute force 强力seidel像差系数aspect ratio长宽比MRA边缘光线角MRH边缘光线高度asynchronous不同时的,异步Apodization factor变迹因子hexapolar六角形dithered高频脉冲衍射调制传递函数(DMTF),衍射实部传递函数(DRTF),衍射虚部传递函数(DITF),衍射相位传递函数(DPTF),方波传递函数(DSWM)logarithmic对数的parity奇偶% Uc,I e ,17]3NnoClongitudinal aberrations 纵向像差赛得系数: 球差(SPHA,SI),彗差(COMA,S2),像散(ASTI,S3),场曲(FCUR,S4),畸变(DIST,S5),轴向色差(CLA,CL)和横向色差(CTR,CT).横向像差系数:横向球差(TSPH),横向弧矢彗差(TSCO),横向子午彗差(TTCO),横向弧矢场曲(TSFC),横向子午场曲(TTFC),横向畸变(TDIS)横向轴上色差(TLAC)。
圆锥曲线的研究背景及意义Background and Significance of the Study of Conic Sections.The study of conic sections has a rich and extensive background, dating back to ancient times. These curves were first discovered by the Greek mathematician Menaechmus in the 4th century BC while attempting to solve the problem of doubling the cube. Menaechmus showed that the intersection of a plane and a double cone produced three types of conic sections: the circle, the ellipse, and the parabola. Later, in the 3rd century BC, Apollonius of Perga expanded on Menaechmus's work and classified conic sections into four types: the circle, ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola.The study of conic sections has had a significant impact on various fields of mathematics, science, and engineering. In mathematics, conic sections are essential for understanding projective geometry and coordinate geometry. They are also used in calculus to define conicsections in terms of their equations.In science, conic sections are used in astronomy to describe the orbits of planets and other celestial bodies. In physics, conic sections are used to describe the trajectories of projectiles and the paths of charged particles in magnetic fields.In engineering, conic sections are used in architecture to design arches, bridges, and domes. They are also used in optics to design lenses and mirrors.圆锥曲线的背景和意义。
圆锥曲线知识点总结归纳Conic sections are a fascinating topic in mathematics that have been studied for centuries. These curves are formed by the intersection of a plane with a double-napped cone, resulting in various shapes such as circles, ellipses, parabolas, and hyperbolas. The study of conic sections has practical applications in fields such as astronomy, engineering, and physics, making it an essential subject to understand.圆锥曲线是数学中一个迷人的话题,已经被研究了几个世纪。
这些曲线是由平面与双曲面锥的交点形成的,产生各种形状,如圆、椭圆、抛物线和双曲线。
圆锥曲线的研究在天文学、工程学和物理学等领域具有实际应用,使其成为一个必须理解的重要主题。
One of the most well-known conic sections is the circle, which is formed by a plane intersecting a cone at a right angle to the axis. Circles have a variety of applications in the real world, from designing wheels and cylinders to modeling planetary orbits. Understanding the properties of circles, such as their radius,diameter, circumference, and area, is crucial in various mathematical and scientific contexts.最著名的圆锥曲线之一是圆,它是由一个平面与圆锥垂直于轴的交点形成的。
弦长公式圆锥曲线弦长公式圆锥曲线(Chord Length Formulae for Conic Sections)是一种非常有用的计算圆锥曲线的工具,主要用来确定圆锥曲线的弦长。
它可以解决以下诸多圆锥曲线问题:一、关于圆锥曲线的基本定义:1. 圆锥曲线是由一个定点(聚焦点)和一条半径线构成的曲线;2. 圆锥曲线可以分为凸锥曲线和凹锥曲线;3. 圆锥曲线按它所经过的面来分类,包括圆柱曲线、圆台曲线、双曲线及一般椭圆曲线;4. 圆锥曲线的弦长是一条经过圆锥曲线两端的线段的长度。
二、弦长公式圆锥曲线的应用:1. 设计制造机械零件:弦长公式圆锥曲线可以用来确定零件的凸度,为生产过程提供参数支持;2. 运用测量设备来精确测量圆锥曲线:弦长公式圆锥曲线可以用来测量凸度,以及凹锥曲线的半径;3. 用于勘测:弦长公式圆锥曲线可以用来准确测算地平线线的弯曲度、地表面形状,以此全面精确调查勘测活动;4. 用于分析航空飞船飞行状态:也可以用来模拟飞行轨迹,分析飞行状态,为航空制造过程提供数据支持。
三、弦长的计算公式:1. 圆柱曲线:弦长公式为L=2aθ;2. 圆台曲线:弦长公式为L=2a(θ+sinθ);3. 双曲线:弦长公式为L=2a(2K-θ+sinθ);4. 一般椭圆曲线:弦长公式为L=2a底位积K。
四、弦长公式圆锥曲线的优缺点:优点:1. 准确可靠:弦长公式圆锥曲线采用数值计算方式,能够精确计算出弦长;2. 简便易用:公式逻辑简单,计算繁琐的步骤少,使用方便;3. 广泛的应用场景:用于机械零件制造、测量设备精准测量圆锥曲线;缺点:1. 公式较复杂:有四种不同类型的弦长公式,需要根据具体应用场景灵活切换使用;2. 计算量较大:使用弦长公式圆锥曲线计算时,需要用较长时间来确定正确的弦长,在大量数据比较时耗时较大。
Caelum (Cae) 雕具座南天的⼩星座。
CAI 钙铝富涵物⼀些陨⽯内,富含有钙和铝的夹杂物,可能是很古⽼的物质。
calendar year 历法,年现在使⽤历法的⼀年,平均为 365.2425 天。
California Nebula 加利福尼亚星云英仙座内的⼀个发射星云,⼜称为 IC 1499。
Callisto ⽊卫四⽊星的第四颗卫星,也是伽利略卫星中最暗的⼀颗。
⽊卫四是⽊星的第⼆颗卫星,直径 4900 公⾥,和⽔星的⼤⼩相当。
Caloris Basin, Caloris Planitia 卡洛⾥盆地,卡洛⾥平原⽔星明亮半球上的⼀个⼤型圆状构造物,直径近 1300 公⾥,可能是由⼩⾏星撞击所遗留下来的陨⽯坑。
Camelopardalis (Cam) ⿅豹座北天的星座,位在仙后座和⼤熊座之间,座内都是⽐ 4 星等暗的恒星。
Cambrian period 寒武纪时期距离现在六亿到五亿年之间的地质年代,在这期间,地球上的⽣命变得多样化和复杂化,来⾃寒武纪的岩⽯含有很容易辨认的化⽯。
canals ⽕星运河意⼤利天⽂学家 Schiaparelli 观测到⽕星表⾯有模糊线条,他并把这些线条命名为「运河」,现在认为这些运河实际是地质的特征。
Cancer (Cnc) 巨蟹座北天⼤熊座附近的星座,座内有疏散星团⿁星团 (M44, the Beehive)。
Canis Major (CMa) ⼤⽝座南天的⼀个明亮星座,介于船尾座和猎户座之间,英⽂俗称为 the Great Dog。
座中的天狼星 (Sirius) 天的最亮星,附近有⼀个很显眼的疏散星团 M41。
Canis Minor (CMi) ⼩⽝座北天的⼩星座,位于猎户座的东边,英⽂俗称为 the Little Dog。
座中最亮星是南河三 (Procyon) 。
Canopus ⽼⼈星船底座α星,全空第⼆亮星,⼜称为 Suhel,星等 - 0.9,是颗黄⾊超巨星。
数学史话阿波罗尼奥斯(Apollonius ,约公元前262-前190)是与欧几里得、阿基米德同一时期的伟大数学家.年轻时曾到亚历山大里亚就学,师从欧几里得的弟子,后来从事教学工作.阿波罗尼奥斯阿波罗尼奥斯是一位有名的天文学家,但他也写过多种数学著作,其中《圆锥曲线论》(Conic Sections)是一部非凡的巨著.因此,获得了“伟大的几何学者”的称号.《圆锥曲线论》一书对几何学的发展产生了深远的影响.《圆锥曲线论》共含8卷,包括了400多个命题,将圆锥曲线的性质网罗殆尽,几乎使后人没有插足的余地.《圆锥曲线论》阿波罗尼奥斯在《圆锥曲线论》的第一卷中给出了三种圆锥曲线即椭圆,即椭圆(ellipse),抛物线(pa⁃rabola)和双曲线(hyperbola),如图1所示,并给出它们的定义.李炅图164数学史话实际上,阿波罗尼奥斯发展圆锥曲线理论就是从给出这三种圆锥曲线定义开始的.他首先给出圆锥曲面的定义:如果有一点A ,在不含此点的平面α上画一圆,在圆周上取一点P ,连接AP并沿圆周运动形成的曲面叫作圆锥面,如图2.图2阿波罗尼奥斯把A 叫作顶点,把A 与圆心的连线叫圆锥面的轴,圆锥面和圆面围成的立体叫作圆锥.把圆面叫作圆锥的底.如果用含轴的平面截圆锥,可得两个三角形ABC 和AB ′C ′,BC 和B ′C ′是圆锥的底与截面的交线,也可找到一个平面截这个圆锥,使交线DE 垂直于BC ,得到截面和三角形ABC 的交线ZH ,如图3.图3(1)ZH 平行于AC .过曲线DZE 任意一点K ,引直线平行于ED 、交ZH 于G ,线段KG 在平行于底的MKN 面中,切口MKN 是以MN 为直径的圆,如图4.若引ZF ,满足ZF ∶ZA =BC 2∶BH ·AC ,K 是曲线DZE 上的点,总有KG 2=FZ ·ZG ,于是,以FZ 、ZG 为边的长方形面积FZ ·ZG 相当于以KG 为边的正方形的面积.把具有这种性质的曲线DZE叫抛物线.这就是门奈赫莫斯的“直角圆锥切线”.图4(2)ZH 不平行于AC .①ZHB <∠ACB 时,如图5,取交线ZZ ′,作截面与底的交线DHE ,由于DHE 和BC 相交,过A 引直线平行于ZZ ′,交BC 延长线于一点K ,作ZF 满足AK 2∶BK ∶KC =ZZ ′∶ZF ,过曲线任一点G ,过点G 作平行于DHE 的直线交ZZ ′于M ,于是有GM 2=FZ ·ZM -α成立.(α是正值)这说明以GM 为一边的正方形面积小于以FZ 和ZM 为边的长方形的面积,称为“不足”(ελλεl ψls ,ellipse ),现叫作“椭圆”.这种曲线就是门奈赫莫斯的“锐角圆锥曲线”.图5②∠ZHB >∠ACB ,如图6.用平面切以A 为顶点的两圆锥,可得相对二条曲线DZE 和①希腊语是παραβολειν.D ′Z ′E ′,平行于ZZ ′的直线交BC 于K ,作FZ 满足AK 2∶BK ·KC =ZZ ′∶FZ ,对于曲线上任意一点G ,有:GM 2=FZ ·ZM +α(α为正值)成立.这说明以GM 为边长的正方形面积大于以FZ 、ZM 为边的长方形面积.阿波罗尼奥斯将其命名为“过剩的”,即现在的双曲线.65数学史话图6阿波罗尼奥斯能在如上复杂的图形中,寻求各种圆锥曲线的定义,显示出了他的高超才智.第二卷开始部分描述了渐近线的性质,其中指出,由于渐近线是向无限远伸展,所以它们要与曲线越来越靠近,以致它们相隔的距离可以小于任何给定的长度.此外,阿波罗尼奥斯还证明了,由曲线上任一点向固定方向上的渐近线作直线所围成的矩形,其面积是一定的;这相当于笛卡儿术语中应以方程xy =c 来表示的关系.接着是描述求圆锥曲线的直径、抛物线的轴、椭圆与双曲线的轴和中心的方法.最后说明作曲线的切线的各种方法.第三卷含有一些定理,其中有一部分关于面积的定理.例如,若一条圆锥曲线上的任意两点A 和B 处的切线交于C ,并与过B 和A 的直径交于D 和E ,则△CBD 和△ACE 面积相等.还有极点和极轴的调和性质(类似于我们在射影几何初等课本中的习题)以及关于相交弦线段乘积定理.例如,如果平行于两个给定方向的弦AB 和CD 相交于O ,则AO ·OBCO ·OD是一常数,与O 的位置无关.第三卷开头论述了关于切线与直径所成图形的面积的定理,并且还介绍了一些有关轨迹的问题,在本卷最后叙述了二次曲线的著名的焦点性质.但是,在整个著作中,既没有讲到圆锥曲线的焦点——准线的性质,也没有讲到抛物线的焦点,这是难以理解的,因为据帕普斯说,欧几里得已知道这些性质.第四卷主要是讨论关于圆锥曲线相交的定理.还证明了第三卷中的极点和极轴的某些命题的逆命题.第五卷的独到之处在于它论述从一特定点到圆锥曲线所能作的最长和最短的线.阿波罗尼奥斯先从圆锥曲线长轴上或抛物线轴上的特殊点讲起,求出这些点到曲线的最大距离与最小距离.他又证明,若O 是任一圆锥曲线内的任一点,且若OP 是从O 到圆锥曲线的一极小或极大距离,则P 处垂直于OP 的直线是P 处的切线,又若O ′是OP 延长线上在圆锥曲线外面的任一点,则O ′P 是从O ′到圆锥曲线的极小线.切线在切点处的垂线现在叫法线,因此极大和极小线都是法线.阿波罗尼奥斯还研究了任一圆锥曲线的法线性质.例如,在抛物线或椭圆任一点处的法线还与曲线交于另一点.然后他指出怎样从圆锥曲线内部或外部的给定点作该曲线的法线.值得指出的是阿波罗尼奥斯在书中没有把法线看成是垂直于切线的直线,而是看成从曲线的内点或外点所作的到曲线上的极大直线和极小直线.第六卷包括全等圆锥曲线、相似圆锥曲线及圆锥曲线弓形.这个弓形也像圆的弓形那样是由圆锥曲线的弦所割出的一部分面积.还讲述了如何在一个给定的直圆锥上求一个等于给定圆锥曲线的截线.第七卷包含一批涉及共轭直径的定理,例如,关于在一对共轭直径的端点对有心圆锥曲线所作切线形成的平行四边形的面积恒等的定理.第八卷已失传.除了《圆锥曲线论》,阿波罗尼奥斯还著有《论比例截点(或截线,截面)》(On Proportional Section);《关于相切》(Tangencies);《论特殊截点(或截线、截面)》(On Dete -rminate Section);《论确定的截点(或截线、截面)》(OnDeterminate Section);《关于平面轨迹》(Plane Loci);《斜向》(Vergings).66。
圆锥曲线论英文Conic sections are a fundamental topic in mathematics that deals with the properties and equations of curves formed by the intersection of a plane with a cone. These curves include the circle, ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola. In this document, we will explore the characteristics and equations of these conic sections.1. Circle:A circle is a conic section formed when a plane intersects a cone at a right angle to its axis. It is defined as the set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from a fixed center point. The equation of a circle with center (h, k) and radius r is given by (x h)^2 + (y k)^2 = r^2.2. Ellipse:An ellipse is formed when a plane intersects a cone at an angle that is less than a right angle. It is defined as the set of all points in a plane for which the sum of the distances from two fixed points (called foci) is constant. The equation of an ellipse with center (h, k), major axis length 2a, and minor axis length 2b is given by ((x h)^2 / a^2) + ((y k)^2 / b^2) = 1.3. Parabola:A parabola is formed when a plane intersects a cone parallel to one of its generating lines. It is defined as the set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from a fixed point (called the focus) and a fixed line (called the directrix). The equation of a parabola with vertex (h, k) and focal length p is given by (x h)^2 = 4p(y k).4. Hyperbola:A hyperbola is formed when a plane intersects a cone at an angle greater than a right angle. It is defined as the set of all points in a plane for which the absolute value of the difference of the distances from two fixed points (called foci) is constant. The equation ofa hyperbola with center (h, k), transverse axis length 2a, and conjugate axis length 2b is given by ((x h)^2 / a^2) ((y k)^2 / b^2) = 1.These equations provide a mathematical representation of the conic sections and allow us to analyze their properties. By manipulating these equations, we can determine important characteristics such as the shape, size, orientation, and position of the conic sections.In addition to their geometric properties, conic sections have various applications in different fields. For example, circles are commonly used in geometry, physics, and engineering to represent objects with rotational symmetry. Ellipses are used in astronomy to describe the orbits of planets and satellites. Parabolas are used in physics to model the trajectory of projectiles and in engineering to design reflectors and antennas. Hyperbolas are used in physics and engineering to describe the behavior of waves and particles.In conclusion, conic sections are a fascinating topic in mathematics with diverse applications in various fields. Understanding the properties and equations of circles, ellipses, parabolas, and hyperbolas allows us to analyze and solve problems involving these curves. By studying conic sections, we gain valuable insights into the fundamental principles of geometry and their practical applications.。
第三章圆锥曲线的3.1 椭圆3.1.1 椭圆及其标准方程一、教学目标1、了解椭圆的实际背景,感受椭圆在刻画现实世界和解决实际问题中的作用.2、掌握椭圆的定义,会求椭圆的标准方程.二、教学重点、难点重点:对椭圆的定义的准确掌握,椭圆的两种形式的标准方程难点:椭圆定义的应用、求各种条件下的椭圆标准方程三、学法与教学用具1、学法:学生在老师的引导下,通过阅读教材,自主学习、思考、交流、讨论和概括,从而完成本节课的教学目标.2、教学用具:多媒体设备等四、教学过程(一)创设情景,揭示课题P,用时1分钟【序言】阅读课本104圆锥曲线(conic sections)【科普视频】椭圆与开普勒第一定律等【情景一】太阳系行星的运动轨迹【情景二】鸟巢的顶棚的开口的形状【发现】通过多个渠道我们看到,在我们所生活的世界中,随处可见椭圆这种图形,而且我们也已经知道了椭圆的大致形状,那么我们能否动手画一个标准的椭圆呢?(二)阅读精要,研讨新知【数学实验】【思考】结合实验及上面的问题,你能给椭圆下一个定义吗?【椭圆定义】我们把平面内与两个定点12,F F 的距离的和等于常数(大于12||F F )的点的轨迹叫做椭圆(ellipse). 这两个定点12,F F 叫做椭圆的焦点(focus),两焦点间的距离12||F F 叫做椭圆的焦距(focus distance).【椭圆定义解读】思考:在平面内动点M 到两个定点12,F F 的距离之和等于定值2a 的点的轨迹是否一定为椭圆? (1)1212||||||MF MF F F +>…………轨迹为椭圆 (2)1212||||||MF MF F F +=…………轨迹为线段 (3)1212||||||MF MF F F +<…………轨迹不存在【坐标法演绎椭圆】方案一方案二设(,)M x y 是椭圆上任意一点,椭圆的两个焦点分别为1F 和2F ,椭圆的焦距为2(0)c c >,M 与1F 和2F 的距离的和等于2(220)a a c >>.请同学们阅读验算课本106P 中椭圆标准方程的推导过程,并记忆默写椭圆的标准方程.【关键步骤解读】化简到22222222()()a c x a y a a c -+=-时令222a c b -=,则20b >所以222222b x a y a b +=,即22221(0)x y a b a b+=>>【椭圆标准方程认知】【例题研讨】阅读领悟课本107P 例1、例2、例3(用时约为2-3分钟,教师作出准确的评析.) 例1 已知椭圆的两个焦点坐标分别是12(2,0),(2,0)F F -,并且过点53(,)22P -,求它的标准方程.解:方法一:由已知,设所求椭圆方程为22221(0)x y a b a b+=>>,由椭圆定义知2c =,122||||a PF PF =+=,所以a b ==所以,所求椭圆方程为221106x y += 方法二:由已知,设所求椭圆方程为22221(0)x y a b a b+=>>,则222,4c a b =∴=+ ①又点53(,)22-在椭圆上,所以222253(()221a b -+=) ②,联立解方程组得2210,6a b == 因此所求椭圆方程为221106x y +=例2如图3.1-5,在圆224x y +=上任取一点P ,过点P 作x 轴的垂线段PD ,D 为垂足。
切点弦方程公式点弦方程(Conic Sections Equation):1、定义:点弦方程是一类特殊的二次解析曲线,可以被用来描述特定场景下物体运动轨迹的曲线,它们可能是定点对称的椭圆形、双曲线形、圆形或是抛物线形。
2、基本方程:点弦方程的基本方程式是一元二次方程AX² + BXY + CY² + DX + EY + F=0,A、B、C、D、E 和F是实数系数,X 和 Y 是曲线上的点的坐标,A、C 不能同时为零。
3、抛物线:抛物线的点弦方程式为AX² + BXY + CY² + DX + EY + F=0,其参数有A、B、C、D、E 和 F,其中A和C不能同时为零,A ≠ 0 时,抛物线的向量方向是A的方向,当A < 0时,抛物线的开口向下,A > 0时,抛物线的开口向上。
4、椭圆形:椭圆形的点弦方程式为AX² + BXY + CY² + DX + EY + F = 0,其中A和C不能为零,当A > 0,B=0,C > 0时,椭圆变形为圆形,当A > 0,C > 0时,B不为零时椭圆的长轴在X轴方向,当A > 0,C < 0时,B不为零时椭圆的长轴在Y轴方向,椭圆的短轴在相反的轴方向;若B ≠ 0时,椭圆的长轴与X轴或Y 轴的夹角是椭圆的倾斜角。
5、双曲线:双曲线的点弦方程式AX² + BXY + CY² + DX + EY + F=0,其中A 和C不能同时为零,当A<0,C>0时,双曲线的开口向上,当A>0,C<0时,双曲线的开口向下,双曲线的长轴是它的准线,它可以在空间中自由旋转,但不会改变其形状。
6、圆形:圆形的点弦方程式为(X-h)²+(Y-k)²=r²,其中h和k是圆心的坐标,r是半径,当r > 0时,曲线是圆形;当r < 0时,曲线是双曲线。