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美国历史
美国全称美利坚合众国（英语：United States of America），原为英国殖民地，后因种种因素逐渐兴起而成为一个强大的国家。
北美洲原始居民为印第安人。
16-18世纪，正在进行资本原始积累的西欧各国相继入侵北美洲。
到了十八世纪中期，在北美大西洋沿岸建立了十三块殖民地，殖民地的经济，文化，政治相对成熟。
但是殖民地与英国之间产生了裂痕，英国继续对北美地区采取高压政策，引起了北美地区居民强烈不满。
从1776年到1783年，北美十三州在华盛顿领导下取得了独立战争的胜利。
美国正式诞生，先后制定了一系列民主政治的法令。
逐步成为一个完全独立的民族主权国家。
美国独立后积极进行领土扩展，美国领土逐渐由大西洋沿岸扩张到太平洋沿岸。
经济发生了显著变化，北部、南部经济沿着不同方向发展。
南北矛盾日益加重。
1861年4月至1865年4月，美国南方与北方之间进行的战争，又称美国内战。
最终是北方领导的资产阶级获胜统一全国。
1865年开始了重建时期，逐步废除奴隶制，1877年，南部进行民主重建，制订了民主的进步法令，标志着民主重建的结束。
后来美国完成了工业革命，经济实力大增，两次世界大战奠定了美国在资本主义世界中霸主的地位。
冷战开始后和苏联平分天下。
冷战结束后，美国成为世界上唯一的超级大国。
但是二十世纪八十年代年美国经济情况仍较平稳。
进入90年代，美国计算机产业发展迅速，并带动全球的高科技信息产业，开拓了新一代的产业革命。
谈美国历史作文英语Title: Exploring American History Through the Ages。
The history of the United States is a tapestry woven with diverse threads, spanning centuries of triumphs, struggles, and transformations. From its humble beginnings as a collection of colonies to its rise as a global superpower, American history is a testament to the resilience, innovation, and spirit of its people.One of the pivotal chapters in American history is the colonial period, which began in the early 17th century with the arrival of European settlers seeking religious freedom, economic opportunities, and adventure. The establishment of the Jamestown colony in 1607 marked the beginning of permanent English settlement in North America. Over the following decades, more colonies were founded along the eastern seaboard, each with its own unique characteristics and challenges.The colonial era was characterized by conflicts between the colonists and indigenous peoples, as well as tensions with the colonial powers in Europe. The French and Indian War, fought between 1754 and 1763, was a pivotal momentthat reshaped the geopolitical landscape of North America.It also laid the groundwork for the American Revolution, as the colonists chafed under British rule and sought greater autonomy.The American Revolution, which began in 1775 and culminated in the Declaration of Independence in 1776, wasa watershed moment in world history. It was a boldassertion of the principles of liberty, democracy, andself-determination, and it inspired similar movements for independence around the globe. The Revolutionary War,fought between the American colonies and the British Empire, tested the resolve and resilience of the fledgling nation but ultimately resulted in victory for the patriots.The period following the American Revolution was one of nation-building and exploration. The Constitutional Convention of 1787 laid the foundation for the Americanpolitical system, establishing a framework of government based on democratic principles and the separation of powers. The ratification of the Constitution in 1789 ushered in a new era of governance and set the stage for the expansion and growth of the United States.The 19th century was a time of rapid expansion and transformation for the United States. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 doubled the size of the young nation, opening up vast new territories for settlement and exploration. The westward expansion fueled by the promiseof manifest destiny brought Americans into conflict with indigenous peoples and other nations, leading to the annexation of Texas, the Mexican-American War, and the acquisition of territories such as California and Oregon.The Civil War, fought between 1861 and 1865, was a defining moment in American history, pitting the northern states against the southern states in a bloody struggleover the issue of slavery. The war resulted in theabolition of slavery and the preservation of the Union, but it also left deep scars on the nation and laid bare thedivisions between North and South.The latter half of the 19th century saw the United States emerge as an industrial powerhouse, fueled by technological innovation, immigration, and westward expansion. The completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 connected the east and west coasts of the country, facilitating trade and commerce and opening up new markets for American goods.The turn of the 20th century brought new challenges and opportunities for the United States. The Progressive Era, marked by social and political reform, saw the rise of movements for women's suffrage, labor rights, and environmental conservation. The United States also emerged as a global power, flexing its muscles in conflicts such as the Spanish-American War and exerting its influence in regions such as Latin America and the Pacific.The 20th century was a century of highs and lows for the United States, marked by triumphs such as victory in World War II and the Civil Rights Movement, as well astragedies such as the Great Depression and the Vietnam War. Despite these challenges, the United States emerged as a beacon of freedom and democracy, inspiring people around the world with its ideals of liberty, equality, and opportunity.In conclusion, the history of the United States is a rich tapestry of triumphs, struggles, and transformations. From its colonial beginnings to its emergence as a global superpower, American history reflects the resilience, innovation, and spirit of its people. By studying the past, we can gain insights into the forces that have shaped the nation and chart a course for the future.。
History And Anthology of American Literature （6）附：作者及作品一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。
1. 《美国史纲》（The Outline of American History）：作者是伯纳德·贝林格（Bernard Bailyn），是一本经典的美国历史教科书。
本书涵盖了从殖民地时期到20世纪的美国历史，重点关注政治、经济、文化和社会变革等方面。
2. 《欧洲史》（A Short History of Europe）：作者是罗伯特·格鲁夫（Robert K. Groueff），是一本全面介绍欧洲历史的书籍。
本书从古代文明到现代社会，详细介绍了欧洲的政治、经济、文化和社会发展。
3. 《西方文明史》（The History of Western Civilization）：作者是罗伯特·汤因比（Robert L. Gordon），是一本全面介绍西方文明历史的书籍。
本书从古代希腊和罗马文明到现代社会，详细介绍了西方文明的发展历程。
4. 《英国史》（A History of England）：作者是约翰·格里高利·吉本（John Gregorich Gibbon），是一本经典的英国历史教科书。
本书涵盖了从古代到现代的英国历史，重点关注政治、经济、文化和社会变革等方面。
5. 《法国史》（A History of France）：作者是罗伯特·弗莱彻（Robert Flaherty），是一本全面介绍法国历史的书籍。
本书从古代高卢到现代社会，详细介绍了法国的政治、经济、文化和社会发展。
6. 《德国史》（A History of Germany）：作者是约阿希姆·冯·魏茨泽克（Joachim von Wieser），是一本全面介绍德国历史的书籍。
本书涵盖了从古代到现代的德国历史，重点关注政治、经济、文化和社会变革等方面。
7. 《俄罗斯史》（A History of Russia）：作者是亚历山大·费奥多罗夫（Alexander Voikov），是一本全面介绍俄罗斯历史的书籍。
History And Anthology of American Literature（2）Part ⅡThe Literature of Reason And Revolution理性和革命时期文学1．托马斯·佩因《常识》Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense”;托马斯·杰弗逊《独立宣言》Thomas Jefferson “Declaration of Independence”2．在经济方面，英国要求美出口原材料，后从英国购回高成本的机器they hampered colonial economy by requiring Americans to ship raw materials abroad and to import finished goods at prices higher than the cost of making them in this country.3．在政治方面，要求他们归英国政府统一管理，交各种税收但在议会中却没有代表by ruling the colonies from overseas and by taxing the colonies without giving them representation in Parliament.4．美独立战争持续了八年（1776-1783）The War for Independence.诺亚·韦伯斯特（Noah Webster）说：文化上的独立，艺术上的著名。
5．文学上独立的代表作：1785年杰弗逊：《弗吉尼亚洲的声明》Jefferson’s “Notes on the State of Virginia”;1791年巴特姆：《旅行笔记》“Travels” by BartramⅠ. Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790殖民地时期作家。
History And Anthology of American Literature (VolumeⅠ)美国文学史及选读1PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学1.17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。
在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexico andother Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。
2.17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史3.美国最早殖民者(earliest settlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,Freunch ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portugueses(荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。
4.美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.5.第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established atJamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。
6.船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.他讲述了filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.7.美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith写了封信《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”.8.他的第二本书1612年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of theCountry”.9.他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。
History and Anthology of American LiteraturePart I The Literature of Colonial America1.Historical Introduction·The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.·Among the members of the small band of Jamestown settlers was Captain John Smith. His reports of exploration have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.2.Early New England Literature·The American poets who emerged in the 17 century adapted the style of established European poets to the subject matter confronted in a strange, new environment. Anne Bradstreet was one such poet.John Smith1.The first American writer.2.Works:(1)A true Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony(2)A Map of Virginia with a Description of the Country(3)The General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer IslesWilliam Bradford & John Winthrop1.William Bradford: 曾任普利茅斯总督·Work: Of Plymouth Plantation《普利茅斯垦殖记》2.John Winthrop: 曾任马萨诸塞湾总督，波士顿总督·Work: The History of New England from 1630 to 1649《新英格兰历史：1630-1649》John Cotton & Roger Williams1.John Cotton: 清教徒牧师和作家·The first major intellectual spokesman of Massachusetts Bay Colony was John Cotton, sometimes called “the Patriarch of New England”.2.Roger Williams: 出生于伦敦的进步宗教思想家，曾长期受到英国殖民当局的迫害·He was interested in the Indian language·Work：A Key into the Language of America 《阿美利加语言的钥匙》Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor1.Anne Bradstreet：美国第一位作品得以发表的女诗人·Work：The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America《第十位缪斯》2.Edward Taylor：美国清教派牧师和诗人，被公认为美国19世纪前最重要的诗人·The best of the Puritan poetsPart II The Literature of Reason and Revolution1.Background: In the seventies of the eighteenth century the English colonies in North America rose in arms against their mother country. The War of Independence lasted for eight years(1775-1783) and ended in the formation of a federative bourgeois democratic republic—the United States of America.2.American Enlightenment（美国启蒙运动）dealt a decisive blow to the Puritan traditions and brought to life seculareducation and literature.3.The secular ideals of the American Enlightenment were exemplified in the life and career of Benjamin Franklin.Benjamin Franklin1.是美国著名的思想家，政治家，科学家，发明家，外交家，教育家，作家。
参与起草了《独立宣言》和美国宪法,发明了双焦眼镜和玻璃口琴，做了著名的“风筝实验”，发明了避雷针。
是美国启蒙运动，即理性时代的象征。
2.Works：Autobiography《富兰克林自传》Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷理查年鉴》3.Contribution(1)He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Society.He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire (electricity in this case) from heaven”.(2)Everything seems to meet in this one man –“Jack of all trades”. Herman Melville thus described him “master of each and mastered by none”.Thomas Paine1.“Great Commoner of Mankind”2.Works: The Case of the Officers of the Excise，1772，《税吏事件》Common Sense, 1776,《常识》The American Crisis《美国危机》Rights of Man《人权》The Age of Reason《理性的时代》Thomas Jefferson1.美国第三任总统，独立宣言的主要起草者之一。
和富兰克林一样是通才，通晓政治学，园艺学，建筑学，考古学，词源学，密码学，测量学等，还身兼作家，律师和小提琴手。
他还创办了维吉尼亚大学。
他在任期间保护农业，发展民族资本主义工业，从法国手中购买路易斯安那州，使美国领土近乎增加了一倍。
2.Works: The Declaration of Independence《独立宣言》Philip Freneau1.The most outstanding writer of the post-revolutionary period.2.“Poet of the American Revolution”美国独立革命的诗人，“Father of American Poetry” ,美国文学之父，属于理性时代的诗人3.Works: The British Prison Ship《英国囚船》The Wild Honeysuckle《野生的金银花》The Indian Burying Ground《印第安人殡葬地》Part III The Literature of Romanticism1.Background(1)Political background and economic development(2)Romantic movement in European countriesDerivative – foreign influence2.Features(1)American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experience and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien.(2)There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. American romantic authors tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained.(3)The “newness” of Am ericans as a nation is in connection with American Romanticism.(4)As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent.Washington Irving1.是美国革命后第一个获得国际声誉的作家，在美国文学史上享有“美国文学之父”的称号。
2.He was the first great prose stylist of American Romanticism, and his familiar style was destined to outlive the formal prose of such contemporaries as Scott and Cooper, and to provide a model for the prevailing prose narrative of the future.3.Works: A History of New York《纽约外史》The Sketch Book《见闻札记》（收录了The Legend of Sleepy Hollow《睡谷的传说》和Rip Van Winkle《瑞普·凡·温克尔》等名篇，开创了美国短篇小说的传统）James Frnimore Cooper1.The first important American novelist2.Three kinds of works:(1)Novels about the revolution past: The Spy《间谍》(2) Sea adventures: The Pilot《舵手》(3)Frontier saga: Leatherstocking Tales《皮袜子故事集》（包括The Deerslayer《猎鹿者》,The Last of the Mohicans 《最后一个莫西干人》,The pathfinder《探路人》,The Pioneers《拓荒者》,The Prairie《大草原》）·The nearest approach yet to an American epic·central figure：Natty BumppoWilliam Cullen Bryant1.美国首位重要的自然派诗人，引导美国诗歌摆脱了古典主义模式的僵硬束缚，使之进入了一个简朴清新的时期。
