8-mechanical wave(2009v1)

深入剖析SAW, BAW, FBAR滤波器很多通信系统发展到某种程度都会有小型化的趋势。

一方面小型化可以让系统更加轻便和有效，另一方面，日益发展的IC制造技术可以用更低的成本生产出大批量的小型产品。

MEMS(MicroElectromechanical System)是这种小型产品的相关技术之一。

MEMS 可以检测环境的变化并通过微型电路产生相关反应。

MEMS的主要部分包括sensor(微传感器)或actuator(微执行器)和transducer(转换装置)，其中sensor可以检测某种物理，化学或生物的存在或强度，比如温度，压力，声音或化学成分，transducer会把一种energy转换成另外一种(比如从电信号到机械波)。

目前MEMS被广泛的利用在多个领域里，如下图。

这篇文章主要说说MEMS的几种RF相关应用产品SAW,BAW, FBAR filter，也是目前手机中最常用的几种filter。

SAW,BAW和FBAR中，A都代表着Acoustic。

Acoustic wave中文翻译成声波，声波按频率分成3段，audio,infrasonic(次声波)和ultrasonic(超声波)。

Audio的频率为20Hz ~ 20KHz, 是人耳能听见的范围。

Infrasonic(次声波)是低频率，20Hz一下，人耳听不到，可以用来研究地理现象(比如地震)。

Ultrasonic(超声波)是20KHz到109KHz，也是人耳听不到的范围。

下面提到的声波都是超声波的范围，首先我们看看SAW filter。

Surface Acoustic Wave(SAW) filter顾名思义，SAW是一种沿着固体表面(surface)传播的声波(acoustic wave)。

一个基本的SAW filter由压电材料(piezoelectric substrate)和2个Interdigital Transducers(IDT)组成，如下图。

普通物理学机械波知识点总结（Summary of knowledge ofmechanical waves in general physics）75. mechanical wave form: the vibration to a certain speed from the near to the distant in the elastic medium spread out.The 76. wave source and the elastic medium are two necessary conditions for generating mechanical waves.77. transverse wave: the direction of the particle vibration and the direction of wave propagation are perpendicular to each other.78. longitudinal wave: the direction of the vibration of the particles of the medium and the direction of wave propagation are parallel to each other.79. wave surface (in the same direction): in the wave propagation process, at any time, the medium vibration phase of the same point into the surface80. wave front (wave front): at some point the wave propagates to the front of the wave front.81. the wave whose surface is spherical is called spherical wave. The wave whose plane surface is plane is called plane wave. The wave whose surface is cylindrical is called cylindrical wave.82. make some arrow lines along the direction of the wave. This is called the wave line. The direction of the wave line indicates the direction of wave propagation. In an isotropichomogeneous medium, the wave line is perpendicular to the wave surface.83. simple harmonic: if the vibration propagates in the medium is the harmonic vibration, and the wave goes everywhere, in the medium each particle makes the same frequency, the same amplitude harmonic vibration, this kind of wave is called the simple harmonic. If the wave surface of a harmonic wave is plane, then such harmonic wave is called plane simple harmonic.84. the vibration equation of the particle: (A is amplitude, Omega is angular frequency, initial phase)85. wave function of plane harmonic wave (wave equation): (for any point at any point on the wave line, the particle of P is the displacement of harmonic vibration.86. wavelength (wavelength): the distance between two adjacent particles with a phase difference of 2 pi on the same wave line is called wavelength.The period of the 87. wave (T): the time required for the wave to travel one wavelength is called the cycle of the wave.The 88. wave frequency (V): reciprocal frequency period is called, in a unit of time, the number of full wave wave advance distance.89. a wave source with a certain period of vibration and frequency. The frequency and frequency of the waves induced in different media are the same, independent of the nature of themedium.90. the propagation velocity of vibration in medium is called wave velocity.91. (1) wave velocity is dependent only on the nature of the medium transmitted by the wave, irrespective of the frequency of the wave. (2) the frequency of wave is the same as that of vibration source, and it is independent of wave propagating medium. (3) the wavelength is related to the wave velocity and the frequency of the wave.92. important characteristics of the wave process: the propagation of mechanical energy with the propagation of waves.93. energy and velocity u propagate with the wave in a medium, in a homogeneous isotropic medium. The velocity and direction of propagation of energy are always the same as those of wave propagation and propagation. The above analysis can be used to say the wave propagation process, i.e., the propagation of energy.The energy density of the 94. wave: the energy of wave in a unit volume is called the energy density of the wave. (where p is the density of the medium, A amplitude, Omega is the angular frequency.)95. energy flux density: the average energy per unit area perpendicular to the wave velocity in a unit time is called the energy flow density of a wave. As the intensity of the wave flow density, short wave. The size and intensity of wave amplitudeis proportional to the square. Namely.Absorption of the 96. wave: when the wave propagates in the medium, the medium always absorbs some of the energy of the wave, so the intensity of the wave will gradually decrease. This phenomenon is the absorption of wave.97.: the Huygens principle moving in front of an arbitrary point can be regarded as secondary sources from the new wave, each point on the issue many times wave envelope formation, the new wave is the original surface in a certain period of time to spread.Diffraction of the 98. wave: when the wave encounters obstacles in propagation, its propagation direction changes. And can bypass the edge of the barrier and continue to move forward.The principle of superposition of wave 99.: in the meeting area, at any point of the particle vibration, vibration for the wave alone caused by vibration, that at any moment, the particle displacement is the wave when they are alone in the cause and displacement vector and.100. coherent waves: the superposition of waves with the same frequency, the same vibration direction, the same phase or the constant phase difference of two waves. The wave satisfying these three conditions is called coherent wave, and the source of coherent wave is called coherent wave source.101. standing wave: the amplitude and vibration direction and frequency of the two columns are the same, and the coherent waveof the opposite direction of the propagation is superposed to form a standing wave.102. Doppler effect: the phenomenon that the observer receives a different frequency from the source of the wave due to the movement of the observer (receiver) or the wave source two at the same time relative to the medium.The 103. wave sees movement: wave view static:104. the charge or charge system that does accelerated motion is the source of electromagnetic waves.105. accelerating electric charge or charge movement produces changes in the surrounding space, changes of the electric field are changing magnetic field, magnetic field and electric field change change, so to stimulate each other, with the passage of time, produced the propagation of electromagnetic waves in space, also called electromagnetic wave.One hundred and sixElectromagnetic wave is the vector wave of electric field intensity E and magnetic field intensity H.107. the basic characteristics of plane harmonic electromagnetic wave: (1) electromagnetic field vector E and H exist at the same location, have the same phase, and propagate at the same speed. (2) E and H are perpendicular to each other, and both of them are perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. The three, E, H and u satisfy the right spiralrelation, which indicates that electromagnetic wave is transverse wave. The plane composed of E and H and their propagation directions is called the vibration surface of E and the vibration surface of H. E and H vibrate in their respective vibration surfaces respectively. This property is called polarization, and only S-wave has polarization. (3) at any point in space, there is a value between the E and the H:. (4) the propagation speed of electromagnetic wave depends on the dielectric constant and dielectric permeability of the medium.(5) electromagnetic waves reflect and refract at the interface of two different mediums. The ratio of the rate of electromagnetic wave in vacuum to C and the rate in a certain medium is called the absolute refractive index n of the medium, referred to as the refractive index..108. the energy that the electromagnetic wave carries is called radiation energy.109. unit time is transmitted by vertical electromagnetic wave. The radiation energy per unit area is called energy density, also known as wave intensity.110. the energy density of electric field and magnetic field are respectively:,. Therefore, the total energy density of the electromagnetic field is:111. in optics, the average energy density I is called light intensity:The 112. path is an equivalent amount of propagation time in the same or corresponding change under the same conditions, thelight propagation in the medium distance equivalent to corresponding distance of light in the air is spread, in value, equal to the corresponding refractive index optical path distance multiplied by the light propagation in the medium, in value, equal to the path the refractive index of the medium multiplied by the light propagation in the medium.113. luminous objects are called light sources.114. common luminescence processes: (1) thermal radiation (2) electroluminescence (3) photoluminescence (5) chemiluminescence.115. light: parallel interference of the same frequency and direction of vibration, harmonic wave beams of constant phase difference meet, overlap in some light, some synthetic intensity is higher than the intensity and divided, in other areas less than the intensity and synthesis of light intensity, light intensity of light intensity of interference fringes formed in synthesis phase, stable distribution in the space, called the interference of light. The superposition of light waves is called coherent superposition, and coherent beams can be generated by coherent superposition of two beams of light. The condition of coherent superposition is called coherent condition. If the two beams of light do not satisfy the coherent superposition condition, in the overlapped region of the light wave, the synthetic light intensity is equal to the sum of the intensity of the points, and no interference occurs, at which point the superposition of two beams of light is called incoherent superposition.116. the interference conditions of two beams are as follows: (1) the same frequency; (2) the phase difference is constant;(3) the vibration direction of the optical vector is parallel.117., the optical path is a converted quantity. When the time of propagation is the same or the phase changes the same, the distance of light propagation in the medium is reduced to the corresponding distance of light propagation in vacuum. Numerically, the optical path is equal to the refractive index of the medium multiplied by the path of light propagating in the medium.118. equal thickness interference fringes: the same interference fringes in the interference pattern correspond to the same thickness on the film.119. Newtons ring: fringes formed by interference of light reflected from the upper and lower surfaces of the ring air wedge. It is waiting for interference fringes.The diffraction of 120. beams is usually divided into two categories: Fresnel diffraction (near field diffraction) and Fraunhofer diffraction (far field diffraction).121. Huygens Fresnel principle: the secondary waves from each point of the same wave surface are coherent waves, and the superposition of them at a certain point in space is coherent superposition.122. using the principle of multi slit diffraction, the component of chromatic dispersion is called diffractiongrating.123. the light vector is limited to a single direction and the light is called polarized light.124. Marius's Law: if the intensity of polarized light is light, the light intensity of projection light is I. The angle between the optical vector, the vibration direction of the a polarized light and the polarization direction of the analyzer.125. when a beam of natural light is incident into an anisotropic medium, the refracted light at the interface is broken into two different refracted beams in the direction of propagation.126. the two beams of refraction have the following characteristics: (1) two beams of refracted light are linearly polarized light in different directions in the direction of the light vector. (2) one of the refracted beams is always in the incident plane and follows the refraction theorem, which is called ordinary light. The other beam is not in the incident plane, and does not obey the law of refraction. It is called extraordinary light.Two basic assumptions: 127. chivalrous relativistic (1) in all inertial reference frame, all physics theorem has the same form, which has the same mathematical expressions, or, for the description of all physical phenomena rule, all inertial systems are equivalent. This is also called the relativity principle of chivalry relativity. (2) in all inertial frames,In the light of vacuum rate along each direction transmission are equal to the same constant C, independent motion with the light source and the observer, which is also known as the principle of constant speed of light.128., it is supposed that the energy of the particle is static and is called stationary energy (static energy). It is the total energy of particle remote control, and the difference between the two is the energy added by the particle because of its movement, that is, energy129. thermal radiation: electromagnetic radiation of an object as determined by its temperature.130. equilibrium heat radiation: when the radiation and absorption are in equilibrium, the temperature of the object is no longer changing and is in a state of thermal equilibrium.The greater the radiation power of 131. objects, the greater their absorption capacity, and vice versa.132. absolute blackbody (short for blackbody): an object that absorbs all kinds of radiation at all wavelengths without reflecting or projecting completely.133. photon Einstein hypothesis: a beam of light beam at the speed of light is a telecontrol of the particles, these particles called photons; each photon frequency of light with energy, he can not only the segmentation, is absorbed or produced.134. photoelectric effect equation:135. the relationship between the voltage and the maximum initial energy of photoelectronsRed limit of 136. photonThe relation between the momentum electron volt of 137. photon and Joule 1v=1138. Planck constant139. the fluctuation of light: light has fluctuation and has particle property.140. photoelectric effect: the emission of electrons by metals and their compounds under light irradiation.141. De Broglie hypothesis: not only has light wave particle duality, all physical particles such as electrons, atoms and molecules also have wave particle duality.142. laser is based on stimulated radiation amplification principle of a coherent light radiation.。

慢走丝线切割放电状态在线识别新方法陈良【摘要】在慢走丝电火花线切割加工过程中,由于其放电机理的复杂性、放电点的随机性和最优加工参数的不确定性,放电加工过程中的放电间隙电压可大致分为开路、正常放电、电孤、短路和复杂放电五种放电波形.在不同加工参数下,各类放电波形的比例不一样,不适当的加工参数将显著降低正常放电波形的比例,严重影响慢走丝加工过程中的效率、精度和稳定性.建立一种慢走丝线切割放电状态浮动电压阈值在线识别方法,在放电波形识别系统中,根据不同的加工工况,调节阈值电压的参考值.再根据识别的各种放电波形的比例,采取相应的措施,改变加工参数,已达到最优的放电波形比例.实验数据表明,该系统具有较高的识别精度、实时性和稳定性,且提高材料去除率约20％,降低表明粗糙度约27％,该放电波形识别系统可在电火花线切割加工中具有较好的实用性.【期刊名称】《机械设计与制造》【年(卷),期】2017(000)002【总页数】4页(P128-131)【关键词】慢走丝线切割;放电波形;在线识别;浮动阈值【作者】陈良【作者单位】中州大学机电与汽车工程学院,河南郑州450044【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TH16;TP39随着新型材料引进到现代制造业，如高强度、高硬度和高耐磨性等，电火花线切割加工方式应运而生，由于其具有能够加工各种硬度和复杂形状工件的能力，且具有较高的效率和精度，广泛应用于模具、电子、汽车和航空航天等制造领域。

按照电极丝的走丝速度，线切割可以分为高速往复走丝线切割（6~12）m/s、中速往复走丝线切割（1~2）m/s和慢速单向走丝线切割（0.1~0.2）m/s。

上世纪70年代，高速往复走丝线切割首次被第三机械工业部研发成功，快速占领了国内电加工制造领域；随着零件要求的提高，中速往复走丝线切割逐步取代了高速往复走丝线切割的市场地位。

慢速单向走丝线切割具有更高的加工精度和表面质量，但中国大陆的技术还不够成熟，主要依靠进口日本、瑞士和台湾的产品。

探讨机械波振动方向的判断方法机械波既是高中物理学习的重点，也是难点，特别是如何确定波动质点的振动方向。

为了有效突破这一难点，使学生掌握机械波的运动特征，弄清波动与振动的联系与区别，我们引导学生进行了大量探究活动，总结出以下四种确定波动质点振动方向的方法，供参考。

Key, mechanical wave is the high school physics learning is difficult, especially how to determine the direction of vibration wave particle. In order to overcome this difficulty, to enable students to master the movement characteristics of mechanical wave, and to clarify the difference of wave and vibration, we guide students to a large number of research activities, summed up the following four determine the wave vibration direction method, for reference.方法一波的成因法Method causes a wave method由波的形成原理可知，后振动的质点总是重复先振动的质点的运动，而当质点处于波峰和波谷瞬间，其速度为零。

若已知波的传播方向，判断某质点的振动方向时，可找沿波传播方向与该点距离最近的波峰或波谷，根据波峰或波谷位置的关系确定振动方向。

The formation principle of the wave, the particle vibration always repeat the first vibration of the particle motion, and when the particle at the crest and trough moment, its velocity is zero. If the propagation direction of waves to determine the direction of vibration is known, a particle, can be found along the propagation direction and the distance to the nearest peak or trough, determine the direction of vibration according to the position of the peak or trough.例1 如图1所示，波沿x轴正向传播，试确定该时刻b、d两质点的振动方向。

窄带滤光片是一种光学元件，它允许特定波长范围内的光通过，而阻止其他波长的光。

这种滤光片通常用于光谱分析、激光应用、光纤通信、医疗诊断和其他需要精确控制光波长的场合。

窄带滤光片的指标包括以下几个方面：1. 中心波长（Central Wavelength, CWL）：- 这是滤光片透过率最高的波长。

窄带滤光片的中心波长通常非常精确，可以在很小的范围内调整。

2. 透过带宽度（Bandwidth）：- 这是指滤光片允许通过的光波长范围，通常以全宽半高（Full Width Half Maximum, FWHM）来表示。

窄带滤光片的带宽很窄，通常在几纳米到几十纳米之间。

3. 透过率（Transmittance）：- 这是滤光片对特定波长光的传输效率。

理想的窄带滤光片在中心波长附近的透过率非常高，通常可以达到90%以上。

4. 截止深度（Blocking）：- 这是滤光片阻止非透过带光的能力。

窄带滤光片的截止深度通常很高，可以达到OD6（光学密度6）或更高，这意味着它能够非常有效地阻止非目标波长的光。

5. 波前质量（Wavefront Quality）：- 这是指滤光片输出光的波前形状。

高质量的窄带滤光片应该产生尽量平滑的波前，以减少光学系统的像差。

6. 偏振依赖性（Polarization Dependence）：- 某些滤光片可能会对光的偏振状态有特定的要求，这可能会影响其性能。

7. 环境稳定性（Environmental Stability）：- 滤光片在不同温度、湿度和压力条件下的性能稳定性。

对于窄带滤光片，环境稳定性通常非常重要，因为它们用于精确的光学应用。

8. 机械稳定性（Mechanical Stability）：- 滤光片在物理安装和操作中的稳定性，包括其对温度变化的抵抗能力。

9. 抗反射涂层（Anti-Reflection Coatings）：- 为了减少滤光片表面的反射损失，通常会在其表面涂覆抗反射涂层。

第三章机械波“隔墙有耳”“一石激起千层浪”……我们对这些现象耳熟能详，它们都与波动有关。

测绘科技人员利用声呐绘制海底地形图，医生用“B超”诊断疾病，狂风巨浪使船舶颠簸，地震波对建筑物造成破坏……种种现象表明：波既能传递信息，又能传递能量。

多姿多彩的波有许多共同的特征和规律，我们应该很好地认识波，以便更好地利用波，或预防和减轻波所造成的破坏。

水波离开了它产生的地方，而那里的水并不离开，就像风在田野里掀起的麦浪。

我们看到，麦浪滚滚地在田野里奔去，但是麦子却仍旧留在原来的地方。

——达·芬奇1第三章 1 波的形成问题？在艺术体操的带操表演中，运动员手持细棒抖动彩带的一端，彩带随之波浪翻卷。

彩带上的波浪向前传播时，彩带上的每个点也在向前运动吗？1达·芬奇（Leonardo da Vinci, 1452—1519），意大利文艺复兴时期的画家、科学家，研究领域涉及数学、物理学、天文学等。

彩带上的波浪翻卷实际是振动在彩带上传播的结果。

振动的传播称为波动，简称波（wave）。

波是怎样形成的？波的形成演示观察绳波的产生和传播如图 3.1-1，取一条较长的软绳，用手握住一端拉平后向上抖动一次，可以看到绳上形成一个凸起部分，这个凸起部分向另一端传去。

向下抖动一次，可以看到绳上形成一个凹下部分，这个凹下部分也向另一端传去。

连续向上、向下抖动长绳，可以看到一列波产生和传播的情形。

图 3.1-1 沿绳传播的波在绳上做个红色标记，在波传播的过程中，这个标记怎样运动？它是否随着波向绳的另一端移动？仔细观察会发现，绳子上的各点只是在一定位置上下振动，没有向前运动，而振动这种形式却传播出去了。

为什么会这样呢？绳子是有弹性的物体。

设想把一条绳子分成一个个小段，这些小段可以看作一个个相连的质点，这些质点之间存在着弹性力的作用。

当手握绳端上下振动时，绳端带动相邻的质点，使它也上下振动，这个质点又带动更远一些的质点……绳子上的质点都跟着振动起来，只是后面的质点总比前面的质点迟一些开始振动。

浅析波浪能发电的现状与发展李学民浙江浙能镇海联合发电有限公司摘要：就国内外近年来在波浪能发电方面的研究情况进行一个初步的分析，提出未来发展建议，为助推波浪能发电向商业化发展提供动力。

虽然各国波浪能发电示范研究都有了一些进展，取得了具有较高科学价值的相关数据，但从目前技术发展来看，波浪能发电装置的研发仍处在技术攻关和产业化前夕阶段，还有诸多问题需要解决。

如果能研发出一种高效可靠的波浪能发电装置，将是一种可持续提供清洁能源的途径，为海洋强国提供可靠的能源保障。

关键词：波浪能发电；现状与问题；发展建议DOI:10.13770/ki.issn2095-705x.2021.01.007Study on Current Situation and Devel-opment of Wave Energy Power Genera-tionLI XueminZhejiang Province Zheneng Zhenhai United Power Genera-tion Co.,Ltd.Abstract:The author analyzes wave energy power generation in do-mestic and overseas market and puts forward suggestions for future de-velopment,which supports wave energy power generation into commer-cial development.Through there is some progress in wave energy power generation demonstration research and relative data with higher scientific value is achieved,wave energy power generation facilities research isSHANGHAI ENERGY CONSERVATION2018年第08期上海节能202101 期0引言海洋是孕育人类的摇篮，也蕴藏着巨大的能量，海洋覆盖了地球70%的表面，全球约44%的人口都居住在距海岸线150km 的范围内，人类向大海索取资源或将成为必然的趋势。

基于EDEM的搅拌机混合均匀度仿真分析*王晓伟 陈庆照 王海洋山东建筑大学 济南 250101摘要：文中针对烧结砖用双轴搅拌机搅拌叶片不同安装角对搅拌混合均匀度的影响进行了仿真研究。

首先分析了物料颗粒性质及其搅拌中的碰撞运动，选择了合适的颗粒接触模型和颗粒模型，其次建立了3种搅拌叶片安装角的搅拌机模型，并利用EDEM仿真软件对搅拌混合过程进行了模拟仿真，对比分析了搅拌叶片不同安装角下的物料离散系数，得到搅拌叶片的最佳安装角度，此时物料离散系数最小，混合均匀度最好。

关键词：双轴搅拌机；EDEM；离散系数；均匀度中图分类号：TP391.9 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1001-0785（2023）16-0024-06Abstract: In this paper, the influence of different installation angles of mixing blades on mixing uniformity of double-shaft mixer for sintered brick was simulated. Firstly, the properties of material particles and the collision motion in stirring were analyzed, and the appropriate particle contact model and particle model were selected. Secondly, three mixer models with different installation angles of stirring blades were established, and the stirring process was simulated by EDEM simulation software, so as to compare and analyze the material dispersion coefficient under different installation angles of stirring blades and get the best installation angle of stirring blades with the smallest dispersion coefficient and the best mixing uniformity. Keywords:double-shaft mixer；EDEM；discrete coefficient；uniformity0 引言烧结砖由不同原料搅拌混合后烧制而成，原料混合均匀程度会严重影响烧结砖的烧成质量[1]。

物理英文术语物理力force重力gravity摩擦力friction拉力traction质量ma惯量Interia加速度acceleration力矩torque静止atret相对relative能量energy动能keneticenergy势能potentialenergy功work动量momentum角动量angularmomentum能量守恒energyconervation保守力conervedforce振动vibration振幅amplitude波wave驻波tandingwave震荡ocillation相干波coherentwave干涉interference衍射diffraction轨道obital速度velocity速率peed大小magnatitude方向direction水平horizental竖直vertical 相互垂直perpendicular坐标coordinate直角坐标系ceriancoordinateytem极坐标系polarcoordinateytem 弹簧pring球体phere环loop盘型dic圆柱形cylinder电学磁学：电子electron电荷charge电流current电场electricfield电通量electricflu某电势electircpotential 导体conductor电介质dieletric绝缘体inultalor电阻reitor电阻率reitivity电容capacitor无穷infinite横截面croection匀强电场uniformelectricfield分布ditribution磁场magneticfield磁通量magneticflu某电感inductance变压器tranformer频率frequency周期period电磁波electomagneticwave平面plane热学：热平衡thermalequilibrium理想气体idealga热能thermalenergy 热量heat热容heatcapacity外界urrounding准静态过程quai-taticproce这几个比较容易搞混我就经常搞混等体过程iochoricproce等压过程iobaricproce等温过程iothermalproce绝热过程adiabaticproce循环cycle光学光light光程opticalpath光强度lightintenity偏振polarization波长wavelength传播propagation量子力学（高中好像讲了一点点）原子atomic光子photon光电效应photo-electriceffect物质波matterwave光谱pectrum激光laer衰减decay辐射radiation械振动mechanicalvibration简谐振动impleharmonicocillation振幅amplitude周期period频率ferquency赫兹hertz单摆implependulum受迫振动forcedvibration共振reonnance机械波mechanicalwave介质medium横波tranverewave纵波longitudinalwave波长wavelength超声波uperonicwave阿伏加德罗常数Avogadrocontant布朗运动Brownmation热运动thermalmotion热力学能thermalenergy内能internalenergy 热力学第一定律firtlawofthermodynamic能量守恒定律lawofconervationofenergy热力学第二定律econdlawofthermodynamic各向同性iotropy各向异性aniotropy单晶体inglecrytal(monocrytal)多晶体ploycrytal表面张力urfacetenion毛细现象capillarity液晶liquidcrytal电荷electriccharge电荷量queantitydfelectricity正电荷poitivecharg负电荷negativecharg库仑定律Coulomblaw静电感应electrotaticinduction感应电荷inducdecharge元电荷elementarycharge电荷守恒定律lawofconervationofcharge库仑（电荷单位）coulomb 电场electricfileld电场强度electricfieldtrength电场线electricpotential电势electricpotential电势差/电压electricpotentialdifference伏特volt电容capacitance电容器capacitor法拉（电容单位）farad电流electriccurrent安培（电流单位）ampere电阻reitance欧姆（电阻单位）ohm电动势electormotiveforce(e.m.f.)半导体emiconductor超导体uperconductor磁性magnetim磁场magneticfield磁感线magneticinductionline安培定则Ampererule安培力Ampereforce磁感应强度magneticinduction左手定则left-handrule洛伦兹力Lorentzforce磁通量magneticflu某电磁感应elctromagneticinduction感应电流inductioncurrent感应电动势inductionelectromotiveforce电磁感应定律lawofelectromagneticinduction右手定则right-handrule自感elf-induction交流alternatingcurrent瞬时值intantaneouvalue峰值peakvalue 有效值effectivevalue电感inductance变压器tranformer电能electricenergy电磁场electromagneticfield电磁波electromagneticwave雷达radar光线lightray平行光parallellight实象realimage虚象virtualimage折射refaction入射角incidentangle反射角reflectionangle折射角diffractionangle折射率diffractioninde某全反射totalreflection 临界角criticalangle光导纤维opticalfiber棱镜prim色散diperion 光谱pectrum波的衍射diffractionofwave波的干涉interferenceofwave红外线infraredray紫外线ultravioletray某射线某-ray电磁波谱electromagneticeffect光电效应photoelectriceffect光子photon普朗克常数Planckcontant波粒二象性wave-particleduality概率波probabilitywave物质波matterwave激光laer电子electron质子proton中子neutron核子nucleon同位数iotope原子核nucleu能级energylevel基态groundtate激发态e某citedtate跃迁tranition放射性radioactivityα射线αrayβ射线βrayγ射线γray衰变decay核反应nuclearreaction核能nuclearenergy质能方程ma-energyequation裂变fiion链式反应chainreaction聚变fuion热核反应thermonuclearreaction介子meon轻子lepton强子hadron。

电磁波
认识机械波是机械振动在媒质中的传播过程，它的根源是由于机械振动；而电磁波的产生是电磁振荡电路或者说是变化的电场和变化的磁场，并不是机械振动。

机械波不是一种独立的物质，它只是机械振动在介质中传播的过程，它所传播的只是振动的能量和振动的形式，所以，机械波的传播就需要波源和介质两个条件；而电磁波本身就是一种特殊的物质它所传递的是电磁场这种特殊的物质和能量，所以电磁波的传播并不需要其它介质来传递，在真空中也可以传播。

机械波可以是纵波，也可以是横波；而电磁波则是横波，没有纵波的形式机械波是连续波，在传递过程中没有间断点；而电磁波则不是连续的，而是一份一份的。

IndexAAcetylene black(AB),137AC impedance,153Acrylic rubber,10,192ActA,478Actin,12,474,475,477,478Actin/myosin,459Activated carbon,137Activated carbon nanofiber(ACNF),127 Active,electrochemical-poroelasticbehavior,293Active self-organization(AcSO),460 Actuation pressure,180Actuator,29,135,248,409application,369drive circuit,362Additives,128–131Adenosine triphosphate(ATP),12 Adsorption(or ion exchange),334,335 process,78rate,334Aerogel,11AFM phase image,145Agent,332Agent model,332–333Air-buffer interface,467Amoeba-like creep,163Anion drive,92Anion-driven actuation,293Anionic gel,337Anisotropic,100Anisotropic LC networks,228 Antenna,21Application,131Aqueous electrolytes,96Arcomeres,454Artificial arm,193Artificial cilia,59Artificial muscles,191,231,344,412Artificial pupil,7Asymmetric charge distribution,165 Atomic force microscope(AFM),41ATP-driven bio-machine,459 Automobiles,23Autonomous intestine-like motion,66–67 Azobenzene,7BBackward motion,288Barium ferrite,8Beam-shaped,342Belousov-Zhabotinsky(BZ)reaction,4,52 Bending motion,123Bimorph,8,91,229Bio-actuator,12,473–475,477 Biocompatibilities,416Bioinspired,1Biomaterial,2Biomedical devices,21–22 Biomimetic,1,5Biomimetic robot,389Biomolecular motor,459Biotin,460Biot’s theory,294Bis-peroxides,30Black-box modeling,317Block copolymer,137Blocking force,94Block-like,42©Springer Japan2014K.Asaka,H.Okuzaki(eds.),Soft Actuators,DOI10.1007/978-4-431-54767-9499Body-length normalized wave number,375 Boltzmann factor,278Braille cell,117Braille display,357Braille size,359Breakdown strength,181Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET),107Bucky gel,5,84,122Bucky gel actuators,122,276Bucky paper,121Butterfly-inspired biomimetic locomotion,393 BZ reaction,4CCapillary network,455Carbide-derived carbon(CDC),128Carbon black(CB),129Carbon microcoil(CMC),29Carbon nanotubes(CNT),2,121 Cardiomyocytes,12Cardiomyoplasty,448κ-Carrageenan,8Carrageenan(CA),265Catheter,5,410Cation drive,92Cation-driven actuation,293Cationic and anionic volumes,141Cationic surfactant molecules,337C2C12,451Cellular PP,206Chain structure,266Charge transfer,154–155,282Chemical plating method,78Chemical wave,53Chemomechanical system,4Chiral polymer,202Chromophore,7Cis-trans isomerization,7Coil-globule transition,42Coions,281Cole-Cole plot,154,348Collagen,3Colloidal particle,106Complexation,255Compliant electrode,10,177Composite gel,246Composite materials,30Compression modulus,154Condition action rules,341Conducting polymer actuator,19 Conducting polymers,89,293Conductive polymers(CP),2,8,121Conical meniscus,247π-Conjugated polymer,8Constant-voltage grand-canonicalensemble,278Constitutive equation,334Consumer electronics,19–21Contractile force,452Contractile strain,115Contractile stress,113Contraction force,94Contraction type PVC gel actuator,347 Controller,362–364Control system,333Conversion efficiencies,95Cooperative,163Copolymer,163Copolymerization,40Coulomb force,192Counterions,281Crawling,166Creep(ing),99,117Creeping deformation,344Current density,334,335Cyclic voltammograms(CV),157 Cytoskeleton,459Cytotoxicity,417DDamper,248Damping factor,272DE cartridges,436Dedoping,106Deformable machine,331Deformation,142,335Deformation of the gel,335Deformation ratio of DE,183DE Generator system on the buoy,441 Degree of crosslinking,3D-E hysteresis loop,200Desorption,105DE stress-strain performance,434DE transparent Dipole-speakers,438DE vibrators,438Diaphragm pump,9Dibutyl adipate(DBA),344Dielectric breakdown strength,192 Dielectric constant,10,192Dielectric elastomer actuators,19,191 Dielectric elastomers(DEs),10,118,178,343 Dielectric gels,7Dielectric solvent,165–166Diffusion coefficient,40500IndexDimensional change,41Dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO),166Dipole speakers,436Direct drive,364Dispersibility,30Dispersing/flocculating oscillation,69 Displacement,141Distributed generator applications,185 Dopant,8Doping,106Double-layer charging kinetic model,124 Drug delivery systems,39,410Drug release,263Durability,147Dynamic light scattering,49Dynamic sensors,390EEffect of solvation,96Eigenfunction expansion,306 Eigenvalue problem,306Elastic electrode layers,192Elasticity,94Elastic modulus,145Elastomers,2,10,153,414Electret,206Electrical conductivity,153,334 Electrical double layers(EDLs),278 Electric double layer,303Electric double-layer capacitor(EDLC),137 Electricfield,334Electric impedance measurement,348–350 Electric potential,334Electric power density,112Electroactive polymer(EAP),135,152,410 Electroactive polymer(EAP)actuators,17 Electroactive polymer gel,331 Electroactive polymer gel robots,332 Electroactive soft actuators,275 Electrochemical actuator,237 Electrochemical(EC)-creeping,99 Electrochemical doping,8 Electrochemical kinetic model,124 Electrochemical oxidation,92 Electrochemical reaction,5,159 Electrochemical window,98 Electrochemomechanical deformation(ECMD),92 Electrodeposition,96Electro-discharge machining(EDM),378 Electrohydrodynamic insability,165 Electromagnetic waves,29Electro-mechanical,163Electro-mechanical coupling system,305–307π-Electron,91Electronic EAPs,17Electro-optical,163Electroosmosis,288Electro-osmotic waterflow,80 Electrophoresis,334Electrophoretic polarization,5 Electrophoretic transport,5Electro-rheological,166 Electrospinning,40Electrostatic effect,123Electrostatic force,43Electro-stress diffusion couplingmodel,80,303Emeraldine salt,8Encapsulation,258–259Energy conversion,165,223Energy conversion efficiency,441Energy density,179Energy efficiency,115Energy harvesting,23–24,173Engine,1Entanglement,45Equivalent cantilever beam,391 Equivalent circuit,154Equivalent circuit model,124Ethical and safety issues,3681-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide,1521-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide([EMI][TFSI]),1521-Ethyl-3-methylimidazoliumtetrafluoroborate(EMIBF4),122 Euler-Bernoulli beam model,304 Extracellular matrix,447FFaradaic mechanism,128Faradic current,156Fast speed of response,178Feedback control,315Ferroelectret,207Ferroelectric,10Ferroelectricity,198Ferroelectric liquid crystal,10 Ferromagnetic,8Ferromagnetic particle,246Field-activated polymers,177Finite element formulation,288Index501Finite element method,294Fish-like microrobot,393Flemion,288Flexible electrode,156Flory-Huggins theory,3Force control,322Forward motion,288Free-ended,337Free volume,7Frequency,159Frequency dependence,124GGait of turtle,380Galerkin method,288Gel,2,415Gel deformation,334Gel-fish,5Gel-looper,5Gel machine,12Gel-pump,262Gel robots,337Gel-valve,264Generative force,146Grafting,29Guide wire,5HHairpin-shape,342Haptics,20Haptic sense,271Harvesting energy,434Heat conduction,49Heat of water condensation,109 Helical structure,98Hierarchical structure,106High energy efficiency,193Highly efficient transduction,434 High strain rate,178Hook law,8Human arm,443Human-machine interface(HMI),197 Hydrodynamic characteristics,246–247 Hydrogel,5,164,237Hydrogen,188Hydrogen bonding,4Hydrogen generation system,444 Hydrolysis,12Hydrophilic,35Hydrophobic,35Hydrophobic interaction,46 Hysteresis loss,192IImage device and image apparatus,19 Immobilization magneticfluid,249Impact sensor,172Inchworch-inspired microrobot,394 Inchworm-inspired crawling and graspinglocomotion,404Inchworm-inspired microrobot,396 Independent of wave period,186Inert chamber system(ICS),464 Information apparatuses,23 Intercalation,282In vitro motility assay,460Ion drag,165Ion-exchange by copper metal,381Ion gels,136Ionic conducting polymer-metalcomposites,287Ionic conductive polymer gelfilms(ICPF),77Ionic conductive polymers,75–84Ionic conductivity,144,156Ionic crosslink,92,100Ionic EAP(i-EAP),17,121Ionic EAP actuator,121Ionic hydrogel,238Ionic liquids(ILs),5,80–81,98,136,153 Ionic polymer actuator,136Ionic polymer conductor network composite (IPCNC),84Ionic polymer gel,334Ionic polymer-metal composite(IPMC),5,75, 121,372,410Ionic polymer metal compositeactuator,19Ionic transport mechanism,140 Ionization,3Isosteric heat of sorption,109Isothermal sorption curve,108JJellyfish-inspired biomimeticlocomotion,392Jellyfish-inspiredfloating/divinglocomotion,404Joule heating,10,93,106KKerr effect,171Ketjen black(KB),137Kharitonov’s theorem,326Kinesin,474,475,480502IndexLLaminatedfilms,230Langmuir’s theory,334Latching mechanism,364–367Leg slippage,400Lens,168Leucocyanide,7Leuco-emeraldine salt,8Leverage actuator,105Light-driven actuator,223Light-volume transduction,212Linear actuators,115,347Liquid-crystalline elastomers(LCEs),10,224 Listeria,478,479Lobster-like microrobot,395,397,404Loss modulus,265Lower critical solution temperature(LCST),4,29,39MMacro azo-initiater,30Macro-fiber composite,207Macroscopic deformation,228Magnetic elastomer,269Magneticfield,8Magneticfluid,246,261Magneticfluid composite gels,249–255 Magneticfluid gels,251–255Magnetic hydrogels,269Magnetic levitation,247–248Magnetic particles,261Magnetic soft material,261 Magnetization,245Magnetorheological effect,268Magneto-rheological function,259 Magnetorheology,269 Magnetostriction,249–251Maxwell stress,10MCM-41(mesoporous silica),129 Measurement circuit of generated energy,185 Mechanical strength,144Mechanism for deformation,141 Mechanisms,275Mechanochemical engine,3 Mechanochemical turbine,3Mechano-electric functions,163Medical devices,409Memory effects,100Mesh electrodes,345Metallic counter cations,80Metal nanoparticles,237Micelle-like,42Microactuators,12Microchannel,218Micro-electro-mechanical system(MEMS),9Microfluidic system,217Micro-nano devices,438 Micropatterned irradiation,216Micro pump,421Microrelief formation,216Micro-soft gripper,168Microtubule/kinesin,459 Microtubules,474,475,480Miniaturized IPMCs,82–83Model,316Modeling,315Molecular alignment,228Molecular assembly reaction,5 Molecular weight,42Monodomain particle,245Monte Carlo simulation,123,276 Morphology,40,43,249–250Mother robot,389Motion,336Motion design,331,333–341Motor,1,11Motor proteins,475,479Multi-functionality,398Muscles,409,4488.5MW of power,441Myogenesis,454Myogenic regulatory factor,454 Myooid,450Myosatellite,449Myosin,12,474,475NNafion,5,137,288Nano-Carbon Actuator,357–369Nanofibers,40National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology(AIST),357 New generations of devices,433Next-generation DE actuators,445 NMR,141Noble-metal electrodes,75Non-Faradaic mechanism,128Nylons,170OObstacle-avoidance experiments,401 Onsager’s law,295Index503Operating principal of DE power generation, 183,439Operators,337Ordinary differential equations(ODEs),304 Oscillation,165Osmotic pressure,3PPaper actuator,160Paramagnetic property,245Passive,poroelastic behavior,293 Patents,17Percutaneous transluminal coronaryangioplasty(PTCA),411Perfluorocarboxylic acid,7Perfluorosulfonic acid,77Peristaltic motion,55Permanent deformation,400Phase diagram,338–340Phase separation,168Phase transition,5,40,117,164Phase transition temperature,4pH Change,3Photocatalysis,239Photochromism,224 Photocrosslinking,226 Photoelectrochemical actuator,237 Photoinduced proton dissociation,213 Photo-ionization,7 Photoisomerization,211 Photomechanical effect,224Photon mode,219Photo-polymerization,32 Photoresponsive actuators,212 Photoresponsive cell culture surfaces,220 Photoresponsive dehydration,212 Photoresponsive hydrogels,212 Photoresponsive hydrogel sheet,218 Photoresponsive microvalve,218Photo-responsive shrinking,211 Photoresponsive swelling,212 Photothermal effect,227Phydrophilicity/hydrophobicity,7 Physical cross-link,45Physical crosslinking,138PID control,318Piezoelectric actuators,118Piezoelectric polymers,197Piezoelectric tensors,199Plasmon-induced charge separation,242 Plasmon resonance,242Plasticizer,163PLLAfibers,205Pockels effect,171Point generator applications,185Point group theory,199Poisson’s ratio,11,335Polarity,7Polarization,156Polaron or bipolaron,91Poling process,200Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)(PEDOT), 91,98,152Poly(acrylamide)(PAAm),3Poly(acrylic acid)(PAA),3Poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG),4Poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PET),170Poly(methacrylic acid)(PMMA),4Poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA),138 Poly(methyl methacrylate(MMA)-b-n-butylacrylate(nBA)-b-MMA),167 Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide),53Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PNIPAM),4,39 Poly(vinyl methyl ether)(PVME),4Poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene)(P(VDF-co-HFP)),137Poly(vinylidenefluoride-trifluoroethylene),10 Polyaniline(PANI),8,91,105,129,298 Polycarbonate,193Polydispersity index,41Polyether-segmented polyurethaneurea(PEUU),140Poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid)gel(PAMPS gel),331 Polyimide,144Poly-ion complex,106Poly-L-lactic acid(PLLA),198,202 Polymer,410actuator,135electrolyte,136fabrication methods,181gels,18,225,246motor,9PolyMuscle,117Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate)(PEDOT/PSS),9,106Poly(vinylalcohol)-poly(acrylic acid)-poly (allylamine)(PVA-PAA-PAlAm),3 Polypyrrole(PPy),8,91,105,129,293,343 Polystyrene,138Polythiophene(PT),8,91,105504IndexPolyurethane(PU),10,153,269Polyvinyl alcohol(PVA),3,164,262Poly vinyl chloride(PVC),7,164,343 Polyvinylidenefluoride(PVDF),198,200 Polyvinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene(PVDF-HFP),122 Porous electrodes,276Porous polypropylene(cellular PP),198 Positioning,99Power density,3Power generation efficiency,441Power generation mode,439Power generation phenomenon,440Precise locomotion,398Preparation process,336,337Pressure-and position-sensors,182 Pressure gradient,80Prestrain,10Primitive model,279Printed actuator,160Printing method,146Proof-of-principle devices,435Properties and performance,181 Proportional-integral-derivative control(PID),318Prosthesis,415Protic ionic liquid(PIL),72Protofilaments,462Ptosis,412Pulsed-field gradient spin-echo(PGSE),140–141Pumps,1,411PVA-DMSO gel,166PVA-NMP gel,171PVA-PAA,4PVC gel actuator,344QQuadruped robot,378–383RRadiation force,7Radius of curvature,335Rajiform swimming,372Rate-determining step,9γ-Ray,4Ray-like robot,373–378Reactive oxygen species(ROS).,464 Redox,157Reduction(or primary plating)process,78Refreshable Braille display,131Relative water vapor pressure,108 Relaxation,159Relaxation phenomenon,310Release control,257–258Remote control,259Reproducibility,117Resonance frequency,272Resorption,111Response speed,147Ring opening and closing,7Robot-hand,5Robotics,22–23Robust,322Robust control,325Rod-like hydrogel,214Role actuators having3-DOF,435Roll-type structure,193Rotation,11Rotational motion,462–463Ruthenium tris(2,20-bipyridine),53SScalpel,412Seal bearing,248Selective gold plating,82Selective plasma treatment,82Self-assembly,12,138Self-deformation,89Self-diffusion,288Self-driven gel conveyer,64Self-oscillatingfluids,68–72Self-oscillating gels,51–72Self-oscillating micelle,71Self-oscillating microgels,58Self-oscillating polymer brushes,67–68Self-propelled motion,63Self-walking gel,60–63Sensor,23–24Sensor grove,435Servo control,321Shape memory,100Shape memory alloy(SMA),117Shape memory polymers,225Short-range proximity sensors,401 Silicone,10Silicone rubber,192Simulation,333,340Single-walled carbon nanotubes(CNTs),5,11 Sizes from micrometers to several meters,182 Skeletal muscle,3,89,113Index505Skin layer,46Slide ring materials(SRM),191Small-angle neutron scattering,49 Small-scale power-generation device,443 Small size brakes,347Smart materials,332Smooth muscle,449Soft actuators,1,17,177Soft segment,164Solventflow,163Sorption degree,108Sorption isotherm,107Specifications of Braille dots,359Specific surface area,107Spherical robot,388Sphincter,412Spirobenzopyrane,7Spiropyran,212State equation,305State space model,305Stearyl acrylate(SA),40 Stereolithography,453Stick insect-inspired two-phase walking locomotion,404Stirling engine,187Storage modulus,8,265Strain difference,123Streptavidin,460Stress relaxation,324Sulfonated polyimide,144Super artificial muscle,187 Supercritical CO2,204Super-growth,127Super-growth CNT,368Super-paramagnetism,246Supra-macromolecular,478–480 Surface stress,335Surface stress and strain,335Surface tension,43Surfactant,334Surfactant molecules,334Swelling of the interface,247Swelling ratio,30TTacking,170Tactile display,9Tendons,451Terpyridine(tpy),70 Tetrahydrofuran(THF),344The correlation effect,282The electrical double layer,123The electrostatic interaction,279The Guoy-Chapman theory,282Thermal expansion,112Thermal-mode,212 Thermodynamics,276Thermo-sensitive polymer gels,29The structure of the direct drive type,359 The volume exclusion interaction,279 Three-layered,122Time constant(CR),126Tissue engineering,448Touch sensor,165Tracking controller,319Training,100Training effect,94Transducer,89,248Transference numbers,141Transition process,336,337 Transmittance,42Traveling wave,374–377Treadmilling,474–479Tri-block copolymer,167,204 Triboelectric series,173Tubulin,460Turning over,336Typical scope trace,185UUltra-light and thin Braille display,131 Underwater monitoring operations,388 Unimorph,8Utility function,333VVapor grown carbonfiber(VGCF),127,137 Variable texture surfaces,438Variable viscoelasticity,265–272 Vibration damping,21Vibration device,195Viscosity oscillation,68–70Voltage of electrodes,335Volume exclusion effect,123WWarburg impedance,155Water mill device,442Water vapor,93,96,109Water vapor sorption,106Wearing assist garments with variablestiffness,347506IndexWelfare device,193 Wet-process,160White-box modeling,316 Wireless network,443 Work capacity,115YYamaue’s model,303–304 Yarns,11Young’s modulus,10,94,114,335Index507。