Lubrication_of_gear_Systems

Product Data Sheet Mobilgear SHC 46MHigh Technology, Ultra High Viscosity,Synthetic Open Gear Oil Product DescriptionMobilgear SHC 46M is a speciality ultra high viscosity lubricant primarily intended for use in heavily loaded, low and medium speed gears where boundary lubrication conditions prevail.Mobilgear SHC 46M is formulated from wax-free synthetic base stocks which have exceptional oxidation and thermal properties and remarkable excellent low-temperature fluidity. The combination of a naturally highviscosity index and a unique additive system enables the product to provide outstanding performance under severe high and low temperature operating conditions. The base stocks have inherently low traction properties which result in low fluid friction in the load zone of non-conforming surfaces such as gears. Reduced fluidfriction produces lower oil operating temperatures and improved gear efficiency.Mobilgear SHC 46M exceeds Falk minimum viscosity requirements for intermittent lubrication of gears.Mobilgear SHC 46M does not contain any solvent.BenefitsMobilgear SHC 46M offers the following benefits:•Extended gear life resulting from outstanding load-carrying, anti-wear and tackiness properties derived from proprietary thick film lubrication•Reduction in pump replacement costs due to their pumpability at ambient temperature•Improved safety gear efficiency and lower operating temperatures arising from low traction properties •Reduced lubricant consumption and disposal costs•Absence of hard-packed deposits and the elimination of the need for gear cleaning with subsequent reduction in downtime and maintenance costs•Improved safety through absence of solvent•Easier distribution/meteringApplicationMobilgear SHC 46M is primarily recommended for open gears where asphaltic, diluent-containing lubricantshave historically been used. Mobilgear SHC 46M is also recommended for the replacement of semi-fluid greases.Mobilgear SHC 46M can be applied with conventional single line or dual line spray systems without costly circulation system modifications. It is pumpable at temperatures as low as +6°C but, at lower temperatures, the product may have to be heated to achieve the proper spray distribution pattern.Health and SafetyBased on available toxicological information, it has been determined that this product poses no significant health risk when used and handled properly.Details on handling, as well as health and safety information, can be found in the Material Safety Data Bulletin which can be obtained through Mobil Oil Company Ltd., by telephoning 01372 22 2000.Typical physical characteristics are given in the table. These are intended as a guide to industry and are not necessarily manufacturing or marketing specifications.Typical CharacteristicsMobilgear SHC 46MTest MethodISO VG-46000Viscosity, cSt at 40ºC ASTM D4*******Viscosity, cSt at 100ºC ASTM D4451250Viscosity Index ASTM D2270210Specific Gravity ASTM D12980.924Flash Point, ºC ASTM D92228Pour Point, ºC ASTM D97+6Rust Protection, Distilled Water ASTM D665PassRust Protection, Synthetic Sea Water ASTM D665PassCopper Corrosion ASTM D1301A/1BTimken OK Load, kg ASTM D250926.7FZG Gear Test, Fail Stage DIN 5135412+4-Ball Wear, Scar mm ASTM D22660.9754-Ball Weld Load, kg ASTM D2596315Colour ASTM D1500 1.5Due to continual product research and development, the information contained herein is subject to change without notice.Mobil Oil Company LimitedActing as Agent for Mobil Lubricants UK LimitedExxonMobil House, Ermyn WayLeatherhead, Surrey, KT22 8UXTelephone: 01372 22 2000。

专利名称：Lubrication System for a Gear Box andAssociated Methods发明人：Michael E. Konruff,Chuong Nguyen,CharlesRichard Russell,Jack Dean Asher,JohnWilliam DeJong, II,Thomas F. Esterle申请号：US14477166申请日：20140904公开号：US20160069446A1公开日：20160310专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：A lubrication system for a gear box has a backing member. The backing memberis configured to allow mounting of a plurality of lubrication components on the backing member. One of the lubrication components comprises a pump configured to pressurize lubricating oil for the lubrication system. The pump has a suction and discharge. The pump suction is removably connectable to the gear box and the pump discharge is removably connectable to piping that is configured to communicate with the gear box. The backing member has a lifting mount arranged along its length and width that corresponds to a center of gravity of the backing member with the lubrication components mounted thereto. The lubrication components are modular and may be replaced and installed as necessary on the backing member. Multiple like lubrication systems may be provided, and removed and installed on the gear box as needed for maintenance.申请人：Baldor Electric Company地址：Fort Smith AR US国籍：US更多信息请下载全文后查看。

游艇专业英语词汇(L2)游艇专业英语词汇(L2)游艇专业英语词汇(L2)人员车辆登陆艇landing craft vehicle personnel (lcvp)降落甲板landing deck搭边landing edge搭接横缘lapped butt研光剂lapping compound拉系环,d型环lashing eye (or d-ring)侧向负荷lateral load下水驳船launching barge下水典礼launching ceremony下水润滑剂launching lubricant (or grease)洗衣机laundry machine搓索法,层lay安放,布置,划线layout下风舵lee helm长度,船长length垂标间距length between perpen- diculars (lbp)锚链长度length of chain cable救生圈life buoy (or ring)吊梁lifting beam轻柴油light diesel oil轻载吃水light draft通水小孔limber碱基氧化钛系焊条lime-titania type electrode极限,限界,限度limit比例限界limit of proportionality[延绳]卷扬机line hauler最大叶厚线line of maximum blade thickness连杆调整装置link adjusting gear液化可燃气liquefied flammable gas (lfg)液化石油气[载运]船liquefied petroleum gas (or lpg) carrier 液冷式引擎liquid cooling engine液体变阻器liquid rheostat负载能量,载重能量load-carrying capacity横肘材(木船) lodging knee静止角(船稳度) loll长焰煤long flame coal纵向肋架longitudinal framing长艉艛long poop罗远站loran station扩音器,扬声器loudspeaker低碳钢low carbon steel低位海水吸入阀low sea suction valve [润]滑油冷却器lubricating oil cooler润滑油污油柜lubricating oil dirty tank载木干舷lumber freeboard灯罩lamp shade绳缚,链缚lash拉系板lashing plate侧向阻力lateral resistance侧稳度lateral stability下水阻速装置launching retarding device泄漏损失leakage loss风压偏航leeway液化可燃气lfg (= liquefied flamma- ble gas) 救生具life preserver艉部浮扬(下水) lift by the stern轻合金船light alloy ship滤光器light filter线性损伤法则linear damage rule线性规划linear programming线电压line voltage液[态]货[物] liquid cargo液体燃料liquid fuel担架litter局部刚性local rigidity放样台lofting platform放样工loft man对数应变logarithmic strain纵向强度longitudinal strength纵向振动longitudinal vibration长周期波long period wave可拆式叶片loose blade可卸附件loose gear下层桥艛lower bridge下桅lower mast舵心材lower stock rudder main piece下帆桁lower yard低热值low heat value低速[率] low speed低温应力消除low temperature stress relieving 润滑装置lubricating gear梯形帆lug sail满载水线lwl (= load water line)纵定倾中心longitudinal meta- center圆材架lumber iron曲折环,迷宫环labyrinth ring灯盖lamp cover承货板land boards岸上试车land trial鱼鳞[搭接]外板lapstrake拉紧柱lashing post侧向压力lateral pressure下水压力launching pressure下水工事launching work铅合金覆皮lead-alloy-sheathing前部气裙(气垫船) leading skirt易熔塞,保险塞lead plug皮管leather hose透镜lens液面控制level control平动旋臂式起重机levelling luffing crane (llc) 救生索发射枪,抛绳枪life line throwing gun 吊重能量,起重能量lifting capacity升力面理论lifting surface theory光束light beam轻填角焊接light fillet weld灯具,照明器具lighting fixture轻构船light scantling vessel限规limit gauge限制环limit (or restrained) packing ring 打印机line printer填板,衬垫,衬套,邮轮,定期船liner抛绳器line throwing appliance线焊接line welding住舱living quarter满载排水量load displacement装载手册loading manual载重[水]线load line载重线勘划load line assignment载重线标志load line mark局部强度local strength机车起重机locomotive crane对数律log law松联结器loose coupling松配合loose fit低合金钢low alloy steel低负载压缩机low-duty gas compressor低速引擎low-speed engine低[电]压low tension润滑器lubricator最低水位lwl (= lowest water level)横肘材( 木船) lodging knee实验室试验laboratory test积层板laminate plate灯[具]库lamp locker登陆,落地,搭边landing机械登陆艇landing craft machanize (lcm)大型辅助浮坞large auxilary floating dry dock (lafdb) 大型有盖驳船large covered lighter拉系钩lashing hook侧缩,横缩lateral contraction车屑lathe dust下水站(救生艇) launching station下水扳机launching trigger (or pawl, or trigger dog) 引入lead-in先开(滑阀),进入,引导超前leading铅丝,保险丝,导线lead wire水线长length on waterline低高潮lhw (= lower high water)升[力]-阻[力]比lift-drag ratio灯浮标light buoy轻连续焊接light continuous welding轻油引擎light oil engine灯号light signal褐煤lignite (or brown coal)寝具储藏室(柜) linen locker填板,衬垫lining piece链环,连杆link唇(安全阀),钻刃,刀口lip液化天燃气[载运]船liquefied natural gas (or lng) carrier 液化丙烷liquefied propane gas (lpg)液态散装货liquid bulk担架稳定索lizard lines活[动]载重,活[动]负荷live load局部应力local stress对数平均温差logarithmic mean temperature difference 计程仪索log line纵梁longitudinal beam纵[向]肋longitudinal frame (or longitudinal)纵接缝longitudinal seam纵向板列longitudinal strake环状分段气罩loop segment skirtloose hardware损失,损耗loss下限lower limit中桅下帆lower topsail低压涡轮机low pressure turbine低压电池系统low voltage battery system 滑油[集油]池lubricating oil sump大滑车组luff tackle梯形帆船lugger梯路ladder way衬套材料lagging material层板laminate panel灯指示器lamp indicator纵接缝land edge (or longitudi- nal) seam 海底泊碇器(钻油台) landing base开口环lap link快干漆laquor子母船,浮货柜船lash (= lighter abroad ship) 水下侧面lateral plane下水计算launching calculation焊脚(填角焊) leg长腿老虎钳leg vice自供空气系统救生艇life boat with a self- contained air support system救生浮具life floats轻货轮light cargo ship (akd)子母船,浮货柜船lighter aboard ship (lash )轻载水线light load water line (or light water line, or light load line,)极限流线limiting streamline开口环lap link低低潮llw (= lower low water)负荷膜片loading diaphram负荷连杆组loading linkage载重线检验load line survey锁紧柄locking bar计程仪,纪录,圆木log对数比例尺logarithmic scale纵肋[结构]船longitudinal framed ship纵定倾中心longitudinal metacentre (or metacenter)长吨(磅) long ton低频疲劳low cycle fatigue[润]滑油过滤器lubricating oil filter圆材架lumber iron流明(烛光单位) lumen轻水式反应器lwr (= light water reactor)曲折填封,迷宫迫紧labyrinth packing浇斗取样分析(炼钢) ladle analysis灯芯剪lamp trimmer's scissors板条lath格子桁lattice girder下水曲线图launching curves铅,测深锤,导程,领先)引线lead导链leading chain铅管凸缘lead pipe flange铅包护皮lead sheath漏汽室(涡轮机) leak chamber下风lee side (or leeward side )可动式车辆甲板liftable (or movable) car deck 举重装置,升降装置lifting gear减轻孔lightening hole轻构船light scantling ship空船排水量light ship displacement轻焊接light welding极限设计limit design推力线line of thrust线图lines连杆轴衬link brass液体压载liquid ballast液胶liquid glue载重线圈load line disc灯具库lamp locker木材散装货兼用船log/bulk carrier木材运输船log carrier纵材longitudinal纵[向]弯曲longitudinal bending纵桁longitudinal girder环流扫气loop scavenging可卸叶片loose propeller (or detachable) blade lower turn of bilge低压柜low pressure tank低温腐蚀low temperature corrosion低温焊接low temperature welding动臂起重机luffing crane行李间luggage (or baggage) room系索lacing wire步兵登陆艇landing craft infantry (lci)坦克登陆艇landing craft tank (lct)侧[向]弯[曲] lateral bending下水收回装置launch and recovery system 下水托架launching poppet配置设计,布置设计layout design隔离病院,艉库lazaret (or lazaretto)铅管lead pipe铅包缆lead sheathed cable漏出leak off杆,杠杆lever起重磁铁lifting magnet轻载船况light condition驳船,平底船lighter线性破坏力学linear fracture mechanics 线速度linear velocity内衬,衬料,加衬,填板lining油毡linoleum液体罗经liquid compass液化石油气liquified petroleum gas (lpg) 载重线证书load line certificate局部控制local control止舵针locking pintle棱块系数longitudinal prismatic coefficient (or pris- matic coefficient)纵向涡longitudinal vortex松套凸缘loose flange罗远,远航仪loran罗远接收机loran receiver低级燃油lower grade fuel oil低压冷却器low pressure cooler[润]滑油泵lubricating oil (or lubricating) pump短角材lug angle (or piece)[装]载木[材]载重线lumber loadline灯塔补给船lighthouse tender轻载light weight (lw)侧内厚板(木船),limber strake限制航线limited service液体liquid负荷伸长[线]图load elongation diagram满载水线load water line (lwl)逻辑分析logical analysis长桥艛long bridge纵[向]舱壁longitudinal bulkhead纵向结构线longitudinal structure line 延绳钓渔船long liner码头工人long shoreman长期预测long term prediction滑动偏心轮loose eccentric低[货]舱lower hold低压low pressure低温钢low temperature steel低水位警报器low water level alarm 润滑lubrication发光涂料luminous paint亚麻子油linseed oil长艉艛long poop皮迫紧leather packing[润]滑油lubrication oil发光涂料luminous paint铅管lead pipe水平管levelling pipe搭[接]铆[接] lap riveting轻油light oil液体变阻器liquid rheostat下水压力launching pressure[润]滑油泵lubricating pump低压low pressure止舵针locking pintle限制圈limit (or restrained) packing ring 扬升泵lift pump三角帆lug sail救生筏life raft梯栏杆ladder rail纵缝结合longitudinal seam joint纵肋[结构]船longitudinal framed ship对数比例尺logarithmic scale灯塔船,轻载light ship救生圈life ring (or buoy)自由轮liberty ship低碳钢low carbon steel子母船,浮货柜船lighter aboard ship (lash) 低压蒸汽low pressure steam纵向强度longitudinal strength木材船lumber ship局部应力local stress滑油集油池lubricating oil sump大滑车组luff tackle灯塔补给船lighthouse tender滑油柜lubricating oil tank低温应力消除low temperature stress relieving 局部应变local strain侧内厚板(木船),limber strake实验室试验laboratory test长吨(磅) long ton极限开关limit switch杠杆安全阀lever safety valve停航船laid-up vessel低压柜low pressure tank侧向推力lateral thrust低压涡轮机low pressure turbine低水位阀low water valve引线lead wire下甲板间[空间] lower tween deck线焊接line welding灯船light vessel长腿老虎钳leg vice下水重量launching weight下水台launching ways线速度linear velocity英国劳氏验船协会lr (= lloyd's register of shipping)国际载重线会议llc (= international load lines convention) 下桅桁lower yard游艇专业英语词汇(L2) 相关内容:。

INDICE INDEX INHALTSVERZEICHNISA Informazionigenerali GeneralinformationAllgemeineInformationen1SIMBOLOGIA SYMBOLS VERWENDETE SYMBOLE A-2 2IDENTIFICAZIONE DELPRODOTTOPRODUCT IDENTIFICATION PRODUKTKENNZEICHNUNG A-4 3CARATTERISTICHE TECNICHE TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS TECHNISCHE BESCHREIBUNG A-84SELEZIONE DEI RIDUTTORI RUOTA SELECTION OF THE WHEELGEARSAUSWAHL VOM RADNABEN-GETRIEBEA-185SCELTA DEL MOTORE IDRAU-LICO CHOOSING THE HYDRAULICMOTORAUSWAHL VOM HYDRAULIK-MOTORA-286VERIFICHE CHECKS KONTROLLEN A-30 7LUBRIFICAZIONE LUBRICATION SCHMIERUNG A-328IMBALLO, MOVIMENTAZIONE E STOCCAGGIO PACKING, HANDLING ANDSTORINGVERPACKUNG, TRANSPORTUND LAGERUNGA-389MONTAGGIO ASSEMBLY MONTAGE A-42 10CONTROLLI CHECKS KONTROLLEN A-46 11DISINNESTO DISENGAGEMENT AUSKUPPLUNG A-48 12MANUTENZIONE MAINTENANCE WARTUNG A-48 13INCONVENIENTI E RIMEDI TROUBLESHOOTING FUNKTIONSSTÖRUNGEN UNDBEHEBUNGA-52 14COPPIE IN USCITA OUTPUT TORQUES AUSGANGSDREHMOMENTE A-54B Dati tecnici edimensionali Technical and size data Technische Daten undAbmessungenRRTD RRTD RRTD B-3 RRWD RRWD RRWD B-15C Configurazioni entratae accessori iningresso Inlet configurations andaccessories in inputEingangskonfigurationund Zubehör im Eingang15FLANGIATURA PER MOTORE A NORME SAEJ 744C FLANGING FOR MOTOR TOSAEJ 744C STANDARDSFLANSCHUNG FÜR MOTOR NACHNORM SAEJ 744C C-216CONNESSIONE MOTORI CONNECTION OF MOTORS ANSCHLUSS MOTOR C-3 17RUOTE SPECIALI CUSTOMIZED WHEEL GEARS SONDERNGETRIEBE C-41SYMBOLES SIMBOLOGÍA SIMBOLOGIA A-32IDENTIFICATION DU PRODUIT IDENTIFICACIÓNDEL PRODUCTOIDENTIFICAÇÃODO PRODUTOA-53CARACTERISTIQUES TECHNIQUES CARACTERÍSTICASTÉCNICASCARACTERÍSTICASTÉCNICASA-94CHOIX DES REDUCTEURS ROUE SELECCIÓN DE LOS REDUC-TORES DE RUEDA SELECÇÃO DOS REDUTORESDA RODAA-195CHOIX DU MOTEUR HYDRAU-LIQUE SELECCIÓN DEL MOTORHIDRÁULICOESCOLHA DO MOTOR HI-DRÁULICOA-296VERIFICATIONS COMPROBACIONES VERIFICAÇÕES A-31 7 LUBRIFICATION LUBRICACIÓN LUBRIFICAÇÃO A-338EMBALLAGE, MANUTENTION ET STOCKAGE EMBALAJE, DESPLAZA-MIENTO Y ALMACENAMIENTOEMBALAGEM, MOVIMENTA-ÇÃO E ARMAZENAGEMA-399MONTAGE MONTAJE MONTAGEM A-43 10CONTROLES COMPROBACIONES CONTROLES A-47 11DEBRAYAGE DESEMBRAGUE DESENGATE A-49 12ENTRETIEN MANTENIMIENTO MANUTENÇÃO A-49 13INCONVENIENTS ET REMEDES INCONVENIENTES Y REMEDIOS INCONVENIENTES E SO-LUÇÕESA-53 14 COUPLES EN SORTIE PARES EN SALIDA PARES À SAÍDA A-54B Données techniqueset dimensionnelles Datos técnicos ydimensionalesDados tècnicos edimensŏesRRTD RRTD RRTD B-3 RRWD RRWD RRWD B-15C Configurations enentrée et accessoiresd’entrée Configuraciones deentrada y accesorios enentradaConfigurações à entradae acessórios à entrada15BRIDAGE POUR MOTEUR AUX NORMES SAEJ 744C BRIDAS PARA MOTOR SEGÚNNORMAS SAEJ 744CENTREAJUDAS PARA MOTORDE ACORDO COM AS NORMASSAEJ 744CC-216CONNEXION MOTEURS CONEXIÓN MOTORES CONEXÃO MOTORES C-3 17ROUES PERSONNALISÉES RUEDA PERSONALIZADOS RODA ESPECIAL C-4A Informazioni generaliGeneral information Allgemeine Informationen Informations générales Información generalInformações gerais1 SIMBOLOGIA 1 SYMBOLS 1 VERWENDETE SYMBOLE2 IDENTIFICAZIONE DEL PRODOTTO 2.1 Composizione di montaggio 2 PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION2.1 Assembly composition2 PRODUKTKENNZEICHNUNG2.1 Montage2.2 DesignazioneI riduttori ruota Reggiana Riduttori ven-gono identificati mediante una sigla com -posta nel seguente modo:2.2 DesignationThe Reggiana Riduttori wheel gears are identified by an acronym made up in the following way:2.2 BezeichnungDie Radnabengetriebe von Reggiana Riduttori sind durch einen Code gekenn-zeichnet, der folgende Bedeutung hat:2.3 Marcatura del prodotto e designazione del tipoTutti i prodotti Reggiana Riduttori sono dotati di targhetta metallica di identifica -zione, posizionata in modo da risultare facilmente leggibile, anche dopo l’instal-lazione.La seguente figura mostra un esempio di targhetta.LegendaLegendLegendeA Tipo di riduttore ruota (sigla)Wheel gear type (acronym)Typ Radnabengetriebe (Kürzel)B Codice identificativo di ordi -nazioneID code for ordering Identifizierungscode der BestellungC Rapporto di riduzione Reduction ratio UntersetzungsverhältnisD Coppia frenante Braking torqueBremsmomentE N° di ordine Order NumberAuftragsnummerN° progressivo di matricola e Progressive serial number Fortlaufende Seriennummer2.3 Product marking and type designationAll Reggiana Riduttori products have a metal id plate positioned so as to be eas-ily readable also after installation.The following figure shows an example of a plate.2.3 Produktkennzeichnung und TypenschildAlle Produkte von Reggiana Riduttori weisen ein Typenschild aus Metall auf, das so angebracht ist, dass es auch nach der Installation leicht abgelesen werden kann.Die Abbildung unten zeigt ein Beispiel.Leistungen Negativbremse Ohne Negativbremse Prefisso invariabile / Invariable prefix / Fixes Vorzeichen RR = REGGIANA RIDUTTORI2.3 Marquage du produitet désignation du typeSur tous les produits Reggiana Riduttori, une plaquette métallique d’identification est appliquée. Elle est positionnée de manière à être facile à lire, même une fois le réducteur installé.La figure suivante montre un exemple de la plaquette.2.3 Marcado del productoy denominación del tipoTodos los productos Reggiana Riduttorillevan una placa metálica de identifica-ción, colocada de manera que resultefácilmente legible, también después dela instalación.La siguiente figura presenta un ejemplode placa.2.3 Marcação do produtoe designação do tipoTodos os produtos Reggiana Riduttorisão munidos de placa metálica de iden-tificação, colocada de modo a ser lidacom facilidade, também depois da insta-lação.A seguinte figura ilustra um exemplo deplaca.Légende Leyenda LegendaA Type de réducteur roue (sigle)Tipo de reductor (sigla)Tipo de redutor (referência)B Code d’identification de lacommandeCódigo identificador depedidoCódigo identificativo deencomendaC Rapport de réduction Relación de reducción Relação de reduçãoD Couple freinant Par frenador Par de freioE N° de commande N° de pedido N° de ordemF N° progressif de série et année N° progresivo de matrícula y N° progressivo de matrículaPréfixe invariable / Prefijo invariable / Indicativo invariável RR = REGGIANA RIDUTTORI3 CARATTERISTICHE TECNICHE3.1 Funzioni generali, gamma di appli- cazioni e utilizzo previstoI riduttori ruota Reggiana Riduttori sono progettati per realizzare la trasmissione di potenza all’interno di macchine opera-trici. Essi possono essere collegati diret-tamente ad un motore di tipo elettrico o idraulico.I riduttori ruota vengono utilizzati nell’am-bito di diverse applicazioni, sia industriali che mobili, tra le quali: industria mecca-nica, industria chimica e plastica, indu-stria alimentare, edilizia e costruzioni, industria estrattiva, agricoltura e foreste, trasporti e sollevamento, settore marino, generatori eolici di energia.Utilizzare il riduttore soltanto per gli usi previsti in fase di progetto. L’impiego per usi impropri può essere causa di pericolo per la sicurezza e la salute delle persone. Gli usi previsti sono quelli industriali e mobili per i quali sono stati sviluppati e costruiti i riduttori.3.2Coppia in uscitaT2n[Nm]È il valore di coppia trasmissibile, in funzionamento continuo e uniforme, pari ad una durata teorica di 30000 n2.h. I valori di T2sono riportati nelle schede tecniche di ogni riduttore ruota. La coppia T2 è limitata dalla resistenza a flessione o dalla resistenza superficiale dei denti degli ingranaggi, in accordo con la norma ISO 6336.3.3Coppia in uscita massimaT2max [Nm]Rappresenta il valore di coppia massi-ma applicabile in uscita al riduttore ruota per brevi durate o per picchi occasiona-li, senza il verificarsi di danneggiamenti permanenti agli elementi più sollecitati.3.4Coppia in uscita richiestaT2r [Nm]È il valore di coppia in uscita che si inten-de applicare al riduttore ruota, in base ai dati di funzionamento dell’applicazione.3 TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS3 TECHNISCHE BESCHREIBUNG 3.1 General functions, range ofapplications and intended useThe Reggiana Riduttori wheel gears aredesigned for transmitting power insideoperating machines. They can be con-nected directly to either an electric or hy-draulic motor.The wheel gears are used for many dif-ferent types of application, both indus-trial and mobile some of which are: themechanical industry, the chemical andplastics industry, the food industry, build-ing and constructions, mining industry,agriculture and forestry, transporting andlifting, marine sector, wind generators ofenergy.Use the reduction gear only for the usescontemplated in the project phase. Usingit improperly can be the cause of dangerfor the safety and health of people.The reduction gears have been designedand made for the industrial and mobileuses.Die Radnabengetriebe dürfen nur für denvom Hersteller vorgesehenen Zweck ver-wendet werden. Bei unsachgemäßemGebrauch kann die Sicherheit und Ge-sundheit von Personen gefährdet werden.Unter vorgesehenem Gebrauch werdendie industriellen und mobilen Anwendun-gen verstanden, für die die Getriebe ent-wickelt und gebaut worden sind.3.1 Allgemeine Funktionen, Anwen-dungsbereiche und vorgeseheneAnwendungDie Radnabengetriebe von Reggia-na Riduttori werden für die Leistungs-übertragung im Inneren von Arbeits-maschinen konzipiert und gefertigt.Sie können direkt an einen Elektromotoroder einen Hydraulikmotor angeschlos-sen werden.Die Radnabengetriebe werden sowohlin der Industrie, als auch im Fahrzeug-bau in verschiedenen Anwendungeneingesetzt, darunter: Maschinenbau,chemische und Kunststoff verarbeitendeIndustrie, Lebensmittelindustrie, Bau-wirtschaft, Bergbau, Land- und Forst-wirtschaft, Transport- und Hubtechnik,Schiffbau, Windkraftanlagen.3.2 Output torqueT2n [Nm]This is the value of the torque which canbe transmitted in continuous and uniformoperation equalling a theoretical life of30000 n2.h. The T2values are given inthe technical data sheets of each wheelgear. T2torque is limited by resistanceto bending or by the surface resistanceof gear teeth, in agreement with the ISO6336 standard.3.3 Maximum output torqueT2max [Nm]It is the maximum torque value applicableto wheel gear output for short lengths oftime or for occasional peaks, without anypermanent damage to the most stressedelements.3.4 Required output torqueT2r[Nm]It is the torque value in output you intendapplying to the wheel gear, based on theapplication’s operating data.3.2AusgangsdrehmomentT2n[Nm]Dabei handelt es sich um das übertrag-bare Drehmoment bei gleichmäßigemDauerbetrieb, das einer theoretischenDauer von 30000 n2.h entspricht. DieWerte vom Drehmoment T2sind in dentechnischen Datenblättern der einzel-nen Radnabengetriebe angegeben. DasDrehmoment T2wird nach Vorgabe derNorm ISO 6336 vom Biegewiderstandoder vom Oberflächenwiderstand derZähne vom Getriebe begrenzt.3.3Maximales AusgangsdrehmomentT2max [Nm]Dabei handelt es sich um den Wertvom Drehmoment, das maximal amAusgang des Radnabengetriebes fürkurze Zeit oder gelegentliche Spitzenangelegt werden kann, ohne dass dieszu einer dauerhaften Schädigung deram stärksten Belasteten Bauteile führt.3.4Verlangtes AusgangsdrehmomentT2r [Nm]Dabei handelt es sich um das Ausgangs-drehmoment, das an das Radnabenge-triebe je nach Funktionswerten der An-wendung angelegt werden soll.applications, aussi bien dans le domaine industriel que mobile, parmi lesquelles: l’industrie mécanique, l’industrie chimi-que et plastique, l’industrie alimentaire, le bâtiment et les constructions, l’industrie extractive, l’agriculture et la sylviculture, le transport et les systèmes de levage, la marine, les générateurs éoliens.N’utiliser le réducteur que pour les usa-ges pour lesquels il a été projeté. Son utilisation impropre peut être cause de danger pour la sécurité et la santé des personnes.Les usages prévus sont les emplois in-dustriels et mobiles pour lesquels les ré-ducteurs ont été élaborés et fabriqués.3.2 Couple de sortie T 2n [Nm]C’est la valeur du couple qui peut être transmis dans des conditions de fonc-tionnement continu et uniforme équiva-lant à une durée théorique de 30000 n 2xh. Les valeurs de T 2 sont indiquées sur les fiches techniques de chaque réducteur roue.Le couple T 2 est limité par la résistance à la flexion ou par la résistance de la sur -face des dents des engrenages, confor-mément à la norme ISO 6336.3.3 Couple à la sortie maximum T 2max [Nm]Il représente la valeur de couple maxi-mum applicable à la sortie au réducteur pour de courtes durées ou pour des pics occasionnels, sans provoquer de dom-mages permanents aux éléments les plus sollicités.3.4 Couple de sortie demandé T 2r [Nm]C’est la valeur de couple de sortie qu’on souhaite appliquer au réducteur roue, en fonction des données de fonctionnement de l’application.el ámbito de distintas aplicaciones, tanto industriales como móviles, entre las cua-les: industria mecánica, industria quími-ca y del plástico, industria alimentaria, de la construcción, industria minera, agricul-tura y forestal, transportes y elevación, sector marítimo, generadores eólicos deenergía.Utilizar el reductor sólo para los usos pre-vistos en la fase de proyecto. La utiliza-ción para usos no adecuados puede cau-sar peligros para la seguridad y la salud de las personas.Los usos previstos son aquellos indus-triales y móviles para los cuales han sido desarrollados y construidos los reducto-res.Usar o redutor exclusivamente para os usos previstos na fase de projecto. O emprego em usos impróprios pode ser causa de perigo para a segurança e a saúde das pessoas.Os usos previstos são aqueles industriais e móveis para os quais os redutores fo-ram concebidos e construídos.âmbito de várias aplicações, quer indus-triais quer móveis, entre as quais: indús-tria mecânica, indústria química e dos plásticos, indústria alimentar, constru-ção civil, indústria minerária, agricultura e florestas, transportes e levantamento, sector marítimo, geradores eólicos de energia.3.2 Par en salida T 2n [Nm]Es el valor del par transmisible en fun-cionamiento continuo y uniforme, equi-valente a una duración teórica de 30000 n 2 x h. Los valores de T 2 son indicados en las fichas técnicas de cada reductor de rueda.El par T 2 está limitado por la resistencia a la flexión o por la resistencia superficial de los dientes de los engranajes, según la norma ISO 6336.3.3 Par en salida máximo T 2max [Nm]Representa el valor de par máximo apli-cable en salida al reductor de rueda por breves duraciones o por picos ocasio-nales, sin que se produzcan daños per-manentes a los elementos mayormente bajo esfuerzo.3.4 Par en salida requerido T 2r [Nm]Es el valor de par en salida que se de-sea aplicar al reductor de rueda, sobre la base de los datos de funcionamiento de la aplicación.3.2 Par à saída T 2n [Nm]É o valor de par transmissível, em fun-cionamento contínuo e uniforme,igual a uma duração teórica de 30000 n 2.h .Os valores de T 2 são indicados nas fi -chas técnicas de cada redutor da roda.O par T 2 é limitado pela resistência à flexão ou pela resistência superficial dos dentes das engrenagens, de acordo com a norma ISO 6336.3.3 Par em saída máximo T 2max [Nm]Representa o valor de par máximo aplicá-vel em saída ao redutor por breves perío-dos ou por picos ocasionais, sem que se verifiquem danos permanentes nos ele -mentos mais solicitados.3.4 Par à saída exigido T 2r [Nm]É o valor de par à saída que se tenciona aplicar ao redutor da roda, com base nos dados de funcionamento da aplicação.3.5 Velocità in entrata n 1 [min -1]È la velocità del motore collegato in in-gresso al riduttore ruota.3.6 Velocità in uscita n 2 [min -1]È la velocità in uscita del riduttore, fun-zione della velocità in entrata n 1 e del rapporto di riduzione effettivo i.3.7 Rapporto di riduzione iIndica l’effettivo rapporto tra la velocità in entrata n 1 e la velocità in uscita n 2 del riduttore ruota:I rapporti di riduzione disponibili sono riportati nella tabella dei dati tecnici per ogni grandezza di riduttore ruota. Su ri-chiesta è possibile ottenere ulteriori rap-porti di riduzione.3.8 Velocità in entrata massima n 1max [min -1]Indica la velocità massima ammessa in entrata per brevi durate o in funziona-mento intermittente; la velocità in entrata del riduttore ruota è limitata dalla velocità periferica degli ingranaggi, dai cuscinetti e dalle tenute.3.9 Verso di rotazioneIn generale, per ogni riduttore ruota di questo catalogo, l’uscita gira in senso opposto all’albero entrata. Fa eccezione il riduttore ruota RRWD270/B nel quale, a causa del particolare funzionamento interno, l’uscita gira nello stesso senso dell’ingresso.3.10 Potenza in entrata P 1 [kW]È la potenza applicata in ingresso al ri-duttore ruota, mediante collegamento diretto di un motore.3.5 Input speed n 1 [min -1]It is the speed of the motor connected to the wheel gear at input.3.6 Output speed n 2 [min -1]It is the reduction gear’s output speed as a function of the input speed n 1 and of the actual reduction ratio i.3.7 Reduction ratio iIt indicates the actual ratio between the wheel gear’s input speed n 1 and output speed n 2:The reduction ratios available are given in the technical data table for each wheel gear size. Other reduction ratios can be obtained on request.3.8 Maximum input speed n 1max [min -1]It indicates the maximum permitted input speed for short lengths of time or intermit-tently; the wheel gear’s input speed is lim-ited by the peripheral speed of the gears, by the bearings and by the seals.3.9 Rotation directionGenerally, for each wheel gear in this cat-alogue, the output turns in the opposite direction to the input shaft. An exception to this rule is wheel gear RRWD270/B where, due to its particular internal work-ing, the output turns in the same direction as the input.3.10 Input power P 1 [kW]It is the power applied to the wheel gear at input by means of the direct connec-tion of a motor.3.5 Eingangsgeschwindigkeit n 1 [min -1]Dabei handelt es sich um die Geschwin-digkeit vom Motor, der am Eingang vom Radnabengetriebe angeschlossen ist.3.6 Ausgangsgeschwindigkeit n 2 [min -1]Dabei handelt es sich um die Geschwin-digkeit der Ausgangswelle vom Radna-bengetriebe, die sich aus der Eingangs-geschwindigkeit n 1 und dem effektiven Untersetzungsverhältnis i ergibt.3.7 Untersetzungsverhältnis iDabei handelt es sich um das effektive Verhältnis von Eingangsgeschwindigkeit n 1 zu Ausgangsgeschwindigkeit n 2 vom Radnabengetriebe:Die verfügbaren Untersetzungsverhält-nisse sind für jede Größe vom Radna-bengetriebe in der Tabelle mit den tech-nischen Daten zusammengestellt. Auf Wunsch sind weitere Untersetzungsver-hältnisse erhältlich.3.8 Maximale Eingangsgeschwindigkeit n 1max [min -1]Dabei handelt es sich um die maximal zulässige Eingangsgeschwindigkeit für kurze Dauer oder bei unterbrochenem Betrieb. Die Eingangsgeschwindigkeit vom Radnabengetriebe ist durch die Pe-ripheriegeschwindigkeit von Zahnrädern, Lagern und Dichtungen beschränkt.3.9 RotationsrichtungAllgemein gilt für jedes Radnabengetrie-be des vorliegenden Katalogs, dass sich der Ausgang in die entgegen gesetzte Richtung dreht wie die Eingangswelle. Eine Ausnahme bildet das Radnaben-getriebe RRWD270/B, bei welchem sich aufgrund der speziellen Bauweise der Ausgang in die gleiche Richtung wie die Eingangswelle dreht.3.10 Eingangsleistung P 1 [kW]Dabei handelt es sich um die Leistung, die am Eingang vom Radnabengetriebe durch den direkten Anschluss an einen Motor angelegt wird.du réducteur, en fonction de la vitesse à l’entrée n 1 et du rapport de réduction ef-fectif i.3.7 Rapport de réduction iIl indique le rapport effectif entre la vites-se à l’entrée n 1 et la vitesse à la sortie n 2 du réducteur roue:Les rapports de réduction existants sont indiqués dans le tableau des caractéris-tiques techniques pour chaque grandeur de réducteur roue. Sur demande, il est possible d’obtenir des rapports de réduc-tion supplémentaires.3.8 Vitesse à maximum à l’entrée n 1max [min -1]Elle indique la vitesse maximum admise à l’entrée pour de courtes durées ou en fonctionnement intermittent; la vitesse à l’entrée du réducteur roue est limitée par la vitesse périphérique des engrenages, par les roulements et les garnitures.3.9 Sens de rotationEn général, pour tous les réducteurs roue de ce catalogue, l’arbre de sortie tourne dans le sens inverse de celui de l’arbre d’entrée, à l’exception du réducteur roue RRWD270/B dans lequel, en raison du fonctionnement interne particulier, l’arbre de sortie tourne dans le même sens que l’arbre d’entrée.3.10 Puissance à l’entrée P 1 [kW]C’est la puissance appliquée à l’entrée du réducteur roue, par un raccord direct d’un moteur.función de la velocidad en entrada n 1 y de la relación de reducción efectiva i.3.7 Relación de reducción iIndica la efectiva relación entre la veloci-dad en entrada n 1 y la velocidad en sali-da n 2 del reductor de rueda:Las relaciones de reducción disponibles se indican en la tabla de los datos técni-cos para cada talla de reductor de rueda. Bajo demanda es posible obtener ulterio-res relaciones de reducción.3.8 Velocidad en entrada máxima n 1max [min -1]Indica la velocidad máxima admitida en entrada por breves duraciones o en fun-cionamiento intermitente; la velocidad en entrada del reductor de rueda está limitada por la velocidad periférica de los engranajes, por los cojinetes y por las estanqueidades.3.9 Sentido de giroEn general, para cada reductor de rueda de este catálogo, la salida gira en senti-do opuesto al eje de entrada.La excepción es el reductor de rueda RRWD270/B en el cual, debido al funcio-namiento interno particular, la salida gira en el mismo sentido que la entrada.3.10 Potencia en entrada P 1 [kW]Es la potencia aplicada en entrada al re-ductor de rueda, mediante conexión di-recta de un motor.tor, função da velocidade em entrada n 1 e da relação de redução efetiva i.3.7 Relação de redução iIndica a efectiva relação entre a veloci-dade em entrada n 1 e a velocidade em saída n 2 do redutor da roda:As relações de redução disponíveis es-tão indicadas na tabela dos dados téc-nicos para cada grandeza do redutor da roda. A pedido, é possível obter outras relações de redução.3.8 Velocidade em entrada máxima n 1max [min -1]Indica a velocidade máxima admitida em entrada por breves períodos ou em funcionamento intermitente; a veloci-dade em entrada do redutor da roda é limitada pela velocidade periférica das engrenagens, pelos rolamentos e pelas vedações.3.9 Direcção de rotaçãoEm geral, para cada redutor da roda des-te catálogo, a saída rodeia em sentido contrário à árvore da entrada.Com excepção do redutor da roda RRWD270/B no qual, devido ao funcio-namento especial interno, a saída rodeia no mesmo sentido da entrada.3.10 Potência em entrada P 1 [kW]É a potência aplicada à entrada ao redu-tor da roda, mediante ligação directa de um motor.3.12 Rendimento ηE' un coefficiente adimensionale dato dal rapporto tra la potenza in uscita P 2 e quella in entrata P 1:Il valore di rendimento di un singolo sta-dio di riduzione, in condizioni medie di velocità e coppia, è pari a 0.975; tale valore decresce nel caso di: incremento della velocità, diminuzione della coppia trasmessa, aumento della temperatura ambiente.3.13 Carico radiale in uscita F r2 [N]In corrispondenza di ogni singola sche-da tecnica è riportata la curva dei carichi radiali ammissibili F r,2 in funzione della ascissa x (distanza da un riferimento op-portuno). Il valore di carico radiale am-missibile è riferito ad una durata dei cu-scinetti, calcolata in base alla norma ISO 281, pari a 300000 n 2.h.Tutte le curve dei carichi radiali ammis-sibili sono state fatte imponendo che i carichi assiali F a,2 siano nulli.3.14 Carico assiale in uscita F a,2 [N]Su tutte le tipologie di riduttore ruota è ammessa la presenza di un carico assia-le in verso entrante o uscente.In presenza di carico assiale, verificare l’idoneità del riduttore ruota contattando il Servizio Tecnico Reggiana Riduttori.3.12 Efficiency ηIt is a dimensionless coefficient given by the ratio between the output powerP 2 and input power P 1:The efficiency value of a single reduction stage under average speed and torque conditions, is equivalent to 0.975; this value decreases if: speed increases, transmitted torque diminishes, ambient temperature increases.3.13 Radial load in output F r2 [N]The curve of the permissible radial loads F r,2 as a function of abscissa x (distance from a suitable reference) is given whe-re each single technical datasheet is. The permissible radial load value refers to bearing life calculated on the basis of the ISO281 standard which is equal to 300000 n 2.h.All curves of the permissible radial loads have been done taking the axial loads F a,2 as nil.3.14 Output axial load F a,2 [N]An axial load, in input or output, is al-lowed on all wheel gear types.When there is an axial load check that the wheel gear is suitable, contacting the Reggiana Riduttori Technical Service.3.12 Wirkungsgrad ηDabei handelt es sich um einen dimen-sionslosen Wert, der sich aus dem Ver-hältnis der Ausgangsleistung P 2 zur Eingangsleistung P 1 ergibt:Der Wert vom Wirkungsgrad einer ein-zelnen Untersetzungsstufe bei mittle-rer Geschwindigkeit und Drehmoment entspricht 0.975. Dieser Wert nimmt bei zunehmender Geschwindigkeit, abneh-mendem anliegendem Drehmoment und zunehmender Umgebungstemperatur ab.3.13 Querlast am Ausgang F r2 [N]In den einzelnen technischen Datenblät-tern ist die Kurve der zulässigen Quer-lasten F r,2 in Abhängigkeit der X-Achse (Abstand von einem geeigneten Bezugs-punkt) abgetragen. Der Wert der zuläs-sigen Querlast bezieht sich auf eine Le-bensdauer der Lager von 300000 n 2.h., die nach Vorgabe der Norm ISO 281 be-rechnet wird.Alle Kurven der zulässigen Querlasten wurden unter der Voraussetzung erstellt, dass die Achslasten F a,2 gleich Null sind.3.14 Achslast am Ausgang F a,2 [N]An allen Radnabengetrieben ist eine Achslast in Eingangs- oder Ausgangs-richtung zulässig.Bei Achslast die Eignung vom Radna-bengetriebe prüfen und dazu den Tech-nischen Kundendienst von Reggiana Ri-3.11 Potenza in uscita P 2 [kW]È la potenza richiesta dall’utilizzatore col-legato in uscita al riduttore ruota. Si può calcolare come: 3.11 Output power P 2 [kW]It is the power required by the user con-nected to the wheel gear in output. It can be calculated as:3.11 Ausgangsleistung P 2 [kW]Dabei handelt es sich um die Leistung, die vom Abnehmer verlangt wird, der am Ausgang vom Radnabengetriebe an-geschlossen ist und wie folgt berechnet wird:。

Honest and credibleKeeping improving宁波东力传动设备有限公司地址:宁波市江北洪塘金山路58号销售热线:0086-技术支持:0086-服务热线:0086-邮编Ningbo Donly Transmission Equipment Co.,LTD Add:Jiangbei jinshan road ,Ningbo zhejiang china Sale hotline: 0086-Tech Support: 0086-Service Tel: 0086-工业减速器Industrial Gear Units使用说明书Operating Instructions宁波东力传动设备有限公司Ningbo Donly Transmission Equipment Co.,LTD目录1 重要说明 (1)2 安全说明 (2)工业减速器的运输 (3)防腐蚀和仓储条件 (3)3 工业减速器的润滑 (5)4 机械安装 (7)所需工具/ 辅助工具 (7)在您开始之前 (7)准备工作................................................................................... (8)减速器底座 (8)实心轴式减速器安装 (9)采用键联结的空心轴式减速器的安装/ 拆卸 (10)装配/ 拆卸带有收缩盘的空心轴式减速器 (12)5 机械安装选项 (15)关于安装作业的重要说明 (15)联轴器的装配 (20)逆止器 (22)轴端泵 (24)机油加热装置 (26)温度传感器PT100 (27)散热风扇 (27)油水冷却装置的连接 (28)电机泵的连接 (28)6 试运行 (29)工业减速器的试运行 (29)带有逆止器的减速器投入运行..................................,,.. (30)使减速器停止运转 (30)7 检修和维护 (32)检修和维护间隔时间 (32)润滑剂更换间隔时间 (33)减速器检修/ 维护作业 (34)8 运行故障 (37)减速器故障 (37)Contents1 Important Notes (39)2 Safety Notes (41)Transport of industrial gear units (43)Corrosion protection and storage conditions (44)3 Lubrication of industrial gear units (46)4 Mechanical Installation (48)Required tools / resources (48)Before you begin (49)Preliminary work (49)Gear unit foundation (49)Mounting of solid shaft gear units (51)Mounting / removing hollow shaft gear units with keyed connection (53)Mounting / removing hollow shaft gear units with shrink disc (56)5 Mechanical Installation Options (60)Important installation instructions (60)Mounting of couplings (47)Backstop (57)Shaft end pump (60)Installation with steel frame (63)Torque arm (65)Mounting of V-belt drive (67)Oil heater (69)Temperature sensor PT100 (72)SPM adapter (73)Fan (74)Connecting the oil/water cooling system (75)Connecting the oil/air cooling system (75)Connecting the motor pump (75)6 Startup (76)Startup of MC gear units (76)Startup of MC gear units with backstop (77)Taking MC gear units out of operation (77)7 Inspection and Maintenance (78)Inspection and maintenance intervals (78)Lubricant change intervals (79)Inspection and maintenance of the gear unit (80)8 Malfunction s (83)Gear unit malfunctions (83)1、重要说明安全和警告说明请您务必注意这里所包含的安全和警告说明！遵循《使用说明书》是保证正常运行、满足质量保证要求的前提条件。

专利名称：IMMERSION LUBRICATION SYSTEM FOR GEAR-BOXES OF MOTOR VEHICLES发明人：MÜLLER, Erich, R.申请号：DE1985000224申请日：19850703公开号：WO86/000678P1公开日：19860130专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：An immersion lubrication system for gear-boxes of motor vehicles comprises an oil pan (42) on the lower side of a case (30). In the case (30) there is a drive shaft (31) with toothed wheels (34 to 37) which are partially immersed in the oil when the oil pan (42) is completely filled. During extremely low operation temperatures, and in order to prevent synchronization devices from sticking to the cold and therefore very viscous oil, which would result in the non-synchronization of the gear shifts and therefore in damages to the gear-box, the oil pan (42) is connected to a hollow chamber (33) wherein the oil is sucked from the oil pan (42) in the case of low operation temperatures of the gear-box. To this effect there is preferably arranged into a hollow space (33) of a drive shaft (31) an extension body (38) which is retracted in the case of a low temperature, the hollow space (33) being connected to the oil pan (42).申请人：MÜLLER, Erich, R.地址：Hermann-Hagenmeyer-Strasse D-7113 Neuenstein DE,Hohe Strasse 15 D-7110Öhringen-Cappel DE国籍：DE,DE代理机构：KOHLER-SCHWINDLING-RÜDEL-WITTE 更多信息请下载全文后查看。

轮机英语词汇目录1）第一部分柴油机Diesel Engine5）第二部分制冷和空调7）第三部分燃、滑油系统及油参数Fuel System ,Lubricating System &Oil Properties10）第4部分泵及其系统Pump &Pumping System11）第5部分船用锅炉Mair Boiler14）第6部分液压甲板机Hydraulic Deck Machinery17第7部分油水处理设备，轴系及推进器，造水机Oil Treatment,Oily Water Separator,Shafting &Propeller,Fresh Water Generator 18）第8部分交流发电机及配电板Alternating Current Generator& Switchboard20）第9部分法规及消防设备Watchkeeping,International Convention &Fire Fighting22）第10 部分维修常用词汇Useful Expressions in Repair List29）工具和量具Tools and Maeasuring Tools34）常用量词与缩写35）金属材料及其制品36）非金属材料及其制品36）化工材料37）电气材料37）油类38）紧固件,管接头39）船型40）船上构造The Structure of A ship第一部分柴油机Diesel Engine二冲程船用柴油机two stroke marine diesel engine四冲程船用柴油机four stroke marine diesel engine高（中，低）速柴油机high(medium, lower)speed engine气缸cylinder气缸盖cylinder cover(cylinder head)苏尔寿发动机Sulzer engineB&W型发动机Burmeister and Wain engine哥塔维根型发动机Gotaverken engine曼恩型发动机M.A.N.engineV型发动机V-type engine直流扫气式发动机uniflow scavenging type engine回流扫气式发动机loop flow scavenging type engine横流扫气式发动机crow-flow scavenging type engine十字头式发动机crosshead engine筒形活塞式发动机trunk-piston engine涡轮增压式发动机turbocharge engine固定部件fixed parts耐磨部件wear parts运动部件moving parts互换部件interchangeable parts气缸套cylinder liner示功阀indicator cock(indicator valve)安全阀safety valve气缸启动阀cylinder air starting valve缸套顶圈head ring for cylinder liner排气阀exhaust valve进气阀air inlet valve(suction valve)气阀传动机构valve driving mechanism顶杆tapper rod推杆push rod摇臂rocker rod (rocking lever)活塞piston十字头式活塞crosshead type piston筒形活塞trunk piston活塞头piston crown(head)活塞裙piston skirt活塞体piston body活塞销piston pin(gudgeon pin)活塞环piston ring气环（压缩环）compression ring刮油环oil scraper ring(oil ring,scraper ring)布油环oil distributing ring耐磨环wear ring活塞环槽piston ring groove活塞冷却水管piston cooling pipe往复管reciprocating pipe伸缩管telescope pipe铰链管articulated pipe活塞杆piston rod活塞杆凸缘piston rod flange活塞杆填料函stuffing box for piston rod活塞杆填料箱gland box for piston rod.packing gland for piston rod 填料函壳体stuffing box casing填料函张力弹簧tension spring for stuffing box填料函密封环sealing ring for stuffing box填料函刮油环scraper ring for stuffing box填料函压环pressure ring for stuffing box填料函压盖stuffing box gland十字头cross head十字头销cross head pin十字头销轴承cross head bearing(cross head pin bearing)十字头滑块cross head shoe(guide shoe)十字头导板cross head guide(guide rail,guide way,guide plate)连杆connecting rod连杆小端轴承connecting rod small end bearing连杆大端轴承connecting rod large end bearing;connecting rod bottom end bearing 曲柄销轴承crankpin bearing曲轴crank shaft曲轴臂crank arm曲轴销crank pin曲轴箱crankcase曲轴箱道门crankcase door(crankcase manhole)曲轴箱防爆门crankcase explosion door主轴承main bearing (bed plate bearing)倒挂式主轴承main bearing of under slung type轴承轴瓦上半块bearing bush-upper half轴承衬下半块bearing shell-lower half主轴承撑杆螺栓main bearing stay bolt主轴颈crank shaft journal(main journal)机座bed plate底座横隔板bed plate transverse member机架frame(column,entablature)底角螺栓holding down bolt (anchor bolt)贯穿螺栓through bolt (tie rod,tie bolt)贯穿螺栓护盖protecting covering for tie rod贯穿螺栓导套guide bush for tie rod推力轴thrust shaft推力轴承thrust bearing推力块thrust pad盘车机turning gear废气涡轮增压器exhaust gas turbocharge (turbo-blower)增压系统super charging system机械增压mechanical supercharging单（复）式增压系统single(complex)type super charging system二级增压two-stage supercharging定压增压系统constant pressure charging system脉冲增压系统impulse pressure charging system变压增压variable pressure charging system串联增压super charging in series syatem并联增压super charging in parallel system直流扫气unislow scavenging回流扫气loop scavenging横流扫气cross scavenging气口扫气port scavenging气口-气阀扫气port-valve scavenging扫气口scavenging port排气口exhaust port排气总管exhaust manifold排气管exhaust pipe上止点top dead center(TDC)下止点bottom dead center(BDC)燃烧室combustion chamber吸气行程inlet(suction) atroke压缩行程compression stroke做功行程power (working) stroke排气行程exhaust stroke定时图timing diagram指示功indicated power轴功shaft power示功图indicator power控制系统control system启动控制装置control devic for starting起动装置starting devic主起动阀main starting valve空气压缩机air compressor空气瓶air bottle(air container,air cylinder,air reservoir) 起动手柄starting lever(starting handle)起动空气控制阀starting air control valve起动空气导阀starting air pilot valve起动阀starting valve分级活塞stepped piston起动阀连锁装置starting valve blocking device起动凸轮starting cam起动空气管starting air pipe单凸轮换向装置single cam reversing device双凸轮换向装置double cam reversing device正车凸轮ahead cam正车油缸ahead oil cylinder (ahead oil bottle)自动停车装置automatic cut-out device空气分配器凸轮air distributor cam转向指示器running direction indicator换向杆reversing lever换向控制杆reversing control lever排气凸轮exhaust cam喷油凸轮fuel cam主起动阀手轮hand wheel for starting valve飞轮flywheel;turning wheel调速器goernor调速装置control device for running the engine 极限调速装置maximum-speed governor gear定速调速装置constant-speed governor gear全制式调速装置variable-speed governor gear机械调速器mechanical governor液压调速器hydraulic governor车钟telegraph凸轮传动机构camshaft transmission gear链条传动chain transmission(chain drive)齿轮传动gear tansmission链轮sprocket (sprocket wheel)惰轮idle wheel备车stand by engine完车finish engine停车stop engine微速前进（后退）dead slow ahead (astern)前进（后退）一slow ahead (astern)前进（后退）二half ahead (astern)前进（后退）三full ahead (astern)紧急前进（后退）三emergency full ahead(astern)起动start倒车reverse空气分配器air distributor气缸注油器cylinder lubricator第2 部分制冷和空调制冷refrigeration空调air conditioning通风ventilation盐水制冷brine refrigeration热电制冷thermoelectric refrigeration蒸汽压缩循环vapour-compression cyle制冷剂refrigerant直接制冷剂primary refrigerant间接制冷剂secondary refrigerant氟利昂freon氟化氢fluorinated hydrocarbon临界温度critical temperature压缩机compressor蒸发器evaporator感温包sensing bulb膨胀阀expansion valve电磁阀solenoid valve干燥器drier/dryer冷凝器condenser储液器liquid receiver油分离器oil seperator中间冷却器inter cooler内部均压装置internal equalizer风冷冷凝器air-cooled condenser双阀座截止阀double seat stop valve手动能量控制阀hand capacity control valve水量调节阀water regulating valve气动薄膜碟阀pneumatic film flap valve出液阀delivery valve出液管outlet pipe外平衡管outer balance pipe半封闭式压缩机semi-enclosed compressor节流阀throttle valve加湿器humidifier回油装置oil-return device回气管return pipe自动水量调节阀automatic water regulating valve自动液压能量控制装置automatic hydraulic capacity control device 压力控制器pressure control压差控制器differential pressure control吸入截止阀suction stop valve吸入滤网suction stainer充液阀charging valve冷凝器进入阀condenser inlet valve冷凝器出液阀condenser outlet valve冷却盘管cooling coil冷库insulted hold空气加热器air heater空气滤清器air cleaner油位检查镜inspection glass for oil level油预热器oil preheater卸载油缸unloading cylinder波纹管bellows制冷剂瓶refrigerant bottle热力膨胀阀thermostatic expansion valve毛细管capillary tube膜片diaphragm阀孔隙orifice恒温器thermostant诱导器inducer背压调节阀back-pressure valve浮动式自动回油阀floating type automatic oil return valve热交换器heat exchanger高压继电器high voltage relay温度调节器humidistat能量调节阀capacity regulator通风机ventilator舱室温度控制器cabin type temperature control排气融霜管discharge defrost pipe液位控制器liquid level control液体分离器liquid separator捡漏灯halide lamp船用臭氧发生器marine ozonizer温包式温度控制器phial type temperature controller湿度控制器humidity controller蒸发盘管evaporator coil tube散热器radiator空气调节器air conditioner二次空气系统secandary air conditioning system中央空调系统central air conditioning system高速诱导式空调系统high speed induction air conditioning system 半导体空调器semi-conductor air conditioner热泵式空调器heat-pump air conditioner窗式空调器window-type air conditioner毛发式气动湿度控制器pneumatic hair humidity controller风管air pipe出风栅outlet grid再加热盘管reheating coil空气干燥室air drying chamber顶式布风器top ventilator进风栅inlet grid挡水曲板curve flap翅片管tuberculat pipe散热盘管radiator coil tube挡板baffle翅状散热片fin波形散热片gill单风管系统single duct system双风管系统twin duct system分区加热器zone heater终端加热器terminal-heater压力通风plenum第3部分燃，滑油系统及油参数Fuel System ,Lubricating System &Oil Properties燃油系统fuel oil system双层底油舱double bottom fuel tank粗滤器strainer细滤器filter双联细滤器dual oil filter(duplex oil filter)燃油驳运泵fuel transfer pump沉淀柜settling tank分油机oil separator滑油柜/日用油柜lubricating oil tank\daily service tank加热器heater增压泵booster pump三通阀three way valve集油井oil head tank (oil header,oil collector buffer tank ,balance tank) 高压油泵（燃油喷射泵)fuel injection pump油孔式喷油泵（柱塞式油泵，plunger type fuel injection pump布式油泵）(Bosch fuel injection pump)回油孔fuel return hole进油孔fuel inlet hole柱塞（芯子）plunger柱塞套筒（柱塞导管）plunger guide bush(plunger barrel,plunger load)调节齿杆（调节齿条）control rack(toothed control rod)调节齿圈（调节齿套）control sleeve(control pinion)排油阀fuel delivery valve回油阀式高压油泵spill valve type fuel injection pump进油阀suction valve (spill valve,blowthrough valve)油量调节机构fuel relgulation linkage油泵行程调节杆regulating lever for pump stoke油压调节阀fuel pressure regulating valve保压阀pressure retaining valve高压油管high pressure fuel pipe喷油器fuel injector,fuel valve,fuel injection valve喷油器壳体fuel injector holder(fuel injector housing)喷油嘴injectin nozzle(nozzle)针阀needle valve针阀顶杆spindle溢流管overflow pipe蒸汽加热器steam heater蒸汽加热管steam heating pipe蒸汽加热盘管steam heating coil润滑系统lubricating system干油底壳式润滑dry oil sump type lubrication湿油底壳式润滑wet oil sump type lubrication飞溅润滑splash lubrication中压（低压）润滑系统medium pressure lubrication system(low pressure lubrication system) 气缸润滑cylinder lubrication轴承润滑bearing lubrication气缸注油器oil squirt(cylinder lubricator)吸油管suction duct(suction line)储油箱oil storage tank调节控制杆control lever for adjusting oil油孔oil orifice(oil hole)油道oil way(oil channel)油底壳oil sump(sump tank,crank bilge) 污油柜oil sludge tank滑油循环柜circulating lube oil tank滑油粗滤器lube oil strainer滑油泵lube oil pump滑油冷却器lube oil cooler比重（相对密度）specific gravity (relative density) 黏度viscosity发火质量ignition quality十六烷值cetane number柴油指数diesel index闪点（开口/闭口）flash point (open /closed)倾点pour point浊点cloud point凝点freezing point残碳值carbon residue灰份ash content水分water content硫分sulphur content热值calorific value机械杂质mechanical impurities油品等级grade of oil馏程distilling rang矾含量vanadium content铝含量alumminium content船用轻柴油marine gas oil (MGO)船用燃料油marine fuel oil(MFO)船用柴油marine diesel oil (MDO)中间燃料油internal fuel oil添加剂additive总酸值total acid number(TAN)强酸值strong acid number (SAN)总碱值total base number (TBN)沉淀物含量sediment抗氧化安定性oxidation resistance抗腐蚀性corrosion极压添加剂extreme pressure additive黏度指数viscosity index第4部分泵及其系统Pump &Pumping System船用泵marine pump立式泵vertical pump卧式泵horizontal pump单缸泵single cylinder pump双缸泵duplex pump单（双）作用泵single(double)-acting pump单级泵single-stage pump双级泵double-stage pump定量泵constant-delivery pump变量泵constant displacement pump(constant delivey pump) 自吸式泵self-priming pump非自吸式泵none-self priming pump容积式泵displacement pump轴流泵axial-flow pump离心泵centrifugal pump往复泵reciprocating pump活塞泵piston pump柱塞泵plunger pump径向柱塞泵radial plunger pump轴向柱塞泵axial plunger pump回转泵rotary pump叶片泵vane pump单（双）作用叶片泵single(double)-acting pump齿轮泵gear pump水环泵water ring pump内（外）齿轮泵inside(outside)gearing pump螺杆泵screw pum液压泵hydraulic pump径流泵radial-flow pump旋涡泵volute pump喷射泵ejector pump蒸汽直接作用泵direct-acting steam driven pump主机驱动泵min-engine-driven pump冷却水（油）泵cooling water(oil)pump给水泵feed pump备用给水泵donkey feed water pump卫生水泵sanitary pump出灰泵ash-ejecting pump压载水泵ballast pump污水泵sewage pump凝水泵condensate pump引水泵priming pump(primer pump)盐水泵brine pump淡水泵fresh water pump消防泵fire pump舱底水泵bilge pump循环泵circulating pump真空泵vacuum pump驳运泵transfer pump排污泵slusge pump变量泵variable output pump洗仓泵tank cleaning pump增压泵booster pump泵壳pump housing泵体pump body泵缸pump cylinder泵缸套pump line填料箱stuffing box吸入阀suction valve净正吸入压头net positive suction head (NPSH)系统水头损失system head loss泵浦特性曲线pump characteristic curve排出discharge (delivery)流道liquid path叶轮impeller (vane wheel)扩压管diffuser蜗壳volute管路pipe line旋塞（考克）cock止回阀non-return valve碟形阀butterfly valve闸板阀gate valve转阀rotary(rotating) valve滑阀slide (sliding)valve球形阀globe valve安全阀relief valve速闭阀quick closing valve (strip valve)集中引水系统central priming system (CPS)第5部分船用锅炉Mair Boiler火（水）管锅炉fire (water) tube boiler立（卧）式锅炉vertical (horizonatal)boiler直（横，弯，盘，指）管锅炉straight(cross,bent,coil,thimble)-tube boiler废气锅炉exhaust boiler管式锅炉tubular boiler筒形锅炉cylindr boiler (shell type boiler)鼓筒形锅炉drum boiler燃油辅助锅炉oil-burning auxiliary boiler立式横烟管锅炉vertical fire tube boiler卧式三回程火管锅炉horizontal triple-pass fire tube boiler盘管式强制循环废气锅炉coil-tube forced-circulation exhaust boiler 人孔门manhole door水包water drum水管联箱water header水冷壁water-cooled wall (water screen, water wall) 上升管riser tube下降管down comer后水冷壁rear water wall tube侧水冷壁side water wall tube沸腾联箱steaming header沸水管boiling-water tube炉膛furnace (fire box)炉胆furnace flue炉排fire bar(fire grate)炉门fire door炉衣boiler clothing (boiler lagging)炉墙furnace wall耐火砖衬层fire-brick lining挡烟墙baffle wall给水阀feed water valve给水截止阀feed water stop valve给水止回阀feed water check valve汽鼓（汽锅筒）steam drum汽水分离器steam purifier (steam separator)内给水管intrnal feed pipe给水离子交换器feed water ion exchanger省煤器（经济器）economizer上部联管upper header下部联管lower header前部联管front header后部联管rear header进口分配联管inlet distributing header出口分配联管outlet distributing header水位表water level gauge玻璃水位表glass water level gauge低位水位表bottom water level gauge远距离水位显示计remote water level indicator水位计分支阀（通汽考克，通水考壳）water level root valve(steam cock,water cock) 光滑管plain tube带肋片的蛇形管coil tube with ribs水位调节器water level regulator低水位保险装置low-water level cut-off device危险水位报警器low-water level alarm热水井hot well热水循环泵hot water regulating pump水处理water treatment上排污阀surface blow-down valve底部排污阀bottom blow down valve上（下）部吹除阀surface(bottom) blow-off valve浮渣盘scum dish烟管smoke tube烟箱smoke chamber(smoke box)烟道smoke flue烟囱chimney(funnel)烟喉furnace uptake牵条stay牵条管stay tube支承管support tube波形管sinuflo tube麻花管swirlyflo tube吹灰器soot blower单层盘管single-layer tube燃烧器oil burner燃油预热器oil preheater雾化器burner atomize (sprayer)雾化片sprayer plate喷油嘴burner tip (nozzle)喷油嘴管架nozzle support喷油嘴体nozzle holder喷孔nozzle hole(nozzle orifice)旋涡室swirl chamber点火器igniter点火喷油嘴ignition nozzle点火变压器ignition transformer预燃室precombustion chamber调风器air register调风门air damper风门throttle (air intake flap)风门伺服器servomotor for throttle regulation风口draught door风箱burner wind box风机blower手调风门hand regulating throttle空气调温器air attemperator空气扩散盘air diffuse disk导流器air director空气调节器air regulator (air register)强制通风机force draught fan火焰检测器flame detector火口fire hole(combustion head)比例操作器proportional ratio apparatus压力比例操作器pressure ratio regulator停汽阀steam stop valve集汽管steam receive蒸汽分配器steam distributor阻汽器steam trap过热器super-heater减热器desuper heater旋风汽水分离器cyclone steam separator除氧器deaerator第6部分液压甲板机械Hydraulic Deck Machinery液压泵hydraulic pump径向柱塞泵radial plunger pump中央阀center valve配油轴oil distribution shaft配油盘oil distribution disc配油套oil distribution sleeve配油口oil distribution port配油壳oil distribution casing配油阀oil distribution valve浮动环floating ring压力管pressure pipe伺服活塞srevo-piston差动活塞differential piston倾斜盘swash plate液压放大器hydraulic amplifier液压马达hydraulic motor高速小扭矩油马达high speed low torque oil motor齿轮式（叶片式，轴向柱塞式）油马达gear-type (vane-type,axial-plunger-type)oil motor 低速大扭矩油马达low speed high torque oil motor柱塞式油马达plunger-type oil motor径向柱塞式油马达radial-plunger-type oil motor单作用径向柱塞式油马达single-acting radial-plunger-type oil motor轴向双斜盘式油马达axial-double-tilting frame type oil motor液压油缸hydraulic oil cylinder单作用柱塞油缸single-acting plunger oil cylinder摆动油缸oscillating oil cylinder差动油缸differential oil cylinder转叶式油缸rotary-vane-type oil cylinder定叶fixed vane转叶rotary vane密封条sealing strip定子stator转子totor压力控制阀pressure control valve顺序阀sequence valve直控～direct-control valve单向～one-way valve(check valve)卸载～off-load valve遥控～telecontrolled valve液控～hydraulically controlled valve减压阀pressure-reducing valve定压～constant pressure valve定差～constant difference valve定比～constant ratio valve溢流阀overflow valve先导式～pilot valve直动式～direct-acting valve差动式～differential valve流量控制阀flow control valve节流阀throttle valve调速阀speed-regulating valve方向控制阀direction control valve直通式～straight one-way valve直角式～angle one way valve手动截止阀hand stop valve (hand cut-off valve)双路油压自锁阀double-circuit oil pressure self-closing valve 换向阀change-over valve (change valve)电磁～electro-magnetic valve电液～electro-hydraulic valve转阀（滑阀）ritary valve (side valve)三位四通阀three-position four-way valve主阀main valve辅阀auxiliary valve先导阀pilot valve阻尼孔damper hole节流缝隙throttle slot舵机steering gear定量泵开式系统open oil system of the constant delivery pump变量泵闭式系统closed oil system of the variable delivery pump撞杆式舵机ram type steering gear转叶式舵机rotary vane type steering gear工况选择阀operating mode selector valve手动旁通阀hand by-pass valve反馈杆feed back rod自锁阀self-locking valve防浪阀storm valve舵rudder舵柱rudder post舵柄rudder tiller舵托（承）rudder carrier舵叶rudder blade舵杆rudder stock撞杆ram操纵系统control system机械杠杆反馈式追随机构follow-up system of the mechanical lever feedback type 应急手动操纵装置emergency hand control device浮动杆floating lever副杠杆auxiliary lever遥控操舵装置telemotor steering gear起货装置cargo handing gear起货绞车cargo winch回转起货机crane吊扬索（千斤索）topping lift吊货杆boom(derrick boom)吊臂jib(crane jib)吊臂止动器jib stopper机械制动器machanicalbrake防索松保护器slack wire protection变幅绞车luffing winch货物定位装置cargo psotler差动型限位开关differential limit switich旋转绞车slewing winch带式刹车band brake旋转底盘slewing rim起锚机windlass止链器cable stopper锚anchor锚链anchor chain(anchor cable,chain cable)锚链轮chain lifter(cable lifter,cable holder)锚链舱chain locker链轮止动器chain lifter brake离合器clutch绞盘capstan绞盘卷筒capstan barrel带缆卷筒warping drum锚链卷筒chain drum绞车卷筒winch barrel(winch drum ,winding barrel)第7部分油水处理设备，轴系及推进器，造水机Oil Treatment,Oily Water Separator,Shafting &Propeller,Fresh Water Generator分油机oil separator离心分油机oil centrifuge分杂机clarifier分水机purifie造水机fresh water generator真空沸腾式造水机vacuum boiling type fresh-water genetator真空闪发式造水机vacuum flash type fresh-water generator工作水operating water冲洗水flushing water配水盘paring disc活动底盘sliding bowl bottom滑动圈operating slide污渣出口sludge outlet分离筒separator bowl分离筒本体bowl body分离筒盖bowl hood分离筒转轴bowl spindle分离盘bowl discs机盖frame cap阻水环damp ring比重环gravity disc油水分离器oily water separator舱底水bilge锥形盘conical plates粗粒化coalesce放油阀oil drain valve检验旋塞check cock自动空气释放阀automatic air rlease valve除油阀oil rcovery valve (recovered oil valve)液位探测电极liquid level electronic probe除渣阀scum valve自动出油阀automatic oil outlet valve储油柜oil storage tank控制板control panel轴系shafting螺旋桨propeller传动轴transmission shaft中间轴intermeditate shaft (tunnel shaft)推力轴thrust shaft单环推力轴single collar thrust shaft艉轴tail shaft (tube shaft)可调螺距螺旋桨adjustable pitch propeller (variable pitch propeller,controllable pitch propeller)定距桨constant pitch propeller固定桨叶螺旋桨fixed-blade propeller艏部螺旋桨bow propeller横向推理器transverse propeller左（右）螺旋桨left(right)handed propeller推力轴承thrust block推力块thrust pad推力环thrust collar刮油器scraper挡油圈oil deflector油位显示器oil level indicator单环推力轴承（密歇尔推力轴承）Michell thrust bearing(single collar(thrust)bearing)支撑轴承（中间轴轴承)tunnel bearing(intermediate shaft bearing)艉轴管轴承sterntube bearing (stern bearing)铁梨木轴承lignumvitae bearing水润滑轴承water-lubricated bearing白合金轴承white metal bearing桨叶propeller blade空泡cavitation螺旋桨空泡propeller-cavitation压力面空泡pressure-face cavitation(face cavitation)吸力面空泡suction-face cavitation导边空泡leading edge cavitation蒸发器evaporator加热器heater冷凝器condenser挡水器demiser抽气喷射器air ejector凝水泵distillate pump盐水泵brine pump闪发室flash chamber盐度计salinity indicator第8部分交流发电机及配电板Alternating Current Generator& Switchboard交流发电机altemator直流发电机dynamo发电机generator电磁式发电机electro-magnetic generator励磁场线圈magnetic field coil自励self-excited串励serise-wound并励shunt-wound复励compound-wound定子stator转子rotor电刷electric brush灭弧罩arc shield原动机prime motor配电箱distribution board主配电板main switch board区域配电板section board汇流排bus bar配电板load-dispatching board(switch board) 频率fequency相位phase同相in phase同步指示器synchroscope自动电压调节器automatic voltage regulator (AVR)自动分载装置automatic load-sharing device自动调频调载器automatic frequency and load regulator 发电机屏genertor pnel试验板test board供电网supply network岸电接线箱shore connection box脱扣装置trip device保护装置protection device欠压装置under-voltage protection失压装置no-voltage protection过载保护over-load protection过流保护over-current protection逆功率保护reverse power protection缺相保护open-phase protection短路电流保护short circuit current protection操纵平台control platform开关switch过载开关overload switch双刀开关double pole switch限位开关limit switch断路器breaker断流器cut-out自动断路器automatic circuit breaker过载断路器over load circuit breaker空气断路器air circuit breaker整流器rectifier变压器transformer耦合变压器couple transformer放大器amplifier换向器commutator起动器stater继电器relay电抗器reactor电阻器resisor电容器condenser (capacitor)接触器contactor接线盒connection box并车操作parallel operation电流表ammeter电压表voltmeter功率表wattmeter频率表frequency meter并车开关paralleling switch电动机motor三相电动机three-phase motor同步感应电动机synchronous induction motor异步电动机asynchronous motor鼠笼式电动机squirrel cage motor第9部分法规及消防设备Watchkeeping,International Convention &Fire Fighting STCW 公约《1978年海员international convention on standards of training, 培训，发证和值班标准certification and watchkeeping for seafarers 1978国际公约》值班watchkeeping值班人员watchkeeper (watchkeeping personnel)航行值班underway watch接班人员relief定员rating任职资格qualification值班要求watch requirements对职责的适应fitness for duty职责范围areas of responsibility日常调节routine adjustment逃生路线escape routes驾驶台命令bridge order轮机日志engine room log book无人机舱un-attended machinery space (UMS)(unmanned machinery space)国际公约international convention国际海事组织international maritime organization (IMO)海事委员会maritime commission()MARPOL公约《1973年防止international convention for the prevention of pollution船舶污染国际公约》（1978年修正）from ships 1973 (as modified by the protocol of 1978 relating therto)SOLAS公约《国际海上人命安全公约》international convention for the safety of life at sea油类记录簿oil record book国际防止污染证书(IOPP)international oil pollution prevention certificate原油洗舱(COW) crude oil washing system惰性气体系统(IGS) inert gas system专用压载舱(SBT) segregated ballast tanks清洁压载舱(CBT) clean ballast tanks排油监控系统oil discharge monitoring and control system焚烧炉incinerator散装有害液体货物记录簿cargo record book for ships carrying noxious liquid substances in bulk 国际散装有害液体运输防污证书international pollution prevention certificate for the carriage of noxious liquid substances in bulk客船安全证书passenger ship safety certificate货船无线电安全证书cargo ship safety radio certificate货船结构安全证书cargo ship safety construction certificate货船设备安全证书cargo ship safety equipment certificate中国船级社china classification society(CCS)中华人民共和国船舶检验局the register of shipping of the people's republic of china (ZC)定期检验periodical survey更新检验renewal survey年检annual survey中间检验intermediate survey火警探测器fire detector感烟探测器smoke detector火焰探测器flame detector感温探测器heat detector烟管警报系统smoke pipe fire alarm system蜂鸣器buzzer警铃alarm bell警报器howler灭火剂extinguishant灭火设备fire fighting equipment固定灭火设备fixed fire fighting equipment便携式灭火器portable extinguisher碳酸钠与酸混和灭火器soda-acid extinguisher泡沫式灭火器foam extinguisher化学泡沫式灭火器chemical foam extinguisher机械泡沫式灭火器mechanical foam extinguisher二氧化碳灭火器carbon-dioxide extinguisher干粉灭火器dry powder extinguisher插销plunger钢瓶steel container喷嘴nozzle把手handle排出管discharge hose触发开关trigger control喇叭状喷管horn固定灭火装置fixed fire fighting installation救火泵fire pump应急救火泵emergency fire pump增压泵booster pump消防栓hydrant皮龙管hosepipe(hose)快速扣合接头snap-in connector喷头sprinkler head (sprayer)泡沫发生器foam generator惰性气体发生器insert gas generator消防部署fire fighting strategy消防演习fire fighting drills呼吸面具breathing apparatus卤化烃系统halon system卤化烃1301 halon 1301(BTM)卤化烃1211 halon 1211(BCF)第10 部分维修常用词汇Useful Expressions in Repair ListA. 故障Troubles发现已无法修复found beyond repir发现尺寸过大found over-sized发现反应缓慢found slow function发现不正常found out of order发现不合标准found not up to standard发现不准确found inaccurate发现失效found ineffective发现失去作用found out of function发现咬住found seized发现冻结found stuck fast by icing发现过热found over heated发现过度磨损found excessive wear(found worn out;found worn away) 发现有一点倾斜found a little bit inclined发现因过热而毁坏found destroyed by over heating发现龟裂found chapped发现塌陷found collapaed发现运转失灵found out of operation发现呈椭圆形found oval发现拉痕found scored发现拉毛面积found scuffed about XX in area发现变形found deformed发现变形超过xx mm found deformed over a length of XX MM发现松动found loose发现油污found greasy发现赃污found dirty发现挤铅found squeezed发现弯曲found bent发现故障found faulty发现结霜found frosted发现损坏found damaged发现破裂成片found broken into pieces发现部分剥离found partly detached发现部分阻塞found partly blocked发现剧烈震动found violent vibration发现效率不高found low efficiency发现挠曲found twisted发现烧坏found burnt发现堵塞found choked发现断裂found fractured发现接地found earthed发现敲缸found knocking发现漏泄found leaking(leaky)发现熔化found melted away发现缩减约10mm found reduced about 10 mm发现在气缸内卡住found jammed up in the cylinder在某部位发现裂纹found cracked in way of如必要if necessary如发现必要if found chapped如发现有毛病any defectives if found一般要求General Requirements一式两份交轮机长to be handed over to C/Ein duplicate(two copies)一式三份交轮机长to be handed over to C/Ein triplicate(three copies)一式四份交轮机长to be handed over to C/E in quadruplicate送交轮机长to be sent to C/E(to be delivered to C/E;TO be submitted to C/E) 厂供to be supplied by yard以备检验to be prepared for survey用波浪键修补to be remedied by means of metallock用船上备件替换to be replaced with ship's spare用千斤顶提起to be jacked up出具证书certificates to be issued出具检验报告survey report to be issued充to be charged充以二氧化碳气体to be filled with co2 gas运至to be transported to取消to be cancelled供应to be provided供验船师检验to be presented for surveyor's inspection所有钢瓶测试all bottles to be calibrated所有钢瓶称重all bottles to be weighted制造并供应to be made and supplied按现有的制作并安装to be fabricated and installed according to the existing one 除霜to be defrosted砌to be paved重充氟里昂12 to be refilled with freon 12重充水银ti be recharged with marcury送至to be removed to(to be sent to;to be transferred to )送车间修理to be sent to work shop for repaira退回船上作备用to be returned to ship as spare绘制图纸交船srawing to be made and sumitted to ship按要求修理to be repaired as required按302项处理treated as item 302换新to be renewed消除eliminated修理时用盲板封口blinded during repair移至to beshifted to船供to be supplied by ship提供作备件用to be supplied as spare船舶所有人供应to be supplied by owner焊补to be patched up by welding提供to be furnished割掉to be cut off照样新作newly made as per sample增加to be addedC拆卸Dismantling从环槽中取出to be taken out from ring grooves打开检查to be opened up for inspection用干冰拧松to be shrunken with dry ice(to be softened with dry ice)用加热放松to be untightened by heating吊出to be lifted out拆卸to be dismantled拧松to be loosened拔出to be drawn out拔出检查to be pulled out for inspection。

UNIT 5 THE LUBRICATION SYSTEM学习目标:1.掌握润滑系相关的专业术语、词汇。

2.能对润滑系相关的资料进行中英文互译。

3.能进行相关内容的阅读和翻译。

TEXT A THE LUBRICATION SYSTEM1. Lubrication PrinciplesReducing friction to minimize wear and loss of power is the primary job a lubrication system must perform[1]. Residual oil on engine parts also provides lubrication for engine start-up.The engine oil forms a seal between the pistons, rings, and cylinders. It also helps to cool engine parts. Without the cleaning acting of the lubricating system, carbon and varnish build up would be excessive. The engine oil also absorbs the shock and dampens the noise of moving parts.How successful the lubrication system is in performing all these functions depends on a number of factors and conditions. There must be an adequate supply of good-quality lubricant delivered to all moving engine parts under sufficient pressure to provide hydrodynamic lubrication for rotating parts and oil adhesion to surface subject to sliding friction.2. Parts of the Pressure-Lubrication System2.1 Oil PanThe oil pan bolts under the engine block, where it seals off the bottom of engine. Shaped like a trough, this sheet-metal pan serves as the reservoir for about 5 quarts of oil. As oil flows from the engine, it drains downward into the oil pan. The oil pump sucks oil from the lowest part of the oil pan, the oil sump. Many oil pans have baffles, which are thin metal partitions. These keep the oil in the sump when the car corners hard or brakes suddenly. A drain plug at the bottom of the sump allows oil to be drained from the engine. The oil-pan gasket fits between the oil pan and the bottom of the engine block.In most engines, the oil circulates in the engine, and then returns to the pan. It stays in the oil pan until drawn back into the engine by the oil pump. During operation, the sump usually holds 2 to 3 quarts of oil. The rest of the oil moves through the passageways of the lubrication system. With the engine off, the pan holds about four quarts of oil. The fifth quart is in the oil filter. Because a pool of oil always rests in the sump, the type of lubrication system is called a wet-sump oiling system.A dry-sump oil system is used in many racing engines. This system has a separate storage tank for the oil. A second oil pump draws oil from the oil pan as the oil drains from the engine. As a result, a dry-sump system can circulate more oil through the engine than a wet-sump system.2.2 Oil PumpThere are two general types of automotive-engine lubricating-system oil pumps, gear and rotor. The gear-type oil pump uses a pair of gears. As they rotate, the spaces between the teeth are filled with oil from the oil inlet. Then, when the gears mesh, the oil is forced out through the oil outlet.The rotor-type oil pump has an inner and an outer rotor. The inner rotor is driven and turns the outer rotor. The spaces between the rotor lobes become filled with oil. When the lobes of the inner rotor move into the spaces in the outer rotor, the oil is squeezed out through the outlet.Oil pumps are usually driven from the engine camshaft by the same spiral gear that drives the ignition distributor. The oil intake for the oil pump is attached to a float in some engines. This floating intake takes oil only from the top of the oil in the oil pan. Since dirt particles sink, the top oil is the cleanest.2.3 Oil FilterAll automotive-engine lubricating systems have an oil filter（Figure5-1）. Oil circulates through this filter. In the filter, an element of filtering material traps particles of foreign material. This helps to keep the engine oil clean and to prevent particles from entering the engine.Oil filters are of two types. Those that filter part of the oil from the oil pump are caller bypass oil filters. Those that filter all the oil from the oil pump are caller full-flow oil filters. Some turbocharged diesel engines have both types of filter.Figure 5-1 oil filterFull-flow filters have a spring-loaded bypass valve. It protects the engine from oil starvation if the filter becomes clogged. If this happens, the valve is opened by the increased pressure from the pump trying to push oil through the filter. With the valve open, oil bypasses the filter. However, before this happens, the filter should be changed. The oil circulating with the valve open is not filtered and engine damage could result.3. Engine LubricationAn internal combustion engine would not run for even a few minutes if the moving parts were allowed to make metal-to-metal contact. The heat generated due to the tremendous amounts of friction would melt the metals, leading to the destruction of the engine[2]. To prevent this, all moving parts ride on a thin film of oil that is pumped between all the moving parts of the engine. Once between the moving parts, the oil serves two purposes. One purpose is to lubricate the bearing surfaces. The other purpose is to cool the bearings by absorbing the friction-generated heat. The flow of oil to the moving parts is accomplished by the engine’s internal lubricating system. Figure 5-2 shows a engine’s lube oil circuit schematic.Figure 5-2 lube oil circuit schematicThe oil pump is of the gear type, consisting essentially of two gears in mesh and requires no attention or adjustment. It is housed in the sump, being driven by a shaft and skew gearing from the camshaft.Oil from the sump is delivered at full pressure to all main bearings and camshaft bearings through gallery pipes and drillings in the cylinder block. The big-end bearings are fed from the main bearings via passages in the crankshaft.Lubrication for the timing chain is supplied an two points, by a feed from the front camshaft bearing into the periphery of the camshaft chain wheel and also by oil fed through the hollow shaft on which the timing chain jockey pulley is mounted arid thence through holes in the circumference of the jockey pulley.The inlet and exhaust rocker shafts are hollow, the inlet shaft being fed with oil from the rear of the main gallery pipe via an external pipeline, whilst that for the exhaust rockers and inlet followers is supplied via drillings from the center camshaft bearings. Each rocker and follower receives its oil through small holes drilled in the rocker shafts and in turn they are themselves also drilled, so that the oil finds its way through them and thence out again to lubricate the points of contact with the valves, push-rods and camshaft[3]. The distributor drive shaft is lubricated with oil fed from the exhaust rocker shaft via a hollow bolt.Surplus oil from the inlet valve gear returns through the cylinder casting and that from the exhaust valve gear direct to the sump.4. Lubrication OilsMotor oils for automobile engines fall into two basic categories: petroleum-based oils and synthetic oils. Petroleum-based oils, however, contain a variety of additives; so in fact they, too, are partly synthetic.The oil lubricates moving parts in the engine to minimize wear. Clearances between moving parts are filled with oil. The parts move on the layers of oil to minimize wear. Parts moving on layers of oil requirecomparatively little power to move them. The oil minimizes frictionhorsepower.The circulating oil helps cool the engine. As the oil moves through the engine, the oil gets hot. Then, when it drops down into the oil pan, which is cooler, the oil gives up this heat. So the oil is continually removing heat from the engine.The oil also helps absorb shock loads. When the power stroke starts, a force of as much as 4000 pounds is suddenly imposed on the rod and main bearings[4]. The layers of oil in the bearing clearances resist 〞squeezing out〞, acting as cushions to absorb the sudden load.The oil helps form a gastight seal between piston rings and cylinder walls. In forming this, the oil helps to reduce blowby.The oil acts as a cleaning agent. As it circulates through the engine, the oil picks up particles of metal and carbon and carries them back down into the oil pan. Larger particles fall to bottom of the oil pan. Smaller particles are filtered out by the oil filter.NEW WORDSl ubrication ['lu:bri'keiʃən ] n. 润滑；润滑作用；润滑油principle ['prinsəpl] n. 原理，原则；主义，道义；本质，本义；根源，源泉residual [ri'zidjuəl,ri'zidʒuəl] n. 剩余；残渣adj. 剩余的；残留的varnish ['vɑ:niʃ] n. 虚饰；光泽面；亮光漆，清漆vt. 装饰，粉饰；在…上涂清漆；使…有光泽buildup ['bildʌp] n. 组合；增强；发展；形成；树立名誉quart [kwɔ:t] n. 夸脱（容量单位，等于1／4加仑或2品脱）；一夸脱的容器excessive [ik'sesiv] adj. 过多的，太大的，过分的；过度的，极度的，放纵的dampen ['dæmpən] vt. 使降低；减少；抑制；使扫兴；使沮丧，使消沉，给…泼冷水；潮湿，弄湿，沾湿，使湿润partition [pɑ:'tiʃən] n. 分开；隔开；划分；分配隔开物；隔墙；隔板；区分线；区分物部分；隔开部分；隔开的房间gum [ɡʌm] n.树胶；橡皮；口香糖vt. 使…有粘性；用胶粘，涂以树胶rough [trɔf,trɔ:f] n. 槽，饲料槽，和面槽；洗槽，水槽；槽形物baffle ['bæfl] vt. 使…困惑；使…受挫折；用挡板控制vi. 做徒劳挣扎n. 挡板；困惑sump [sʌmp] n. 油底壳，机油箱；污水坑；水坑vi. 挖深（渠道，井筒等）turbocharge ['tə:bəutʃɑ:dʒ] vt. 用涡轮给增压clog [klɔɡ] vt.阻塞，堵塞(管子、道路等)；障碍，妨碍，阻碍；挤满，填满vi.发生阻碍；堵塞，堵住；塞满：粘住，粘在一起；凝成一块n.障碍物；阻碍；妨碍porosity [pɔ:'rɔsiti, pəu'rɔsiti] n. 多孔性；有孔性；多孔的东西；多孔物质；多孔部分；多孔结构periphery [pə'rifəri] n.周界线(尤指圆周)；周边；外围；周围；边缘；界限外表面(尤指圆体的外面)，外部；次要部分；无关紧要部分，边缘科学synthetic [sin'θetik] adj. 综合的(相对于analytic) ；合成的，人造的；合成燃料的n. 合成物；合成纤维；合成剂antiscuff [ʌnti'skʌf] n.磨损overhaul ['əuvə'hɔ:l,'əuvəhɔ:l] vt. 解体检修，拆修，大修：彻底检查，仔细检验：全面修订；彻底革新(或改革)：n.拆修，大修全面检查；详细检验全面修订；底革新(或改革)neutralize ['nju:trəlaiz] vt. 抵销；使…中和；使…无效；使…中立vi. 中和；中立化；变无效agitation ['ædʒiteiʃən] n. 激动，兴奋，煽动，搅动PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONSoil Pan油底壳dry-sump 干油底壳wet-sump 湿油底壳pickup tube机油吸油管filter screen滤网full-flow filtering system全流式滤清系统pressure-relief valve 安全阀泄压阀gear type oil pump齿轮式机油泵jockey pulley张紧轮，导向轮corrosion inhibitor 防腐剂detergent-dispersant 清洁分散剂viscosity index 粘度指数foam inhibitor泡沫抑制剂KEY VOCABULARYabsorb[əb'sɔ:b, əb 'zɔ:b]vt.1.吸收；吸引；承受；理解；使…全神贯注:Blotting paper absorbs ink. .吸墨水纸吸墨水。

汽车专业英语翻译Unit 1 Automotive BasicsAutomobiles, trucks, and buses are essential forms of transportation. They are complex machines made up of many parts. These parts can be grouped into a number of systems. An understanding of how the system work will help you understand how the automobile works.轿车、卡车和客车是交通运输的重要组成部分。

它们都是由许多部件组成的复杂机器。

这些部件可以归类为汽车的几个组成系统。

了解这些各个小系统是如何工作的将有助于我们理解整个汽车系统是如何工作。

An automobile can be divided into two basic parts: a body and a chassis. The body is the enclosure that houses the engine, passengers, and cargo. It is the part of the automobile that you see. The chassis is that part of the automobile beneath the body.汽车可以分为两个基本部分：车身和底盘。

车身包围发动机、乘客和行，它是汽车你所看到的部分。

而车身以下的部分就是底盘。

An automobile body is a sheet metal shell with windows, doors, a hood, and a trunk deck built into it. It provides a protective covering for the engine, passengers, and cargo. The body is designed to keep passengers safe and comfortable. For example, insulation in the body reduces noise and protects against heat and cold. The body styling provides an attractive, colorful, modern appearance for the vehicle. It is streamlined to lessen wind resistance and to keep the car from swaying at driving speeds.轿车车身是一个钣金件壳体，它上面有车窗、车门、发送机罩和行舱门等部件，它给发动机、乘客和行提供防护。

花键齿轮参数中英文对照渐开线花键 involute spline未注公差 undeclared tolerance未注倒角 undeclared chamfer调质 thermal refining端口 port chamfer模数 modulus齿形角 tooth profile angle变位系数 stand-off error齿圈径向跳动 geared ring radial runout公法线长度及偏差 common normal跨齿数 spanned tooth count高频淬火 high-frequency quenching配对齿轮 mating gear螺旋角 spiral angle压力角 pressure angle螺旋升角 lead angle图号 figure number齿厚 tooth thickness螺旋线 helix蜗杆 worm齿轮 gear齿轴 gear shaft转子轴 rotor shaft精度等级 precision class汽车构造词汇汽车 automobile拖拉机 tractor铁路机车 locomotive有轨电车 tram无轨电车 trolley军用车辆 military vehicle蒸汽机 steam engine煤气机 gas engine汽油机 gasoline engine国民经济 national economy国内生产总值 (GDP) Gross Domestic Production全拆散 (CKD) Completely Knock Down半拆散 (SKD) Semi-Knock Down改革开放 reform and opening技术引进 technical import国产化 localization支柱产业 pillar estate轿车 car客车 bus, coach货车 truck, lorry公路用车 road vehicle非公路用车 off-road vehicle发动机 engine机体 engine body曲柄连杆机构 crank-connecting rod mechanism 配气机构 valve timing mechanism供给系 fuel supply system冷却系 cooling system润滑系 lubricating system点火系 ignition system起动系 starting system底盘 chassis传动系 power train离合器 clutch变速器 gear box传动轴 propeller shaft驱动桥 drive axle行驶系 running gear车架 frame悬架 suspension前轴 front axle桥壳 axle housing车轮 wheel转向系 steering system转向盘 steering wheel转向器 steering gear转向传动装置 steering linkage助力装置 power assisting device制动系 braking system控制装置 control device供能装置 power supply device传动装置 transfer device制动器 brake车身 body车前板制件 front end panels车身壳体 body shell车门 door车窗 window附属装置 auxiliary device货箱 carrying platform发动机前置后轮驱动 (FR) front engine rear drive 发动机前置前轮驱动 (FF) front engine front drive 发动机后置后轮驱动 (RR) rear engine rear drive发动机中置后轮驱动 (MR) midship engine rear drive 全轮驱动 (nWD) all wheel drive驱动力 tractive force阻力 resistance滚动阻力 rolling resistance空气阻力 air resistance, drag上坡阻力 gradient resistance附着作用 adhesion附着力 adhesive force附着系数 coefficient of adhesion第一章发动机工作原理二冲程发动机 two stroke engine四冲程发动机 four stroke engine水冷发动机 water cooled engine风冷发动机 air cooled engine上止点 (UDP) upper dead point下止点 (LDP) lower dead point活塞行程 stroke汽缸直径 bore工作容积 working volume排量 swept volume, displacement进气行程 intake stroke压缩行程 compression stroke压缩比 compression ratio做功行程 working stroke爆燃，敲缸 detonation, knock排气行程 exhaust stroke示功图 indicating diagram汽缸体 cylinder block汽缸盖 cylinder head油底壳 oil sump活塞 piston连杆 connecting rod曲轴 crankshaft飞轮 flywheel进气门 intake valve排气门 exhaust valve挺柱 tappet推杆 push rod摇臂 rocker凸轮轴 camshaft正时齿轮 timing gear燃油箱 fuel tank燃油泵 fuel pump汽油滤清器 gasoline filter化油器 carburetor空气滤清器 air cleaner进气管 intake manifold排气管 exhaust manifold火花塞 spark plug点火线圈 ignition coil断电器 breaker蓄电池 storage battery发电机 generator水泵 water pump散热器 radiator风扇 fan放水阀 drain valve水套 water jacket分水管 distributive pipe机油泵 oil pump集滤器 suction filter限压阀 relief valve润滑油道 oil passage机油滤清器 oil filter机油冷却器 oil cooler起动机 starting motor有效功率 effective power有效转矩 effective torque燃油消耗率 specific fuel consumption发动机转速特性 engine speed characteristic 节气门开度 throttle percentage部分特性 partial characteristic外特性 outer characteristic第二章曲柄连杆机构汽缸套 cylinder sleeve, cylinder liner发动机支承 engine mounting活塞顶 piston top活塞头部 piston head活塞裙 piston skirt开槽 slot活塞环 piston ring气环 compression ring油环 oil ring环槽 groove活塞销 piston pin主轴承 main bearing主轴承盖 main bearing cap主轴瓦 main shell连杆轴承 big end bearing连杆盖 big end cap起动爪 cranking claw带轮 pulley平衡重 counter weight发火顺序 firing order扭振减振器 torsional vibration damper第三章配气机构顶置气门 (OHV) Over Head Valve顶置凸轮轴 (OHC) Over Head Camshaft单顶置凸轮轴 (SOHC) Single Over Head Camshaft 双顶置凸轮轴 (DOHC) Dual Over Head Camshaft 多气门发动机 multi-valve engine气门间隙 valve clearance配气相位 timing phase气门杆 valve stem气门座 valve seat气门导管 valve guide气门弹簧 valve spring第四章汽油机供给系可燃混合气 combustion mixture消声器 silencer, muffler汽油 gasoline, petrol分馏 distil蒸发性 evaporating property热值 heat value抗爆性 anti-knock property辛烷值 (RON) Research Octane Number过量空气系数 coefficient of excessive air理论混合气 theoretical mixture稀混合气 thin mixture浓混合气 thick mixture主供油系统 main supply system怠速系统 idle system加浓系统 thickening system加速系统 accelerating system浮子 float浮子室 float chamber针阀 needle valve量孔 metering jet阻风门 choke滤芯 filter cartridge沉淀杯 sediment cup泵膜 pump diaphragm油浴式 oil bath type石棉垫 a**estos pad预热 pre-heating汽油直接喷射 gasoline direct injection电控 electronic control多点喷射 muti-point injection单点喷射 single point injection电路控制 circuit control分电器信号 distributor signal空气流量信号 airflow signal冷却水温信号 water temperature signal第五章柴油机供给系输油泵 transfer pump喷油泵 fuel injection pump高压油管 high pressure fuel pipe发火性 ignition property黏度 viscosity凝点 condensing point备燃期 pri-combustion period速燃期 rapid combustion period缓燃期 slow combustion period燃烧室 combustion chamber统一燃烧室 united chamber球形燃烧室 ball shape chamber涡流室 turbulence chamber预燃室 pri-combustion chamber喷油器 injector精密偶件 precise couple柱塞 plunger出油阀 delivery valve调速器 governor两速调速器 two speed governor全速调速器 full speed governor定速调速器 fixed speed governor综合调速器 combined governor气动调速器 pneumatic governor机械离心式调速器 mechanical centrifugal governor 复合式调速器 complex governor喷油提前角调节装置 advancer飞块 flyweight联轴节 coupling粗滤清器 primary filter细滤清器 secondary filter涡轮增压器 turbocharger中间冷却器 intermediate cooler第七章冷却系节温器 thermostat防冻液 anti-freezing liquid补偿水桶 compensation reservoirV-带 V belt百叶窗 shutter大循环 big circulation小循环 small circulation散热翅片 fins第八章润滑系润滑剂 lubricant压力润滑 pressure lubrication飞溅润滑 splash lubrication润滑脂 grease机油压力传感器 oil pressure sensor油封 oil seal旁通阀 bypass valve机油散热器 oil cooler机油尺 dip stick加机油口 oil filler曲轴箱通风 crankcase ventilation第九章点火系一次绕组 primary winding二次绕组 secondary winding热敏电阻 heat sensitive resistance点火提前 ignition advance分电器 distributor活动触点 moving contact固定触点 fixed contact分火头 distributor rotor arm电容器 condenser点火提前装置 ignition advancer离心式点火提前装置 centrifugal ignition advancer 真空式点火提前装置 vacuum ignition advancer辛烷值校正器 octane number rectifier中心电极 central electrode侧电极 side electrode瓷绝缘体 ceramic insulator跳火间隙 spark gap半导体点火系 semi-conductor ignition system晶体管 transistor二极管 diode三极管 triode无触点点火系 non-contact ignition system霍尔效应 Hall effect正极板 anode负极板 cathode隔板 separator电解液 electrolyte蓄电池格 battery cell接线柱 terminal电缆 cable硅整流交流发电机silicon rectified A.C. motor 转子 rotor定子 stator电刷 brush风扇叶轮 fan blade电压调节器 voltage regulator第十章起动系手摇起动 cranking电热塞 electric heater plug串激直流发电机 serial wound D.C. motor起动齿圈 starter ring电磁操纵机构 electro-magnetic control第十一章新型发动机三角活塞 triangular piston转子发动机 rotary engine自转 rotary motion, rotation公转 orbit motion轨迹 trajectory齿轮 gear齿圈 ring gear往复零件 reciprocal parts动平衡 dynamic balance燃气涡轮发动机 gas turbine第十二章汽车传动系机械式传动系 mechanical transmission液力机械式传动系 hydro-mechanical transmission 静液式传动系 static-hydraulic transmission电力式传动系 electrical transmission自动式传动系 automatic transmission减速 reduction可变速比 variable ratios有级变速 definite ratios无级变速 indefinite ratios无级变速器(CVT) Continuously Variable Transmission 一般布置 general layout发动机横置 lateral engine positioning分动器 transfer case, transfer box第十三章离合器接合柔和 smooth engagement分离彻底 thorough separation过载 overload摩擦表面 friction surface摩擦衬片 friction liner毂 hub主动部分 driving part从动部分 driven part花键 spline压盘 pressure plate离合器盖 cover plate分离杠杆 release lever分离套筒 release sleeve分离轴承 release bearing主缸 master cylinder工作缸 working cylinder分离* release fork间隙调整 clearance adjustment打滑 slip踏板 pedal踏板自由行程 pedal free stroke踏板工作行程 pedal working stroke铆钉，铆接 rivet双片离合器 dual disc clutch中央弹簧离合器 central spring clutch膜片弹簧离合器 diaphragm spring clutch非线性 non-linear第十四章变速器与分动器输入轴（第一轴）input shaft, drive shaft输出轴（第二轴）output shaft, main shaft中间轴 counter shaft倒挡轴 reverse gear shaft常啮合 constant mesh低速挡 low gear高速挡 high gear最高速挡 top gear空挡 neutral gear一挡 the first gear二挡 the second gear三挡 the third gear倒挡 reverse gear直接挡 direct gear超速挡 overdrive动力输出 power take-off换挡 shift啮合套 sliding sleeve同步器 synchronizer同步锥面 synchro cone变速杆 shifting lever手柄 handle球铰链 ball joint换挡拨* shifting fork自锁 self-lock互锁 inter-lock变速驱动桥 transaxle加力挡 low gear第十五章液力机械传动液力偶合器 hydraulic coupling泵轮 impeller涡轮 turbine叶片 blade液力变矩器 torque converter导轮 stator行星齿轮系 planetary gear system太阳轮 sun gear行星轮 planet pinion行星架 planet carrier齿圈 ring gear第十六章传动轴万向节 universal joint, U-joint十字轴式万向节Cardan type U-joint*子 yoke, fork十字轴 spider, center cross滚针轴承 needle bearing滑脂嘴（油嘴）lubricating fitting, nipple 等角速 constant angular velocity双联式万向节 dual Cardan type U-joint球*式万向节 Weiss type U-joint球笼式万向节 Rzeppa type U-joint星形套 inner race housing球形壳 outer race shell保持架，球笼 retainer, ball cage挠性万向节 flexible U-joint无缝钢管 seamless steel tube第十七章驱动桥主减速器 final drive主动（小）齿轮 drive pinion从动（大）齿轮 ring gear伞齿轮 bevel gear双曲面齿轮 hypoid gear单级减速 single reduction双级减速 double reduction贯通式主减速器 penetrable final drive双速主减速器 double gear (speed) final drive 轮边减速器 wheel reduction差速器 differential半轴齿轮 differential side gear差速锁 differential lock轴间差速器 inter-axle differential lock托森差速器 torque sensitive differential半轴 axle shaft全浮式半轴 float type axle shaft半浮式半轴 semi-float type axle shaft桥壳 axle housing桥壳后盖 final drive rear cover第十八章行驶系行驶系 running gear车架 frame车桥，车轴 axle悬架 suspension半履带式汽车 semi-caterpillar vehicle第十九章车架边梁式车架 ladder type frame纵梁 side rail横梁 cross member保险杠 bumper托架 bracket支承 support拖钩 tow hook中梁式车架 backbone type frame桁架式车架 lattice type frame第二十章车桥和车轮转向桥 steering axle桥梁 axle beam工字形断面 I-section转向节 knuckle主销 king pin轮毂 wheel hub转向轮定位 steering wheel alignment主销后倾 caster主销内倾 king pin inclination前轮外倾 camber前轮前束 toe-in转向驱动桥 steering and driving axle支持桥 support axle轮辋 rim轮辐 spoke车轮装饰罩 hub cap轮胎 tyre, tire胎冠 crown, tread花纹 pattern胎侧 side wall帘布层 cord, ply尼龙，锦纶 nylon带束层 belted layer内胎 tube垫带 protector胎圈 bead气门嘴 bleed valve气门芯 valve core子午线轮胎 radial tire无内胎轮胎 tubeless tire刺穿 puncture备胎 spare tire第二十一章悬架弹性元件 spring, elastic element减振器 sock absorber导向机构 control device横向稳定器（杆）stabilizer, anti-roll bar 悬架刚度 suspension stiffness簧载质量 sprung mass非簧载质量 unsprung mass静挠度 static deformation独立悬架 independent suspension车轮上跳（减振器压缩行程） jounce车轮回跳（减振器伸张行程） rebound双向作用减振器 double action shock absorber 单向作用减振器 single action shock absorber 筒式减振器 telescopic shock absorber吊环 link ring工作缸 working cylinder贮油缸 reservoir流通阀（进液阀）intake valve伸张阀 rebound valve压缩阀 compression valve补偿阀 compensation valve充气减振器 gas filled shock absorber压力可调减振器 pressure adjustable shock absorber 钢板弹簧 leaf spring中心螺栓 central bolt弹簧夹 clip螺旋弹簧 coil spring扭杆弹簧 torsional bar囊式空气弹簧 bellow type air spring膜式空气弹簧 diaphragm type air spring橡胶弹簧 rubber spring卷耳 spring eye吊耳 shackleU形螺栓 U-bolt弹簧盖板 spring plate副簧 auxiliary spring主簧 main spring横臂式悬架 transversal type suspension双横臂式悬架 double wishbone suspension转向轴线 steering axis纵摆臂式 trailing arm type滑柱式 strut type麦弗逊式 McPhaeson type平衡悬架 tandem axle suspension第二十二章转向系机械（手动）转向系 manual steering system转向盘 steering wheel转向轴 steering shaft转向柱 steering column转向传动轴 steering drive shaft转向器 steering gear直拉杆 drag link转向节 knuckle转向节臂 knuckle arm梯形臂 steering arm横拉杆 tie rod转向轮偏转角关系 steering geometry转弯半径 turning radius循环球式转向器 recirculating ball steering gear转向螺杆 steering screw转向螺母 steering nut齿扇 sector齿轮齿条式转向器 rack and pinion steering gear蜗杆曲柄指销式转向器 worm and crankpin steering gear 动力转向 power steering转向油罐 steering reservoir转向油泵 steering oil pump第二十三章制动系鼓式制动器 drum brake制动蹄 brake shoe轮缸 wheel cylinder制动底板 brake base plate调整凸轮 adjustable cam制动蹄回位弹簧 retainer spring领蹄 leading shoe从蹄 trailing shoe盘式制动器 disc brake制动钳 brake calipers制动盘 brake disc液压制动系 fluid braking system制动液 brake fluid制动主缸 master cylinder气压制动系 pneumatic braking system空气压缩机 air compressor制动气室 brake chamber贮气筒 reservoir制动阀 brake valve气压调节阀 air pressure governor伺服制动系 servo braking system真空助力器 vacuum booster防抱死制动系 (ABS) Anti-lock Braking System辅助制动器 auxiliary brake缓速器 retarder排气制动 exhaust braking第二十四章车身车身壳体 body shell非承载式车身 separate frame construction承载式车身 unitary construction, integral body发动机舱 engine compartment客厢，乘客室 passenger compartment行李箱 trunk发动机罩 hood, bonnet前翼板 front fender, front wing 前挡泥板 front fender apron前围板 dash board, fire wall前风窗 windscreen, windshield前围 cowl, shroud顶盖 roof地板 floor panel行李箱盖 trunk lid, deck lid后围板 rear end panel前柱 front pillar, “A” pillar 中柱 center pillar, “B” pillar 后柱 rear pillar, “C” pillar 上边梁 roof rail门槛 rocker panel仪表板 instrument panel遮阳板 sun visor刮水器 wiper后视镜 rear view mirror门锁 door lock玻璃升降器 window regulator密封条 weather strip暖气装置 heater空调装置 air conditioner座椅 seat头枕 head restraint安全带 safety seat belt钢化玻璃 toughened glass夹层玻璃 laminated glass货箱 carrying platform边板 side board后板 tail board前板 head board地板，底板 floor board栓杆 tightening latch第二十五章附属设备车速表 speedometer里程表 mileage recorder机油压力表 oil pressure gauge燃油表 fuel gauge水温表 water temperature gauge 电流表 ammeter前大灯 head lamp转向指示灯 turning indicator制动信号灯 braking signal light报警信号装置 warning signal附表一般工程词汇长度 length宽度 width高度 height深度 depth距离 distance间隙 clearance位移 displacement面积 area体积 volume重量 weight质量 mass比重 specific gravity密度 density时间 time周期 period加速度 velocity, speed重力加速度 acceleration of gravity 力 force合力 resultant分力 component力矩 moment转矩 torque, twisting moment弯矩 bending moment压强 pressure大气压 atmospheric pressure声压级 (SPL) Sound Pressure Level 应力 stress应变 strain变形 deformation拉伸 stretching压缩 compressing弯曲 bending扭转 twisting强度 strength刚度 stiffness硬度 hardness黏度 viscosity运动黏度 kinematic viscosity能量 energy动能 kinetic energy位能 potential energy功 work功率 power温度 temperature热 heat热容量 thermal capacity比热 specific heat热功当量 Joule’s equivalent传热系数 coefficient of heat transfer 加热 heating冷却 cooling膨胀 expansion固体 solid液体 liquid气体 gas蒸发 evaporation溶解 dissolve融化 melt凝结 condensation凝固 solidification电路 electric circuit串联 serial connection并联 parallel connection电荷 electric charge电压 voltage电位 potential电流 current直流 (D.C.) Direct Current交流 (A.C.) Alternative Current电阻 resistance电容量 capacity电容器 condenser电感 inductance电极 electrode正极 anode负极 cathode电离 ionization电解 electrolysis电镀 electroplating电泳 electrophoresis磁场强度 magnetic field intensity磁通量 magnetic flux光通量 luminous flux光照度 photometric quantity发光强度 luminous intensity工程图 technical drawing图板 drawing board图纸 drawing paper描图纸 tracing paper投影 projection前视图 front end view侧视图 side view左视图 left end view右视图 right end view俯视图 plan view剖面 section剖视 section view实线 full line虚线 broken line, dotted line 点划线 chain line尺寸线 dimension line方形 square长方形 rectangle三角形 triangle圆形 circle内接圆 inscribed circle外切圆 circumscribed circle 直尺 ruler三棱尺 triangular scale三角板 set square丁字尺 tee square, T square 圆规 compasses分规 divider曲线板 curve鸭嘴笔 drawing pen锤子 hammer斧子 ax, axe螺丝刀 screw driver扳手 wrench, spanner活动扳手 adjustable wrench扳手套筒 socket钳子 pliers火钳子 tongs虎钳 vice刀子 knife刮刀 scraper剪子 scissors镊子 tweezers夹子 clip夹紧器 clamp锉刀 file凿子，錾子 chisel冲子 punch锥子 awl锯子 saw刨子 plane钻 drill砧铁 anvil直角尺 square内卡规 inside calipers外卡规 outside calipers游标卡尺 vernier calipers千分卡尺 micrometer guage高度尺 height gauge千分表 dial indicator水平（泡）尺 water level画针盘 marking gauge螺纹 threads螺栓 bolt双头螺柱 stud螺钉 screw十字槽螺钉 cross recessed screw 螺母 nut开槽螺母 castle nut蝶形螺母 fly nut, wing nut垫圈 washer弹簧垫圈 lock washer开口销 split pin, cotter pin键 key花键 spline直齿齿轮 spur gear斜齿齿轮 helical gear伞齿轮 bevel gear球轴承 ball bearing滚子轴承 roller bearing滚针轴承 needle roller bearing 轴承外圈 outer race轴承内圈 inner race隔离罩，保持架 cage, retainer 铸造，铸件 casting锻造，锻件 forging轧制，轧制件 rolling冲压，冲压件 stamping焊接，焊缝 welding电弧焊 arc welding气焊 oxyacetylene welding点焊 spot welding铆接，铆钉 rivet机械加工 machine work切削 cutting车削 turning刨削 planing铣削 milling钻削 drilling绞孔 fraising磨削 grinding镗削 boring拉削 broaching抛光 polishing热处理 heat treatment淬火 hardening, quenching退火 annealing回火 tempering正火 normalizing车床 lathe龙门刨床 planer牛头刨床 shaper插床 vertical shaper铣床 milling machine钻床 drilling machine磨床 grinder, grinding machine 外圆磨床 external grinder内圆磨床 internal grinder平面磨床 surface grinder镗床 boring machine拉床 broacher床头箱 head stock (gear box)卡盘，夹盘 chuck尾座 tail stock走刀箱 tool carrier模具 die, mold气锤 pneumatic hammer压床 press刀具 cutter车刀，刨刀 bite铣刀，绞刀 fraise钻头 bite磨轮，砂轮 grinding wheel夹具 fixture, jig汽车 automobile拖拉机 tractor铁路机车 locomotive有轨电车 tram无轨电车 trolley军用车辆 military vehicle蒸汽机 steam engine煤气机 gas engine汽油机 gasoline engine国民经济 national economy国内生产总值 (GDP) Gross Domestic Production 全拆散 (CKD) Completely Knock Down半拆散 (SKD) Semi-Knock Down改革开放 reform and opening技术引进 technical import国产化 localization支柱产业 pillar estate轿车 car客车 bus, coach货车 truck, lorry公路用车 road vehicle非公路用车 off-road vehicle发动机 engine机体 engine body曲柄连杆机构 crank-connecting rod mechanism 配气机构 valve timing mechanism供给系 fuel supply system冷却系 cooling system润滑系 lubricating system点火系 ignition system起动系 starting system底盘 chassis传动系 power train离合器 clutch变速器 gear box传动轴 propeller shaft驱动桥 drive axle行驶系 running gear车架 frame悬架 suspension前轴 front axle桥壳 axle housing车轮 wheel转向系 steering system转向盘 steering wheel转向器 steering gear转向传动装置 steering linkage助力装置 power assisting device制动系 braking system控制装置 control device供能装置 power supply device传动装置 transfer device制动器 brake车身 body车前板制件 front end panels车身壳体 body shell车门 door车窗 window附属装置 auxiliary device货箱 carrying platform发动机前置后轮驱动 (FR) front engine rear drive 发动机前置前轮驱动 (FF) front engine front drive 发动机后置后轮驱动 (RR) rear engine rear drive发动机中置后轮驱动 (MR) midship engine rear drive 全轮驱动 (nWD) all wheel drive驱动力 tractive force阻力 resistance滚动阻力 rolling resistance空气阻力 air resistance, drag上坡阻力 gradient resistance附着作用 adhesion附着力 adhesive force附着系数 coefficient of adhesion第一章发动机工作原理二冲程发动机 two stroke engine四冲程发动机 four stroke engine水冷发动机 water cooled engine风冷发动机 air cooled engine上止点 (UDP) upper dead point下止点 (LDP) lower dead point活塞行程 stroke汽缸直径 bore工作容积 working volume排量 swept volume, displacement进气行程 intake stroke压缩行程 compression stroke压缩比 compression ratio做功行程 working stroke爆燃，敲缸 detonation, knock 排气行程 exhaust stroke示功图 indicating diagram汽缸体 cylinder block汽缸盖 cylinder head油底壳 oil sump活塞 piston连杆 connecting rod曲轴 crankshaft飞轮 flywheel进气门 intake valve排气门 exhaust valve挺柱 tappet推杆 push rod摇臂 rocker凸轮轴 camshaft正时齿轮 timing gear燃油箱 fuel tank燃油泵 fuel pump汽油滤清器 gasoline filter 化油器 carburetor空气滤清器 air cleaner进气管 intake manifold排气管 exhaust manifold火花塞 spark plug点火线圈 ignition coil断电器 breaker蓄电池 storage battery发电机 generator水泵 water pump散热器 radiator风扇 fan放水阀 drain valve水套 water jacket分水管 distributive pipe机油泵 oil pump集滤器 suction filter限压阀 relief valve润滑油道 oil passage机油滤清器 oil filter机油冷却器 oil cooler起动机 starting motor有效功率 effective power有效转矩 effective torque燃油消耗率 specific fuel consumption发动机转速特性 engine speed characteristic节气门开度 throttle percentage部分特性 partial characteristic外特性 outer characteristic第二章曲柄连杆机构汽缸套 cylinder sleeve, cylinder liner发动机支承 engine mounting活塞顶 piston top活塞头部 piston head活塞裙 piston skirt开槽 slot活塞环 piston ring气环 compression ring油环 oil ring环槽 groove活塞销 piston pin主轴承 main bearing主轴承盖 main bearing cap主轴瓦 main shell连杆轴承 big end bearing连杆盖 big end cap起动爪 cranking claw带轮 pulley平衡重 counter weight发火顺序 firing order扭振减振器 torsional vibration damper第三章配气机构顶置气门 (OHV) Over Head Valve顶置凸轮轴 (OHC) Over Head Camshaft单顶置凸轮轴 (SOHC) Single Over Head Camshaft 双顶置凸轮轴 (DOHC) Dual Over Head Camshaft 多气门发动机 multi-valve engine气门间隙 valve clearance配气相位 timing phase气门杆 valve stem气门座 valve seat气门导管 valve guide气门弹簧 valve spring第四章汽油机供给系可燃混合气 combustion mixture消声器 silencer, muffler汽油 gasoline, petrol分馏 distil蒸发性 evaporating property热值 heat value抗爆性 anti-knock property辛烷值 (RON) Research Octane Number过量空气系数 coefficient of excessive air 理论混合气 theoretical mixture稀混合气 thin mixture浓混合气 thick mixture主供油系统 main supply system怠速系统 idle system加浓系统 thickening system加速系统 accelerating system浮子 float浮子室 float chamber针阀 needle valve量孔 metering jet阻风门 choke滤芯 filter cartridge沉淀杯 sediment cup泵膜 pump diaphragm油浴式 oil bath type石棉垫 a**estos pad预热 pre-heating汽油直接喷射 gasoline direct injection电控 electronic control多点喷射 muti-point injection单点喷射 single point injection电路控制 circuit control分电器信号 distributor signal空气流量信号 airflow signal冷却水温信号 water temperature signal第五章柴油机供给系输油泵 transfer pump喷油泵 fuel injection pump高压油管 high pressure fuel pipe发火性 ignition property黏度 viscosity凝点 condensing point备燃期 pri-combustion period速燃期 rapid combustion period缓燃期 slow combustion period燃烧室 combustion chamber统一燃烧室 united chamber球形燃烧室 ball shape chamber涡流室 turbulence chamber预燃室 pri-combustion chamber喷油器 injector精密偶件 precise couple柱塞 plunger出油阀 delivery valve调速器 governor两速调速器 two speed governor全速调速器 full speed governor定速调速器 fixed speed governor综合调速器 combined governor气动调速器 pneumatic governor机械离心式调速器 mechanical centrifugal governor 复合式调速器 complex governor喷油提前角调节装置 advancer飞块 flyweight联轴节 coupling粗滤清器 primary filter细滤清器 secondary filter涡轮增压器 turbocharger中间冷却器 intermediate cooler第七章冷却系节温器 thermostat防冻液 anti-freezing liquid补偿水桶 compensation reservoirV-带 V belt百叶窗 shutter大循环 big circulation小循环 small circulation散热翅片 fins第八章润滑系润滑剂 lubricant压力润滑 pressure lubrication飞溅润滑 splash lubrication润滑脂 grease机油压力传感器 oil pressure sensor油封 oil seal旁通阀 bypass valve机油散热器 oil cooler机油尺 dip stick加机油口 oil filler曲轴箱通风 crankcase ventilation第九章点火系一次绕组 primary winding二次绕组 secondary winding热敏电阻 heat sensitive resistance点火提前 ignition advance分电器 distributor活动触点 moving contact固定触点 fixed contact分火头 distributor rotor arm电容器 condenser点火提前装置 ignition advancer离心式点火提前装置 centrifugal ignition advancer 真空式点火提前装置 vacuum ignition advancer辛烷值校正器 octane number rectifier中心电极 central electrode侧电极 side electrode瓷绝缘体 ceramic insulator跳火间隙 spark gap半导体点火系 semi-conductor ignition system晶体管 transistor二极管 diode三极管 triode无触点点火系 non-contact ignition system霍尔效应 Hall effect正极板 anode负极板 cathode隔板 separator电解液 electrolyte蓄电池格 battery cell接线柱 terminal电缆 cable硅整流交流发电机silicon rectified A.C. motor转子 rotor定子 stator电刷 brush风扇叶轮 fan blade电压调节器 voltage regulator第十章起动系手摇起动 cranking电热塞 electric heater plug串激直流发电机 serial wound D.C. motor起动齿圈 starter ring电磁操纵机构 electro-magnetic control第十一章新型发动机三角活塞 triangular piston转子发动机 rotary engine自转 rotary motion, rotation公转 orbit motion轨迹 trajectory齿轮 gear齿圈 ring gear往复零件 reciprocal parts动平衡 dynamic balance燃气涡轮发动机 gas turbine第十二章汽车传动系机械式传动系 mechanical transmission液力机械式传动系 hydro-mechanical transmission静液式传动系 static-hydraulic transmission电力式传动系 electrical transmission自动式传动系 automatic transmission减速 reduction可变速比 variable ratios有级变速 definite ratios无级变速 indefinite ratios无级变速器(CVT) Continuously Variable Transmission 一般布置 general layout发动机横置 lateral engine positioning分动器 transfer case, transfer box第十三章离合器接合柔和 smooth engagement分离彻底 thorough separation过载 overload摩擦表面 friction surface摩擦衬片 friction liner毂 hub主动部分 driving part从动部分 driven part花键 spline压盘 pressure plate离合器盖 cover plate分离杠杆 release lever分离套筒 release sleeve分离轴承 release bearing主缸 master cylinder工作缸 working cylinder分离叉 release fork间隙调整 clearance adjustment打滑 slip踏板 pedal踏板自由行程 pedal free stroke踏板工作行程 pedal working stroke铆钉，铆接 rivet双片离合器 dual disc clutch中央弹簧离合器 central spring clutch膜片弹簧离合器 diaphragm spring clutch 非线性 non-linear第十四章变速器与分动器输入轴（第一轴）input shaft, drive shaft 输出轴（第二轴）output shaft, main shaft 中间轴 counter shaft倒挡轴 reverse gear shaft常啮合 constant mesh低速挡 low gear高速挡 high gear最高速挡 top gear空挡 neutral gear一挡 the first gear二挡 the second gear三挡 the third gear倒挡 reverse gear直接挡 direct gear超速挡 overdrive动力输出 power take-off换挡 shift啮合套 sliding sleeve同步器 synchronizer同步锥面 synchro cone变速杆 shifting lever手柄 handle球铰链 ball joint换挡拨叉 shifting fork自锁 self-lock互锁 inter-lock变速驱动桥 transaxle加力挡 low gear第十五章液力机械传动液力偶合器 hydraulic coupling泵轮 impeller涡轮 turbine叶片 blade液力变矩器 torque converter导轮 stator行星齿轮系 planetary gear system太阳轮 sun gear行星轮 planet pinion行星架 planet carrier齿圈 ring gear第十六章传动轴万向节 universal joint, U-joint十字轴式万向节Cardan type U-joint叉子 yoke, fork十字轴 spider, center cross滚针轴承 needle bearing滑脂嘴（油嘴）lubricating fitting, nipple等角速 constant angular velocity双联式万向节 dual Cardan type U-joint球叉式万向节 Weiss type U-joint球笼式万向节 Rzeppa type U-joint星形套 inner race housing球形壳 outer race shell保持架，球笼 retainer, ball cage挠性万向节 flexible U-joint无缝钢管 seamless steel tube第十七章驱动桥主减速器 final drive主动（小）齿轮 drive pinion从动（大）齿轮 ring gear伞齿轮 bevel gear双曲面齿轮 hypoid gear单级减速 single reduction双级减速 double reduction贯通式主减速器 penetrable final drive双速主减速器 double gear (speed) final drive 轮边减速器 wheel reduction差速器 differential半轴齿轮 differential side gear差速锁 differential lock轴间差速器 inter-axle differential lock托森差速器 torque sensitive differential。

机械英语　机械英语渐开线花键 involute spline未注公差 undeclared tolerance未注倒⾓ undeclared chamfer调质 thermal refining端⼝ port chamfer模数 modulus齿形⾓ tooth profile angle变位系数 stand-off error齿圈径向跳动 geared ring radial runout公法线长度及偏差 common normal跨齿数 spanned tooth count⾼频淬⽕ high-frequency quenching配对齿轮 mating gear螺旋⾓ spiral angle压⼒⾓ pressure angle螺旋升⾓ lead angle齿厚 tooth thickness螺旋线 helix蜗杆 worm齿轴 gear shaft转⼦轴 rotor shaft精度等级 precision class汽车构造词汇铁路机车 locomotive有轨电车 tram⽆轨电车 trolley军⽤车辆 military vehicle蒸汽机 steam engine煤⽓机 gas engine汽油机 gasoline engine国民经济 national economy国内⽣产总值 (GDP) Gross Domestic Production全拆散 (CKD) Completely Knock Down半拆散 (SKD) Semi-Knock Down改⾰开放 reform and opening技术引进 technical import国产化 localization⽀柱产业 pillar estate货车 truck, lorry公路⽤车 road vehicle⾮公路⽤车 off-road vehicle机体 engine body曲柄连杆机构 crank-connecting rod mechanism配⽓机构 valve timing mechanism供给系 fuel supply system冷却系 cooling system润滑系 lubricating system点⽕系 ignition system起动系 starting system底盘 chassis传动系 power train离合器 clutch变速器 gear box传动轴 propeller shaft驱动桥 drive axle⾏驶系 running gear车架 frame悬架 suspension前轴 front axle桥壳 axle housing转向系 steering system转向盘 steering wheel转向器 steering gear转向传动装置 steering linkage助⼒装置 power assisting device制动系 braking system控制装置 control device供能装置 power supply device传动装置 transfer device制动器 brake车前板制件 front end panels车⾝壳体 body shell附属装置 auxiliary device货箱 carrying platform发动机前置后轮驱动 (FR) front engine rear drive发动机前置前轮驱动 (FF) front engine front drive发动机后置后轮驱动 (RR) rear engine rear drive发动机中置后轮驱动 (MR) midship engine rear drive 全轮驱动 (nWD) all wheel drive驱动⼒ tractive force阻⼒ resistance滚动阻⼒ rolling resistance空⽓阻⼒ air resistance, drag上坡阻⼒ gradient resistance附着作⽤ adhesion附着⼒ adhesive force附着系数 coefficient of adhesion第⼀章发动机⼯作原理⼆冲程发动机 two stroke engine四冲程发动机 four stroke engine⽔冷发动机 water cooled engine风冷发动机 air cooled engine上⽌点 (UDP) upper dead point下⽌点 (LDP) lower dead point活塞⾏程 stroke汽缸直径 bore⼯作容积 working volume排量 swept volume, displacement进⽓⾏程 intake stroke压缩⾏程 compression stroke压缩⽐ compression ratio做功⾏程 working stroke爆燃，敲缸 detonation, knock排⽓⾏程 exhaust stroke⽰功图 indicating diagram汽缸体 cylinder block汽缸盖 cylinder head油底壳 oil sump活塞 piston连杆 connecting rod曲轴 crankshaft飞轮 flywheel进⽓门 intake valve排⽓门 exhaust valve挺柱 tappet推杆 push rod摇臂 rocker凸轮轴 camshaft正时齿轮 timing gear燃油箱 fuel tank燃油泵 fuel pump汽油滤清器 gasoline filter化油器 carburetor空⽓滤清器 air cleaner进⽓管 intake manifold排⽓管 exhaust manifold⽕花塞 spark plug点⽕线圈 ignition coil断电器 breaker蓄电池 storage battery发电机 generator⽔泵 water pump散热器 radiator风扇 fan放⽔阀 drain valve⽔套 water jacket分⽔管 distributive pipe机油泵 oil pump集滤器 suction filter限压阀 relief valve润滑油道 oil passage机油滤清器 oil filter机油冷却器 oil cooler起动机 starting motor有效功率 effective power有效转矩 effective torque燃油消耗率 specific fuel consumption发动机转速特性 engine speed characteristic节⽓门开度 throttle percentage部分特性 partial characteristic外特性 outer characteristic第⼆章曲柄连杆机构汽缸套 cylinder sleeve, cylinder liner发动机⽀承 engine mounting活塞顶 piston top活塞头部 piston head活塞裙 piston skirt开槽 slot活塞环 piston ring⽓环 compression ring油环 oil ring环槽 groove活塞销 piston pin主轴承 main bearing主轴承盖 main bearing cap主轴⽡ main shell连杆轴承 big end bearing连杆盖 big end cap起动⽖ cranking claw带轮 pulley平衡重 counter weight发⽕顺序 firing order扭振减振器 torsional vibration damper第三章配⽓机构顶置⽓门 (OHV) Over Head Valve顶置凸轮轴 (OHC) Over Head Camshaft单顶置凸轮轴 (SOHC) Single Over Head Camshaft 双顶置凸轮轴 (DOHC) Dual Over Head Camshaft 多⽓门发动机 multi-valve engine⽓门间隙 valve clearance配⽓相位 timing phase⽓门杆 valve stem⽓门座 valve seat⽓门导管 valve guide⽓门弹簧 valve spring第四章汽油机供给系可燃混合⽓ combustion mixture消声器 silencer, muffler汽油 gasoline, petrol分馏 distil蒸发性 evaporating property热值 heat value抗爆性 anti-knock property⾟烷值 (RON) Research Octane Number 过量空⽓系数 coefficient of excessive air 理论混合⽓ theoretical mixture稀混合⽓ thin mixture浓混合⽓ thick mixture主供油系统 main supply system怠速系统 idle system加浓系统 thickening system加速系统 accelerating system浮⼦ float浮⼦室 float chamber针阀 needle valve量孔 metering jet阻风门 choke滤芯 filter cartridge沉淀杯 sediment cup泵膜 pump diaphragm油浴式 oil bath type⽯棉垫 a**estos pad预热 pre-heating汽油直接喷射 gasoline direct injection电控 electronic control多点喷射 muti-point injection单点喷射 single point injection电路控制 circuit control分电器信号 distributor signal空⽓流量信号 airflow signal冷却⽔温信号 water temperature signal 第五章柴油机供给系输油泵 transfer pump喷油泵 fuel injection pump⾼压油管 high pressure fuel pipe发⽕性 ignition property黏度 viscosity凝点 condensing point备燃期 pri-combustion period速燃期 rapid combustion period缓燃期 slow combustion period燃烧室 combustion chamber统⼀燃烧室 united chamber球形燃烧室 ball shape chamber涡流室 turbulence chamber预燃室 pri-combustion chamber喷油器 injector精密偶件 precise couple柱塞 plunger出油阀 delivery valve调速器 governor两速调速器 two speed governor全速调速器 full speed governor定速调速器 fixed speed governor综合调速器 combined governor⽓动调速器 pneumatic governor机械离⼼式调速器 mechanical centrifugal governor 复合式调速器 complex governor喷油提前⾓调节装置 advancer飞块 flyweight联轴节 coupling粗滤清器 primary filter细滤清器 secondary filter涡轮增压器 turbocharger中间冷却器 intermediate cooler第七章冷却系节温器 thermostat防冻液 anti-freezing liquid补偿⽔桶 compensation reservoirV-带 V belt百叶窗 shutter⼤循环 big circulation⼩循环 small circulation散热翅⽚ fins第⼋章润滑系润滑剂 lubricant压⼒润滑 pressure lubrication飞溅润滑 splash lubrication润滑脂 grease机油压⼒传感器 oil pressure sensor油封 oil seal旁通阀 bypass valve机油散热器 oil cooler机油尺 dip stick加机油⼝ oil filler曲轴箱通风 crankcase ventilation第九章点⽕系⼀次绕组 primary winding⼆次绕组 secondary winding热敏电阻 heat sensitive resistance点⽕提前 ignition advance分电器 distributor活动触点 moving contact固定触点 fixed contact分⽕头 distributor rotor arm电容器 condenser点⽕提前装置 ignition advancer离⼼式点⽕提前装置 centrifugal ignition advancer 真空式点⽕提前装置 vacuum ignition advancer⾟烷值校正器 octane number rectifier中⼼电极 central electrode侧电极 side electrode瓷绝缘体 ceramic insulator跳⽕间隙 spark gap半导体点⽕系 semi-conductor ignition system晶体管 transistor⼆极管 diode三极管 triode⽆触点点⽕系 non-contact ignition system霍尔效应 Hall effect正极板 anode负极板 cathode隔板 separator电解液 electrolyte蓄电池格 battery cell接线柱 terminal电缆 cable硅整流交流发电机silicon rectified A.C. motor转⼦ rotor定⼦ stator电刷 brush风扇叶轮 fan blade电压调节器 voltage regulator第⼗章起动系⼿摇起动 cranking电热塞 electric heater plug串激直流发电机 serial wound D.C. motor起动齿圈 starter ring电磁操纵机构 electro-magnetic control第⼗⼀章新型发动机三⾓活塞 triangular piston转⼦发动机 rotary engine⾃转 rotary motion, rotation公转 orbit motion轨迹 trajectory齿轮 gear齿圈 ring gear往复零件 reciprocal parts动平衡 dynamic balance燃⽓涡轮发动机 gas turbine第⼗⼆章汽车传动系机械式传动系 mechanical transmission液⼒机械式传动系 hydro-mechanical transmission静液式传动系 static-hydraulic transmission电⼒式传动系 electrical transmission⾃动式传动系 automatic transmission减速 reduction可变速⽐ variable ratios有级变速 definite ratios⽆级变速 indefinite ratios⽆级变速器(CVT) Continuously Variable Transmission ⼀般布置 general layout发动机横置 lateral engine positioning分动器 transfer case, transfer box第⼗三章离合器接合柔和 smooth engagement分离彻底 thorough separation过载 overload摩擦表⾯ friction surface摩擦衬⽚ friction liner毂 hub主动部分 driving part从动部分 driven part花键 spline压盘 pressure plate离合器盖 cover plate分离杠杆 release lever分离套筒 release sleeve分离轴承 release bearing主缸 master cylinder⼯作缸 working cylinder分离* release fork间隙调整 clearance adjustment打滑 slip踏板 pedal踏板⾃由⾏程 pedal free stroke踏板⼯作⾏程 pedal working stroke铆钉，铆接 rivet双⽚离合器 dual disc clutch中央弹簧离合器 central spring clutch膜⽚弹簧离合器 diaphragm spring clutch ⾮线性 non-linear第⼗四章变速器与分动器输⼊轴（第⼀轴）input shaft, drive shaft 输出轴（第⼆轴）output shaft, main shaft 中间轴 counter shaft倒挡轴 reverse gear shaft常啮合 constant mesh低速挡 low gear⾼速挡 high gear最⾼速挡 top gear空挡 neutral gear⼀挡 the first gear⼆挡 the second gear三挡 the third gear倒挡 reverse gear直接挡 direct gear超速挡 overdrive动⼒输出 power take-off换挡 shift啮合套 sliding sleeve同步器 synchronizer同步锥⾯ synchro cone变速杆 shifting lever⼿柄 handle球铰链 ball joint换挡拨* shifting fork⾃锁 self-lock互锁 inter-lock变速驱动桥 transaxle加⼒挡 low gear第⼗五章液⼒机械传动液⼒偶合器 hydraulic coupling泵轮 impeller涡轮 turbine叶⽚ blade液⼒变矩器 torque converter导轮 stator⾏星齿轮系 planetary gear system太阳轮 sun gear⾏星轮 planet pinion⾏星架 planet carrier齿圈 ring gear第⼗六章传动轴万向节 universal joint, U-joint⼗字轴式万向节Cardan type U-joint*⼦ yoke, fork⼗字轴 spider, center cross滚针轴承 needle bearing滑脂嘴（油嘴）lubricating fitting, nipple 等⾓速 constant angular velocity双联式万向节 dual Cardan type U-joint球*式万向节 Weiss type U-joint球笼式万向节 Rzeppa type U-joint星形套 inner race housing球形壳 outer race shell保持架，球笼 retainer, ball cage挠性万向节 flexible U-joint⽆缝钢管 seamless steel tube第⼗七章驱动桥主减速器 final drive主动（⼩）齿轮 drive pinion从动（⼤）齿轮 ring gear伞齿轮 bevel gear双曲⾯齿轮 hypoid gear单级减速 single reduction双级减速 double reduction贯通式主减速器 penetrable final drive双速主减速器 double gear (speed) final drive 轮边减速器 wheel reduction差速器 differential半轴齿轮 differential side gear差速锁 differential lock轴间差速器 inter-axle differential lock托森差速器 torque sensitive differential半轴 axle shaft全浮式半轴 float type axle shaft半浮式半轴 semi-float type axle shaft桥壳 axle housing桥壳后盖 final drive rear cover第⼗⼋章⾏驶系⾏驶系 running gear车架 frame车桥，车轴 axle悬架 suspension半履带式汽车 semi-caterpillar vehicle第⼗九章车架边梁式车架 ladder type frame纵梁 side rail横梁 cross member保险杠 bumper托架 bracket⽀承 support拖钩 tow hook中梁式车架 backbone type frame桁架式车架 lattice type frame第⼆⼗章车桥和车轮转向桥 steering axle桥梁 axle beam⼯字形断⾯ I-section转向节 knuckle主销 king pin轮毂 wheel hub转向轮定位 steering wheel alignment主销后倾 caster主销内倾 king pin inclination前轮外倾 camber前轮前束 toe-in转向驱动桥 steering and driving axle⽀持桥 support axle轮辋 rim轮辐 spoke车轮装饰罩 hub cap轮胎 tyre, tire胎冠 crown, tread花纹 pattern胎侧 side wall帘布层 cord, ply尼龙，锦纶 nylon带束层 belted layer内胎 tube垫带 protector胎圈 bead⽓门嘴 bleed valve⽓门芯 valve core⼦午线轮胎 radial tire⽆内胎轮胎 tubeless tire刺穿 puncture备胎 spare tire第⼆⼗⼀章悬架弹性元件 spring, elastic element减振器 sock absorber导向机构 control device横向稳定器（杆）stabilizer, anti-roll bar悬架刚度 suspension stiffness簧载质量 sprung mass⾮簧载质量 unsprung mass静挠度 static deformation独⽴悬架 independent suspension车轮上跳（减振器压缩⾏程） jounce车轮回跳（减振器伸张⾏程） rebound双向作⽤减振器 double action shock absorber单向作⽤减振器 single action shock absorber筒式减振器 telescopic shock absorber吊环 link ring⼯作缸 working cylinder贮油缸 reservoir流通阀（进液阀）intake valve伸张阀 rebound valve压缩阀 compression valve补偿阀 compensation valve充⽓减振器 gas filled shock absorber压⼒可调减振器 pressure adjustable shock absorber 钢板弹簧 leaf spring中⼼螺栓 central bolt弹簧夹 clip螺旋弹簧 coil spring扭杆弹簧 torsional bar囊式空⽓弹簧 bellow type air spring膜式空⽓弹簧 diaphragm type air spring橡胶弹簧 rubber spring卷⽿ spring eye吊⽿ shackleU形螺栓 U-bolt弹簧盖板 spring plate副簧 auxiliary spring主簧 main spring横臂式悬架 transversal type suspension双横臂式悬架 double wishbone suspension转向轴线 steering axis纵摆臂式 trailing arm type滑柱式 strut type麦弗逊式 McPhaeson type平衡悬架 tandem axle suspension第⼆⼗⼆章转向系机械（⼿动）转向系 manual steering system转向盘 steering wheel转向轴 steering shaft转向柱 steering column转向传动轴 steering drive shaft转向器 steering gear直拉杆 drag link转向节 knuckle转向节臂 knuckle arm梯形臂 steering arm横拉杆 tie rod转向轮偏转⾓关系 steering geometry转弯半径 turning radius循环球式转向器 recirculating ball steering gear转向螺杆 steering screw转向螺母 steering nut齿扇 sector齿轮齿条式转向器 rack and pinion steering gear蜗杆曲柄指销式转向器 worm and crankpin steering gear动⼒转向 power steering转向油罐 steering reservoir转向油泵 steering oil pump第⼆⼗三章制动系⿎式制动器 drum brake制动蹄 brake shoe轮缸 wheel cylinder制动底板 brake base plate调整凸轮 adjustable cam制动蹄回位弹簧 retainer spring领蹄 leading shoe从蹄 trailing shoe盘式制动器 disc brake制动钳 brake calipers制动盘 brake disc液压制动系 fluid braking system制动液 brake fluid制动主缸 master cylinder⽓压制动系 pneumatic braking system空⽓压缩机 air compressor制动⽓室 brake chamber贮⽓筒 reservoir制动阀 brake valve⽓压调节阀 air pressure governor伺服制动系 servo braking system真空助⼒器 vacuum booster防抱死制动系 (ABS) Anti-lock Braking System辅助制动器 auxiliary brake缓速器 retarder排⽓制动 exhaust braking第⼆⼗四章车⾝车⾝壳体 body shell⾮承载式车⾝ separate frame construction承载式车⾝ unitary construction, integral body发动机舱 engine compartment客厢，乘客室 passenger compartment⾏李箱 trunk发动机罩 hood, bonnet前翼板 front fender, front wing前挡泥板 front fender apron前围板 dash board, fire wall前风窗 windscreen, windshield前围 cowl, shroud顶盖 roof地板 floor panel⾏李箱盖 trunk lid, deck lid后围板 rear end panel前柱 front pillar, “A” pillar中柱 center pillar, “B” pillar后柱 rear pillar, “C” pillar上边梁 roof rail门槛 rocker panel仪表板 instrument panel遮阳板 sun visor刮⽔器 wiper后视镜 rear view mirror门锁 door lock玻璃升降器 window regulator密封条 weather strip暖⽓装置 heater空调装置 air conditioner座椅 seat头枕 head restraint安全带 safety seat belt钢化玻璃 toughened glass夹层玻璃 laminated glass货箱 carrying platform边板 side board后板 tail board前板 head board地板，底板 floor board栓杆 tightening latch第⼆⼗五章附属设备车速表 speedometer⾥程表 mileage recorder机油压⼒表 oil pressure gauge燃油表 fuel gauge⽔温表 water temperature gauge电流表 ammeter前⼤灯 head lamp转向指⽰灯 turning indicator制动信号灯 braking signal light报警信号装置 warning signal附表⼀般⼯程词汇长度 length宽度 width⾼度 height深度 depth距离 distance间隙 clearance位移 displacement⾯积 area体积 volume重量 weight质量 mass⽐重 specific gravity密度 density时间 time周期 period加速度 velocity, speed重⼒加速度 acceleration of gravity ⼒ force合⼒ resultant分⼒ component⼒矩 moment转矩 torque, twisting moment弯矩 bending moment压强 pressure⼤⽓压 atmospheric pressure声压级 (SPL) Sound Pressure Level应⼒ stress应变 strain变形 deformation拉伸 stretching压缩 compressing弯曲 bending扭转 twisting强度 strength刚度 stiffness硬度 hardness黏度 viscosity运动黏度 kinematic viscosity能量 energy动能 kinetic energy位能 potential energy功 work功率 power温度 temperature热 heat热容量 thermal capacity⽐热 specific heat热功当量 Joule’s equivalent传热系数 coefficient of heat transfer 加热 heating冷却 cooling膨胀 expansion固体 solid液体 liquid⽓体 gas蒸发 evaporation溶解 dissolve融化 melt凝结 condensation凝固 solidification电路 electric circuit串联 serial connection并联 parallel connection电荷 electric charge电压 voltage电位 potential电流 current直流 (D.C.) Direct Current交流 (A.C.) Alternative Current电阻 resistance电容量 capacity电容器 condenser电感 inductance电极 electrode正极 anode负极 cathode电离 ionization电解 electrolysis电镀 electroplating电泳 electrophoresis磁场强度 magnetic field intensity磁通量 magnetic flux光通量 luminous flux光照度 photometric quantity发光强度 luminous intensity⼯程图 technical drawing图板 drawing board图纸 drawing paper描图纸 tracing paper投影 projection前视图 front end view侧视图 side view左视图 left end view右视图 right end view俯视图 plan view剖⾯ section剖视 section view实线 full line虚线 broken line, dotted line 点划线 chain line尺⼨线 dimension line⽅形 square长⽅形 rectangle三⾓形 triangle圆形 circle内接圆 inscribed circle外切圆 circumscribed circle 直尺 ruler三棱尺 triangular scale三⾓板 set square丁字尺 tee square, T square 圆规 compasses分规 divider曲线板 curve鸭嘴笔 drawing pen锤⼦ hammer斧⼦ ax, axe螺丝⼑ screw driver扳⼿ wrench, spanner活动扳⼿ adjustable wrench 扳⼿套筒 socket钳⼦ pliers⽕钳⼦ tongs虎钳 vice⼑⼦ knife刮⼑ scraper剪⼦ scissors镊⼦ tweezers夹⼦ clip夹紧器 clamp锉⼑ file凿⼦，錾⼦ chisel冲⼦ punch锥⼦ awl锯⼦ saw刨⼦ plane钻 drill砧铁 anvil直⾓尺 square内卡规 inside calipers外卡规 outside calipers游标卡尺 vernier calipers千分卡尺 micrometer guage ⾼度尺 height gauge千分表 dial indicator⽔平（泡）尺 water level画针盘 marking gauge螺纹 threads螺栓 bolt双头螺柱 stud⼗字槽螺钉 cross recessed screw 螺母 nut开槽螺母 castle nut蝶形螺母 fly nut, wing nut垫圈 washer弹簧垫圈 lock washer开⼝销 split pin, cotter pin键 key花键 spline直齿齿轮 spur gear斜齿齿轮 helical gear伞齿轮 bevel gear球轴承 ball bearing滚⼦轴承 roller bearing滚针轴承 needle roller bearing轴承外圈 outer race轴承内圈 inner race隔离罩，保持架 cage, retainer铸造，铸件 casting锻造，锻件 forging轧制，轧制件 rolling冲压，冲压件 stamping焊接，焊缝 welding电弧焊 arc welding⽓焊 oxyacetylene welding点焊 spot welding铆接，铆钉 rivet机械加⼯ machine work切削 cutting车削 turning刨削 planing铣削 milling钻削 drilling绞孔 fraising磨削 grinding镗削 boring拉削 broaching抛光 polishing热处理 heat treatment淬⽕ hardening, quenching退⽕ annealing回⽕ tempering正⽕ normalizing车床 lathe龙门刨床 planer⽜头刨床 shaper插床 vertical shaper铣床 milling machine钻床 drilling machine磨床 grinder, grinding machine外圆磨床 external grinder内圆磨床 internal grinder平⾯磨床 surface grinder镗床 boring machine拉床 broacher床头箱 head stock (gear box)卡盘，夹盘 chuck尾座 tail stock⾛⼑箱 tool carrier模具 die, mold⽓锤 pneumatic hammer⼑具 cutter车⼑，刨⼑ bite铣⼑，绞⼑ fraise钻头 bite磨轮，砂轮 grinding wheel夹具 fixture, jig汽车 automobile拖拉机 tractor铁路机车 locomotive有轨电车 tram⽆轨电车 trolley军⽤车辆 military vehicle蒸汽机 steam engine煤⽓机 gas engine汽油机 gasoline engine国民经济 national economy国内⽣产总值 (GDP) Gross Domestic Production 全拆散 (CKD) Completely Knock Down半拆散 (SKD) Semi-Knock Down改⾰开放 reform and opening技术引进 technical import国产化 localization⽀柱产业 pillar estate轿车 car客车 bus, coach货车 truck, lorry公路⽤车 road vehicle⾮公路⽤车 off-road vehicle发动机 engine机体 engine body曲柄连杆机构 crank-connecting rod mechanism 配⽓机构 valve timing mechanism供给系 fuel supply system冷却系 cooling system润滑系 lubricating system点⽕系 ignition system起动系 starting system底盘 chassis传动系 power train离合器 clutch变速器 gear box传动轴 propeller shaft驱动桥 drive axle⾏驶系 running gear车架 frame悬架 suspension前轴 front axle桥壳 axle housing车轮 wheel转向系 steering system转向盘 steering wheel转向器 steering gear转向传动装置 steering linkage助⼒装置 power assisting device制动系 braking system控制装置 control device供能装置 power supply device传动装置 transfer device制动器 brake车⾝ body车前板制件 front end panels车⾝壳体 body shell车门 door车窗 window附属装置 auxiliary device货箱 carrying platform发动机前置后轮驱动 (FR) front engine rear drive发动机前置前轮驱动 (FF) front engine front drive发动机后置后轮驱动 (RR) rear engine rear drive发动机中置后轮驱动 (MR) midship engine rear drive 全轮驱动 (nWD) all wheel drive驱动⼒ tractive force阻⼒ resistance滚动阻⼒ rolling resistance空⽓阻⼒ air resistance, drag上坡阻⼒ gradient resistance附着作⽤ adhesion附着⼒ adhesive force附着系数 coefficient of adhesion第⼀章发动机⼯作原理⼆冲程发动机 two stroke engine四冲程发动机 four stroke engine⽔冷发动机 water cooled engine风冷发动机 air cooled engine上⽌点 (UDP) upper dead point下⽌点 (LDP) lower dead point活塞⾏程 stroke汽缸直径 bore⼯作容积 working volume排量 swept volume, displacement进⽓⾏程 intake stroke压缩⾏程 compression stroke压缩⽐ compression ratio做功⾏程 working stroke爆燃，敲缸 detonation, knock排⽓⾏程 exhaust stroke⽰功图 indicating diagram汽缸体 cylinder block汽缸盖 cylinder head油底壳 oil sump活塞 piston连杆 connecting rod曲轴 crankshaft飞轮 flywheel进⽓门 intake valve排⽓门 exhaust valve挺柱 tappet推杆 push rod摇臂 rocker凸轮轴 camshaft正时齿轮 timing gear燃油箱 fuel tank燃油泵 fuel pump汽油滤清器 gasoline filter化油器 carburetor空⽓滤清器 air cleaner进⽓管 intake manifold排⽓管 exhaust manifold⽕花塞 spark plug点⽕线圈 ignition coil断电器 breaker蓄电池 storage battery发电机 generator⽔泵 water pump散热器 radiator风扇 fan放⽔阀 drain valve⽔套 water jacket分⽔管 distributive pipe机油泵 oil pump集滤器 suction filter限压阀 relief valve润滑油道 oil passage机油滤清器 oil filter机油冷却器 oil cooler起动机 starting motor有效功率 effective power有效转矩 effective torque燃油消耗率 specific fuel consumption发动机转速特性 engine speed characteristic节⽓门开度 throttle percentage部分特性 partial characteristic外特性 outer characteristic第⼆章曲柄连杆机构汽缸套 cylinder sleeve, cylinder liner发动机⽀承 engine mounting活塞顶 piston top活塞头部 piston head活塞裙 piston skirt开槽 slot活塞环 piston ring⽓环 compression ring油环 oil ring环槽 groove活塞销 piston pin主轴承 main bearing主轴承盖 main bearing cap主轴⽡ main shell连杆轴承 big end bearing连杆盖 big end cap起动⽖ cranking claw带轮 pulley平衡重 counter weight发⽕顺序 firing order扭振减振器 torsional vibration damper第三章配⽓机构顶置⽓门 (OHV) Over Head Valve顶置凸轮轴 (OHC) Over Head Camshaft单顶置凸轮轴 (SOHC) Single Over Head Camshaft 双顶置凸轮轴 (DOHC) Dual Over Head Camshaft 多⽓门发动机 multi-valve engine⽓门间隙 valve clearance配⽓相位 timing phase⽓门杆 valve stem⽓门座 valve seat⽓门导管 valve guide⽓门弹簧 valve spring第四章汽油机供给系可燃混合⽓ combustion mixture消声器 silencer, muffler汽油 gasoline, petrol分馏 distil蒸发性 evaporating property热值 heat value抗爆性 anti-knock property⾟烷值 (RON) Research Octane Number过量空⽓系数 coefficient of excessive air理论混合⽓ theoretical mixture稀混合⽓ thin mixture浓混合⽓ thick mixture主供油系统 main supply system怠速系统 idle system加浓系统 thickening system加速系统 accelerating system浮⼦ float浮⼦室 float chamber针阀 needle valve量孔 metering jet阻风门 choke滤芯 filter cartridge沉淀杯 sediment cup泵膜 pump diaphragm油浴式 oil bath type⽯棉垫 a**estos pad预热 pre-heating汽油直接喷射 gasoline direct injection电控 electronic control多点喷射 muti-point injection单点喷射 single point injection电路控制 circuit control分电器信号 distributor signal空⽓流量信号 airflow signal冷却⽔温信号 water temperature signal第五章柴油机供给系输油泵 transfer pump喷油泵 fuel injection pump⾼压油管 high pressure fuel pipe发⽕性 ignition property黏度 viscosity凝点 condensing point备燃期 pri-combustion period速燃期 rapid combustion period缓燃期 slow combustion period燃烧室 combustion chamber统⼀燃烧室 united chamber球形燃烧室 ball shape chamber涡流室 turbulence chamber预燃室 pri-combustion chamber喷油器 injector精密偶件 precise couple柱塞 plunger出油阀 delivery valve调速器 governor两速调速器 two speed governor全速调速器 full speed governor定速调速器 fixed speed governor综合调速器 combined governor⽓动调速器 pneumatic governor机械离⼼式调速器 mechanical centrifugal governor 复合式调速器 complex governor喷油提前⾓调节装置 advancer飞块 flyweight联轴节 coupling粗滤清器 primary filter细滤清器 secondary filter涡轮增压器 turbocharger中间冷却器 intermediate cooler第七章冷却系节温器 thermostat防冻液 anti-freezing liquid补偿⽔桶 compensation reservoirV-带 V belt百叶窗 shutter⼤循环 big circulation⼩循环 small circulation散热翅⽚ fins第⼋章润滑系润滑剂 lubricant压⼒润滑 pressure lubrication飞溅润滑 splash lubrication润滑脂 grease机油压⼒传感器 oil pressure sensor油封 oil seal旁通阀 bypass valve机油散热器 oil cooler机油尺 dip stick加机油⼝ oil filler曲轴箱通风 crankcase ventilation第九章点⽕系⼀次绕组 primary winding⼆次绕组 secondary winding热敏电阻 heat sensitive resistance点⽕提前 ignition advance分电器 distributor活动触点 moving contact固定触点 fixed contact分⽕头 distributor rotor arm电容器 condenser点⽕提前装置 ignition advancer离⼼式点⽕提前装置 centrifugal ignition advancer 真空式点⽕提前装置 vacuum ignition advancer⾟烷值校正器 octane number rectifier中⼼电极 central electrode侧电极 side electrode瓷绝缘体 ceramic insulator跳⽕间隙 spark gap半导体点⽕系 semi-conductor ignition system晶体管 transistor⼆极管 diode三极管 triode⽆触点点⽕系 non-contact ignition system霍尔效应 Hall effect正极板 anode负极板 cathode隔板 separator电解液 electrolyte蓄电池格 battery cell接线柱 terminal电缆 cable硅整流交流发电机silicon rectified A.C. motor转⼦ rotor定⼦ stator电刷 brush风扇叶轮 fan blade电压调节器 voltage regulator第⼗章起动系⼿摇起动 cranking电热塞 electric heater plug串激直流发电机 serial wound D.C. motor起动齿圈 starter ring电磁操纵机构 electro-magnetic control第⼗⼀章新型发动机三⾓活塞 triangular piston转⼦发动机 rotary engine⾃转 rotary motion, rotation公转 orbit motion轨迹 trajectory齿轮 gear齿圈 ring gear往复零件 reciprocal parts动平衡 dynamic balance燃⽓涡轮发动机 gas turbine第⼗⼆章汽车传动系机械式传动系 mechanical transmission液⼒机械式传动系 hydro-mechanical transmission静液式传动系 static-hydraulic transmission电⼒式传动系 electrical transmission⾃动式传动系 automatic transmission减速 reduction可变速⽐ variable ratios有级变速 definite ratios⽆级变速 indefinite ratios⽆级变速器(CVT) Continuously Variable Transmission ⼀般布置 general layout发动机横置 lateral engine positioning分动器 transfer case, transfer box第⼗三章离合器接合柔和 smooth engagement分离彻底 thorough separation过载 overload摩擦表⾯ friction surface摩擦衬⽚ friction liner毂 hub主动部分 driving part从动部分 driven part花键 spline压盘 pressure plate离合器盖 cover plate分离杠杆 release lever分离套筒 release sleeve分离轴承 release bearing主缸 master cylinder⼯作缸 working cylinder分离叉 release fork间隙调整 clearance adjustment打滑 slip踏板 pedal踏板⾃由⾏程 pedal free stroke踏板⼯作⾏程 pedal working stroke铆钉，铆接 rivet双⽚离合器 dual disc clutch中央弹簧离合器 central spring clutch膜⽚弹簧离合器 diaphragm spring clutch⾮线性 non-linear第⼗四章变速器与分动器输⼊轴（第⼀轴）input shaft, drive shaft输出轴（第⼆轴）output shaft, main shaft中间轴 counter shaft倒挡轴 reverse gear shaft常啮合 constant mesh低速挡 low gear⾼速挡 high gear最⾼速挡 top gear空挡 neutral gear⼀挡 the first gear⼆挡 the second gear三挡 the third gear倒挡 reverse gear直接挡 direct gear超速挡 overdrive动⼒输出 power take-off换挡 shift啮合套 sliding sleeve同步器 synchronizer同步锥⾯ synchro cone变速杆 shifting lever⼿柄 handle球铰链 ball joint换挡拨叉 shifting fork⾃锁 self-lock互锁 inter-lock变速驱动桥 transaxle加⼒挡 low gear第⼗五章液⼒机械传动液⼒偶合器 hydraulic coupling泵轮 impeller涡轮 turbine叶⽚ blade液⼒变矩器 torque converter导轮 stator⾏星齿轮系 planetary gear system太阳轮 sun gear⾏星轮 planet pinion⾏星架 planet carrier齿圈 ring gear第⼗六章传动轴万向节 universal joint, U-joint⼗字轴式万向节Cardan type U-joint叉⼦ yoke, fork⼗字轴 spider, center cross滚针轴承 needle bearing滑脂嘴（油嘴）lubricating fitting, nipple等⾓速 constant angular velocity双联式万向节 dual Cardan type U-joint球叉式万向节 Weiss type U-joint球笼式万向节 Rzeppa type U-joint星形套 inner race housing球形壳 outer race shell保持架，球笼 retainer, ball cage挠性万向节 flexible U-joint⽆缝钢管 seamless steel tube第⼗七章驱动桥主减速器 final drive主动（⼩）齿轮 drive pinion从动（⼤）齿轮 ring gear伞齿轮 bevel gear双曲⾯齿轮 hypoid gear单级减速 single reduction双级减速 double reduction贯通式主减速器 penetrable final drive双速主减速器 double gear (speed) final drive 轮边减速器 wheel reduction。

指南建议内容,自润滑英文回答：Guidelines and suggestions for self-lubrication.Self-lubrication is an important aspect of maintaining smooth functioning and longevity of various mechanical systems and equipment. In this guide, I will provide some recommendations on how to achieve effective self-lubrication.1. Proper lubricant selection: It is crucial to choose the right lubricant for the specific application. Different lubricants have varying properties and viscosities, which can greatly impact the performance. For example, in high-temperature environments, a synthetic lubricant with high thermal stability would be more suitable.2. Regular lubrication schedule: Establishing a regular lubrication schedule is essential to ensure the equipmentstays properly lubricated. This schedule should be based on the manufacturer's recommendations and the operating conditions of the equipment. Neglecting regular lubrication can lead to increased friction and wear, ultimately resulting in equipment failure.3. Monitor lubricant levels: It is important to regularly check the lubricant levels to ensure they are within the recommended range. This can be done by visual inspection or by using oil level indicators. Low lubricant levels can lead to inadequate lubrication, causing increased friction and heat generation.4. Cleanliness is key: Before applying lubricant, it is crucial to clean the surfaces thoroughly. Any dirt, debris, or old lubricant residue should be removed to ensure proper lubrication. Failure to clean the surfaces can result in the formation of abrasive particles, which can damage the equipment.5. Proper application technique: When applying lubricant, it is important to follow the correct technique.This may involve using a specific tool or applying the lubricant in a specific manner. For example, whenlubricating bearings, it is important to apply thelubricant evenly and avoid over-greasing, as it can lead to excessive heat generation.6. Monitor equipment performance: Regularly monitoring the performance of the equipment can help identify any issues with lubrication. Unusual noises, increased friction, or excessive heat generation may indicate inadequate lubrication. Prompt action should be taken to rectify the issue and ensure proper lubrication.中文回答：自润滑的指南和建议。

perma Lubrication systems forLinear guidesThe Expert in Lubrication Solutions| 2Linear guides are machine elements that enable the movement of machines or components in linear direction. These are available in the form of roller bearing guides (e.g. linear bearings, linear roller bearings or profi le rails) or as sliding guides (e.g. dovetail guides or linear sliding guides). Linear guide drives are mainly screw drives, lifting gears or a combination of both.→Automotive industry→Conveying and warehouse technology →Food industry→Packaging industry →Machine toolsperma Lubrication systems forLinear guidesLubrication pointsChallengesLubrication points are located on the runner block and, if required, onthe drive (spindle and / or gear rack).A continuous supply of components with fresh lubricant is a basic requirement for achieving the projected service life.On account of the special design and varied use of linear guide systems, lubrication points in these systems present a challenge for effi cient and preventive maintenance. Lubrication points can often only be accessed with assistive equipment. The consequences are neglected or insuffi cient lubrication of the components.→Prevent equipment downtimes through relubrication →Workplace safety must be ensuredMany lubrication points must be lubricated exactly according to manufacturer specifi cations while the equipment is in operation. Different lubrication points require different lubricant amounts. Improper lubrication can cause equipment component failures and reduces productivity and cost effectiveness.→Recirculating ball / Roller guides: Even lubricant distribution within arunner block requires an increased lubricant volume fl ow .→The drive (spindle or gear rack) often requires more lubricant than therunner blocks.© 2019 - perma-tec GmbH & Co. KG | |3✓✓✓Advantages of automatic lubricationWould you like more information on perma products? Detailed product information in our perma LUBE BOOK Visit our website Long exchange intervals signifi cantly reduce maintenance expenditure compared to manual lubricationperma lubrication systems can be mounted outside of dangerous areas and actively contribute to accident prevention and/or risk minimisation Precise lubricant discharge prevents over-lubrication and contributes to environmental protectionSpecial system for linear guides: perma PRO LINE / PRO C LINE→Different discharge amount can be set for each outlet: Number of pump strokes per discharge →Number of activated outlets can be selected freely: 1–6→Flexible setting of time between discharges: Setting of pauses in days (24 h) possibleIndividual customisation: perma STAR CONTROL→Lubrication systems available in varying sizes →Simple mounting directly at the lubrication point→The right lubricant can be selected for every lubrication pointBefore ordering perma STAR CONTROL check the manufacturer's maintenance instructions. Use perma PRO LINE / perma PRO C LINE as an alternative.ReferencesWhen using greases and grease line lengths (up to 3 m) approved by Bosch Rexroth at 25 °C.Product portfolioApplicationsIndividual solutionsProject planning,installationand maintenanceExtensive range ofaccessories andconnecting parts forSolutions for all typesof applicationsLarge selection of highquality lubricants to meetthe requirements of yourequipment219/2·Version:1.1en·Art.No.112995。

DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-973X.2021.05.008齿轮箱飞溅润滑流场分布和搅油力矩损失刘桓龙1,2，谢迟新1,2，李大法1,2，王家为1,2(1. 先进驱动节能技术教育部工程研究中心，四川 成都 610031；2. 西南交通大学 机械工程学院，四川 成都 610031)摘 要：齿轮箱飞溅润滑具有齿轮旋转、两相流及流场分布复杂等特点，难以通过理论或实验进行研究；在计算流体动力学方法上，传统的网格法存在动网格处理困难、计算成本高的弊端.针对以上问题，提出运用移动粒子半隐式法(MPS)对齿轮箱飞溅润滑开展仿真分析. 在低转速时，设置不同润滑油型号和温度工况，发现润滑油流场分布情况与试验结果较一致. 在高转速时，设置不同的油温工况，发现相对光滑粒子流体动力学方法(SPH)，基于MPS 方法数值计算所得的齿轮搅油力矩损失准确度更高，能够准确预测力矩损失变化趋势，但力矩损失预测误差较大，须进一步改进和完善. MPS 方法严格保证了流体的不可压缩性，易于追踪捕捉大变形和强非线性化的自由液面，能够较好地分析预测齿轮箱飞溅润滑流场的分布效果.关键词： 飞溅润滑；移动粒子半隐式法（MPS ）；流场分布；力矩损失；计算流体动力学（CFD ）中图分类号： U 273.1 文献标志码： A 文章编号： 1008−973X （2021）05−0875−12Flow field distribution of splash lubrication of gearbox andchurning gear torque lossLIU Huan-long 1,2, XIE Chi-xin 1,2, LI Da-fa 1,2, WANG Jia-wei 1,2(1. Engineering Research Center of Advanced Driving Energy-saving Technology , Ministry of Education , Chengdu 610031, China ;2. School of Mechanical Engineering , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu 610031, China )Abstract: Gearbox splash lubrication has the characteristics of gear rotation, two-phase flow and complex flow fielddistribution, which is difficult to study through theory or experiment. In terms of computational fluid dynamics, the traditional grid method has the disadvantages of difficulty in processing dynamic grids and high computational cost.In view of the above problems, the moving particle semi-implicit method (MPS) was used to carry out the simulation analysis of the gearbox splash lubrication. At low speeds, different lubricating oil models and temperature conditions were set, and it was found that the lubricating oil flow field distribution was in good agreement with the test results.At high speeds, different oil temperature conditions were set, and it was found that compared with the smooth particle hydrodynamics method (SPH), the accuracy of the gear churning torque loss obtained by the MPS method was higher. It can accurately predict the trend of torque loss, but the error of torque loss prediction is relatively large,and further improvement and perfection are needed. The MPS method strictly guarantees the incompressibility of the fluid. It is easy to track and capture the free surface with large deformation and strong non-linearity The MPS method can be used to analyze and predict the distribution of splash lubrication flow field of the gearbox well.Key words: splash lubrication; moving particle semi-implicit method (MPS); flow field distribution; torque loss; computational fluid dynamics (CFD)在齿轮箱工作过程中，齿轮齿面之间的相对滑动摩擦、齿轮与润滑油之间的摩擦均会产生大量热量，其润滑性能的好坏直接关系到传动系统的性能. 飞溅润滑是齿轮箱最常用的润滑方式，在飞溅润滑时，齿轮系统在工作过程中会产生啮合摩擦功率损失、风阻功率损失和搅油功率损失，其中，搅油功率损失约占上述总功率损失的30%[1]. 降低搅油功率损失可以显著减小齿轮箱的收稿日期：2020−04−28. 网址：/eng/article/2021/1008-973X/202105008.shtml 基金项目：四川省科技厅重点研发资助项目（2018GZ0450）.作者简介：刘桓龙（1977—），男，副教授，硕导，从事机电液一体化研究. /0000-0001-8796-7190. E-mail ：*****************第 55 卷第 5 期 2021 年 5 月浙 江 大 学 学 报(工学版)Journal of Zhejiang University (Engineering Science)Vol.55 No.5May 2021功率损失和发热量，提高齿轮箱的传动效率和使用寿命. 因此，对齿轮箱搅油功率损失的准确预算非常重要. 由于飞溅润滑具有非稳态、油气两相流和流场分布复杂等特点，较难通过理论或实验进行研究.近年来，随着计算机技术和数值分析方法的高速发展，计算流体动力学(computational fluid dy-namics，CFD)已经逐渐成为齿轮箱飞溅润滑研究的重要手段. 目前，针对齿轮箱飞溅润滑研究的主要方法为基于欧拉坐标系的有限体积法(finite volume method，FVM)和基于拉格朗日坐标系的无网格法. 前者为传统的研究方法，大量学者采用该方法进行研究；后者为新兴的研究手段，目前，较少有学者将该方法应用于齿轮箱飞溅润滑的研究. 在FVM法方面，Gorla等[2-3]通过实验验证基于FVM的CFD法用于预测齿轮箱搅油功率损失是有效可行的. Liu等[4-5]运用高速摄像机采集FZG空载试验台飞溅润滑流场照片，与FVM数值仿真结果进行对比，发现数值仿真结果与实验结果具有高度一致性，同时发现FVM法获取的搅油功率损失与实验值较吻合. 沈林等[6]对一对啮合齿轮空载时的搅油损失进行研究，分析齿轮转速、传动比和齿轮类型对搅油损失的影响. Hu 等[7-9]使用动网格技术，运用多相流模型和湍流模型对直升机中减速器模型进行仿真分析，实现了减速器内部流场的可视化，分析了齿轮浸油深度和转速对关键部位体积流量的影响，同时验证分析了中减速器内液位高度、齿轮转速、油温、直升机倾斜角等对搅油功率损失的影响. Hu等[10]发现动态运动的变速箱会对齿轮箱搅油损失和齿轮啮合区域供油量产生重大影响，甚至造成润滑不良风险. 在无网格法方面，主要通过光滑粒子流体动力学(smoothed particle hydrodynamics，SPH)法和移动粒子半隐式法(moving particle semi-implicit method，MPS)对齿轮箱飞溅润滑进行研究. Groen-enboom等[11]运用SPH法与有限元(finite element method，FEM)耦合的方法对涌浪、变速箱飞溅润滑和心血管进行研究，结果表明，SPH-FEM法在湍流和流固耦合模型上具有良好应用. 赵迁等[12]运用SPH法对4种工况下纯电动车减速器进行仿真分析，从整体上得到了齿轮箱飞溅润滑的可视化效果. Ji等[13]用SPH法研究3个液位高度和3个雷诺数一共9种工况下单对啮合齿轮搅油的油液流场分布情况，并定性分析齿轮箱内空化气泡的数量和大小. Liu等[14]运用SPH法研究单级齿轮箱飞溅润滑的油液分布和搅油损失情况，发现油液分布、搅油损失与实验结果存在较大误差.皮彪等[15]应用MPS法分析某重型汽车主减速器润滑系统，首次将MPS法成功应用到减速器润滑分析中，为润滑系统分析提供了新方法. 李晏等[16]将MPS法应用到单齿搅油损失研究中，通过公式拟合不同因素对搅油功率损失的影响，为齿轮搅油损失研究提供了新方法.综上可知，对于FVM法，众多学者主要集中在对FZG空载实验台模型进行数值仿真，研究试验台齿轮箱飞溅润滑流场分布和搅油损失情况.少量学者对小型工程应用的简单几何结构的齿轮箱进行分析. 可以看到，FVM法在齿轮箱飞溅润滑方面具有广泛应用，且具有较高的准确性. 然而FVM法在处理齿轮箱飞溅润滑这种强非线性变化的问题时仍存在较大困难，比如齿轮啮合处间隙小须进行齿面移动处理、啮合处网格划分困难、对计算机硬件要求高、计算速度缓慢等，对于几何结构复杂的大型工程问题，其往往难以处理.对于无网格法，SPH法对齿轮箱流场分布具有较好仿真效果，但对于搅油功率损失的预测效果有待提高. 有学者[15]初次将MPS方法应用到齿轮箱飞溅润滑流场模拟和搅油损失中，但模拟效果较差，搅油功率损失的准确性有待验证.本研究以FZG空载实验台模型为研究对象，运用MPS法对不同转速、不同润滑油型号和温度工况下齿轮箱飞溅润滑流场分布进行数值仿真，从细节上还原齿轮的搅油形态；通过与试验结果对比验证MPS法在齿轮箱流场分布形态上的准确性；分析对比高转速时不同油温工况下搅油力矩损失仿真值与实验值，验证其在搅油损失预测方面相对于SPH法的优越性. 为MPS法应用于齿轮箱的研究和开发提供了有效支撑.1 MPS数值法MPS法是Koshizuka[17]提出的与早期SPH方法基本思想类似的数值计算法，用于计算不可压缩流体的运动. 该方法利用具有位置和速度特性的有限数量的粒子代表流体，通过粒子法对流体进行整体模拟，是基于拉格朗日形式的无网格计算方法. 在MPS法中，每个计算步分为显式和隐式2步，对计算结果进行2次修正. 第1次对粒子876浙 江 大 学 学 报（工学版）第 55 卷的速度和坐标进行显式修正，在通过求解压力泊松方程得到压力场后，对粒子进行第2次隐式修正，可以严格保证流体的不可压缩性. MPS 法通过核函数表达粒子之间的相互作用关系，使用梯度模型、拉普拉斯模型、粒子密度模型、粒子光滑模型等对控制方程进行离散. 由于该方法是无网格法，省去了繁杂的前处理和计算过程中网格的重构更新过程，且具有易于追踪捕捉大变形和强非线性化的自由液面优点，在大变形水力研究中获得广泛应用.1.1 控制方程对于连续不可压缩的牛顿流体，MPS 方法的基础控制方程为连续性方程和Navier-Stokes 方程，形式如下：u p υg ρt 式中：为速度，为压力，为运动黏性系数，为重力加速度，为流体密度，为时间.1.2 核函数w (r )w (r )在MPS 法中，通过梯度模型、拉普拉斯模型、粒子密度模型等各模型来离散控制方程，而这些模型则需要核函数来充当权重函数，用以表征粒子之间相互作用的强弱关系. 粒子之间相隔越近，核函数越大，相互作用越强；相隔越远，核函数越小，作用越弱. 选用核函数如下：r p r e 式中：为粒子之间的间距，为粒子的作用半径.1.3 梯度模型和Laplace 模型i j 在基于网格的Euler 法中，须对对流项连续插值从而容易导致数值扩散，而MPS 法用粒子相互作用的梯度模型和Laplace 来离散控制方程，无须离散N-S 方程的对流项，有效避免了数值扩散问题. 梯度模型用来离散一阶导数项，拉普拉斯模型用来离散二阶导数项[18]. 梯度模型是粒子和其作用域内所有邻域粒子的梯度向量的加权平均值[19]，示意图如图1所示，表达式如下：r i r j d n 0f 式中：、为粒子的坐标矢量，为求解问题的空间维数，为粒子数密度常数，为粒子物理参数.i基于非正常扩散，利用拉普拉斯模型将粒子的物理量根据邻域粒子的距离进行分配. 表达式如下：λ式中：为修正因子.1.4 粒子数密度和压力Poisson 方程n i i 在MPS 法中，通过保证粒子的密度数恒定来确保流体的不可压缩性，粒子数密度指粒子在核函数作用范围内，该粒子和其相邻粒子的函数值的叠加[18]，表达式如下：MPS 采用时间步积分法，数值计算就是迭代的预测和校正过程[18]. 在校正过程中须使用到压力Poisson 方程：∆t k 式中：为计算时间步长，为计算步数，n *为介于2个时间步的中间粒子密度.1.5 边界条件n ∗i <βn 0β∈[0.8,1.0]1.5.1 自由表面判别　在MPS 法中，将自由面粒子的压力设为零作为压力的边界条件. 因此，自由表面的确定对计算的准确性很重要. 根据流体的物理形态，自由表面外的粒子密度应小于流体内的粒子密度，则当时，粒子被认定为自由表面粒子，，本研究取0.97.1.5.2 边界处理办法　在模拟仿真时，须设置边界粒子以防止靠近边界的粒子穿越边界，由于该层边界粒子与流体粒子紧密接触，在实际计算中也图 1 MPS 法梯度模型示意图Fig.1 Schematic diagram of MPS gradient model第 5 期刘桓龙, 等：齿轮箱飞溅润滑流场分布和搅油力矩损失[J]. 浙江大学学报：工学版,2021, 55(5): 875–886.877会参与压力泊松方程的求解，具有压力值，所以称之为边界压力粒子. 为了避免自由表面的误判，一般情况下，在边界压力粒子之外，还须布置2层虚拟的边界非压力粒子. 因此，在仿真模型中边界均采用3层粒子的布置方法. 如图2所示.图 2 MPS 法边界粒子布置形式Fig.2 MPS boundary particle layout1.6 时间步长标准在仿真过程中，为了保证计算的稳定性，时间步长的确定须满足如下条件：∆t i C l 0u max d i υmax Cl 0/u max ∆t d i l 022(υ+υmax )式中：为初始时间步长，为克朗数，为粒子直径，为粒子最大速度，为扩散系数，为流体的动力黏度最大值. 保证满足Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL)条件[20]，保证黏度计算的稳定性.1.7 算法流程u i0r i 0n 0u i ∗r i ∗u i n +1r i n +1MPS 的每个计算步分为显示和隐式，是半隐式计算方法. 计算过程如下. 1）输入初始条件并对粒子进行初始化，得到粒子的速度初始值、位移初始值和初始粒子数密度；2）通过显示求解方法进行计算，得到在重力和黏滞力作用下粒子的速度估算值和位移估算值；3）通过隐式求解方法计算压力Piosson 方程和压力梯度项，以此修正粒子的速度和位置，得到下一时间步的速度和位置. 依照上面得到的速度和位置值继续向下循环计算，直至求解结束.2 实验平台与仿真设置由于实验条件限制，引用文献[4]采集的6张润滑油飞溅照片，建立与其相同的几何模型，设置相同的边界条件，运用MPS 进行数值仿真，将两者结果进行比较，验证MPS 法在飞溅润滑流场分布上的准确性. 引用文献[14]采集的6种工况的齿轮搅油损失力矩，建立与其相同的几何模型，设置相同的边界条件，运用MPS 进行数值仿真，将两者结果进行比较，研究MPS 法在搅油力矩损失预测上的准确性.2.1 实验平台m n a b αn β0z d a x 参考文献[4]，采用FZG 齿轮实验机. 采用闭环能量施加原理给精密实验齿轮提供所需载荷，主要由电机、伺服齿轮箱、扭矩测量离合器、透明测试齿轮箱、实验主从动齿轮等构成. 通过该试验机可以获得啮合齿轮的搅油功率损失. 为了获得高速润滑油飞溅照片，在齿轮箱前配备Photron 品牌下的 FASTCAM Mini AX200 型号高速摄像头，拍摄频率为5 000帧/s. 实验齿轮采用FZG C-PT 型齿轮，其几何参数如表1所示. 表中，为法向模数，为中心距，为齿宽，为压力角，为螺旋角，为齿数，为齿顶圆直径，为齿顶修正系数. FZG 齿轮实验机示意图如图3所示.表 1 FZG C-PT 型齿轮几何参数Tab.1 Geometric parameters of FZG C-PT gear参数m n /mm a /mm b /mm αn /(°)β0/(°)z /个d a /mmx主动轮 4.591.5142001682.450.182从动轮4.591.5142024118.350.1712.2 工况设置主要研究验证MPS 方法在齿轮箱飞溅润滑流场分布应用上的准确性，以及其在齿轮搅油力矩损失预算方面的正确性. 在飞溅润滑时，当齿轮在转速较低时，润滑油分布形态简单，易于捕捉和分析对比；在转速较高时，润滑油分布形态复杂，不易捕捉分析，但齿轮副的搅油功率损失较大，方便对其进行分析研究. 因此设置3种低转速、2种型号润滑油和2种油温共9种工况条件，用来分析不同转速和润滑油黏度下齿轮箱飞溅润滑流场的分布情况. 低转速工况具体参数如表2所示. 表中，−32.2 mm 表示齿轮中轴线下32.2 mm ，878浙 江 大 学 学 报（工学版）第 55 卷n o θh n w γ为主动轮转速，为润滑油油温，为液位高度.设置2种高转速和3种油温一共6种工况用来分析齿轮的搅油功率损失，高转速工况具体参数如表3所示. 表中，为从动轮转速. 与文献[14]不同的是，本研究未考虑油温差异带来的初始液位高度的细微差异. 3种低转速分别为240、360、540 r/min ，对应的齿轮周向速度分别为0.9、1.4、2.1 m/s. 2种高转速分别为1 444、3 474 r/min ，对应的齿轮周向速度分别为8.3、20.0 m/s. 润滑油属性如表4所示. 表中，为运动黏度.2.3 数值仿真利用Particleworks 软件对模型进行油液单相数值仿真. 综合考虑计算机性能和仿真结果精度，经过粒子直径参数测试，将低转速工况粒子直径设置为0.8 mm ，高转速工况粒子直径设置为1.5 mm ，采用双精度条件求解. 在仿真过程中，考虑粒子受到的重力，重力加速度设置为9.8 m 2/s.为了保证仿真过程的稳定性，压力和黏度项均采用隐式算法. 液体的表面张力采用Potential 模型.由于在飞溅润滑过程中，润滑油运动形态剧烈复杂，采用大涡模拟法(LES)湍流模型. 仿真的初始时间步长设置为5×10−5 s ，Courant 数设置为0.2，满足CFL 条件. 粒子自由表面判断系数取0.97.MPS 法在处理齿轮副齿面接触时容易造成发散，用齿面移动法对齿轮的齿面切除1%厚度可以有效保证仿真的顺利进行. 即在保留所有轮齿和不改变齿轮安装位置的基础上，通过改变轮齿厚度来增大啮合区域间隙，以保证计算的正常进行[21]. 目前，针对齿轮啮合处间隙狭小，给流体域网格划分和求解带来困难的问题，常用的齿轮建模处理方法包括无齿法、单向切齿法、双向切齿法和分离法. 根据彭钱磊等[21]的研究，相对以上的齿轮处理方法，齿面移动法无须改变齿轮副的安装位置，且获得的润滑油飞溅效果符合实际情况，搅油功率与试验结果基本一致，最大误差小于8%.本研究MPS 法数值仿真的所有工况均在普通PC 端完成，配置如下：graphics card: NVIDIA GTX1050Ti, CPU: Intel Core i5-9 400 6-cores, RAM capacity: 8 GB.表 2 齿轮箱飞溅润滑低转速工况参数Tab.2 Low speed operating condition parameters of gearboxsplash lubrication工况n o /(r·min −1)润滑油型号θ /℃h /mm1240FVA340−32.22360FVA340−32.23540FVA340−32.24240FVA3100−32.25360FVA3100−32.26540FVA3100−32.27240FVA240−32.28360FVA240−32.29540FVA240−32.2表 3 齿轮箱飞溅润滑高转速工况参数Tab.3 High speed operating condition parameters of gearboxsplash lubrication工况θ /℃h /mmn w /(r·min −1)润滑油型号160−20.01 444FVA3260−20.03 474FVA3390−20.01 444FVA3490−20.03 474FVA35120−20.01 444FVA36120−20.03 474FVA3表 4 不同型号润滑油的密度与黏度Tab.4 Density and viscosity of different types of lubricants型号ISO VG ρ/(kg·m −3)γ/(mm 2·s −1)θ=40 ℃θ=60 ℃θ=90 ℃θ=100 ℃θ=120 ℃FVA310086495401510.75FVA23285532−−5.4−图 3 FZG 齿轮试验机示意图Fig.3 Schematic diagram of FZG gear testing rig第 5 期刘桓龙, 等：齿轮箱飞溅润滑流场分布和搅油力矩损失[J]. 浙江大学学报：工学版,2021, 55(5): 875–886.879t s 每种工况求解至从动轮旋转10圈为止. 求解耗时如表5所示. 表中，为耗时.d p t p 数值仿真几何模型参数与上述FZG 实验箱参数保持一致，几何模型主要包括齿轮箱壳体、主动轮、从动轮、空气域和液体域. 在数值仿真前，对液体域进行粒子化，不同液位高度下MPS 粒子个数如表6所示. 仿真几何模型半剖图如图4所示. 参考文献[14]中使用SPH 粒子法对FZG 试验台进行数值仿真，其仿真的基本参数如表7所示.表中，为粒子直径，为仿真物理时长.表 5 齿轮箱飞溅润滑不同工况求解耗时Tab.5 Computational time of gearbox splash lubrication un-der different operating conditions低转速工况t s /h高转速工况t s /h1140.2123.6276.7214.7361.0326.24153.3417.1585.3530.1642.3619.57171.4−−8101.1−−990.1−−3 流场分析为了验证MPS 法在齿轮箱飞溅润滑油液分布上的细节表现和预测能力，选取低转速工况下，油温为40 ℃时的6种工况结果进行分析.3.1 流场分布对粒子化的油液进行表面化后处理，使得仿真结果在液体的形态特征上表现得更加贴切. 将获得的6种工况的数值仿真结果（润滑油分布图片）与文献[4]采集的高速摄像FZG 试验机搅油图片进行对比分析，以验证MPS 法在流场分布形态预测上的准确性. 仿真图片与实验图片中的齿轮旋转状态选取为同一时刻. 如图5所示为主动轮旋转0.450圈时的油液分布形态. 仿真与试验对比如图6、7所示. 图6中从左至右3种工况展示的分别为主动轮旋转至0.360、0.376、0.450圈时的油液分布形态；图7中从左至右3种工况展示的分别为主动轮旋转至0.360、0.412、0.386圈时的油液分布形态.由图5可以看到，由于齿轮副的旋转，浸没在润滑油中的轮齿产生低压区，箱体上部的空气被吸入油中，在轮齿附近产生大小不一的气泡，甚至在齿顶圆周处形成明显的弧形气液交界线. 随着齿轮旋转角度的增大，可以看到，一部分油液由于黏性附着在轮齿根部，在轮齿上形成一个月牙形区域，而从动齿轮更多的浸没在油液中，相对于主动齿轮，其月牙形区域覆盖面积更大，表现得更明显；另一部分油液由于齿轮旋转时离心力的作用和液体表面张力的作用，在主从动轮两侧的齿顶处分别形成清晰可见的油迹.在图6、7中，从动轮侧面的每一个齿顶上均有一条清晰均匀的油迹，而主动齿轮侧面的油迹相对散乱，这是由于齿轮运转时，主动轮受到的离心力较大，约为从动轮的1.5倍，导致黏着在轮齿上的油液受到更大的作用力而更容易向外飞溅. 分别对比圆周转速v t =0.9、1.4、2.1 m/s 的工况，可以发现速度越大，齿轮侧面的油迹被甩开的张角越大，油液被甩的越远；同时，油迹的形状由圆表 6 齿轮箱飞溅润滑不同液位高度下粒子数Tab.6 Number of particles in gearbox with splash lubricationat different liquid levelsh /mm粒子数/个−32.2565 538−20.0383 103表 7 SPH 法数值仿真基本参数Tab.7 Basic parameters of SPH numerical simulationn w /(r·min −1)硬件d p /mm t p /s∆t /st s /h1 444NVIDIA Tesla K40m 1.02 1.9×10−6723 474NVIDIA Tesla K40m1.029.1×10−792图 4 齿轮箱飞溅润滑仿真几何模型Fig.4 Geometric model of gearbox splash lubrication880浙 江 大 学 学 报（工学版）第 55 卷v t v t v t v t 滑连续变得零散间断，甚至油迹消失，在空中形成散乱分布的油粒. 这是由于=1.4 m/s 时齿轮所受离心力为=0.9 m/s 时的2.25倍，=2.1 m/s 时所受离心力为=1.4 m/s 时的2.25倍. 速度增大，齿轮所受离心力逐渐增大，油液更容易脱离齿轮而向外飞溅.为了分析黏度对油液飞溅分布的影响，设置FVA3和FVA2这2种型号润滑油的对比工况，在40 ℃时，两者的密度相近，而FVA2动力黏度约为FVA3的1/3. 对比图6、7，可以看出，由于低黏气泡油迹月牙形图 5齿轮箱飞溅润滑油液形态分布Fig.5 Oil distribution of gearbox splash lubrication(a)数值仿真结果(b) 实验结果[4]图 6 FVA3型润滑油时齿轮箱飞溅润滑仿真与试验对比图Fig.6 Comparison of simulation and test of gearbox splash lubrication with FVA3 lubricant(a)数值仿真结果(b)实验结果[4]图 7 FVA2型润滑油时齿轮箱飞溅润滑仿真与试验对比图Fig.7 Comparison of simulation and test of gearbox splash lubrication with FVA3 lubricant第 5 期刘桓龙, 等：齿轮箱飞溅润滑流场分布和搅油力矩损失[J]. 浙江大学学报：工学版,2021, 55(5): 875–886.881度润滑油的抗剪切应力能力较差，在油液分布形态上存在3点区别. 1）当润滑油黏度较高时，齿顶形成的油迹厚而连续，当黏度较低时，形成的油迹薄而间断，甚至呈油粒状. 2）当润滑油黏度较高时，轮齿附近产生的气泡数量少、体积大且形状规整；当黏度较低时，轮齿附近产生的气泡数量变多，体积变小且形状不规则. 3）当润滑油黏度较高时，黏着在轮齿根部的月牙形油液区域面积大，说明其从轮齿上滑落的速度慢；当黏度较低时，月牙形区域面积明显变小，且形状接近于弓形，说明油液滑落的速度快.对比试验所得的图片，可以看到数值仿真方法可以较准确地捕捉到浸没在油液中的齿间气泡以及在齿轮对两侧散开的弧形油迹之类的油液分布细节特征，同时可以清晰表现出不同转速和润滑油黏度工况下齿轮箱内油液分布形态的差异，说明MPS 法在齿轮箱飞溅润滑油液分布形态的预测上具有较好效果.3.2 速度场分析相对传统的试验方法，CFD 方法可以容易地获得油液的相关数据信息，比如液体的速度场云图、压力场云图和迹线分布状况等. 为了更好地了解流场特性，提取低转速工况下润滑油速度场分布云图，结果如图8所示.可以看出，在各工况中，具有速度的粒子主要为齿轮搅动区域附近的粒子和被甩到空中的粒子，而齿轮箱中大部分粒子的速度均约为零. 在油位以下齿轮附近的粒子速度较低，随着其被旋转的齿轮逐渐搅起，更多的能量传递到油液粒子中，粒子动量逐渐增大，速度逐渐增大，最终与附着处齿轮的局部速度大小一致. 部分齿顶处粒子在速度等于齿顶圆圆周速度后，在离心力和重力作用下脱离齿顶，并在惯性作用下继续飞溅. 这表明该计算具有较好的物理一致性，因为根据Stocks 黏性条件，运动壁上的牛顿流体粒子的速度与壁速相同.此外，与预想的一样，在润滑油黏度一定时，随着齿轮转速的提高，润滑油粒子的速度逐渐增加. 在40 ℃时，FVA3型号润滑油黏度约为FVA2的3倍；在100 ℃时，FVA3型号润滑油黏度约为40 ℃时FVA2润滑油的1/3. 对比分析图8可以看v t =0.9 m/s FV A3 40℃v t =1.4 m/s FV A3 40℃v t =2.1 m/s FV A3 40℃v t =0.9 m/s FV A2 40℃v t =1.4 m/s FV A2 40℃v t =2.1 m/s FV A2 40℃v t=0.9 m/s FV A3 100℃v t =1.4 m/s FV A3 100℃v t =2.1 m/s FV A3 100℃0.71.42.12.8v /(m·s −1)图 8 齿轮箱飞溅润滑不同工况下速度场分布图Fig.8 Distribution of velocity field of gearbox splash lubrication under different operating conditions882浙 江 大 学 学 报（工学版）第 55 卷。