Chinese Politics(PLCP 3610) midterm review

中国特色时政词汇CPPCC：Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference 中国人民政治协商会议Communist Party of China 中国共产党National People's Congress (NPC) 全国人民代表大会The Two Meetings: CPPCC & NPC 两会reform and opening up policy（改革开放政策）social programs（社会事业）moderately prospero us society（小康社会）macroeco no mic regulato ry（宏观调控）new socialist co untry side（社会主义新农村）rural migrant workers in cities（农民工）state-owned enterprises国有企业co mpulso ry educatio n（义务教育）inco rporated villages（行政村）uninco rporated villages（自然村）autono mo us regio ns（自治区）free our minds（解放思想）keep pace with the times（与时俱进）Chinese socialism（中国特色社会主义）social harmo ny（社会和谐）special administrative regio ns（特别行政区）displaced residents（（三峡）移民）non-publicly funded schools（民办学校）co mbat co rruptio n（反腐）socialist market eco nomy（社会主义市场经济）Scientific Outlook on Development（科学发展观）harmo nio us socialist society（社会主义和谐社会）tailor measures to suit local conditio ns（因地制宜）South-to-No rth Water Di versio n Project（南水北调）administrative examination and appro val（行政审批）follow a realistic and pragmatic appro ach（实事求是）exercise activities fo r the general public（全民健身活动）large-scale development of the western regio n（西部大开发）deliver a good repo rt to the people.（向人民交出满意的答卷）socialist cultural and ethical progress（社会主义精神文明建设）give full play to the initiative of each.（充分发挥各自的积极性）reso urce-conserving and enviro nmentally friendly society.（资源节约型和环境友好型社会）ensure that all of the people share in the fruits of reform and development.（让全体人民共享改革发展的成果）。

中英翻译【中国特色政治词汇】－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－CHINA’S POLITICS中国特色政治词汇“一国两制”“One Country, Two Systems”“一中一台”"One China, One Taiwan"“两个中国”"Two Chinas"（两岸）直接三通Three Direct Links (Mail, Air And Shipping Services And Trade) 两千三百万台湾同胞23 Million Taiwan Compatriots两会(人大，政协) Two Conferences (Npc And Cppcc)“三个代表”“Three Represents”“三个代表”重要思想The Important Thought Of Three Represents三八红旗手Woman Pace-Setter三大历史任务The Three Major Historical Tasks三个有利于Three Favorables三农问题“ Agriculture, Countryside And Farmer” Issues《中美三个联合公报》The Three Sino-Us Joint Communiqués四个现代化（农、工、国防、科技）Four Modernizations四项基本原则Four Cardinal Principles四中全会The Fourth Plenary Session和平共处五项原则The Five Principles Of Peaceful Coexistence八项主张The Eight-Point Proposal“八个坚持、八个反对”"Eight Do's" And "Eight Don'ts"“八七”扶贫攻坚计划The Seven-Y ear Program To Help 80 Million People Out Of Poverty “九五”计划The Ninth Five-Y ear Plan (1996-2000)“十五”计划The Tenth Five-Y ear Plan (2001-2005)第十五届中央委员会the 15th central committee of the communist party of china (CPC)十六大16th Party Congress十一届三中全会The Third Plenary Session Of The Eleventh Central Committee “南南合作”“South -South Cooperation”“南北对话”“ North-South Dialog”“台独”, 台湾独立"Taiwan Independence"“引进来”和“走出去”政策“Bring In" And "Going Out"爱国民主人士patriotic democratic personages爱国统一战线patriotic united front爱国主义精神patriotism安居乐业live and work in peace and contentment昂扬向上的精神状态an enterprising spirit澳门Macao澳门特别行政区同胞our compatriots in the Macao SAR霸权主义hegemonism百花齐放a hundred flowers blossom百家争鸣a hundred schools of thought contend 边疆稳定the stability in border areas人大常委会the standing committees边远地区remote areas波澜壮阔a magnificent upsurge博大精深extensive and profound不变质never degenerating感谢阅读，欢迎大家下载使用！。

中国特色政治词汇一览爱国民主人士patriotic democratic personages创新型国家innovation- oriented nation粗放型经济增长extensive/inefficient mode of growth爱国统一战线patriotic united front法治政府law-based government安家费settling-in allowance改革攻坚tackle hard issues in the reform最低生活保障subsistence allowance优抚安置provide special assistance to entitled groups自主创新能力capacity for independent innovation经济适用房affordable housing按劳分配为主体distribution according to work remains dominant长治久安long-term stability社会保障体系social security system社会主义核心价值体系core socialist values社会主义荣辱观socialist concept of honor and disgrace安理会Security Council按揭贷款mortgage loan安居工程Comfortable Housing Project按劳分配distribution according to one's performance肝胆相照、荣辱与共be subordinated to and serve the overall interests of thecountry港人治港the people of Hong Kong administer Hong Kong可持续发展战略the strategy of sustainable development科教兴国战略the strategy of invigorating China through thedevelopment of science and education全国人民代表大会National People’s Congress(NPC)全国政协委员会member of the national committee of the CPPCC“三个代表”重要思想the important thought of Three Represents和平共处五项原则the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence“和平统一，一国两制”的方针the principle of “peaceful reunification” and “ onecountry, two system”互不侵犯mutual non-aggression互不干涉内政non-interference in each other’s internal affairs平等互利equality and mutual benefit求同存异seek common ground while shelving differences全方位外交multi-faceted/ multi-dimensional diplomacy全面合作伙伴关系comprehensive and cooperative partnership外交庇护diplomatic asylum贯彻百花齐放、百家争鸣的方针carry out the principle of letting a hundred flowersblossom and a hundred schools of thought contend司法公正judicial justice以人为本people oriented依法治国run the country according to the law拜金主义money worship白领工人white-collar worker公共服务和社会管理public services and administration和平统一大业great cause of peaceful reunification宏观调控macro-control安全专项整治carry out more special programs to address safetyproblems白皮书white paper保护生态环境preserve the ecological environment保护消费者合法权益protect the legitimate rights and interests of consumers 保护主义protectionism包机 a chartered plane保税区the low-tax, tariff-free zone;bonded area; tax-protected zone保证重点支出ensure funding for priority areas奔小康strive for a relatively comfortable life群众路线mass line解放和发展生产力release and develop productive forces解放思想emancipate people’s minds固定资产投资investment in the fixed assets政府工作报告report on the work of the government综合国力overall national strength自主创新independent innovation转变职能transform government functions共同繁荣shared/common prosperity民生people’s livelihood, people’s well-being基础设施建设construction of infrastructural facilities反腐倡廉anti-corruption bid指导思想guiding ideology全面建设小康社会build a moderately prosperous society in an all-around way科学发展观Scientific Outlook on Development扩大内须expand domestic demand惩防体系建设construction of anti-corruption system保障措施supporting measures治本effect a permanent cure分清职责affirmation of responsibility健全机构amplify necessary rules and regulations农民工migrant workers干部cadre行政许可administrative licensing南水北调South-to-North Water Diversion Project西部大开发战略western development strategy实事求是follow a realistic and pragmatic approach行政处罚administrative penalty监管supervision裁决arbitration领导班子leaderships权力下放delegate power to the lower levels投诉举报complaint and public tip-off同比增长growth on an annual basis环比增长sequential growth节能减排reduce carbon emission and save energy街道办事处sub-district office党工委party working committee管委会Management committee工业提速增效speed and efficiency raising in industrial section五项攻坚program of assault upon the 5 economic targets埋头苦干work with painstaking开拓奋进exploring and spurting重点领域突破breakthrough in key area重点工作创新innovation in critical work主要经济指标major economic indicators跨越式增长leap-forward development地区生产总值regional gross product地方级财政收入local financial revenue产业升级industrial upgrading产业园区industrial park社会事业social undertaking责任制responsibility system优化产业结构modify the industrial structure增量increment存量stock市政建设和管理urban construction and administration承载能力carrying capacity整体形象overall image污水处理sewage treatment居民可支配收入Per capita disposable income城乡居民urban and rural residents城乡公共就业服务体系urban and rural systems for providing public employmentservices城镇职工基本养老保险制度basic old-age insurance system for urban workers居住条件dwelling condition四位一体Four in One区委书记secretary of district party committee区长Chief Executive of District Government区直部门Departments Directly under the District Government 房地产税收一体化integration of real estate tax牵头部门initiate department责任部门responsible department第三产业tertiary industry战略性新兴产业strategic emerging industry产业核心竞争力Industry Core Competence人力资源和社会保障局bureau of human resource and social security基本公共服务体系basic public service system富民工程project of enriching the people幸福指数happiness index水利设施Water conservancy facilities防汛抗旱flood control and drought relief保障粮食生产secure the grain production完善配套功能perfect auxiliary facilities流域治理watershed management经济社会又好又快发展fast and fine economic and social development优化产业布局optimize the industrial layout夯实tamp节能减排energy saving and emission reduction生态绿色城市ecology green city拆迁办Administration of Urban House Dismantling andRelocation城管执法局Comprehensive Urban Management Enforcement信息调度 information scheduling区委组织部Organization Department of district party committee 区纪委district Commission for Discipline Inspection电子商务electronic commerce住建局bureau of housing and construction国土局Land and Resources Bureau国税局National Tax Bureau地税局Local Tax Bureau公安分局Branch Office of Public Security Bureau计生局Bureau of Family Planning林业局Bureau of Forestry药监局State Food and Drug Administration质监局Quality Control Bureau财政局Bureau of Finance农牧水利局Bureau of Agriculture Husbandry and Water Resource 住建局Bureau of Construction and Housing旅游办Administrative of Travel民政局Department of Civil Affairs教育局Bureau of Education文体局Bureau of Recreation and Sports卫生局Bureau of Health规划局Bureau of Planning影子银行shadow banking地方债务local debts产能过剩overcapacity体制机制障碍institutional obstacles财税体制fiscal and tax systems市场化改革market-oriented reform人民币资本项目可兑换the convertibility of the RMB under capital account简政放权streamline government and delegate powers多元平衡diversified, balanced攻坚期和深水区the deep water zone where tough challenges must bemet都是难啃的硬骨头They are hard nuts to crack.增长联动、利益融合interconnected growth and converging interests硬着陆hard landing博鳌亚洲论坛the Boao Forum for Asia生肖循环zodiac cycle乘势而上keep with the trend of times就要不断爬坡过坎there will inevitably come one challenge after another. 彩虹往往出现在风雨之后Rainbow often appears after wind and rain.“引进来”和“走出去”“bring in”foreign investment and encourage companies to“go global”以企业为主体、市场为导向、产学研相结合的技术创新体系technological innovation which is led by enterprises and guided by the market and which integrates the efforts of enterprises, universities and research institutes.任何一项事业,都需要远近兼顾、深谋远虑, 杀鸡取卵、涸泽而渔的发展是不会长久的。

中国政府职位翻译一、全国人民代表大会常务委员会standingcommitteeofthenationalpeople’scongress（npc）委员长chairman副委员长vice-chairman秘书长secretary-general副秘书长deputysecretary-general委员member全国人民代表大会…委员会…comimittee／CommissionOFTHENPC主任委员Chairman副主任委员Vice—Chairman委员Member二、中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会NationalCommitteeOfTheChinesePeople’SPoliticalCon-SultativeConference（CPPCC）主席Chairman副主席Vice—Chairman秘书长Secretary—General常务委员MemberOfTheStandingCommittee政协全国委员会…委员会mitteeOfTheNationalCommitteeOfTheCPPCC主任委员Chairman副主任委员Vice—Chairman委员Member三、中华人民共和国People’SRepublicOfChina（Prc）主席President副主席Vice-President四、中华人民共和国中央军事委员会PRCCentralMilitaryCommission（CMC）主席Chairman副主席Vice—Chairman委员Member五、最高人民法院SupremePeople’SCout院长President副院长Vice—President审判委员会委员MemberOfTheJudicialCommittee审判员Judge助理审判员AssistantJudge书记员Clerk六、最高人民检察院SupremePeople’SProcuratorate检察长Procurator—General副检察长DeputyProcurator—General检察委员会委员MemberOfTheProcuratorialCommittee检察员Procurator助理检察员AssistantProcurator书记员Clerk七、国务院StateCouncil总理Premier副总理Vice—Premier国务委员StateCouncillor秘书长Secretary—General副秘书长DeputySecretary—General中华人民共和国…部MinistryOfThePeople’SRepublicOfChina部长Minister副部长Vice-Minister部长助理AssistantMinister中华人民共和国国家…委员会StateCommissionOfThePeople’SRepublicOfChina主任Minister副主任Vice—Minister国务院…办公室OfficeOfTheStateCouncil主任Director（Minister）副主任DeputyDirector（Vice—Minister）...银行Bank行长Governor（OfTheCentralBank）President（OfOtherBanks）副行长DeputyGovernor（OfTheCentralBank）Vice—President（OfOtherBanks）中华人民共和国审计署AuditingAdministrationOfThePeopleisRepublicOfChina审计长Auditor—General副审计长DeputyAuditor—General…局Bureau局长Director—General副局长DeputyDirector—General注：如是正部级或副部级局长，可在其职务后加括号注其级别；个别局的局长、副局长，如：专利局局长、副局长可用Commissioner，DeputyCommissioner...署Administration署长Administrator副署长DeputyAdministrator国务院…室OfficeOfTheStateCouncil主任Director（Minister）副主任DeputyDirector（Vice—Minister）...总会Council会长President副会长Vice—President新华通讯社XinhuaNewsAgency社长Director副社长DeputyDirector...院Academy院长President副院长VicePresident…领导小组LeadingGroup组长Head八、各部（委、办、局）内职务名称PositionsOfDepartments，Offices，BureauxOfMinistries／Commjssions办公厅主任Director—GeneralOfTheGeneralOffice副主任DeputyDirector—General局长Director—GeneralOfABureau副局长DeputyDirector—General厅长Director—GeneralOfADepartment副厅长DeputyDirector—General司长Director—GeneralOfADepartment副司长DeputyDirector—General处长DirectorOfADivision副处长DeputyDirector科长SectionChief副科长DeputySectionChief主任科员PrincipalStaffMember副主任科员SeniorStaffMember巡视员Counsel助理巡视员AssistantCounsel调研员Consultant助理调研员AsstantConsultant科员StaffMember办事员Clerk1、立法机关Legislature中华人民共和国主席/副主席President/VicePresident,thePeople'sRepublicofChina全国人大委员长/副委员长Chairman/ViceChairman,NationalPeople'sCongress 秘书长Secretary-General主任委员Chairman委员Member地方人大主任Chairman,LocalPeople'sCongress人大代表DeputytothePeople'sCongress2、政府机构GovernmentOrganization国务院总理Premier,StateCouncil国务委员StateCouncilor秘书长Secretary-General国务院各委员会主任MinisterinChargeofCommissionfor国务院各部部长Minister部长助理AssistantMinister司长Director局长Director省长Governor常务副省长ExecutiveViceGovernor自治区人民政府主席Chairman,AutonomousRegionalPeople'sGovernment地区专员Commissioner,prefecture香港特别行政区行政长官ChiefExecutive,HongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegion 市长/副市长Mayor/ViceMayor区长ChiefExecutive,DistrictGovernment县长ChiefExecutive,CountyGovernment乡镇长ChiefExecutive,TownshipGovernment秘书长Secretary-General办公厅主任Director,GeneralOffice部委办主任Director处长/副处长DivisionChief/DeputyDivisionChief科长/股长SectionChief科员Clerk/Officer发言人Spokesman顾问Adviser参事Counselor巡视员Inspector/Monitor特派员Commissioner3、外交官衔DiplomaticRank特命全权大使AmbassadorExtraordinaryandplenipotentiary 公使Minister代办Charged'Affaires临时代办Charged'AffairesadInterim参赞Counselor政务参赞PoliticalCounselor商务参赞CommercialCounselor经济参赞EconomicCounselor新闻文化参赞PressandCulturalCounselor 公使衔参赞Minister-Counselor商务专员CommercialAttaché经济专员EconomicAttaché文化专员CulturalAttaché商务代表TradeRepresentative一等秘书FirstSecretary武官MilitaryAttaché档案秘书Secretary-Archivist专员/随员Attaché总领事ConsulGeneral领事Consul1、司法、公证、公安Judiciary,notaryandpublicsecurity人民法院院长President,People'sCourts人民法庭庭长ChiefJudge,People'sTribunals审判长ChiefJudge审判员Judge书记ClerkoftheCourt法医LegalMedicalExpert法警JudicialPoliceman人民检察院检察长Procurator-General,People'sprocuratorates 监狱长Warden律师Lawyer公证员NotaryPublic总警监CommissionerGeneral警监Commissioner警督Supervisor警司Superintendent警员Constable2、政党Politicalparty中共中央总书记GeneralSecretary,theCPCCentralCommittee政治局常委Member,StandingCommitteeofPoliticalBureau,theCPCCentralCommittee 政治局委员Member,PoliticalBureauoftheCPCCentralCommittee书记处书记Member,secretariatoftheCPCCentralCommittee中央委员Member,CentralCommittee候补委员AlternateMember党组书记secretary,PartyLeadershipGroup1、社会团体Nongovernmentalorganization会长President主席Chairman名誉顾问HonoraryAdviser理事长President理事Trustee/CouncilMember总干事Director-General总监Director工商金融Industrial,commercialandbankingcommunities 董事长Chairman执行董事ExecutiveDirector总裁President总经理GeneralManager;C.E.O(ChiefExecutiveOfficer)经理Manager财务主管Controller公关部经理PRManager营业部经理BusinessManager销售部经理SalesManager推销员Salesman采购员Purchaser售货员SalesClerk领班Captain经纪人Broker高级经济师SeniorEconomist高级会计师SeniorAccountant注册会计师CertifiedPublicAccountant出纳员Cashier审计署审计长Auditor-General,AuditingAdministration 审计师SeniorAuditor审计员AuditingClerk统计师Statistician统计员StatisticalClerk厂长factoryManagingDirector车间主任WorkshopManager工段长SectionChief作业班长Foreman仓库管理员Storekeeper教授级高级工程师ProfessorofEngineering高级工程师SeniorEngineer技师Technician建筑师Architect设计师Designer机械师Mechanic化验员ChemicalAnalyst质检员QualityInspector2、农业技术人员Professionalofagriculture高级农业师SeniorAgronomist农业师Agronomist助理农业师AssistantAgronomist农业技术员AgriculturalTechnician3、教育科研Educationandresearchdevelopment中国科学院院长President,ChineseAcademyofSciences 主席团执行主席ExecutiveChairman科学院院长President(Academies)学部主任DivisionChairman院士Academician大学校长President,University中学校长Principal,SecondarySchool小学校长Headmaster,PrimarySchool学院院长DeanofCollege校董事会董事Trustee,BoardofTrustees教务主任DeanofStudies总务长DeanofGeneralAffairs注册主管Registrar系主任DirectorofDepartment/DeanoftheFaculty 客座教授VisitingProfessor交换教授ExchangeProfessor名誉教授HonoraryProfessor班主任ClassAdviser特级教师TeacherofSpecialGrade研究所所长Director,ResearchInstitute研究员Professor副研究员AssociateProfessor助理研究员ResearchAssociate研究实习员ResearchAssistant高级实验师SeniorExperimentalist实验师Experimentalist助理实验师AssistantExperimentalist实验员LaboratoryTechnician教授Professor副教授AssociateProfessor讲师Instructor/Lecturer助教Assistant高级讲师SeniorLecturer讲师Lecturer助理讲师AssistantLecturer教员Teacher指导教师Instructor1、医疗卫生Healthandmedicalcommunity 主任医师（讲课）ProfessorofMedicine主任医师（医疗）ProfessorofTreatment儿科主任医师ProfessorofPediatrics主治医师Doctor-in-charge外科主治医师Surgeon-in-charge内科主治医师Physician-in-charge眼科主治医师Oculist-in-charge妇科主治医师Gynecologist-in-charge 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The System of People's CongressI. The nature and position of the system of people's congre ssThe system of people's congress is an organizational form for the state power in China. It is China's fundamental political system.The power in the People's Republic of China belongs to the people and the organ for the people to exercise state power is the National People's Congress and local people's congresses at all levels.The National People's Congress (NPC) and local people's congresses are established through democratic elections, responsible to and supervised by the people.State administrative, judicial and procuratorial organs are created by, responsible to and supervised by the people's congresses.The National People's Congress is the highest org an of state power. Local people's congresses are local organs of state power.II. The National People's Congre ss1. The composition and term of office of the NPCThe NPC is composed of deputies elected from the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalit ies directly under the Central Government and deputies elected by the armed forces.Deputies to the NPC are organized into delegations according to the units they are elected from. Each delegation is headed y a chairman and vice chairmen.All the ethnic minorities are entitled to appropriate representation.The NPC is elected for a term of five years.The Standing Committee of the NPC must ensure the completion of election of deputies to the succeeding NPC two months prior to the expiration of the term of office of the current NPC. Should extraordinary circumstances prevent such an election, it may be postponed and the term of office of the current NPC extended by the decision of a vote of more than two-thirds of all those on the Standing Committee of the current NPC. The election of deputies to the succeeding NPC must be completed within one year after the termination of such extraordinary circumstances.The NPC meets in session once a year and is convened by its Standing Committee.A session of the NPC may be convened at any time the Standing Committee deems it necessary or when more than one-fifth of the deputies to the NPC so propose.2. The functions and powers of the NPCThe NPC exercises the following functions and powers:(1) to amend the Constitution;The amendment of the Constitution shall be proposed by the Standing Committee of the NPC or more than one-fifth of the deputies to the NPC and can only be adopted by a majority of no less than two-thirds of the deputies to the NPC.(2) to supervise the enforcement of the Constitution;(3) to enact and amend basic laws governing criminal offences, civil affairs, the state organs and other matters;(4) to elect the President and the Vice President of the People's Republic of China;(5) to decided on the choice of the Premier of the State Council upon nomination by the President, and on the choice of the Vice Premiers, State Councilors, Ministers in charge of ministries or commissions, the Auditor-General and the Secretary-general of the State Council upon nomination by the Premier;(6) to elect the Chairman of the Central Military commission and, upon nomination by the Chairman, to decide on the choice of all other members of the Central Military Commission;(7) to elect the President of the Supreme People's Court;(8) to elect the Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate;(9) to examine and approve the plan for national economic and social development and the report on its implementation;(10) to examine and approve the state budget and the rep ort on its implementation;(11) to alter or annul inappropriate decisions of the Standing Committee of the NPC;(12) to approve the establishment of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government;(13) to decide on the establishment of special administrative regions and the systems to be instituted there;(14) to decide on questions of war and peace; and(15) to exercise such other functions and powers as the highest organ of state power should exercise.(16) The NPC has the right to remove the following functionaries:1) The Chairman and Vice Chairman of the People's Republic of China;2) The Premier of the State Council, the Vice Premiers, State Councilors, Ministers in charge of the ministries or commissions, the Auditor-General and the Secretary-general of the State Council;3) The Chairman, Vice Chairman and other members of the Central Military Commission;4) The President of the Supreme People's Court; and5) The Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate.III. The Standing Committee of the NPCThe Standing Committee of the NPC is the permanent organ of the NPC. When the NPC is not in session, the Standing Committee performs the right of the highest organ of state power. It is responsible to and reports to the NPC.1. The composition and term of office of the Standing Committee of the NPCThe Standing Committee of the NPC is composed of the Chairman, Vice Chairmen, Secretary-general and members.Ethnic minorities are entitled to appropriate representation on the Standing Committee.The NPC elects and has the power to recall members of the Standing Committee.Those on the Standing Committee shall not serve in state administrative, judicial and procuratorial organs. The term of office of the Standing Committee corresponds with that of the NPC and it shall exercise its power until a succeeding Standing Committee is elected by the succeeding NPC.The Chairman and Vice Chairmen of the NPC shall not serve more than two consecutive terms.2. The functions and powers of the Standing CommitteeThe Standing Committee of NPC exercises the following functions and powers:(1) to interpret the Constitution and supervise its enforcement;(2) to enact and amend laws, with the exception of those which should be enacted by the NPC;(3) to partially supplement and amend, when the NPC is not in session, laws enacted by the NPC provided that the basic principles of these laws are not contravened;(4) to interpret laws;(5) to review and approve, when the NPC is not in session, partial adjustments to the plan for national economic and social development or to the state budget that prove necessary in the course of their implementation;(6) to supervise the work of the State Council, the Central Military Commission, the Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate;(7) to annul those administrative rules and regulations, decisions or orders of the State Council that contravene the Constitution or the law;(8) to annul those local regulations or decisions of the o rgans of state power of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government that contravene the Constitution, the law or the administrative rules and regulations;(9) to decide, when the NPC is not in session, on the choice of Ministers in charge of ministries or commissions, the Auditor-General or the Secretary-general of the State Council upon nomination by the Premier of the State Council;(10) to decide, upon nomination by the Chairman of the Central Military Commission, on the choice of other members of the Commission, when the NPC is not in session;(11) to appoint or remove, at the recommendation of the President of the Supreme People's Court, the Vice Presidents and Judges of the Supreme People's Court, members of its Judicial Committee and the President of the Military Court;(12) to appoint or remove, at the recommendation of the Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate, the Deputy Procurators-General and the procurators of the Supreme People's Procuratorate, members of its Procuratorial Committee and the Chief Procurator of the military procuratorate, and to approve the appointment or removal of the chief procurators of the people's procuratorates of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government;(13) to decide on the appointment or recall of plenipotentiary representatives abroad;(14) to decide on the ratification or abrogation of treaties and important agreements concluded with foreign states;(15) to institute systems of titles and ranks for military and diplomatic personnel and of other specific titles and ranks;(16) to institute state medals and titles or honor and decide on their conferment;(17) to decide on the granting of special pardons;(18) to decide, when the NPC is not in session, on the proclamation of a state of war in the event of an armed attack on the country or in fulfillment of international treaty obligations concerning common defense against aggression;(19) to decide on general mobilization or partial mobilization;(20) to decide on the imposition of martial law throughout the country or in particular provinces, autonomous regions, or municipalities directly under the Central Government; and(21) to exercise such other functions and powers as the NPC may assign to it.3. Organs of the Standing CommitteeThe Chairman of the Standing Committee of the NPC directs the work of the Standing Committee and convenes its meetings. The Vice Chairmen and the Secretary-general assist the Chairman in his work.The Chairman, Vice Chairmen and Secretary-general constitute the Council of Chairmen which handles the important day-to-day work of the Standing Committee of the NPC.The Standing Committee of the NPC establishes a deputy credentials examination committee to examine the credentials of the deputies to the current NPC through by-elections and those newly elected to the succeeding NPC.The credentials examination committee is composed of the chairman, vice chairman and members, nominated from among the members of the Standing Committee by the Council of Chairmen and agreed upon by the plenary session of the Standing Committee.The NPC establishes special committees to examine, discuss and draw up relevant bills and draft solutions under the direction of the NPC and its Standing Committee.When the NPC is not in session, its special committees work under the direction of the Standing Committee of the NPC.The 9th NPC has established nine special committees, namely the ethnic groups committee, the law committee, the finance and economic committee, the education, science, culture and health committee, the foreign affairs committee, the overseas Chinese committee, the civil and judicial affairs committee, the environment and resources protection committee and the agriculture and rural areas committee.Normally, the special committees are chaired by Vice Chairmen or members of the Standing Committee of the NPC.The NPC and its Standing Committee may, when they deem it necessary, appoint committees of inquiry into specific questions and adopt relevant resolutions in the light of their reports.IV. Local people's congre sse s and their standing committeesPeople's congresses are established in provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government, autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties, cities, municipal districts, townships, ethnic townships and towns. Standing committees are established at people's congresses at and above the county level.1. The term of office of local people's congre sse sThe term of office of people's congresses of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government and cities divided into districts is five years.The term of office of the people's congresses of counties, autonomous counties, cities not divided into districts, municipal districts, townships, ethnic townships, and towns is three years.2. The functions and powers of local people's congresse sLocal people's congresses at various levels ensure the obser vance and implementation of the Constitution and the law and the administrative rules and regulations in their respective administrative areas. Within the limits of their authority as prescribed by law, they adopt and issue resolutions and examine and deci de on plans for local economic and cultural development and for the development of public services.Local people's congresses at and above the county level shall examine and approve the plans for economic and social development and the budgets of their respective administrative areas and examine and approve the reports on their implementation. They have the power to alter or annul inappropriate decisions of their own standing committees.The people's congresses of provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government, of cities which are capitals of the provinces or autonomous regions as well as large cities approved by the State Council have the right to adopt local regulations in the light of their regional political, economic and cultural characteristics.Local people's congresses at their respective levels elect and have the power to recall governors and deputy governors, or mayors and deputy mayors, or heads and deputy heads of counties, districts, townships and towns.Local people's congresses at and above the county level elect and have the power to recall presidents of people's courts and chief procurators of people's procuratorates at the corresponding level.The election or recall of chief procurators of people's procuratorates shall be reported to the chief procurators of the people's procucratorates at the next higher level for submission to the standing committees of the people's congresses at the corresponding level for approval.3. The composition, functions and powers of the standing committees of local people's congre sse s The standing committee of a local people's congress at and above the county level is composed of a chairman, vice chairmen and members, and is responsible and reports on its work to the people's congress at the corresponding level.A local people's congress at or above the county level elects and has the power to recall members of its standing committee.No one on the standing committee of a local people's congress at or above the county level shall hold office in state administrative, judicial and procuratorial organs.The standing committee of a local people's congress at or above the county level discusses and decides on major issues in all fields of work in its administrative areas; supervises th e work of the people's government, people's court and people's procuratorate at the corresponding level; annuls inappropriate decisions and orders of the people's government at the corresponding level; annuls inappropriate resolutions of the people's congress at the next lower level; decides on the appointment or removal of functionaries of state organs within the limits of its authority as prescribed by law; and, when the people's congress at the corresponding level is not in session, recalls individual deputies to the people's congress at the next higher level and elects individual deputies to fill vacancies in that people's congress.The standing committees of people's congresses of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government, cities which are capitals of provinces or autonomous regions as well as large cities approved by the State Council have the power to adopt local regulations in the light of the local regional political, economic and cultural characteristics, when the people's congresses at the corresponding level are not in session.V. People's congre sse s of townships, ethnic townships and townsThe term of office of people's congresses of townships, ethnic townships and towns is three years. Such a people's congress establishes a presidium headed by the chairman and vice chairmen. The presidium is responsible for convening the meetings of the people's congress.The functions and powers of the people's congresses of townships, ethnic townships and towns mainl y include the following:1. The power to examine and decide on major issue sTo decide on the plans for the construction of local economy, cultural undertakings and public understandings, in accordance with national plans; to examine and approve local financial budgets and report on the implementation of the budgets; and to decide on the implementation plans for civil work in their own regions.2. The power to elect, appoint and remove local functionariesTo elect or recall the heads and deputy heads of the townships, ethnic townships and towns.Candidates for the heads and deputy heads of the townships, ethnic townships and towns are to be nominated by the presidiums of the people's congresses or no less than ten deputies.The presidiums or more than one-fifth of the deputies to the people's congresses of the townships, ethnic townships and towns may propose the removal of the above-mentioned functionaries when the people's congresses are in session. The proposal of removal are submitted to the congresses by the presidiums.All elections are by secret ballot.3. The power of supervisionTo examine the work report of the governments of the townships, ethnic townships and towns, annul their inappropriate decisions and decrees, and recall or remove functionaries making up the governments of the townships, ethnic townships and towns.VI. Deputies to the people's congre sse s1. The election of deputiesDeputies to the NPC are elected by the people's congresses of the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government and by the armed forces.Deputies to the people's congresses of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and cities divided into districts are elected by the people's congresses at the next lower level.Deputies to the people's congresses of counties, cities not divided into districts, municipal districts, townships, ethnic townships and towns are elected directly by the electorates.2. The rights of the deputies(1) During the se ssion1) Right to draft proposals for bills;2) Right to raise suggestions, criticisms and put forward opinions;3) Right to vote in election and decide on appointment;4) Right to examine issues;5) Right to propose the recall of functionaries;6) Right to raise bills for questioning and conduct hearings;7) Right to draft suggestions;8) Right to vote; and9) Right to impunity.(2) Not in se ssion1) Right to maintain contact with original voting units;2) Right to inspect;3) Right to propose provisional sessions;4) Right to audit other meetings;5) Right to participate in committees for investigating specified issues;6) Right to sit in meetings of the people's congress and its standing committee of the original unit the deputy is elected from;7) Right of special protection of the person; and8) Right to privileges for deputies.。

中国政体与国策I. 中国共产党中央委员会Central Committee of the Communist Party of China中国共产党中央委员会总书记General secretary of the Central Party Committee中央政治局常务委员会Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CP中央书记处Secretariat of the Central Party Committee中央军事委员会Central Military Commission of the CPC (总后勤部the General Logistics Department) (第二炮兵司令部the Headquarters of the 2nd Artillery Corps) (中国人民警察the Chinese People’s Armed Police Force) (国民自卫队the Militia) 中央纪律检查委员会Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the CPC中央宣传部Publicity Department, CCCPC中央统一战线部United Front Work Department, CCCPC中央对外联络部International Liaison Department, CCCPC中央政法委员会Committee of Political and Legislative Affairs, CCCPC中央党校Party School of the CPC中央档案馆Archives Bureau, CCCPCII. 中国人民政治协商会议the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会the National Committee of the CPPCC中国人民政治协商委员会地方委员会CPPCC Local CommitteesIII. 中华人民共和国中央政府the Central People’s Government of the PRC中华人民共和国主席President of PRC中央政府和地方各级政府the Central government and local governments at different levels直辖市Municipality 省会Provincial Capital 自治区Autonomous Region国家机构State Structure（1）全国人民代表大会the National People’s Congress (NPC)全国人大代表deputy to the NPC 全国人大代表团delegation of the NPC全国人大常务委员会委员长Chairman of the NPC Standing Committee全国人大主席团the NPC Presidium九届全国人大四次会议the Fourth Session of the Ninth National People's Congress人大代表资格审查委员会Deputy Credential Examination Committee人大秘书长Secretary-general of the NPC地方人民代表大会Local People’s Congress（2）国务院the State Council 国务院总理the Premier of the State Council 国务院副总理the Vice-Premier of the State Council国务委员the State Councilor 国务院部长the Minister中国银行行长Governor of the People’s Bank of China审计署署长Auditor-General of the National Audit Office国务院所属机构（Ministries，Commissions，administrations and offices under the State Council）1. 外交部Ministry of Foreign Affairs 国防部Ministry of National Defense公安部Ministry of Public Security 安全部Ministry of State Security监察部Ministry of Supervision 民政部Ministry of Civil Affairs司法部Ministry of Justice 财政部Ministry of Finance人事部Ministry of Personnel 水利部Ministry of Water Resources卫生部Ministry of Health 商务部Ministry of Commerce劳动保障部Ministry of Labor and Social Security国土资源部Ministry of Land and Resources信息产业部Ministry of Information Industry2. 人口计生委State Population and Family Planning Commission发展改革委State Development and Reform Commission国防科工委State Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense国家民委State Ethnic Affairs Commission国资委Commission of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration银监会China Banking Regulatory Commission证监会China Securities Regulatory Commission保监会China Insurance Regulatory Commission电监会State Electricity Regulatory Commission3. 海关总局General Administration of Customs税务总局State Administration of Taxation工商总局State Administration for Industry and Commerce质检总局General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine环保总局State Environmental Protection Administration民航总局General Administration of Civil Aviation广电总局State Administration of Radio, Film and Television安全监管总局State Administration of Work Safety食品药品监管局State Food and Drug Administration国管局Government Offices Administration of the State Council烟草局State Tobacco Monopoly Administration外专局State Administration of Foreign Experts Affair保密局National Administration for the Protection of State Secrets统计局National Bureau of Statistics林业局State Forestry Administration旅游局National Tourism Administration知识产权局State Intellectual Property Office地震局China Earthquake Administration气象局China Meteorological Administration信访局State Bureau for Letters and Calls粮食局State Administration of Grain海洋局State Oceanic Administration测绘局State Bureau of Surveying & Mapping档案局State Archives Administration外汇局State Administration of Foreign Exchange新闻出版总署(版权局) General administration of Press and Publication(National Copyright Administration)4. 侨办Overseas Chinese Affairs Office 国研室Research Office港澳办Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office 新闻办Information Office法制办Legislative Affairs Office 台办Taiwan Affairs Office 社保基金会National Council for Social Security Fund自然科学基金会National Natural Science Foundation(3) a. 最高人民法院the Supreme People’s Court(SPC)最高人民法院院长the President of the SPC审判长the presiding judge审判委员会the Trial Committee 审判机关the Trial Organ第一刑事法庭the First Criminal Court 民事法庭the Civil Courtb.最高人民检察院the Supreme People’s Procuratorate最高人民检察院检察长the Procurator-general of the SPP最高人民检察院副检察长the Deputy Procurator-general(4)香港特别行政区政府Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region澳门特别行政区政府Government of the Macao Special Administrative Region(5).民主党派Democratic Party中国国民党革命委员会（民革）Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang中国民主同盟（民盟）China Democratic League中国民主建国会（民建）China Democratic National Construction Association中国民主促进会（民进）China Association Promoting Democracy中国农工民主党Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party中国致公党China Zhi Gong Dang 九三学社Jiu San Society台湾民主自治同盟（台盟）Taiwan Democratic self-government二．口译政治用语和国策宪法Constitution 国旗National flag: Red flag with five stars国徽National emblem: Tiananmen Gate-tower under five stars, encircled by ears of grain and with a gear wheel below国歌National anthem: March of the V olunteers 党章Party Constitution1. 党的三代中央领导集体创建了毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、江泽民“三个代表”重要思想，从而在民族独立和人民解放的基础上为中华民族的伟大复兴开启了建设有中国特色的社会主义的伟大事业。

中国的政治体系英语作文Title: The Political System of China。

China, as one of the world's most influential countries, boasts a unique political system that has evolved over millennia. The current structure, characterized by the Communist Party's leadership, has played a pivotal role in shaping China's modern trajectory. Understanding China's political system requires delving into its historical roots and examining its contemporary manifestations.The foundation of China's political system lies in the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC). Established in 1921, the CPC has grown from a revolutionary movement into the paramount political entity in China. The CPC's leadership is enshrined in the country's constitution, reflecting its dominant role in governance.At the apex of China's political system is the National People's Congress (NPC), the highest organ of state power.The NPC represents the principle of democratic centralism, where the Party exercises leadership over state institutions. Delegates to the NPC are elected from across China and convene annually to deliberate on key national issues, such as economic development, legislation, and foreign policy.Another crucial aspect of China's political system is its emphasis on collective leadership. Unlike Western democracies characterized by individual leaders, China adopts a collective leadership model, epitomized by the Politburo Standing Committee (PSC). The PSC comprises senior Party officials, including the General Secretary, President, and Premier. Decision-making within the PSC is consensus-driven, emphasizing stability and continuity.Furthermore, China's political system integrates elements of meritocracy. The recruitment and promotion of officials emphasize competence, integrity, and Party loyalty. The Party's Organization Department oversees cadre selection, training, and placement, ensuring a technocratic approach to governance.China's governance extends beyond the central government to provincial and local levels. The hierarchical structure of the Party ensures vertical control and coordination. Provincial Party Committees and People's Congresses mirror the central government's structure, enabling policy implementation tailored to regional needs.The Chinese political system is also characterized by a strong emphasis on stability and social harmony. TheParty's legitimacy hinges on its ability to deliver economic growth and maintain social order. This pragmatic approach underpins China's development model, emphasizing rapid industrialization and poverty alleviation.Moreover, China's political system intertwines with its unique cultural and historical context. Confucian values of hierarchy, order, and filial piety influence governance practices, reinforcing the Party's paternalistic role.Despite its strengths, China's political system faces challenges. The centralized authority of the CPC can stifledissent and political pluralism. Issues such as corruption, inequality, and environmental degradation pose significant governance hurdles.In conclusion, China's political system represents a distinctive fusion of Communist ideology, Confucian values, and pragmatic governance. Its evolution reflects China's complex history and contemporary aspirations. As China assumes a prominent global role, understanding itspolitical system is essential for comprehending its domestic policies and international behavior.。

《中国官僚政治研究》(节选)汉译英翻译实践报告Chinese Bureaucratic Politics ResearchRecently I read a book, 《Chinese Bureaucratic Politics Research》. This book analyses the characteristics of China's administrative system and its main components, refinement of its basic theory and tasks, as well as its impact on social development and its reforms.The book firstly introduce the relationship between power struggle, ideological consensus and the path of reform in political science field, then explores the process from consensus externalization in the policy-making process. It further pointed out that, in the course of reform, some factors may become an obstruction to the successful implementation, such as alienation and problem shifting.The core of China's modern bureaucratic politics research is the analysis of the interaction and balance between the bureaucracy and other social forces, as well as the distribution of the right to speak power in the process of decision-making and reform. Through the comparison between the Chinese system and other systems, the book concludes that the key of success or failure lies in the system's efficient functioning and its ability to innovate, and further suggests that how to exercise the function of the bureaucracy, coordinate the relationship between power and responsibility, etc.The book also reveals the limitations of the Chinese bureaucratic system and Chinese style of policy-making. It says that, due to the lack of procedural guarantees, the Chinese administrative behavior is `marked by a higher level of secrecy', that hinders the openness of decision-making process, causes decision makers to act opportunistically, and promotes `rent seeking' .To conclude, this book is instructive. In view of China's current development situation, the analysis of modern bureaucratic politics and its reform become the important theoretical guidance for the governance of a modern China.。

中国近代以来政治制度演变的认识## The Tumultuous Evolution of Political Systems in Modern China The story of modern China's political evolution is a complex tapestry woven with threads of revolution, resilience, and reform. It's a narrative marked by dramatic shifts, from the crumbling imperial system to the turbulent years of warlordism, the rise and fall of the Nationalist government, and finally, the establishment and ongoing development of the Communist regime. Each era presents a unique lens through which to understand the forces that have shaped China's political landscape. The fallof the Qing Dynasty in 1911 signaled the end of centuries of imperial rule,leaving a power vacuum that plunged the nation into chaos. Warlords carved up the land, vying for control and perpetuating instability. This period exposed the fragility of a nation grappling with its identity and struggling to find aunifying political system amidst internal strife and external pressures. The yearning for a strong central government capable of restoring order and national dignity became a powerful driving force. Amidst the turmoil, the Kuomintang (KMT) emerged, led by Sun Yat-sen, a revolutionary figure who envisioned a democratic China. The KMT's efforts to unify the nation faced numerous challenges, including internal factions, the looming threat of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), and Japanese aggression. Despite their efforts to implement democratic reforms and modernize the nation, the KMT ultimately succumbed to internal weaknesses and the overwhelming forces of the CCP in the Chinese Civil War. The CCP's victory in 1949 ushered in a new era under the leadership of Mao Zedong. The Communist Party implemented a socialist system, radically transforming China's political, economic, and social structures. Land reforms, collectivization, and the Great Leap Forward were ambitious attempts to reshape the nation, but they also led to periods of immense hardship and upheaval. The Cultural Revolution further intensifiedpolitical struggles and social turmoil, leaving deep scars on the nation's psyche. Following Mao's death, China embarked on a path of "reform and opening up" under Deng Xiaoping. This period marked a significant shift away from strict communist ideology towards a more pragmatic approach, embracing market-oriented economic reforms while maintaining the CCP's political monopoly. The results were astounding, propelling China's economic growth and lifting millions out of poverty.However, this era also saw the rise of new challenges, including growing economic disparity, environmental concerns, and demands for greater political participation. Today, China stands at a crossroads. The CCP continues to adapt and evolve,seeking to maintain stability and navigate the complexities of a rapidly changing world. The country grapples with issues of political reform, social justice, andits role on the global stage. While the future remains uncertain, one thing is clear: China's political journey is far from over, and its ongoing evolution will undoubtedly continue to captivate the world's attention.。

中国政治类英语作文模板Title: Chinese Political Class English Essay Template。

Introduction。

China's political landscape is complex and multifaceted, with a long history and a unique system of governance. In this essay, we will explore the key components of Chinese politics, including the structure of the government, the role of the Communist Party, and the country's foreign policy. By understanding these aspects, we can gain insight into the dynamics of China's political system and its impact on the global stage.Structure of the Government。

The Chinese government is structured as a single-party socialist state, with the Communist Party of China (CPC) holding a dominant position in all levels of governance. At the top of the hierarchy is the National People's Congress, which serves as the highest organ of state power. The NPC is responsible for electing the President and the Vice President, as well as making key legislative decisions. Below the NPC are the State Council, the Supreme People's Court, and the Supreme People's Procuratorate, which oversee the executive, judicial, and prosecutorial functions of the government, respectively.The Role of the Communist Party。

Chinese Political System Introduction and Overview• Marx-Leninism, rigidly hierarchical and authoritarian• Party, government and military• Personal rather than formal institutionalChinese Communist Party• Established on July 20th, 1921 in Shanghai• Democratic centralism--Discussion and debate among party members--Unquestioning support once decision is madePolitical Bureau (Politburo)• Top of Chinese Communist Party structure, most important institution• General Secretary--Hu Jintao--Head of the party• Major meeting every five yearPolitburo Standing Committee• Smaller groups of elite party members, wields much of the political power----Populist Group—Li Keqiang—balance in economic development, improve the poor, em phasis on “harmonious society” ----Elitist Group—Xi Jinping—favors continued rapid economic development, seeks growing capitalist and middle-class population. Emphasizes less on social issuesThe Secretariat• Officially listed under politburo• Administrative rather than decision-making body•Oversee the daily operation of the party and implement the decisions made by the politburo and its standing committeeParty Discipline• Any Chinese citizen over age 18 who are willing to join• Size—over 66 million members and 3.6 million organizations • Changes over time—young people join to make the personal connections for career advancement• E.G. Moving to Western ChinaThe Chinese Government• Two parts—system of ministerial organizations and system of geographic organizations• Layers of provincial, municipal, county, township and village governmentsThe State Council• Highest government administrative body, the cabinet• Composed of premier, vice premiers etc• Size—about 50 peopleThe Ministries• Hierarchical layers with officers at the provincial and local levels • Division according to areas of responsibilities. E.g. Ministry of Agriculture is divided into 18 departments• Ministers—Chief executive officers, protective of the perceived interests and goals of the ministryNational people’s Congress• Unicameral legislative body, ultimate power of Chinese government • Approximately 3,000 deputies meet annually for about 15 days to set policy and “select” China’s leadership (little power)• Deputies are not popularly elected, but selected by 5-year-term by the next lower tier of “people’s congresses”—provincial and local level. E.g. Jiang Zemin, former President, was the mayor, Party Chief of Shanghai.People’s Liberation Army (PLA)•“As crucial to Chinese politics as the party and the government”• Unified military organization, responsible for air, land, and sea forces • Central Military CommissionRelationship Among Leaders• Members wear multiple hats, holding positions concurrently in the party, the government and the military• Highest level members are not necessarily having equal status, but hold authority and influence apart from their actual position• Top of all three pillars—Hu Jintao----General Secretary: Head of the Party and presides the Party Politburo----President: Titular head of the state government but practically Wen Jiabao (Prime minister) runs the state government----Chair of Central Military CommissionModern Media• New forms of communication pressured the Chinese government to make changes in its political system• Means of governmental control----Facebook, Twitter and Youtube。

中国政治英语作文In the contemporary global landscape, political engagement plays a pivotal role in the development and progress of nations. China, with its rich history and rapidly evolving political landscape, offers a unique perspective on the interplay between politics and societal advancement. This essay aims to explore the significance of political engagement in China and how it has contributed to thecountry's remarkable growth and development.Firstly, it is essential to understand the politicalframework within which China operates. The People's Republicof China is governed by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), which has been the ruling party since the establishment ofthe PRC in 1949. The CCP's leadership has been instrumentalin shaping the country's political engagement strategies, which are characterized by a top-down approach to policy-making and implementation.Political engagement in China is multifaceted, encompassingnot only the participation of citizens in the political process but also the state's efforts to involve the populacein national development goals. The Chinese government has made significant strides in raising the standard of livingfor its citizens through various social and economic policies. This has led to increased political awareness and a desirefor greater participation in the decision-making process.One of the key areas where political engagement has been evident is in the realm of economic reform. Since the late 1970s, China has undergone a series of economic reforms that have transformed it into the world's second-largest economy. These reforms, often referred to as "Socialism with Chinese characteristics," have been driven by the government's commitment to modernization and the integration of market mechanisms within a socialist system. The political will to enact these reforms has been a testament to the CCP's ability to engage with and adapt to the changing needs of the country.Another aspect of political engagement in China is the emphasis on social stability and harmony. The government has implemented various measures to ensure that the rapideconomic growth does not lead to social unrest. This includes investment in social welfare programs, education, and healthcare, as well as the promotion of the concept of the "Chinese Dream," which encourages citizens to strive for a better life for themselves and their country.However, it is important to note that political engagement in China is subject to certain constraints. The CCP maintains a tight control over the media and public discourse, which can limit the extent of open debate and dissent. Despite these limitations, there are avenues for citizens to express their opinions and concerns, such as through online platforms and community meetings, albeit within the boundaries set by the state.In conclusion, political engagement in China is a complex and nuanced phenomenon that has played a crucial role in thecountry's development. The Chinese government's ability to mobilize resources and direct the efforts of its citizens towards national goals has been a key factor in its success. As China continues to evolve and face new challenges, the role of political engagement will remain vital in ensuring the country's continued progress and the well-being of its people.。

中国政治2010年远景目标the long-range objectives through the Year 2010把握正确的舆论导向maintain a correct orientation for public opinion拨乱反正set things right 不屈不饶unyieldingly 长治久安the lasting political stability承前启后，继往开来inherit past traditions and break new grounds for the future大胆实践be bold in practice大起大落drastic fluctuations 当家作主be the masters of the country独立自主，自力更生independence and self-reliance 法定人数quorum 翻天覆地earth-shaking繁荣富强prosperous and strong 改善生态环境improve the ecological environment共同致富原则the principle of common prosperity 国家宏观调控state macro-control国民素质的提高the enhancement of the quality of the entire population积极推进各项配套改革press ahead with all the supportive reforms 基本国策the basic state policy 基本路线the basic line 基层工作grass-roots work 基层监督grass-roots supervision积极进取take the initiative to make progress 基层民主democracy at the grassroots level基层组织organizations at the grass-roots level加快发展speed up development继承前人（成果）inherit the achievements of predecessors 寄予厚望place high hopes on坚持团结一切可以团结的力量unite with all forces that can be united with十届全国人大二次会议the Second Session of the Tenth National People’s Congress廉政，勤政，务实，高效的政府an honest, diligent, pragmatic and efficient government两个文明一起抓place equal emphasis on material and ethical progress两手抓两手都要硬We must address ourselves to the problem of both material and spiritual civilization (both material as well as culture and ideological progress ) without any letup.民族工作，宗教工作和侨务工作the work relating to ethnic minorities, religions and overseas Chinese 普选制general election system 全国人大代表deputy to the National People’s Congress全国人口普查nationwide census 全国人民代表大会National People’s Congress (NPC)全国人民代表大会常务委员会the NPC Standing Committee全国人民代表大会主席团the NPC Presidium施政纲领administrative program三个代表three represents theory (three represents refer to: The party must always represent the requirements of the development of China’s advanced productive forces, the orientation of the development of China’s advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people in China.)三个有利于three favorables (three favorables refer to whether it promotes the growth of the productive forces in a socialist society, increases the overall strength of the socialist state and raises the people’s living standards.)十一届三中全会the Third Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party实践是检验真理的唯一标准Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth实事求是seek truth from facts; be practical and realistic ; be true to facts实现中华民族伟大复兴bring about a great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation实行计划生育，控制人口数量，提高人口素质promotion of family planning to control the population size and improve the quality of the people维护人权和不断改善人权状况safeguard human rights and steadily improve the human rights situation政治建设和政治体制改革Political Development and Restructuring依法治国和以德治国相结合run the country by combining the rule of law with the rule of virtue有中国特色的社会主义socialism with Chinese characteristics 舆论监督supervision by public opinion 增强中华名族的凝聚力increase the cohesion of the Chinese nation 中国国情China’s conditions中国人民政治协商会议the Chinese Peopl e’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC)最广泛的爱国统一战线the broadest possible patriotic united front 官方表述Official Statements人民民主专政的国体the state system –a people’s democratic dictatorship人民代表大会制度的政体the system of political power–the people’s congresses多党合作制度the system of multiparty cooperation 政治协商制度the system of political consultation 民族区域自治制度the system of regional ethnic autonomy民主团结，生动活泼，安定和谐的政治局面the political situation characterized by democracy, solidarity , liveliness, stability and harmony城市居民自治self-governance among urban residents长期共存，互相监督，肝胆相照，荣辱与共long-term coexistence, mutual supervision, treating each other with all sincerity and sharing weal and woe民族党派，工商联与无党派人士non-Communist parties, federations of industry and commerce , personages without party affiliation 扩大基层民主extend democracy at the grass-roots level管理有序，文明祥和的新型社区new-type and well-managed communities featuring civility and harmony 社会主义法制The Socialist Legal System有法可依，有法必依，执法必严，违法必究We must see to it that there are laws to go by, the laws are observed and strictly enforced , and law-breakers are prosecuted.法律面前人人平等All people are equal before the law.政府决策The Decision-making of the Government电子政务e-government了解民情、充分反映民意、广泛集中民智、切实珍惜民力get to know how the people are faring, reflect their will, pool their wisdom and value their resources推进政策科学化，民主化putting decision-making on a more scientific and democratic basis社情民意反映制度a system reporting social conditions and public opinion与群众利益密切相关的重大事项社会公示制度和社会听证制度a system of keeping the public informed and a system of public hearings on major issues closely related to the interests of the people专家咨询制度the expert consulting system行政管理体制改革Administrative Restructuring实行决策的论证制和责任制，防止决策的随意性implement a verification system and responsibility system in making policy decisions with a view to preventing arbitrary decision-making层次过多、职能交叉、人员臃肿、权责脱节和多重多头执法too many levels, overlapping functions, overstaffing, divorce between powers and responsibilities and duplicate law enforcement司法体制改革The Reform of the Judicial System健全权责明确、相互配合、相互制约、高效运行的司法体制form a sound judicial system featuring clearly specified powers and responsibilities, mutual coordination and restraint and highly efficient operation用人机制personnel mechanism依法独立公正地行使审判权和检查权exercise adjudicative and procuratorial powers independently and impartially according to law职务任期制the system of fixed tenures建设一支政治坚定、业务精通、作风优良、执法公正的司法队伍build up a contingent of judicial personnel who are politically steadfast and professionally competent, have a fine style of work and enforce laws impartially干部人事制度改革The Reform of the Cadre and Personnel System广纳群贤、人尽其才、能上能下gather large numbers of talented people, put them to the best use and get them prepared for both promotion and demotion辞职制the system of resignation知情权、参与权、选择权和监督权the right to know, to participate, to choose and to supervise用人失察失误追究责任制the system of accountability for neglect of supervisory duty or the use of the wrong person 建立干部激励和保障机制establish an incentive and guarantee mechanism for cadres 打破选人用人中论资排辈的观念和做法break with the notions and practices of overstressing seniority in the matter of selection and appointment积极营造各方面优秀人才拖颖而出的好环境create a sound environment which makes it possible for outstanding people to come to the fore in all fields权利的制约和监督The Restraint on and Supervision over the Use of Power建立结构合理、配置科学、程序严密、制约有效的权力运行机制establish a mechanism for the exercise of power featuring reasonable structure, scientific distribution, rigorous procedures and effective restraint改善和完善党的纪律检查体制，建立和完善巡视制度reform and improve the system of Party discipline inspection and introduce and improve the system of inspection tours领导干部述职述廉制度the system under which leading cadres report on their work and their efforts to perform their duties honestly 健全重大事项报告制度the systems of reporting on important matters依法严厉打击各种犯罪活动crack down on criminal activities according to law质询制度the system of making inquiries 民主评议制度the system of democratic appraisal维护社会稳定Maintain Social Stability扫除社会丑恶现象eliminate social evils防范和惩治邪教组织的犯罪活动guard against and punishing crimes committed by evil cult gangs保障人民群众财产安全ensure the safety of the lives and property of the people加强和改进党的建设Strengthen and Improve Party Building廉正建设和反腐败斗争the endeavor to build a clean and honest government and combat corruption 进一步提高党的领导水平和执政水平、提高拒腐防变和抵御风险能力这两大历史课题further address the two major historical subjects of how to enhance the Party’s art of leadership and governance and how to raise the Party’s capacity to resist corruption, prevent degeneration and withstand ri sks以宽广的眼界观察世界view the world with broad vision“三讲”教育（讲学习、讲政治、讲正气）“three emphases ” education (to stress theoretical study , political awareness and good conduct )“三个代表”重要思想The Important Thought of Three Represents成为勤奋学习、善于思考的模范，解放思想、与时俱进的模范，勇于实践、锐意创新的模范play an exemplary role in studying diligently, using their brains, emancipating their minds, keeping pace with the times and boldly engaging in practice and innovation加强党的执政能力建设，提高党的领导水平和执政水平Build up the Party’s Governing Capacity and Improve Its Art of Leadership and Governance不辱使命、不负重托live up to the mission assigned to them and the full trust placed on them提高总揽全局的能力enhance their ability of commanding the whole situation坚持和健全民主集中制，增强党的活力和团结统一Adhere to and Improve Democratic Centralism and Enhance t he Party’s Vitality , Solidarity and Unity集体领导、民主集中、个别酝酿、会议决定的原则the principle of collective leadership, democratic centralism , individual consultations and decision by meetings党内情况通报制度、情况反映制度和重大决策征求意见制度inner-Party information sharing and reporting systems and the system of soliciting opinions concerning major policy decisions个人服从组织、少数服从多数、下级组织服从上级组织、全党服从党的全国代表大会和中央委员会Individual Party members are subordinate to the organization, the minority is subordinate to the majority, lower Party organizations are subordinate to the higher ones and all the constituent organizations and members of the Party are subordinate to its National Congress and Central Committee政令畅通Decisions are carried out without fail.有令不行、有禁不止、各行其是go their own ways in disregard of orders and prohibitions建设高素质的领导干部队伍，形成朝气蓬勃、奋发有为的领导层Build a Contingent of High-caliber Leading Cadres and Form an Energetic and Promising Leadership领导干部的革命化、年轻化、知识化、专业化bring up more revolutionary, younger, better educated and more professionally competent cadres党和人民的事业后继有人The cause of the Party and people will be carried forward.切实作好基层党建工作，增强党的阶级基础和扩大党的群众基础Build the Party Well at the Primary Level, Reinforce Its Class Foundation and Expand Its Mass Base围绕中心，服务大局，拓宽领域，强化功能focusing on the central task and serving the overall interests, broaden the fields of our endeavor, intensify our functions加强和改进党的作风建设，深入开展反腐败斗争Strengthen and Improve the Party’s Style of Work and Intensify the Struggle against Corruption全党同志始终保持共产党人的蓬勃朝气、昂扬锐气和浩然正气，永远同人民群众心连心，我们党的执政基础就坚如磐石So long as all Party comrades always maintain the vigor and vitality, dashing spirit and integrity as Communists and have the people at heart, the foundation of our Party’s governance will remain rock solid.我们要增强忧患意识，居安思危，清醒地看到日趋激烈的国际竞争带来的严峻挑战，清醒地看到前进道路上的困难和风险We should be mindful of the potential danger and stay prepared against adversities in times of peace, be keenly aware of the rigorous challenges brought about by the ever-sharpening international competition as well as risks and difficulties that may arise on our road ahead. 国防和军队建设National Defense and Army Building我们必须倍加顾全大局，倍加珍视团结，倍加维护稳定We must bear in mind the overall interests of our Party all the more deeply, cherish the solidarity all the more dearly and safeguard stability all the more firmly万众一心，奋发图强work with one heart and one mind in a joint and unyielding effort 坚持党对军队的绝对领导，走中国特色的精兵之路preserve in the Party’s absolute leadership over the army and take the road of fewer but better troops with Chinese characteristics政治合格、军事过硬、作风优良、纪律严明、保障有力being qualified politically and competent militarily and having a fine style of work , strict discipline and adequate logistic support打得赢、不变质win battles and never degenerate努力完成机械化和信息化建设的双重历史任务，实现我军现代化的跨越式发展Efforts should be made to accomplish the historical tasks of mechanization and IT application, thereby bringing about leapfrog development in the modernization of our army.建立和完善三军一体、军民兼容、平战结合的联勤保障体制establishing and improving an integrated logistic support system for the three armed services, for both military and civilian purposes and for both peacetime and wartime国防教育education in national defense高技术条件下人民战争的战略战strategies and tactics of the people’s war under high-tech conditions 拥军优属，拥政爱民，巩固军政军民团结The government and the people should support the army and give preferential treatment to the families of servicemen and martyrs, and the army should support the government and cherish the people so as to consolidate the solidarity between the army and the government and between the army and the people.按照客观规律和科学规律办事act in compliance with objective and scientific laws八个坚持、八个反对eight do's and eight don'ts八项主张eight-point proposal保持昂扬向上的精神状态be filled with an enterprising spirit保证中央的政令畅通ensure the Central Committee's decisions are carried out without fail标本兼治address both the symptoms and root causes不确定因素uncertainties参政议政participation in and deliberation of state affairs长期共存、互相监督、肝胆相照、荣辱与共long-term coexistence, mutual supervision, treating each other with all sincerity and sharing weal and woe长治久安maintain prolonged stability崇尚科学respect and promote science传播先进文化spread advanced culture传统安全威胁traditional threats to security从严治军the army must be strict with itself党的领导方式the Party's style of leadership党的民族政策the Party's policy toward ethnic minorities 党的侨务政策the Party's policy toward overseas Chinese affairs党的宗教信仰自由政策the Party's policy toward the freedom of religious belief党风廉政建设责任制responsibility system for improving the Party's work style and building clean government电子政务e-government多重多头执法duplicate law enforcement党内情况通报制度、情况反映制度和重大决策征求意见制度inner-Party information sharing and reporting systems and the system of soliciting opinions concerning major policy decisions党要管党、从严治党the Party exercises self-discipline and is strict with its members党员管理工作management of Party membership党政机关Party and government organs党政领导干部职务任期制、辞职制和用人失察失误责任追究制the system of fixed tenures, the system of resignation and the system of accountability for neglect of supervisory duty or the use of the wrong person with regard to leading cadres of the Party and government党总揽全局、协调各方的原则principle that the Party commands the overall situation and coordinates the efforts of all quarters司法机关judicial organs思想道德体系ideological and ethical system独立负责、步调一致地开展工作assume one's responsibilities independently and make concerted efforts in one's work司法体制改革reform of the judicial system独立公正地行使审判权和检察权exercise adjudicative and procuratorial powers independently and impartially思想政治建设ideological and political development树立互信、互利、平等和协作的新安全观foster a new security concept featuring mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and coordination提倡多样化encourage diversity树立正确的世界观、人生观和价值观foster correct world outlook, views on life and values司法审判和检察同司法行政事务相分离separate judicial adjudication and procuratorial work from administrative affairs素质教育quality-oriented education文化体制改革cultural restructuring提高党的领导水平和执政水平enhance the Party's art of leadership and governance提高科学判断形势的能力improve one's ability of sizing up the situation in a scientific way提高立法质量improve the quality of legislation提高全民法律素质people are better educated in law 提高全民健康水平improve the physique of the entire people团结就是胜利solidarity means victory 提高执法水平raise the level of law enforcement团结就是力量solidarity means strength提高总揽全局的能力enhance one’s ability of commanding the whole situation推进决策科学化民主化put decision-making on a more scientific and democratic basis完善城市居民自治improve self-governance among urban residents完善村民自治improve self-governance among villagers维护司法公正safeguard judicial justice完善干部职务和职级相结合的制度improve the system of giving cadres both positions and ranks完善公开办事制度improve the system of keeping the public informed of matters being handled维护法制的统一和尊严safeguard the uniformity and sanctity of the legal system维护国家统一、民族团结safeguard national unity and ethnic solidarity围绕中心、服务大局focus on the central task and serve the overall interests伪科学pseudo-science文化产业cultural industry文化产业政策policies toward the cultural industry 文化创新cultural innovation文化公益事业public cultural undertakings文化建设cultural development 文化市场体系system of markets for cultural products文化事业cultural undertakings文化与经济和政治相互交融culture is interactive with economic and political activities建设节约型社会to build a conservation-conscious society发展循环经济to develop a circular economy 以资源的高效和循环利用，促进经济、社会的可持续发展to promote sustainable economic and social development through efficient use and reuse of resources坚持资源开发与节约并重，把节约放在首位的方针to uphold the policy of emphasizing the equal importance of both the exploitation and conservation of resources, giving added weight to the latter开发利用可再生能源to exploit and utilize renewable energy resources全面推进资源节约和综合利用to push ahead with a nationwide campaign of economizing on and making comprehensive use of resources加大对资源节约和循环利用关键技术的攻关力度to make greater efforts to develop critical technology for the purpose of conservation and recycle of resources完善有利于节约资源的财税政策to further improve the financial and taxation policies so as to encourage resource conservation发展节能型交通运输工具to develop a new generation of energy-efficient means of transportation 加快节能技术服务体系建设to speed up the establishment of technical service systems for more efficient use of energy resources再生资源的回收利用recyclable use of renewable resources第六届亚欧财长会议The Sixth Asia-Europe Finance Ministers' Meeting亚欧新型全面伙伴关系a new type of comprehensive Asia-Europe partnership采取负责任的宏观经济政策to adopt a macro-economic policy in a responsible manner保持主要储备货币间的币值稳定to maintain stability among major reserve currencies深化财政和金融实质性合作to enhance substantive cooperation in the fiscal and financial sector经济运行中突出问题the glaring problems in the economic operation相知无远近，万里尚为邻Long distances cannot separate true friends sharing one heart; they can be like close neighbors even thousands of miles apart.建立应对经济和金融突发事件的紧急对话机制to establish a dialogue mechanism in response to economic and financial eventualities红色旅游red tourism红色旅游区red tourist destinations (sites/spots)related to the history of CPC;tourist destinations (sites/spots) of revolutionary traditional interests红色旅游精品路线choice (recommended/highlight) tours of revolutionary heritage (tradition)从善如流to readily follow good advice; to do good naturally and happily;to follow good advice as naturally as a river follows its course;to take advice with a receptive mind; to be open-minded to something;to be open to advice and criticism; to readily follow what is right仁至义尽to exercise (show) the utmost restraint/forbearance台湾问题不能出事things must be kept within bounds as far as the Taiwan question is concerned the Taiwan question should not (be allowed to) get out of control拉美国下水to drag the US into troubled waters (the mire);to make the US hostage to the … issue 自欺欺人deceive oneself as well as others; self-deception顺民意，合民情accord with the popular will and sentiments普遍认为法律条文比较平和，宽松(反分裂国家法)The wording of the law is generally considered to be fairly moderate and tolerate in tone(客运包机）节日化to make charter flights available on festival basis;to make charter flights available for traditional festivals中等收入阶层middle-income group (section)节约型发展道路resource efficient (conservation/thrifty) development strategy中国特色的人力资源优势China's advantage in human resources世界经验还要借鉴下去，中国特色还要坚持下去。

我国的政治经济文化英语作文Title: China's Political, Economic, and Cultural Landscape: A Multifaceted JourneyChina, a nation with a rich history spanning millennia, has evolved into a dynamic and complex society that excels in various domains, notably its political system, economic growth, and cultural heritage. This essay endeavors to paint a comprehensive picture of these three intertwined facets that define contemporary China. Political Landscape: A Unique Blend of Tradition and ModernityChina's political system is often characterized as a socialist state with Chinese characteristics, a unique blend of authoritarian rule and democratic elements. At its core lies the Communist Party of China (CPC), which serves as the leading political force, guiding the nation's policies and direction. This system ensures stability and continuity in governance, allowing for long-term planning and implementation of development strategies.The CPC emphasizes the importance of collective leadership and decision-making processes that involve various committees and institutions. While it maintains a strong grip on power, the government has also implemented reforms aimed at enhancingtransparency and accountability, such as the establishment ofanti-corruption agencies and promoting public participation in policy consultations.Economic Growth: A Miraculous TransformationOver the past few decades, China has achieved unprecedented economic growth, transforming itself from a largely agrarian economy into the world's second-largest economy by nominal GDP and the largest by purchasing power parity. This remarkable transformation, often referred to as the "Chinese economic miracle," has been fueled by a combination of factors:market-oriented reforms, massive investments in infrastructure, a large and skilled labor force, and integration into the global economy.China's economic model, while initially relying heavily on manufacturing exports, has gradually shifted towards a more balanced approach, emphasizing innovation, services, and consumption-driven growth. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), a grand strategy aimed at connecting Asia, Europe, Africa, and beyond through infrastructure projects, further underscores China's ambition to become a global economic leader.Cultural Heritage and Diversity: A Tapestry of TraditionsChina's cultural landscape is as vast and diverse as its geography, encompassing a myriad of traditions, customs, arts, and philosophies that have shaped the nation's identity over centuries. From the ancient wisdom of Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism to the intricate art forms of calligraphy, painting, and theater, China boasts a rich cultural heritage that continues to inspire and influence people worldwide.Moreover, China is a multicultural society, with diverse ethnic groups such as the Han majority and numerous minorities like the Tibetans, Uyghurs, and Mongolians, each contributing their unique cultural expressions and traditions. The government has taken measures to preserve and promote cultural diversity, including the protection of intangible cultural heritage and the promotion of minority languages and customs.In conclusion, China's political, economic, and cultural landscape presents a fascinating tapestry of traditions, modernity, and continuous evolution. Its political system, while distinctive, has proven effective in driving rapid economic growth and societal progress. The nation's economic miracle serves as a testament to its resilience and adaptability, while its rich cultural heritage anddiversity ensure that China remains a vibrant and dynamic force on the world stage.。

中国政治制度介绍英文Introduction to China's Political SystemChina, officially known as the People's Republic of China, is a country with a unique political system that has evolved over thousands of years. The political structure in China is based on the principle of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and it has its own distinct features that differentiate it from other political systems in the world. In this article, we will provide an overview of the political system in China.1. The Communist Party of China (CPC):The Communist Party of China is the ruling political party in China. It was founded in 1921 and has been in power since 1949. The CPC is governed by a Central Committee, which consists of top leaders, and it exercises supreme authority in decision-making and policy formulation in China.2. The National People's Congress (NPC):The National People's Congress is the highest organ of state power in China. It is the legislative body and is responsible for making and amending laws. The NPC is composed of nearly 3,000 delegates who are elected from all provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities, and special administrative regions across China.3. The State Council:The State Council is the executive branch of the Chinese government. It is led by the Premier, who is appointed by the President of China. The State Council is responsible for implementing laws and policies, managing the economy, and overseeing various administrative departments.4. The President:The President of China is the head of state and represents the country both domestically and internationally. The President serves as the ceremonial and symbolic leader of China and is elected by the National People's Congress for a term of five years.5. The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC):The CPPCC is an advisory body that operates alongside the government. It consists of representatives from various political parties, social organizations, and ethnic minority groups. The CPPCC provides suggestions and proposals on major political and social issues, contributing to the decision-making process.6. The Judiciary System:The legal system in China is based on civil law with Chinese characteristics. The Supreme People's Court is the highest judicialauthority and is responsible for interpreting laws and ensuring their fair implementation. It is supported by lower-level courts and specialized courts for specific areas such as intellectual property and maritime affairs.7. Local Government Structure:China is divided into 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the central government, and 2 special administrative regions. Each province, autonomous region, and municipality has its own local government structure, which is responsible for implementing policies and managing local affairs.It is important to note that the political system in China is characterized by a strong emphasis on collective leadership and consensus-based decision-making. The CPC plays a central role in guiding and leading the country, and its leadership is based on a combination of meritocracy and organizational discipline.In conclusion, China's political system is a unique and complex entity that has evolved over time. With the CPC at the helm, the system combines socialist principles with Chinese characteristics to govern the country. The National People's Congress and the State Council are key components of the system, ensuring that laws are made and implemented effectively. The CCPCC provides additional perspectives and advice, while the judicial system upholds the rule of law. With its distinctivefeatures and structures, China's political system continues to shape the country's development in the 21st century.。

中国政治专业用语Government and AdministrationThe people's Republic of China (P. R. China) Province 省Prefecture地方官的任期, 辖区Municipality 直辖市City 市County县Autonomous 自治(Autonomous District [ Prefecture/ County])Capital (Provincial Capital) 省会Communist Party of China 中国共产党National Party Congress 全国代表大会Fifteenth National Congress 第十五次全国代表大会(十五大)First Plenary Session 第一届中央全会(一中全会)Central Committee 中央委员会member of the Central Committee 中央委员alternate member of the Central Committee 候补中央委员Political Bureau 政治局member of the Political Bureau 政治局委员alternate member of the Political Bureau 政治局候补委员Standing Committee of the Political Bureau 政治局常务委员会member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau 政治局常委Secretariat of the Central Committee 中央书记处General Secretary 总书记Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 中央纪律检查委员会Military Commission of the Central Committee 中央军事委员会International Liaison Department 对外联络部Organization Department 组织部United Front Work Department 统战部Propaganda Department 宣传部State President 国家主席President of PRC 中华人民共和国主席Vice President of PRC 中华人民共和国副主席National People's Congress 全国人民代表大会Standing Committee 常务委员会Chairman 委员长Vice Chairpersons 副委员长Members of the NPC Standing Committee 常务委员会委员Central Military Committee 中央军事委员会Chairman 主席Vice Chairman 副主席CMC Members 委员Supreme People's Court 最高人民法院President 最高人民法院院长Supreme People's Procuratorate 最高人民检察院Procurator-General 最高人民检察院检察长State Council 国务院Premier 总理Vice Premier 副总理State Councilor 国务委员Ministry of Foreign Affairs 外交部Ministry of National Defense 国防部State Development Planning Commission 国家发展计划委员会State Economic and Trade Commission 国家经济贸易委员会Ministry of Education 教育部Ministry of Science and Technology 科学技术部Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense 国防科学技术工业委员会State Ethnic Affairs Commission 国家民族事务委员会Ministry of Public Security 公安部Ministry of State Security 安全部Ministry of Supervision 监察部Ministry of Civil Affairs 民政部Ministry of Justice 司法部Ministry of Finance 财政部Ministry of Personnel 人事部Ministry of Labor and Social Security 劳动和社会保障部Ministry of Land and Natural Resources 国土资源部Ministry of Construction 建设部Ministry of Railways 铁道部Ministry of Communications 交通部Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunications 信息产业部Ministry of Water Resources 水利部Ministry of Agriculture 农业部Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Co-operation 对外贸易经济合作部Ministry of Culture 文化部Ministry of Health 卫生部State Family Planning Commission 国家计划生育委员会People''s Bank of China 中国人民银行Auditing Administration 审计署Chinese People''s Political Consultative Conference 中国人民政治协商会议National Committee 全国委员会Standing Committee 常务委员会Chairman 主席Vice-Chairpersons 副主席democratic party 民主党派Revolutionary Committee ofthe Kuomintang 中国国民党革命委员会（民革）China Democratic League 中国民主同盟（民盟）China Democratic National Construction Association 中国民主建国会（民建）China Association Promoting Democracy 中国民主促进会（民进）Chinese Peasants'' and Workers'' Democratic Party 中国农工民主党China Zhi Gong Dang 中国致公党Jiu San Society 九三学社Taiwan Democratic self-government 台湾民主自治同盟（台盟）people's organization 人民团体All-China Federation of Trade Unions 中华全国总工会（全总）Communist Y outh League of China 中国共产主义青年团（共青团All-China Federation of Y outh 中华全国青年联合会（全国青联）All-China Students'' Federation 中华全国学生联合会（全国学联）China Y oung Pioneers 中国少年先锋队（少先队）All-China Women's Federation 中华全国妇女联合会（全国妇联）China Association for Science and Technology 中国科学技术协会（中国科协）China Federation of Literary and Art Circles 中国文学艺术界联合会（文联）All-China Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese 中华全国归国华侨联合会（全国侨联）China Welfare Institute 中国福利会Red Cross Society of China 中国红十字会Chinese People's Liberation Army 中国人民解放军Headquarters of the General Staff 总参谋部General Political Department 总政治部General Logistics Department 总后勤部General Armament Department 总装备部。