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2023年上海交通大学博士生英语入学考试试题第一部分：听力理解（共两节，满分20分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分）请听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1. Where does this conversation most likely take place?- A. In a restaurant.- B. In a library.- C. In a hospital.2. What does the woman want to do?- A. Return the shirt.- B. Buy a new shirt.- C. Exchange the shirt.3. What does the man think the weather will be like tomorrow?- A. Sunny.- B. Cloudy.- C. Rainy.4. How many classes did the woman miss?- A. One.- B. Two.- C. Three.5. What does the woman imply about men?- A. They are careless.- B. They are forgetful.- C. They are helpful.第二节（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）请听下面5段对话或独白。
每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各个小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。
每段对话或独白读两遍。
听下面一段对话，回答第6和第7两个小题。
6. What does the woman want to do?- A. Go swimming.- B. Go hiking.- C. Go skiing.7. When does the conversation most probably take place?- A. In winter.- B. In spring.- C. In summer.听下面一段对话，回答第8和第9两个小题。
2014年上海交通大学博士研究生入学材料科学基础自己整理的回忆版供大家学习今年的材料科学基础感觉比以前稍难，主要题型不变：名词解释、简答、问答，都是必做题（没有选择余地）名词解释就不多说了，都是基础的概念，应该没问题，主要参考书，胡庚祥版的材料科学基础，主要是金属部分。
主要是几个大题，今年计算证明题明显增多，考的范围也更广：1、晶体结构结合汤姆森四面体综合题，写出晶面晶向指数位错矢量，判断位错反应是否能进行，P113-114的例子2、临界分切应力的推导，论证沿某一方向上的最小分切应力等3、二元相图计算，某一成分的凝固组织，根据所需的性能给出相图上的成分范围P284-285：由相图判断工艺性能4、三元相图的等边三角形重心定律等5、非平衡凝固的特点6、扩散激活能（阿累尼乌斯方程），做出lnD-1/T 曲线，比较哪种条件下谁更易扩散，另一种扩散方程好像是已给出的。
另外，扩散部分还考了反应扩散和上坡扩散名词解释。
7、固溶体和间隙相的区别，形成条件8、最后一道是证明题，关于马氏体晶体学转换：体心立方(正方)马氏体的K-S关系：{111}γ∥{011}M,<01ī>γ∥<ī11>M和西山关系；{111}γ∥{110}M，<211>γ∥<110>M。
由面心立方母相P变为六方马氏体ε时,则有：{111}p∥{001}ε,<110>p∥<110>ε。
一个晶系沿着一个晶轴旋转一个角度到另外一种晶型，记不清了最后，原子结构、晶体点缺陷部分、材料变形和热加工今年没怎么涉及，明年就不好说了看完后请下载哦附：上海交通大学2005年材料科学基础考博试题[回忆版]材料科学基础：8选5。
每题两问，每问10分，我当10个题说吧，好多我也记不清是那个题下的小问了。
1。
填空。
你同学应该买那本材料科学基础习题了吧，看好那本此题就没多大问题，因为重复性很强。
2。
论述刃位错和螺位错的异同点3。
上海交通大学口腔组织病理学试题名词解释釉板绞釉釉梭釉质生长线缩余釉上皮欧文线球间牙本质原发性牙本质前期牙本质修复性牙本质生发层半月板味蕾篮细胞结合上皮上皮剩余上皮根鞘上皮隔鵲病牙石菌斑牙周炎腭裂唇裂过度不全角化红斑白斑角化不良错角化萌出囊肿含牙囊肿粘液囊肿填空1、牙釉质的基本结构是。
2、牙本质的基本结构是、和。
3、牙釉质与牙骨质在牙颈部相连的关系有10%的；30%的；60%的。
4、牙周膜的主纤维包括、、、、O6、牙骨质有一生物学特性，是正畸学牙移动的基础理论之一。
7、牙髓可分为四层、、、。
8、牙周膜的细胞成分包括、、、、。
9、釉柱的横剖面，光镜下观察呈状，电镜下观察呈状。
10、在牙颈部釉质与牙骨质相接有三种情况、、。
11、牙髓中的细胞有、、等。
12、牙槽骨的生物学特性即受压侧，牵引侧。
13、牙周膜的功能、、等。
14、牙胚的组成包括形成；形成；形成。
28、口腔粘膜根据其所在的部位和功能分为三类，即、和咀嚼粘膜，其中咀嚼粘膜包括、。
29、早期釉质鵲可分为、、、四层。
30、慢性牙髄炎的病理分为、、。
31、龌发病机制的四联学说是指、、、四大因素必不可少。
32、牙本质翻的病理改变分为四层、、、O33、牙体的病理性吸收包括、。
34、临床上根据龊发展的速度将其分为、、。
35、牙釉质结构异常主要有、、、O36、根尖肉芽肿可见增生的上皮条索，其可能的来源、、、。
37、常见的牙髄变性有、、等。
38、急性坏死性溃疡龈炎，龈沟涂片可见、病原体。
39、牙周炎的致病菌主要有、、等G-菌。
40、、、等因素可引起非炎症性龈增生。
41、引起龈增生的原因、、、。
42、与牙周炎的发生有关的病原菌有、、；与鵲发生有关的病原菌有、、。
43、发生在牙周组织的非感染性病变包括、、。
44、和是急性坏死性溃疡性龈炎的主要病原菌。
45、牙槽骨吸收与牙周袋形成在临床病理分为、、三种情况。
46、在牙周炎的病因中起基础性作用，而宿主的一一决定其易感性。
上海交大生物化学历年考博试题2010年上海交通大学医学博士入学试题一、名词解释(每题3分,共24分)1、Micro RNA2、UDPGlc3、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶4、混合功能氧化酶5、不对称转录6、反应元件7、凝血酶原激活物8、活性维生素D3二、简答题(每题6分,共24分)1、何谓Anfisen定律,简述Anfisen定律。
2、体内胆固醇得转化。
3、简述PCR实验得原理。
4、简述经cAMP介导得生物学效应得机制。
三、问答题(每题13分,共52分)1、B族维生素多为酶得辅助因子,请写出四种在糖代谢中作为酶得辅助因子得B族维生素,它们得活性形式及所参与得化学反应(用文字式表达)。
2、临床上肝昏迷得患者通常伴有血氨升高,试从蛋白质与氨基酸代谢得角度探讨降低肝昏迷患者其增高得血氨得措施与生化原理。
3、试述干扰素抗病毒得机制。
4、因肝功能障碍引起脂类代谢异常得患者其临床与生化检验指标上会出现哪些改变,请简述其中得生化机制。
2012年上海交通大学生物化学真题(绝对考场记录版绝非网络copy 附英文名词解释中文名称)希望版主加分一、名词解释1、二硫键2、exon and intron (外显子与内含子)3、acetyl CoA carboxylase (乙酰辅酶A羧化酶)4、氨基甲酰磷酸5、rebination repairing (重组修复)6、1,25-(OH)2-D3 1,25二羟维生素D37、分解代谢物激活蛋白8、calmodulin (钙调蛋白)9、2,3-二磷酸甘油酸支路10、鹅脱氧胆酸与牛黄石胆酸二、简答题1、蛋白质得别构作用？并举例？2、NADH+H+ 与NADPH+H+去路？3、原核生物转录终止途径？4、cAMP在细菌与鼠肝细胞中得作用及其机制？5、甲状腺激素合成步骤？三、论述题1、5-氟尿嘧啶与甲氨蝶呤抑制肿瘤得机制？2、丙酮酸得去路及反应？3、mRNA在大肠杆菌与小鼠肝细胞中得异同点？4、黄疸得定义及发生黄疸时血尿胆红素、尿胆原及粪胆原得变化？2011年上海交通大学内分泌考博一、名词解释(3×10)1、混合功能氧化酶2、谷氨酰胺3、IMP4、不对称转录5、氨基酰-tRNA合成酶6、乳糖操纵子7、三聚体GTP-结合蛋白8、甲状腺球蛋白9、抗凝血酶Ⅲ10、生物转化二、问答题70分1、何谓酶得竞争性抑制作用,试举两个有关酶得竞争性抑制作用在医学上应用得例子并阐述其作用机制。
2014年上海口腔助理医师考试真题卷•本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时刻为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。
一、单项挑选题（共50题，每题2分。
每题的备选项中，只要一个最契合题意）1.一患儿以肠梗阻入院手术，术中医师将膀胱认作囊肿切除，构成患儿储尿、排尿功能严峻受损。
该工作中，医师的行为归于A．意外工作B．术中并发症C．直接成心D．直接成心E．过错参考答案：E2.患者，男性，24岁，1年前运动时上前牙碰伤，其时有咬物痛苦，无其他不适，未医治。
后发现牙冠变色，原因是A．色素冷静B．牙髓充血C．牙髓变性D．牙髓坏死E．髓腔闭锁参考答案：D3.男性，30岁，主诉：右面部弥漫性痛苦2天；关于辨别是否为牙源性痛苦最有价值的查看手法是A．照曲面体层片B．叩诊和牙髓电生机查看C．挑选性麻醉D．问诊和探诊E．牙齿松动度查看参考答案：B4.患者因右上腹继续钝痛，伴恶寒发热、皮肤黄染人院，查看确诊急性胆囊炎、胆石症，上午情况尚好，正午呈现休克症状，下午进行了活跃医治，医师下班时虽未好转，也未加剧。
晚6时夜班医师回家吃晚饭，此刻患者症状加剧，护理找不到医师，至7时找来一门诊医师急救，抢救无效逝世。
此刻夜班医师才回病房。
此事端的职责主体是A．夜班医师B．包含白班医师C．夜班护理D．急救的门诊医师E．夜班医师和护理参考答案：A5.患者上前牙龋充填后3天呈现自发痛，不敢咬合。
查：左上一远中充填体，叩 (++)，Ⅰ松动度，牙龈细微红肿，冷热测无反响，该牙3天前处理中的问题最或许是A．牙髓情况误判B．材料挑选不当C．充填时未垫底D．洞形制备不当E．腐质没有去尽参考答案：A6.患者女人，25岁，口腔溃疡重复产生5 年就诊。
每月例假前1周口内开端出现溃疡，痛苦显着，约1周后痛苦减轻，10～14天自行愈合。
查看发现舌背、唇、颊黏膜各有直径3～5mm的溃疡1个，圆形，周围红晕显着。
应确诊为A．结核性溃疡B．伤口性溃疡C．复发性阿弗他溃疡D．疱疹性口炎E．同定药疹参考答案：C7.添加底物浓度可免除按捺效果的是A．激动剂B．蛋白变性剂C．激活剂D．竞争性按捺剂E．非竞争性按捺剂参考答案：D8.打针硫酸镁具有A．中枢性肌肉松懈效果B．反射性地振奋呼吸的效果C．外周性肌肉松懈效果D．阻断多巴胺受体的效果E．按捺前列腺素组成的效果参考答案：C9.某患者制备窝洞时，腐质去尽未发现露髓，在修整洞形后，髓角处有一红点，轻探痛苦，应判别为A．腐质未去尽B．意外穿髓孔C．龋坏穿髓孔D．有色素冷静E．以上都不是参考答案：B10.婴儿，男，出世5天，啼哭拒食，口腔黏膜呈现微凸的软白小点，擦去后可显露出血面，拟诊为A．早萌乳牙B．婴儿白斑C．新生儿雪口D．牙龈角化上皮珠E．以上都不是参考答案：C11.最早构成的紧靠釉质的一层原发性牙实质，其胶原纤维的摆放与牙实质小管平行，该牙实质是A．罩牙实质B．球问牙实质C．骨样牙实质D．通明牙实质E．修复性牙实质参考答案：A12.哪个牙的牙尖偏僻中A．上颌乳尖牙B．下颌乳尖牙C．上颌乳中切牙D．上颌第二乳磨牙E．下颌榜首乳磨牙参考答案：A13.按捺效果与底物浓度无关的是A．激动剂B．蛋白变性剂C．激活剂D．竞争性按捺剂E．非竞争性按捺剂参考答案：E14.我国医学伦理学的基本准则是A．防病治病，治病救人，实施医学人道主义，一心一意为公民健康服务B．一心一意为公民健康服务C．治病救人，毋忝厥职；研讨医术，精益求精；天公地道，相等对待；言语文明，相等待人；廉洁奉公，遵纪守法；互尊互学，联合协作D．天公地道，相等待人E．不损伤，有利，公平，自主参考答案：E15.牙实质遭到缓慢影响时，受影响相应的髓腔端构成的牙实质是A．罩牙实质B．球问牙实质C．骨样牙实质D．通明牙实质E．修复性牙实质参考答案：E16.正常釉质中孔隙所占容积A．0.1%B．1%C．2%～4%D．5%E．25%参考答案：A17.哪个牙的牙根宽扁，而且根尖弯向唇侧A．上颌乳尖牙B．下颌乳尖牙C．上颌乳中切牙D．上颌第二乳磨牙E．下颌榜首乳磨牙参考答案：C18.地西泮具有A．中枢性肌肉松懈效果B．反射性地振奋呼吸的效果C．外周性肌肉松懈效果D．阻断多巴胺受体的效果E．按捺前列腺素组成的效果参考答案：A19.能使酶蛋白变性的物质是A．激动剂B．蛋白变性剂C．激活剂D．竞争性按捺剂E．非竞争性按捺剂参考答案：B20.前期釉质龋通明层孔隙所占容积A．0.1%B．1%C．2%～4%D．5%E．25%参考答案：B21.成牙实质细胞被包埋在修复性牙实质中，今后这些细胞变性，很像骨安排，称为A．罩牙实质B．球问牙实质C．骨样牙实质D．通明牙实质E．修复性牙实质参考答案：C22.哪个牙的形状不似任何恒牙A．上颌乳尖牙B．下颌乳尖牙C．上颌乳中切牙D．上颌第二乳磨牙E．下颌榜首乳磨牙参考答案：E23.氯丙嗪具有A．中枢性肌肉松懈效果B．反射性地振奋呼吸的效果C．外周性肌肉松懈效果D．阻断多巴胺受体的效果E．按捺前列腺素组成的效果参考答案：D24.我国医学道德规范的基本内容是A．防病治病，治病救人，实施医学人道主义，一心一意为公民健康服务B．一心一意为公民健康服务C．治病救人，毋忝厥职；研讨医术，精益求精；天公地道，相等对待；言语文明，相等待人；廉洁奉公，遵纪守法；互尊互学，联合协作D．天公地道，相等待人E．不损伤，有利，公平，自主参考答案：C25.使酶原转变成酶的物质是A．激动剂B．蛋白变性剂C．激活剂D．竞争性按捺剂E．非竞争性按捺剂参考答案：C26.前期釉质龋表层孔隙所占容积A．0.1%B．1%C．2%～4%D．5%E．25%参考答案：D27.牙实质遭到磨损和较缓慢开展的龋刺激后，牙实质小管内的成牙实质细胞突起产生变性，变性后有矿藏盐冷静而封闭小管，可阻挠外界的影响传人牙髓，该牙实质是A．罩牙实质B．球问牙实质C．骨样牙实质D．通明牙实质E．修复性牙实质参考答案：D28.阿司匹林具有A．中枢性肌肉松懈效果B．反射性地振奋呼吸的效果C．外周性肌肉松懈效果D．阻断多巴胺受体的效果E．按捺前列腺素组成的效果参考答案：E29.哪个牙与相邻恒磨牙的形状类似A．上颌乳尖牙B．下颌乳尖牙C．上颌乳中切牙D．上颌第二乳磨牙E．下颌榜首乳磨牙参考答案：D30.我国医学伦理学的详细准则是A．防病治病，治病救人，实施医学人道主义，一心一意为公民健康服务B．一心一意为公民健康服务C．治病救人，毋忝厥职；研讨医术，精益求精；天公地道，相等对待；言语文明，相等待人；廉洁奉公，遵纪守法；互尊互学，联合协作D．天公地道，相等待人E．不损伤，有利，公平，自主参考答案：A31.患者女人，48岁．主诉刷牙出血1个月余，并有口臭，口腔查看见尖牙唇侧和侧切牙舌侧牙石多，牙龈充血，水肿，轻探易出血，下前牙摆放拥堵下述哪项进一步的查看不是必需的A．探查龈沟底的附着方位B．丈量牙周袋的深度C．摄X线片了解有无牙槽骨的吸收D．对患牙逐个进行冷热测E．查看患牙有无松动参考答案：D32.患者男性，27岁，具有剧烈自发性搏动性牙痛，遇冷影响可暂时缓解临床确诊或许是A．急性牙髓炎浆液期B．牙髓坏死C．急性冠周炎D．急性牙髓炎化脓期E．急性根尖周脓肿参考答案：D33.患者女人，48岁．主诉刷牙出血1个月余，并有口臭，口腔查看见尖牙唇侧和侧切牙舌侧牙石多，牙龈充血，水肿，轻探易出血，下前牙摆放拥堵查看成果：①龈沟底附着在釉牙实质冠方；②牙周袋深度3.5mm；③X线示牙槽骨吸收；④患牙对冷热测反响相同；⑤患牙无松动，拟诊为A．单纯性牙周炎B．复合性牙周炎C．缓慢龈炎D．肥壮性龈炎E．快速进展性牙周炎参考答案：A34.患者男性，27岁，具有剧烈自发性搏动性牙痛，遇冷影响可暂时缓解此刻何种应急处理能最大极限地缓解痛苦A．黏膜切开引流B．开髓引流C．根管引流D．切开骨膜引流E．面部冷敷，服用四环素类抗生素参考答案：B35.患者女人，48岁．主诉刷牙出血1个月余，并有口臭，口腔查看见尖牙唇侧和侧切牙舌侧牙石多，牙龈充血，水肿，轻探易出血，下前牙摆放拥堵医治计划中，哪项不当A．口腔卫生宣教B．全口超声洁治术C．部分以3%过氧化氢溶液冲刷牙周D．予含漱液以改进口腔部分环境E．牙髓医治参考答案：E36.患者男性，27岁，具有剧烈自发性搏动性牙痛，遇冷影响可暂时缓解临床查看时最有或许伴有哪项阳性体征A．叩痛B．温度影响痛C．X线查看见根尖周有圆形或椭圆形鸿沟明晰的透射区D．牙齿松动E．牙齿变色参考答案：B37.患者女人，48岁．主诉刷牙出血1个月余，并有口臭，口腔查看见尖牙唇侧和侧切牙舌侧牙石多，牙龈充血，水肿，轻探易出血，下前牙摆放拥堵若确诊为牙龈炎，则不会呈现前述查看成果中的哪些A．②+③B．①+⑤C．②+④D．①+③+⑤E．③+⑤参考答案：A38.患者张某，因患有大骨节病来某医院诊治。
上海交通大学考博英语真题及答案Part II vocabularysection A31.There was no_____but to close the road until February.A.dilemmaB.denyingC.alternativeD.doubt32.I______when I heard that my grandfather had died.A.fell apartB.fell awayC.fell outD.fall back33.I’m_____passing a new law that helps poor children get better medicine.A.taking advantage ofB.standing up forC.looking up toD.taking hold of34.In front of the platform,the students were talking with the professor over the quizzes oftheir_____subjects.pulsorypulsiveC.alternativeD.predominant35.The tutor tells the undergraduates that one can acquire____in a foreign language through morepractice.A.proficiencyB.efficiencyC.efficacyD.frequency36.The teacher explained the new lesson_____to the students.A.at randomB.at a lossC.at lengthD.at hand37.I shall ___the loss of my reading-glasses in newspaper with a reward for the finder. A.advertisermC.announceD.publish38.The poor nutrition in the early stages of infancy can ___adult growth. A.degenerateB.deteriorateC.boostD.retard39.She had a terrible accident,but___she was’t killed.A.at all eventsB.in the long runC.at largeD.in vain40.His weak chest___him to winter illness .A.predictsB.preoccupiesC.prevailsD.predisposesSection B41.The company was losing money,so they had to lay off some of its employees for three months.A.oweB.dismissC.recruitD.summon42.The north American states agrreed to sign the agreement of economical and military union inOttawa.A.conventionB.convictionC.contradictionD.confrontation43 The statue would be perfect but for a few small defects in its base.A.faultsB.weaknessesC.flawsD.errors44.When he finally emerged from the cave after thirty days.John was startlingly pale. A.amazinglyB.astonishinglyC.uniquelyD.dramatically45.If you want to set up a company,you must comply with the regulations laid down by theauthorities.A.abide byB.work outC.check outD.succumb to46.The school master applauded the girl’s bravery in his opening speech.A.praiseB.appraisedC.cheeredD.clapped47.The local government leaders are making every effort to tackle the problem of poverty.A.abolishB.addressC.extinguishD.encounter48.This report would be intelligible only to an expert in computing.A.intelligentprehensivepetentprehensible49.Reading a book and listening to music simultaneously seems to be mo problem for them.A.intermittentlyB.constantlyC.concurrentlyD.continuously50.He was given a laptop computer in acknowledgement of his work for the company.A.accomplishmentB.recognitionC.apprehensionmitmentPart III CloseIn Mr.Allen’s high school class,all students have to “get married”.However,the wedding ceremonies are not real ones but 51 .These mock ceremonies sometimes become so 52 that the loud laughter drowns out the voive of the “minister”.Even the two students getting married often begin to giggle.The teacher Mr. Allen,believes that marriage is a difficult and serious business.He wants young people to understand that there are many changes that 53 take place after marriage.He believes that the need for these psychological and financial 54 should be understood before people marry.Mr.Allen does’t only introduce his students to major problems 55 in marriage such as illness or unemployment.He also expose them to nitty-gritty problems they will face every day.He wants to introduce young people to all the trials and 56 that can strain a marriage to the breaking point .He even 57 his students with the problems of divorced men must pay child support money for their wives.It has been upsetting for some of the students to see the problems that a married couple often faces. 58 they took the course,they had not worried much about the problems of marriage.However,both students and parents feel that Mr.Allen’s course is valuable and have 59 the course publicly.There statements and letters supporting the class have, 60 the school to offer the course again,51. A.duplications B.imitations C.assumption D.fantasies52. A.noisy B.artificial C.graceful D.real53. A.might B.would C.must D.need54. A.issues B.adjustments C.matters D.expectancies55. A.to face B.facing C.having faced D.faced56. A.tribulations B.errors C.triumphs D.verdicts57. rms B.concerns C. triumphs D.associates58. A.Until B.Before C.After D.As.59. A.taken B.suggested C.endorsed D.reproched60. A.confined B.convinced promised D.conceivedpassage oneWhy do people always want to get up and dance when they hear music? The usual explanation is that there is something embeded in every culture-----that dancing is a “cul tural universal”. A researcher in Manchester thingks the impulse may be more deeply rooted than that.He says it may be a reflex reaction.Neil Todd,a psychologist at the University of Manchester. told the BA that he first got an inkling that biology was the key after watching people dance to deafeningly loud music.“There is a compulsion about it.”he says.He reckoned there might be a more direct,biological,explanation for the disre to dance,so he started to look at the inner ear.The human ear has two main functions:hearing and maintaining balance.The standard view is that these tasks are segregated so that organs for balance,for insance,do not have an acoustic function.But Todd says animal studies have shown that the sacculus,which is part of the balance---regulating vestibular system,has retain some sensitivity to sound.The sacculus is especially sensitive to extremely loud noise,above 70 decibel.“There’s no question that in a contemporary dance environment,the sacculus will be stimulated.”says Todd.The av erage rave,he says,blares music at a painful 110 to 140 decibels.But no one really knows what an acoustically stimulated sacculus does.Todd speculates that listening to ex tremely loud music is a form of “vestibular self-stimulation”:it gives a he ightened sensation of motion. “We don’t know exactly why it causes pleasure.”he says.”But we know that people go to extraordinary length to get it.”He list bungee jumping,playing on swings or even rocking to and fro in a rocking chair as other example of pursuits designed to stimulate the sacculus.The same pulsing that makes us feel as though we are moving may make us get up and dances as well,says Todd.Loud music sends signals to the inner ear which may prompt reflex movement. “The typical pulse rate of dance musi c is around the rate of locomo tion.”he says,“It’s quite possible you’re triggering a spinal reflex.”61.The passage begins with______A. a new explanation of musicB. a cultural universal questionedC. a common psychological abnormalityD. a deep insight into human physical movenents62.What intrigued Todd was ______A.human instinct reflexesB.people’s biological heritagesC.people’s compulsion about loud musicD.the damages loud music wrecks on human hearing63.Todd’s biological e xplanation for the desire to dance refers to_____A.the mechanism of hearing soundsB.the response evoked from the sacculusC.the two main functions performed by the human earD.the segregation of the hearing and balance maintaining function64.When the sacculus is acoustically stimulated,according to Todd_____A.functional balance will be maintained in the earB.pleasure will be arousedC.decibel will shoot upD.hearing will occur65.What is the passage mainly about?A.The human ear does more than hearing than expcted.B.Dancing is capable of heighten the sensation of hearingC.Loud music stimulates the inner ear and generates the urge to danceD.The human inner ear does more to help hear than to help maintain balance.passage 2Have you switch off your compter? How about your television? Your video? Your CD player? And even your coffee percolator? Really switched them off,not just pressed the button on some conrtol panel and left your machine with a telltale bright red light warning you that it is ready to jump back to life at your command?Because if you haven’t,you are one of the guilty people who help pollute the planet.It does’t matter if you’ve joined the neighborhood recycling scheme,conscientiously sorted your garbage and avoided driving to work.You still can’t sleep easy while just one of those little red lights is glowing in the dark.The awful truth is that household and office electrical appliances left on stand-by mode are gobbling up energy,even though they are doing absolutely nothing.Some electronic products-----such as CD players----can use almost as much energy on stand-by as they do when running.Others may use a lot less,but as your video player spend far more hours on stand-by than playing anything,the wastage soon adds up.In the US.alone,idle electronic devices consume enough energy to power cities with the energy needs of Chicago or London----costing consumers around ＄1 billion a year.Power stations fill the atmosphere with carbon dioxide just to do absolutely nothing.Thoughtless design is partly responseble for the waste.But manufactures only get away with desinging products that waste energy this way because consumers are not sensitive enough to the issue,indeed,while recycling has caught the public imagination ,reducing waste has attracted much less attention.But “source reduction”,as the garbage experts like to call the art of not using what you don’t need to use,offers enormous potential for reducing waste of all kinds.With a little intelligent shopping,you can cut waste long before you reach the end of the chain.Packaging remains the big villain.One of the hidden consequences of buying products grown or made all around the world,rather than produced locally,is the huge amount of packaging.To help cut the waste and encourage intelligent manufacturers the simplest trick is to look for ultra-light package.The same arguments apply to the very light but strong plastic bottles that are replacing heavier glass alternatives,thin-walled aluminum cans,and cartons made of composites that wrap up anything drinkable in an ultra-light package.There are hundreds of other tricks you can discuss with colleagues while gathering around the proverbial water cooler—filling up,naturally,your own mug rather than a disposable plastic cup.But you don’t need to go as far as one website which tells you how to give your friends unwrapped Christmas presents.There are limits to source correctness.66. Fron the first two paragraphs,the author implies that______A.hitch has made life easy everywhereB.nobody seems to be innocent in polluting the planetC.recycling can potentially control environmental deteriorationD.everybody is joining the global battle against pollution in one way or another67.The waste caused by household and office electrical appliances on stand-by mode seemsto_____A.be a long-standing indoor problemB.cause nothing but troubleC.get exaggeratedD.go unnoticed68.By idle electronic devices,the author means those appliances_____A.left on stand-by modeB.filling the atmosphere with carbon dioxideed by those who are mot energy-conscioused by those whose words spesk louder than actions69.Ultra-light packaging______A.is expected to reduce American waste bu one-thirdB.is an illustration of what is called “source reduction”C.can make both manufacturers and consumers intelligentD.is a villain of what the garnage experts call “source reduction”70.The conclusion the author is trying to draw is that______A.one person cannot win the battle against pollutionB.anybody can pick up tricks of environmental protection on the webC.noybody can be absolutely right in all the tricks of environmental protectionD.anybody can present or learn a trick of cutting down what is not neededpassage 3You can have too much of a good thing,it seems---at least when it comes to physiotherapy after a stroke. Many doctors believe that it is the key to recovery:exetcising a partially paralyzed limb can help the brain “rewire”itself and replace neural co nnections destroyed by a clot in the brain.But the latest animal experiments suggest that too much exercise too soon after a brain injury can make the damage worse. “It’s something that clinicians are not aware of,”says Timothy Schallert of the University at Austin,who led the research.In some trials,stroke victims asked to put their good arm in a sling---to force them to use their partially paralyzed limb---had made much better recoveries than those who used their good arm. But these patients were treated many months after their strokes.Earlier intervention,Schallert reasoned,should lead to even more dramatic improvements.To test this theory,Schallert and his colleagues placed tiny casts on the good forelimbs of rats for two weeks immediately after they were given a small brain injury that partially paralyzed one forelimb.Several weeks later, the researchers were astonished to find that brain tissue surruouding the original injury had also died. “The size of the injury doubled. It’s very dramatic effect.”says Schallert.Brain-injured rats that were not forced to overuse their partially paralyzed limbs showed no similar damage,and the casts did not cause a dramatic loss of brain tissue in animals that had not already suffered minor brain damage.In subsequent experiments,the researchers have found that the critical period for exercise-induced damage in rats is the first week after the initial brain injury.The spreading brain damage witnessed by Schaller’s team was probably caused by the releaseof glutamate,a neurotransmitter,from brain cells stimulated during limb movement.At high doses,glutamate is toxic even to healthy nerve cells.And Schallert believes that a brain injury makes neighboring cells unusually susceptible to the neurotransmitter’s toxic effects.Randolph Nudo of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston,who studies brain injury in primates,agrees that glutamate is the most likely culprit.In experiments with squirrel monkeys suffering from stroke-like damage,Nudo tried beginning rehabilitation within five days of injury.Although the treatment was bebeficial in the long run,Nudo noticed an initial worsening of the paralysis that might also have been due to brain damage brought on by exercise.Schallert stresses that mild exercise is likely to be beneficial however soon it begins.He adds that it is unclear whether human victims of strokes,like brain -injured rats,could make their problems worse by exercising too vigorously,too soon.Some clinics do encourage patients to begin physiotherapy within a few weeks of suffering a traumatic head injury or stroke,says David Hovda,director of brain injury research at the University of California,Los Angeles.But even if humans do have a similar period of vulnerability to rat,he speculates that it might be possible to use drugs to block the effects of glutamate.71. Schallert issued a warning to those who____A.believe in the possibility of rewiring the brainB.are ignorant of physiotherapy in the clinicC.add exercise to partially paralyzed limbsD.are on the verge of a stroke72.Which of the following is Schallert’s hypothesis for his investigation.?A.Earlier intervention should lead to even more dramatic improvements.B.The critical period for braim damage is one week after injury.C.A partially paralyzed limb can cause brain damagesD.Physiotherapy is the key to brain recovery.73.The results from Schallert’s rese arch____A.reinforced the singificance of physiotherapy after a strokeB.indicated the fault with his experiment designC.turned out the oppsiteD.verified his hypothesis74.The results made Schallert’s team aware of the fact that____A.glutamate can have toxic efforts on healthy nerve cellsB.exercise can boost the release of glutamateC.glutamate is a neurotransmitterD. all of the above75.Schallert would probably advise clinicians____A.to administer drugs to blick the effects of glutamateB.to be watchful of the amount of exercise for stroke victimsC.to prescribe vigorous exercise to stroke vivtims one week after injuryD.to reconsider the significance of phusiotherapy to brain damagePssage FourOur understanding of cities in anything more than casual terms usually starts with observationsof their spatial form and structure at some point or cross-section in time.This is easiest way to begin,for it is hard to assemble data on how cities change through time,and, in any case,our perceptions often betray us into thinking of spatial structures as being resilient and long lasting.Even where physical change is very rapid,this only has an impact on us when we visit such places infrequent －ly ,after years away. Most of our urban theory,whether it emanates from the social sciences or engineering,is structured around the notion that spatial and spatial and social structures change slowly,and are sufficiently inert for us to infer reasonable explanations from cross-sectional studies.In recent years,these assumptions have come to be challenged,and in previous editorials I have argued the need for a more temporal emphasis to our theories and models,where the emphasis is no longer on equilibrium but on the intrinsic dynamics of urban change.Even these views,however,imply a conventional wisdom where the real focus of urban studies is on processes that lead to comparatively slow changes in urban organization,where the functions determining such change are very largely routine,accomplished over months or years,rather than any lesser cycle of time.There is a tacit assumption that longer term change subsumes routine change on a day-to-day or hour-basis,which is seen as simply supporting the fixed spatial infrastructures that we perceive cities to be built around .Transportation modeling,for example,is fashioned from thes standpoint in that routine trip-making behavior is the focus of study,its explanation being central to the notion that apatial structures are inert and long lasting.76.We ,according to the passage,tend to observe citiesA.chronologicallyB.longitudinallyC.sporadicallyD.horizontally77.we think about a city as____A.a spatial eventB.a symbolica worldC.a social environmentD.an intertelated system78.Cross-sectional studies show that cities ____A.are structured in three dimensiosB.are transformed rapidly in any aspectC.are resilient and long lasting rhrougy timeD.change slowly in spatial and social structrues79.The author is drawing our attention to ____A.the equilibrium of urban spatial structuresB.the intrinsic dynamics of urban changeC.the fixed spatial infrastructureD.all of the above80.The conventional notion,the aurhor contends,____A.presents the inherent nature of a cityB.underlies the fixed spatial infrastructuresC.places an emphasis on lesser cycles of timeD.hinders the physical change of urban structurePassane fiveWhen it is sunny in June,my father gets in his first cutting of hay.He starts on the creek meadows,which are flat,sandy,and hot.They are his driest land.This year,vacationing from my medical practice,I returned to Vermont to help with the haying.The heft of a bale through my leather gloves is familiar:the tautness of the twine,the heave ofthe bale,the sweat rivers that run through the hay chaff on my arms.This work has the smell of sweet grass and breeze.I walk behind the chug and clack of the baler,moving the bales into piles so my brother can do the real work of picking them up later.As hot as the air is,my face is hotter.I am surprised at how soon I get tired.I take a break and sit in the shade,watching my father bale,trying not to think about how old he is,how the heat affects his heart,what might happen.This is not my usual work,of course.My usual work is to sit with patients and listen to them.Occasionslly I touch them,and am glad that my hands are soft.I don’t think my patients would like farmer callouses and dirty hands on their tender spots.Reluctantly I feel for lumps in breasts and testicles,hidden swellings of organs and joints,and probe all the painful places in my patients’lives.There are many,Perhaps I am too soft,could stand callouses of a different sort.I feel heavy after a day’s work ,as if my pat ients were inside me,letting me carry them.I don’t mean to.But where do I put their stories? The childhood beatings,ulcers from stress, incapacitating depression,fears,illness? These are not my experiences,yet I feel them and carry them with me.Try to find healthier meanings,I spent the week before vacation crying.The hay field is getting organized.Piles of three and four bales are scattered around the field.They will be easy to pick up.Dad climbs,tired and lame,from the tractor.I hand him a jar of ice w ater,and he looks with satisfaction on his job just done.I’ll stack a few more bales snd maybe drive the truck for my brother.My father will have some appreciative customers this winter,as he sells his bales of hay.I’ve needed to feel this heaviness in my muscles,the heat on my face.I am taunted by the simplicity of this work,the purpose and results,the definite boundaries of the fields,the dimensions of the bales,for illness is not defined by the boundaries of bodies;it spills into families ,homes, schools,and my office,like hay tumbling over the edge of the cutter bar.I feel the rough stubble left in its wake.I need to remember the stories I’ve helped reshape,new meanings stacked against the despair of pain,I need to remember the smell of hay in June.81.Which of the following is NOT true according to the story?A.The muscular work in the field has an emotional impact on the narrator.B.The narrator gets tired easily working in the field.C.It is the first time for the narroator to do hayingD.The narrator is as physician82.In retrospection ,the narrator___A.feels guilty before his father and brotherB.defends his soft hands in a meaningful wayC.hates losing his muscular power before he knows itD.is shamed for the farmer callouses he does not possess83.As a physician,the narrator is ___A.empathicB.arrogantC.callousD.fragile84.His associations punctuate_____A.the similarities between medicine and agricultureB.the simplicity of muscular workC.the hardship of life everywhereD.the nature of medical practice85.The narrator would say that____A.it can do physicians good to spend a vacation doing muscular workB.everything is interlinked and anything can be anythingC.he is a shame to his fatherD.his trip is worth itPassage SixEveryone has seen it happen,A colleague who has been excited,involved,and productive slowly begins to pull back,lose energy and interest,and becomes a shadow or his or her former self.Or,a person who has been a beacon of vision and idealism retreats into despair or cynicism.What happened? How does someone who is capable and committed become a person who functions minimally and does not seem to care for the job or the people that work there?Burnout is a chronic state of depleted energy ,lack of commitment and involvement,and continual frustration,often accompanied at work by physical symptoms,disability claims and performance problem.Job burnout is a crisis of spirit,when work that was once exciting and meaningful becomes deadening. An organization’s mo st valuable resource---the energy ,dedication,and creativity of its employees---is often squandered by a climate that limits or frustrates the pool of talent and energy available.Milder forms of burnout are a problem at every level in every type of work.The burned-out manager comes to work,but he brings a shell rather than a person.He experiences little satisfaction,and feels uninvolved,detached,and uncommitted to his work and co-workers.While he may be effective by external standards,he works far below his own level of productivity. The people around him are deeply affected by his attitude and energy level,and the whole community begins to suffer.Burnout is a crisis of the spirit because people who burn out were once on fire.It’s especially scary …………….some of the most talented .If they can’t maintain their fire,others ask who can? Are these people lost forever,or can the inner flame be rekindled? People often feel that burnout just comes upon them and that they are helpless victims of it. Actually,the evidence is growing that there were ways for individuals to safeguard and renew their spirit,snd more important,there are ways for organizations to change conditions that lead to burnout.86.The passage begins with____A.a personal transitionB.a contrast between two types of peopleC.a shift from conformity to individualityD.a mysterious physical and mental state87.Which of the following is related with the crisis of spirit?A.Emotional exhaustionB.DepersonalizationC.Reduced personal accomplishmentD.All of the above88.Job burnout is a crisis of spirit,which will result in ___A.a personal problemB.diminished productivityC.an economic crisis in a countryD.a failure to establish a pool of talent and energy89.Burnout can be ___A.fatalB.staticC.infectiousD.permanent90.Those who are burned-out,according to the passage,are potentially able___A.to find a quick fixB.to restore what they have lostC.to be aware of their status quoD.to challenge their organization A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D.。
上海交通大学考博英语模拟试卷5(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Cloze 4. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Although it is only a small business,its____is surprisingly high.A．turn-upB．turn-overC．turn-aboutD．turn-out正确答案：B解析：各项的意思是：turn-up“开大(声音)；出现”；turn-over“营业额”；turn—about“反复思考；向后转”；turn-out“生产，制造”。
2．Unfortunately not all of us obtain our just____in this life.A．demandsB．gainsC．desertsD．wins正确答案：C解析：各项的意思是：demand“要求，所要求的事物”；in great demand“需求量很大”；gain“盈利，获利”；deserts“应得的赏罚，功劳”；win“(体育比赛中)胜利”。
3．That contract, with which we had a disagreement last month,has now gone____.A．throughB．downC．overD．around正确答案：B解析：各项的意思是：go through“检查，穿过，通过”；go down“降低，被接受，得到赞同”；go over“留下印象，搁置起来”；go around“参观；到处走动”。
4．The____of two houses proved such a financial burden that they were forced to sell one.A．upsurgeC．upturnD．upkeep正确答案：D解析：各项的意思是：upsurge“急剧增长，激发，突发”；upshot“结局，终点”；upturn“上升，好转”；upkeep“维修(费)，保养费，生活费”。
上海交大生物化学历年考博试题内部编号：（YUUT-TBBY-MMUT-URRUY-UOOY-DBUYI-0128）2010年上海交通大学医学博士入学试题一、名词解释（每题3分，共24分）RNA3.乙酰辅酶A羧化酶4.混合功能氧化酶5.不对称转录6.反应元件7.凝血酶原激活物8.活性维生素D3二、简答题（每题6分，共24分）1.何谓Anfisen定律，简述Anfisen定律。
2.体内胆固醇的转化。
3.简述PCR实验的原理。
4.简述经cAMP介导的生物学效应的机制。
三、问答题（每题13分，共52分）族维生素多为酶的辅助因子，请写出四种在糖代谢中作为酶的辅助因子的B族维生素，它们的活性形式及所参与的化学反应（用文字式表达）。
2.临床上肝昏迷的患者通常伴有血氨升高，试从蛋白质与氨基酸代谢的角度探讨降低肝昏迷患者其增高的血氨的措施和生化原理。
3.试述干扰素抗病毒的机制。
4.因肝功能障碍引起脂类代谢异常的患者其临床和生化检验指标上会出现哪些改变，请简述其中的生化机制。
2012年上海交通大学生物化学真题（绝对考场记录版绝非网络copy 附英文名词解释中文名称）希望版主加分一、名词解释1. 二硫键2. exon and intron (外显子和内含子)3. acetyl CoA carboxylase (乙酰辅酶A羧化酶)4. 氨基甲酰磷酸5. recombination repairing (重组修复)6. 1,25-(OH)2-D3?1,25二羟维生素D37. 分解代谢物激活蛋白9. 2,3-二磷酸甘油酸支路10.鹅脱氧胆酸和牛黄石胆酸二、简答题1. 蛋白质的别构作用？并举例？2. NADH+H+?和NADPH+H+去路？3. 原核生物转录终止途径？4. cAMP在细菌和鼠肝细胞中的作用及其机制？5. 甲状腺激素合成步骤？三、论述题1. 5-氟尿嘧啶和甲氨蝶呤抑制肿瘤的机制？2. 丙酮酸的去路及反应？3. mRNA在大肠杆菌和小鼠肝细胞中的异同点？4. 黄疸的定义及发生黄疸时血尿胆红素、尿胆原及粪胆原的变化？2011年上海交通大学内分泌考博一、名词解释（3×10）1.混合功能氧化酶2.谷氨酰胺4.不对称转录5.氨基酰-tRNA合成酶6.乳糖操纵子7.三聚体GTP-结合蛋白8.甲状腺球蛋白9.抗凝血酶Ⅲ10.生物转化二、问答题70分1.何谓酶的竞争性抑制作用，试举两个有关酶的竞争性抑制作用在医学上应用的例子并阐述其作用机制。
2013年上海交大考博病理学试题一、名词解释（12x2.5）1、pathological calcification（英文）2、肺褐色硬化3、感染性肉芽肿4、SLE5、种植性转移6、infective endocarditis7、Barrett 食管8、Hodgkins lypmhoma9、粉刺癌10、非胰岛性依赖性糖尿病11、Alzheimer disease12、骨肉瘤二、填空题（0.5x20）1.人体病理学常用的病理学诊断方法包括活检（）（）2.常见于肝细胞的变性包括水变性（）（）3.DIC的病理特点是（）血管内形成的（）4.Burkitt淋巴瘤是淋巴滤泡生发中心来源的（）肿瘤，发病与（）感染有关5.慢性子宫颈炎的临床病理类型包括宫颈糜烂、（）（）6.毒性甲状腺肿镜下病理特点是：1淋巴滤泡增生呈高柱状 2滤泡内胶质（） 3 间质血管充血，（）增生7.神经胶质瘤中神经上皮细胞肿瘤主要包括（）（）室管膜瘤、髓母细胞瘤。
8.急性细菌性痢疾的病变特点为发生于（）的（）炎9.阿米巴病的肠道肉眼病变特点为形成（），病变部位镜下可找到阿米巴（）10.血吸虫干线性肝硬化，镜下门管区可见大量（）周围（）增生。
三、简答题1.简述干细胞的概念，主要类型及其在再生修复中的主要作用。
2.简述急性炎症局部的基本改变及其发生的主要机制3.简述肺气肿的原因、病变特点及其引起肺源性心脏病的主要机制4.简述肾病综合征的主要临床表现及其内在联系，列出通常引起肾病综合征的肾病。
四、论述题1.论述适应主要类型的概念、分类和临床意义。
2.论述肿瘤血管新生及其发生机制和对肿瘤生长的影响，如何通过抗血管生成，抑制肿瘤生长或靶向治疗。
3.论述心肌梗死的概念、原因、类型、后期的病例特点，列举合并症4.论述乙型病毒肝炎、门脉性肝硬化、肝细胞性肝癌的病变特点，这三种疾病的发生发展机制5.男性患者，21岁，发热盗汗、咳嗽、咳痰一年余。
影像学检查示5CM的结节状病灶，边缘模糊不清，中央有空洞形成。
武汉大学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题Part ⅠReading Comprehension (30%)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:All types of stress study, whether under laboratory or real-life situations, study mechanisms for increasing the arousal level of the brain.The brain blood flow studies show that reciting the days of the week and months of the year increases blood flow in appropriate areas, whereas problem solving which demands intense concentration of a reasoning type produces much larger changes in the distribution of blood in the brain.Between these basic studies of brain function and real life situations there is still a considerable gap, but reasonable deduction seems possible to try and understand what happens to the brain. Life consists of a series of events which may be related to work or to our so-called leisure time. Work may be relatively automatic—as with typing, for instance, it requires intense concentration and repetition during the learning phase to establish a pattern in the brain. Then the typist's fingers automatically move to hit the appropriate keys as she reads the words on the copy. ？However, when she gets tired she makes mistakes much more frequently. To overcome this she has to raise her level of arousal and concentration but beyond a certain point the automatic is lost and thinking about hitting the keys leads to more mistakes.Other jobs involve intense concentration such as holding bottles of wine up to a strong light and turning them upside down to look for particles of dirt falling down. This sounds quite easy but experience teaches that workers can do this for only about thirty minutes before they start making a mistake. This is partly because the number of occasions with dirt in the bottle is low and the arousal level, therefore, fails. Scientists have shown that devices to raise arousal level will increase the accuracy of looking for relatively rare events. A recent study of the effect of loss of sleep in young doctors showed that in tests involving a challenge to their medical judgment when short of sleep they raised their arousal level and became better at tests of grammatical reasoning as well.1. According to the brain blood flow studies, problem solving ________.A. increases blood flow in some areas of the brainB. causes changes in the distribution of blood in the brainC. demands intense concentration of blood in certain areasD. is based on the ability to recite the time2. The author believes that ________.A. the results obtained in the laboratory exactly reflects the real-life situationsB. the gap between the laboratory studies and real-life situations is too large to fill upC. the gap between the laboratory studies and real-life situations can be closed by proper reasoningD. the difference between the laboratory studies and real-life situations will be reduced3. When a typist gets tired, ________.A. she has to try hard to raise her automaticB. she can type only automaticallyC. she cannot think about what she is doing.D. she can seldom type automatically4. Examining bottles of wine is hard work because ________.A. the bottles must be held upside downB. it is difficult to see the particles of dirt？C. it requires high level of automaticD. most bottles are all right5. According to the author, a key factor in the ability to reason is ________. ？？？？？？A. the subject's knowledge of grammarB. the amount of sleep the subject has hadC. the level of arousal of the subjectD. the extent to which the subject has been taught to reasonQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or “bids”, for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures, and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “knocking down” the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum. ？The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin auctio, meaning “increase”. The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called sub basra, meaning “under the spear”, a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries goods were often sold “by the candle”: a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight.Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The auction rooms at Christie's and Sotheby's in London and New York are world famous.An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold？together, called a “lot”, is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot 1 and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer's services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price tha goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.The auctioneer must know fairly accurately the current market values of the goods he is selling, and he should be acquainted with regular buyers of such goods. He will not waste time by starting the bidding too low. He will also play on the rivalries among his buyers and succeed in getting a hight price by encouraging two business competitors to bid against each other. It is largely on his advice that a seller will fix a “reserve” price, that is ,a price below which the goods cannot be sold. Even the best auctioneers, however, find it difficult to stop a “knock out”, whereby dealers illegally arrange beforehand not to bid against each other, but nominate one of themselves as theonly bidder, in the hope of buying goods at extremely low prices. If such a “knock-out” comes off ,the real auction sale takes place privately afterwards among the dealers.6. A candle used to burn at auction sales ________.A. because they took place at nightB. as a signal for the crowd to gatherC. to keep the auctioneer warmD. to limit the time when offers could be made7. An auction catalogue gives prospective buyers ________.A. the current market values of the goodsB. details of the goods to be soldC. the order in which goods must be soldD. free admission to the auction sale8. The auctioneer may decide to sell the “lots” out of order because ________. ？？A. he sometimes wants to confuse the buyersB. he knows from experience that certain people will want to buy certain itemsC. he wants to keep certain people waitingD. he wants to reduce the number of buyers9. An auctioneer likes to get high prices for the goods he sells because ________.A. then he earns more himselfB. the dealers are pleasedC. the auction-rooms become world famousD. it keeps the customers interested10. A “knock out”？is arranged ________.A. to keep the price in the auction room lowB. to allow one dealer only to make a profitC. to increase the auctioneer's profitD. to help the auctioneerQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:Whenever two or more unusual traits or situations are found in the same place, it is tempting to look for more than a coincidental relationship between them. The high Himalayas and the Tibetan plateau certainly have extraordinary physical characteristics and the cultures which are found there are also unusual, though not unique. However there is no intention of adopting Montesquieu's view of climate and soil as cultural determinants. The ecology of a region merely poses some of the problems faced by the inhabitants of the region, and while the problems facing a culture are important to its development, they do not determine it.？The appearance of the Himalayas during the late Tertiary Period and the accompanying further raising of the previously established rages had a marked effect on the climate of the region. Primarily, of course, it blocked the Indian monsoon (季风) from reaching Central Asia at all. Secondarily, air and moisture from other？？Directions were also reduced.Prior to the raising of the Himalayas, the land now forming the Tibetan uplands had a dry, continental climate with vegetation and animal life similar to that of much of the rest of the region on the same parallel, but somewhat differen than that of the areas farther north, which were already drier. With the coming of the Himalayas and the relatively sudden drying out of the region, there was a severe thinning out of the animal and plant population. The ensuing incompletePleistocene glaciations (冰蚀) had a further thinning effect, but significantly did not wipe out life in the area. Thus after the end of the glaciation there were only a few varieties of life extant from the original continental species. Isolated by the Kunlun range from the Tarim basin and Turfan depression, species which had already adapted to the dry steppe climate, and would otherwise have been expected to flourish in Tibetan, the remaining native fauna and flora (动植物) multiplied. Armand describes the Tibetan fauna as not having great variety, but being “striking” in the abundance of the particular species that are present. The plant life is similarly limited in variety, with some observers finding no more than seventy varieties of plants in even the relatively fertile Eastern Tibetan valleys. with fewer than ten food crops. Tibetan “tea” is a major staple, perhaps replacing the unavailable vegetables.The difficulties of living in an environment at once dry and cold. and populated with species more usually found in more hospitable climates, are great. These difficulties may well have influenced the unusual polyandrous (一妻多夫制) societies typical of the region. Lattimore sees the maintenance of multiple-husband households as being preserved from earlier forms by the harsh conditions of the Tibetan uplands, which permitted no experimentation and “froze” the cultures which came there. Kawakita, on the other hand, sees the polyandry as a way of easily permitting the best householder to become the head husband regardless of age. His detailed studies of the Bhotea village of Tsumje do seem to support this idea of polyandry as a method of talent mobility is a situation where even the best talent is barely enought for survival.In sum, though arguments can be made that a pre-existing polyandrous system was strengthened and preserved (insofar as it has been) by the rigors of the land, it would certainly be an overstatement to lay causative factors of any stronger nature to the ecological influences in this case.11. What are the “unusual traits or situations” referred to in the first sentence?A. Patterns of animal and plant growth.B. Food and food preparation patterns of the upland Tibetans.C. Social and familial organization of typical Tibetan society.D. All of the above.12. The purpose of the passage is to ________.A. analyze the possible causal links between Tibetan ecology and societyB. describe the social organization of typical Tibetan villagesC. describe Tibetan fauna and floraD. analyze the mysteries of the sudden appearance of the Himalayas13. The author 's knowledge of Tibet is probably ________.A. based on firsthand experienceB. the result of lifelong studiesC. derived from books onlyD. limited to geological history14. According to the passage, which of the following would probably be the most agreeable to Montesquieu?A. All regions have different soils and thus, different cultures.B. some regions with similar climates will have similar cultures.C. Cultures in the same area, sharing soil and climate, will be essentially identical.D. The plants of a country, by being the food of its people, cause the people to have similar viewsto one another.15. The species of fauna and flora remaining in Tibet after the Pleistocene glaciation can properly be called continental because they ________.A. are originally found in continental climatesB. are the only life forms in Tibet, which is as big as a continentC. have been found in other parts of the Asian continentD. are found in land mass that used to be a separate continentQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:Opponents of affirmative action say the battle over the use of race in college admissions is hardly over, despite the Supreme Court's ruling Monday upholding the goal of a diverse student body. Higher education leaders overwhelmingly hailed the decision, saying it reaffirmed policies used by most selective colleges and universities. But some critics raised the possibility of more lawsuits, and promised to continue pressuring the Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights to investigate questionable policies.“We're talking about admissions programs, scholarships, any program...only for minorities or in which the standards used to judge admissions are substantially different,” says Linda Chavez, founder and president of the Center for Equal Opportunity, a conservative non-profit group.Others say they'll take their case to voters. “We have to seriously contest all this at the ballot box,” says University of California regent Ward Cannerly, who helped win voter approval of California's Proposition 209, which prohibits considering race or gender in public education, hiring and contracting. Because of that law, Monday's ruling had no practical impact in the state. “It may be time for us to...let the (Michigan) voters decide if they want to use race as a factor in admissions,” Connerly said Monday.Meanwhile, U. S. Education Secretary Rod Paige, consistent with President Bush's stance opposing affirmative action, said the Department of Education will “continue examining and highlighting effective race-neutral approaches to ensure broad access to and diversity within our public institutions”. Even Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O' Connor, in one of the opinions, recommended that states look for lessons in race-neutral programs being tried in California and elsewhere. While the ruling said admissions officials may consider race in the selection process, colleges and universities are not obligated to do so. “Ultimately in the debate, diversity is a choice, not a legal mandate,” says Arthur Coleman, a former Department of Education official who now helps colleges and universities ensure constitutional policies.The public, too, remains conflicted, largely along racial lines. According to a january poll by the non-profit research organization Public Agenda, 79% of Americans said it is important for colleges to have a racially diverse student body, while just 54% said affirmative action programs should continue. In a Gallup poll conducted days before the ruling, 49% of adults said they favor affirmative action and 43% did not, with blacks and Hispanics far more likely to favor the practice than whites. And some educators doubt that with Monday's ruling, those opposing affirmative action will change their minds.For now, admissions officials and university lawyers are poring over the ruling to determine how or whether to adjust policies. While most tend to be closed-mouthed about admissions policies, many say they don't expect significant changes.16. What the critics said in the first paragraph amounts to the idea that ________.A. no admission policies based on race should be implemented.B. minority applicants should be given favorable considerations.C. different standards for admitting minority students should be set up.D. selective colleges and universities should be punished for their discriminatory policies.17. Connerly insists that the Court's ruling should ________.A. win approval from Californian voters before it is put in effectB. be contested by the Michigan voters with an opinion pollC. be applied in some states before it is extended to other statesD. produce the intended practical effect before it is widely accepted18. What is the attitude of the Department of Education towards affirmative action?A. NeutralityB. ObjectionC. ApprovalD. Indifference19. Which of the following is True about affirmative action according to the text?A. A vast majority of people support it.？B. The minorities claim it to be a discriminatory policy.C. The minority students are more likely to welcome it.D. the Court's decision will certainly change people's attitude to it.20. It can be inferred from the text that one of the major objectives of affirmative action is to ________.A. ensure race-neutral programs are set up in college and universitiesB. adapt the Supreme Court's ruling to college situationsC. formulate the right policies for college admissionsD. discourage the practice of racial discrimination in college admissionsPart ⅡEnglish-Chinese Translation (25%)？Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.Computers are permeating almost every aspect of our lives, including many areas previously untouched by technology. 1. But unlike such other pervasive technologies as electricity, television and the motor car, computers are on the whole less reliable and less predictable in their behavior. This is because they are discrete state digital electronic devices that are prone to total and catastrophic failure. Computer systems, when they are “down,” are completely down, unlike electromechanical devices, which may be only partially down and are thus partially usable. Computers enable enormous quantities of information to be stored, retrieved, and transmitted at great speed on a scale not possible before. 2. This is all very well, but it has serious implications for data security and personal privacy because computers are inherently insecure. The recent activities of hackers and data thieves in the United States, Germany, and Britain have shown how all-too-easy it still is to break into even the most-sophisticated financial and military systems. The list of scares perpetrated by the new breed of hi-tech criminals, ranging from fraud in airline-ticket reservations to the reprogramming of the chips inside mobile phones, is growing daily. Computer systems are often incredibly complex-so complex, in fact, that they are not always understood even by their creators (although few are willing to admit it). This often makes them completely unmanageable. Unmanageable complexity, can result in massive foul-ups or spectacular budget “runaways.” For example, Jeffrey Rothfeder in Business Week reports thatBank of America in 1988 had to abandon a $ 20-million computer system after spending five years and a further $ 60 million trying to make it work. Allstate Insurance saw the cost of its new system rise from $ 8 million to a staggering $ 100 million and estimated completion was delayed from 1987 to 1903. Moreover, the problem seems to be getting worse: in 1988 the American Arbitration. Association took on 190 computer disputes, most of which involved defective systems. The claims totaled 200m i l l i o n—up from only $ 31 million in 1984.3. Complexity can also result in disaster: no computer is 100 percent guaranteed because it is virtually impossible to anticipate all sorts of critical applications, such as saving lives, flying air craft, running nuclear power stations, transferring vast sums of money, and controlling missile systems—sometimes with tragic consequences. For example, between 1982 and 1987, some twenty-two servicemen died in five separate crashes of the United States Air Force's sophisticated Blackhawk helicopter before the problem was traced to its computer-based “fly-by-wire” system. At least two people died after receiving overdoses of radiation emitted by the computerized. There are 25 X-ray machines, and there are many other examples of fatal computer-based foul-ups. Popular areas for less life-threatening computer malfunctions include telephone billing and telephone switching software, bank statements and bank-teller machines, electronic funds-transfer systems, and motor-vehicle license data bases. Although computers have often taken the “blame” on these occasions, the ultimate cause of failure in most cases is, in fact, human error.Every new technology creates new problems—as well as new benefits--for society, and computers are no exception. 4. But digital computers have rendered society especially vulnerable to hardware and software malfunctions. Sometimes industrial robots go crazy, while heart pacemakers and automatic garage door openers are rendered useless by electromagnetic radiation or “electronic smog” emitted from point-of-sale terminals, personal computers, and video games. Automated teller machines (ATMs) and pumps at gas stations are closed down because of unforeseen software snafus.The cost of all this downtime is huge. 5. For example, it has been reported that British businesses suffer around thirty major mishaps a year. revolving losses running into millions of pounds. These are caused by machine or human error and do not include human misuse in the form of fraud and sabotage. The cost of failures in domestically produced software in the United Kingdom alone is conservatively estimated at $ 900 million per year. In 1989, a British Computer Society committee, reported that much software was now so complex that current skills in safety assessment were inadequate and that therefore the safety of people could not be guaranteed.Part Ⅲ？？Chinese-English Translation (25%)？Directions: Translate the following short paragraph into English and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.1. 一位负责扶贫工作的官员说，到２００４年底，尽管大多数贫困人口将解决温饱问题，还将有一些生活极端贫困的人们，他们还需要政府的资助。
上海交通大学2013年口腔医学考博真题
一、简答题（每题4分，共10题，前面5题为英文）
神经嵴成釉器帽状期无细胞牙骨质分泌管桑椹牙
龈沟上皮牙本质龋透明层巨细胞肉芽肿的病理特点萌出囊肿高分化黏液表皮样癌的病理特点
二、问答题
1. 腭部的发育过程，可能出现的异常及其病理特点15分
2.从牙周组织内细胞的功能角度，说出你对牙周炎活动期和静止期病理特点的理解10分
3.五种口腔粘膜癌前病变的病理特点20分
4.血管瘤、血管畸形的分型及其病理特点15分。
上海交通大学考博真题生物化学 2000 一、名词解释限制性内切酶酮体联合脱氢氧化磷酸化增强子蛋白质变性第二信使糖异生二、简答题单核甘酸谷氨酰胺载体蛋白信号肽σ因子辨认转录起始位点加单氧酶三、问答题1. 蛋白质定量测定及原理2. MTX叶酸的作用机理3. 原核真核细胞RNA加工比较4. DNA复制保真机制5. 血红素合成原料，调节过程上海交通大学考博真题生物化学 2002一、名词解释1.糖异生2.呼吸链3.逆转录酶4.酮体5.氨基酸tRNA合成酶6.PCR二、简答1.简述2.6-二磷酸果糖在糖代谢中的调节作用?2.区别甘油三脂脂肪和脂蛋白脂肪酶?3.简述谷氨酰胺的生理作用 ?4.简述加单氧酶系的组成及生理功能?5.维生素K的主要功能?三、问答1.乙酰CoA的来源，去路，并写一个来源代谢过程?2.试述真核生物MRNA转录的加工?3.原核生物，真核生物基因表达调控有何不同?4.肝损伤出现肝肿，凝血障碍，血ALT活性升高，血氨升高，甚至肝昏迷，请解释原因?5.己知目的基因为分隔基因，如何得到该基因指导合成的蛋白质基因工程产物?上海交通大学考博真题生物化学 2003一、名词解释1.蛋白质的变构作用2.多功能酶3.载脂蛋白4.IP35.一碳单位6.切除修复7.反式作用因子8.转座二、简答1.酶原和酶原激活的生理功能?2.谷胱甘肽的生理功能?3.蛋氨酸循环的意义?4.维生素K的功能?5.DNA复制保真性的机制?6.胆固醇可以生物合成哪些物质?7.氨基甲酰磷酸的功能?8.重组DNA的工具酶?9.游离胆红素和结合胆红素的区别?三、问答1.蛋白质的氨基酸序列、核酸的核苷酸序列、以及他们和功能的关系蛋白质氨基酸序列和其高级结构的关系?2.肝脏受到损害以后，可以出现血氨升高引起持昏迷，凝血功能障碍、黄疸，他们的机制?3.为什么细菌在有葡萄糖存在时不能利用乳糖？用乳糖操纵子说明机制?4.基因转录后的加工方式，五种?5.为什么说生命起源于RNA？上海交通大学考博真题生物化学 2004一、名词解释1.亚基2.转氨基作用3.凝血因子4.遗传密码的简并性5.ALA 合成酶6.SH结构域7.Km8.激素敏感脂肪酶二、简答题1. 6－磷酸果糖激酶－1；6－磷酸果糖激酶－22. ApoCⅡ；ApoE3. 游离胆红素；结合胆红素4. ρ因子；σ亚基5. 核酶；限制性内切酶三、简答题1. 试述DNA双螺旋结构模型提出的背景？2. ATP生成有哪几种方式？试述ATP生成的主要过程。
