考研真题2020年复旦大学世界经济专业巴黎一大初试及复试真题

2020复旦大学翻译硕士考研真题回忆最全整理基础英语1.词汇语法题1'*20（单词可按GRE单词准备）2.阅读理解三篇10'*3（每篇5题星火专八难度左右）A.讨论为什么只有人有下颌，是进化还是什么原因？以下疑似第一篇阅读原文：Why we have chins: Researchers contend chin comes from evolution, not mechanical forces by Richard C. Lewis , University of IowaWe have one feature that primates, Neanderthals, archaic humans—any species, for that matter—don't possess: a chin."In some way, it seems trivial, but a reason why chins are so interesting is we're the only ones who have them," says Nathan Holton, who studies craniofacial features and mechanics at the University of Iowa. "It's unique to us."New research led by Holton and colleagues at the UI posits that our chins don't come from mechanical forces such as chewing, but instead results from an evolutionary adaptation involving face size and shape—possibly linked to changes in hormone levels as we became more societally domesticated.The finding, if true, may help settle a debate that's gone on intermittently for more than a century why modern humans have chins and how they came to be.Using advanced facial and cranial biomechanical analyses with nearly 40 people whose measurements were plotted from toddlers to adults, the UI team concludes mechanical forces, including chewing, appear incapable of producing the resistance needed for new bone to be created in the lower mandible, or jaw area. Rather, they write in a paper published online in the Journal of Anatomy, it appears the chin's emergence in modern humans arose from simple geometry: As our faces became smaller in our evolution from archaic humans to today—in fact, our faces are roughly 15 percent shorter than Neanderthals'—the chin became a bony prominence, the adapted, pointy emblem at the bottom of our face.University of Iowa researchers find that we develop chins as our head size increases, from childhood to adulthood. At about 4 years of age (left), we have little indication of a chin, but by our 20s, we havea prominent point at the bottom of our faces. Credit: Nathan Holton lab, University of Iowa"In short, we do not find any evidence that chins are tied to mechanical function and in some cases we find that chins are worse at resisting mechanical forces as we grow," says Holton, assistant professor and anthropologist in the Department of Orthodontics at the UI College of Dentistry. "Overall, this suggests that chins are unlikely related to the need to dissipate stresses and strains and that other explanations are more likely to be correct."More intriguing, UI anthropologists led by Robert Franciscus think the human chin is a secondary consequence of our lifestyle change, starting about 80,000 years ago and picking up great steam with modern humans' migration from Africa about 20,000 years later. What happened was this: Modern humans evolved from hunter-gatherer groups that were rather isolated from each other to increasingly cooperative groups that formed social networks across the landscape. These more connected groups appear to have enhanced the degree to which they expressed themselves in art and other symbolic mediums.Males in particular became more tranquil during this period, less likely to fight over territory and belongings, and more willing to make alliances, evidenced by exchanging goods and ideas, that benefited each and all.The change in attitude was tied to reduced hormone levels, namely testosterone, resulting in noticeable changes to the male craniofacial region: One big shift was the face became smaller—retrenching in effect—a physiological departure that created a natural opportunity for the human chin to emerge."What we're arguing is that modern humans had an advantage at some point to have a well-connected social network, they can exchange information, and mates, more readily, there's innovation," saysFranciscus, who was on the team that first laid out the theory in a paper published last August in the journal Current Anthropology and is a contributing author on the current paper, "and for that to happen, males have to tolerate each other. There had to be more curiosity and inquisitiveness than aggression, and the evidence of that lies in facial architecture."The new study buttresses that argument, in that it seems to rule out the chin arose from mechanical exertion, such as chewing.The researchers examined how the jaw region generally reacted to two forces—vertical bending and wishboning. In wishboning, one side of the jaw is pulled outward, resulting in compression in the outer part of the chin. In vertical bending, the ramus—the posterior more or less vertical part on each side of the lower jaw—splays outward, tensing the chin area. In both instances, the thinking went, the chin area is being mechanically stressed; on a microscopic level, new bone is being created, much like lifting weights creates little tears that allows new muscle to be created. Thus, arose the theory that mechanical forces, such as chewing, led to our chins.But in examinations from periodic measurements of participants' heads from 3 years of age to more than 20 years old, the UI researchers found no evidence that these imperceptible mechanical forces led to new bone in the chin region. Instead, they found nearly the opposite: Individuals with the most mechanical resistance had chins most similar to a 3 -or 4-year-old—meaning they didn't have much of a chin at all.What the researchers did notice is chin "growth" has more to do with how each feature in our face adapts as our head size increases, much like you'd fit individual pieces together in an expanding, shape-shifting, three-dimensional puzzle.Children,for example, have flat, nearly imperceptible chins, much like what's seen in Neanderthals. That bony prominence only becomes visible as our heads and faces grow into adulthood."Our study suggests that chin prominence is unrelated to function," Holton says, "and probably has more to do with spatial dynamics during development."B. 科学家和爱动物人士的争议C.讲不同国家对肢体接触的接受程度3.完形填空讲美元汇率相关10'4.作文学生减负的看法（400 words）40'翻译基础英译汉on poetry in its relation to our age and country节选汉译英华为GIV2025年白皮书选段原文：互联网和社交平台已逐渐成为大众获取信息的最主要平台，而对点击率的狂热追求，让新闻资讯APP上的新闻开始以博眼球、标题党等方式出现。

2020考研试题一、阅读理解（一）阅读理解A节阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。

Passage 1随着全球化的不断深入，国际交流日益频繁。

2020年，中国高等教育迎来了前所未有的发展机遇。

在这一年，中国的研究生招生规模扩大，考研人数再创新高。

据统计，报名参加2020年考研的学生人数达到了340万，比去年增长了17%。

这一现象反映出当代大学生对于深入学习和研究的渴望，也体现了社会对于高素质人才的需求。

在考研的众多专业中，经济学、管理学、计算机科学等传统热门专业依然受到追捧。

同时，随着国家对于新兴技术的重视，人工智能、数据科学等前沿领域的报考人数也呈现出显著增长。

考生们普遍认为，这些领域的专业知识将为他们的未来职业生涯提供更多的机会。

然而，考研之路并非一帆风顺。

面对激烈的竞争和繁重的学业压力，许多考生感到焦虑和不安。

为了应对这一挑战，教育部门和各大高校纷纷采取措施，提供心理辅导和职业规划服务，帮助考生们更好地准备考试。

此外，一些在线教育平台也推出了针对考研的辅导课程，为考生提供更加灵活和多样化的学习资源。

尽管存在诸多困难，大多数考生对于未来仍然充满信心。

他们相信，通过不懈的努力和坚持，最终能够在考研这场人生大考中取得成功。

Questions 1 to 3 are based on Passage 1.1. What does the passage say about the development of higher education in China in 2020?A) The number of postgraduate admissions decreased.B) The number of applicants for postgraduate entrance exams reached a record high.C) The traditional popular majors lost their appeal.D) Online education platforms stopped offering辅导 courses.2. Which of the following is TRUE about the postgraduate entrance examination in 2020?A) It was less competitive than in previous years.B) The number of students applying for economics and management increased significantly.C) New technologies became a focus of the examination.D) The examination process was made easier to accommodatemore students.3. What measures have been taken to help candidates preparefor the postgraduate entrance examination?A) Reducing the number of required courses.B) Providing psychological counseling and career planning services.C) Limiting the access to online education resources.D) Lowering the admission standards for postgraduate programs. （二）阅读理解B节阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。

复旦大学中国古代文学研究中心③324哲学综合知识④425形式逻辑基础1993-1994，1996③311语言学基础知识1996-1999④402古代汉语和现代汉语基础1996-1999③312文史知识1996-1997④403古籍校读1996-1997③338文学理论④801中国古代文学西方哲学史1994-1998西方哲学史（从古希腊到现代）2005中国古代与现代文学1996-1999，2002、2004-2005中国现当代文学1999中外文学与文艺理论1995-1998、2000、2003-2005写作1996-2002，2004-2005语文与写作1997中国语言文学系③313写作1996-2002、2004-2005④405中外文学与文艺理论1995-1998、2000、2003-2005③311语言学基础知识1996-1999④402古代汉语和现代汉语基础1996-1999③312文史知识1996，1997、④406目录版本学1996，1997④404中国古代与现代文学1996-1999，2002、2004-2005④802电影史与电影理论美学与文艺学1996-1999、2002理论语言学1996-1999中国古代文学史1996-1999语文与写作1997外国语言文学学院②207二外俄语208二外日语1994-1996,1998209二外德语1994-1995210二外法语1994-1996③314基础英语1995-1999④407英美文学史1995-1998408语言学理论1995-1998新闻学院③320新闻传播学基础2003-2005④414新闻实务2003-2004新闻实务模拟试题和答案18套（36元）④813传播实务2004（2004有答案）③340营销学2004④804广告与公关实务2004③339传媒与社会2004④803广播电视艺术2004新闻传播学实务2003新闻传播理论2003新闻业务1996-1998新闻传播业务1999-2000，2002新闻与传播理论1999，2001-2002新闻理论与中国新闻史1995-1998中外新闻事业史1999-2000，2002新闻传播学基础（单考生）2004历史学系③321史学概论1994-2000世界近现代史1996-1999世界上古史中古史1999世界古代中世纪史1995-1997中国古代史1995-1997、1999中国近现代史1996-1999古代汉语1992，1994，1996经济学院④420经济学综合基础2003-2005（2003-2005均有答案）经济学1993-2002（均有答案）④421西方经济学④401金融学基础（金融联考）2002-2005（均有答案）④421微观经济学1996-2001（A）-2001（B）-2002，2004（均有答案）世界经济1999-2000，2002（均有答案）世界经济概论1996-1998（均有答案）货币银行学1998-2002（1998有两份，国际金融和货币银行学专业各一份）货币银行学与国际金融1998金融学1999-2001综合考试（金融学专业）1999-2002当代中国经济1999管理学院④446经济与管理综合知识④420经济学综合基础2003-2005（2003-均有答案）经济学1993-2002（均有答案）④447概率论与数理统计1998-2004④421西方经济学③330高等数学1998④448线性规划1995-1998④449管理科学导论（运筹学）1994-1995-1999，2001-2002821运营管理④822数据结构与数据库管理444企业管理综合理论与知识2003-2005（2003-2005有答案）企业管理综合理论与知识模拟试题和答案18套（36元）④445会计学1995-2003（2001-2003有答案）④823东方管理与应用经济④825经济、管理和市场营销学基础④824财务金融综合知识微观经济学1996-2001（A）-2001（B）-2002，2004（均有答案）世界经济1999-2000，2002（均有答案）世界经济概论1996-1998（均有答案）企业经营管理1995-2002（1995-2002有答案）数据结构与操作系统1990-2004应用概率统计1999-2000概率统计1998企业管理2005（有答案）！哲学系③324哲学综合知识2004-2005④422马克思主义哲学原著1993-1994，1996④423中国哲学史1994，1996④424外国哲学史2000、2005④425形式逻辑基础1993-1994，1996④426西方伦理思想史④427宗教学原理④428科学技术哲学西方哲学史（从古希腊到现代）2005西方哲学史1994-1998国际关系与公共事务学院③325政治学原理1996-2005（1996-2004有答案）④429西方政治思想史1999-2004④430马克思主义原著选读1993-1994，1996④432国际关系1996-2005433行政学1997-2005（2002-2005有答案）当代中国政治制度1996-2005世界经济1999-2000，2002（均有答案）行政管理学1996-2002（均有答案）世界经济概论1996-1999（1996-1998有答案）世界经济与政治1996-2002，2004-2005数学研究所③331数学分析1996-2001④450代数与几何常微分方程1995-2001高等代数1996-2001数学物理方程1995-1997、1999-2001概率统计（数量经济专业）1998应用概率统计1999-2000应用概率2002物理学系③332量子力学1996-2004④451普通物理1996-2004固体物理1996-1999-2001电动力学1996-2001热力学与统计物理1996-1997、1999、2001传热学1999现代物理所③332量子力学1996-2004④451普通物理1996-2004固体物理1996-1999-2001电动力学1996-2001热力学与统计物理1996-1997，1999，2001信息科学与工程学院③332量子力学1996-2004④451普通物理1996-2004④452电磁场和电磁波1998-1999805光学④453电路与系统基础④817电子线路与集成电路设计④818半导体器件原理1994-1997、1999④454电子学基础(模拟、数字和微波技术)2000④455数据结构与操作系统1990-1999-2000-2001-2004③333数学分析与线性代数1990-1999，2001-2004电子线路（模拟和数字）1996-1998-2000固体物理1996-1999-2001计算机原理1994-1997、1999编译原理1990-1999-2002离散数学1999计算机图示学1992-1999-2002计算机组织与结构1990-1999-2002电磁场理论和微波技术1997-1998电路和信号理论1999电子线路1999化学系④334物理化学（含结构化学）1994-2004（2002-2003有答案）④456有机化学1994-1995，1997-2004（2003-2004有答案，但不完整）457无机化学和分析化学1998-2000，2003-2004（1998—2004有答案）③336生物化学1996，1998-2005④465细胞生物学1994，1997-2002-2004332量子力学1996-2004④451普通物理1996-2004生命科学学院③335生态学1995—1998④462植物学1994—1997③334物理化学（含结构化学）1994-2004（2002-2003有答案）④456有机化学1994-1995，1997-2004（2003-2004有答案，但不完整）③352药学综合④482有机化学(医)④463动物学1995、1997—1998③336生物化学1996，1998-2005④464微生物学1999337生理学④465细胞生物学1994，1997-2002-2004④466遗传学和细胞生物学345进化生物学④819生物统计学820生物信息学遗传学1999、2001-2002遗传学和细胞学2003生物综合2001法学院③326法学概论1996-2005④434法理学1999-2000，2003-2005435中外法制史④436宪法与行政法学2000④437刑法学④438民商法学2005④439诉讼法学2005④806环境法④440国际法及冲突法1999，2002，2003③398专业基础课(含刑法、民法)④498综合基础课(含法理、宪法和中国法制史)民法学1996-1997-2002中国法制史1995-1999-2000外国法制史1995-1996-1999、2001外国宪法1995-1998行政法学1997，1998，2002商法学1999-2000，2002国际法1995-1997，1999-2000，2003-2005力学与工程科学系④461理论力学1995-1999、2002-2004（2002有答案）④459材料科学基础④460高分子材料化学与物理807材料科学与工程材料力学1999、2002答案：2002材料科学系459材料科学基础460高分子材料化学与物理807材料科学与工程451普通物理1996-2004有机化学1994-1995，1997-2004光源与照明工程系③332量子力学1996-2004④451普通物理1996-2004人口研究所④420经济学综合基础③327社会统计学1995—1998441社会学概论1995-1998、2000、2005357卫生管理综合808社会保障479卫生统计学351卫生综合经济学综合基础2003-2005（2003-2005均有答案，2005为回忆版）经济学1993-2002（均有答案）社会科学基础部③325政治学原理1996-2005（1996-2004有答案）④431马克思主义理论与中国社会主义建设④809中共党史分析测试中心③334物理化学（含结构化学）1994-2004（2002-2004有答案）④456有机化学1994-1995，1997-2004（2003-2004有答案，但不完整）457无机化学和分析化学1998-2000，2003-2004（1998—2004有答案）历史地理研究中心③323中国历史地理1996—1997、1999④417中国古代史1995-1997、1999419中国自然地理1999高分子科学系③334物理化学（含结构化学）1994-2004（2002-2004有答案）④456有机化学1994-1995，1997-2004（2003-2004有答案，但不完整）457无机化学和分析化学1998-2000，2003-2004（1998—2004有答案）458高分子化学与物理1994-1998③336生物化学1996，1998-2005④465细胞生物学1994，1997-2002—2004社会发展与公共政策学院（社会学系）④327社会统计学1995—1998441社会学概论1995-1998、2000、2005④442社会工作概论③328文化人类学2005高等教育研究所③329中国教育史1999-2001-2003-2004（均有答案）④443教育学1999-2001-2003-2004（2003有答案）343经济学2004环境科学与工程系④467环境科学综合知识2003—2004④811环境工程综合知识基础环境学1995-1999（1998有答案）环境化学1999—2002（1999-2001有答案）环境生物学2000—2001（2000-2001有答案）微电子研究院④817电子线路与集成电路设计④818半导体器件原理1994-1997、1999电子线路（模拟和数字）1996-1998-2000计算机原理1994-1997、1999软件学院③333数学分析与线性代数1990-1999，2001-2004④812数据结构与计算机系统基础数据结构与操作系统1999-2000-2001-2004计算机组织与结构1999-2002文物与博物馆学系③322考古学通论1994、1999④815博物馆学概论826文物保护基础③346文物学基础④827文化遗产理论和管理中国古代史1995-1997、1999先进材料与技术研究院③332量子力学1996-2004④451普通物理1996-2004334物理化学（含结构化学）1994-2004（2002-2003有答案）④456有机化学1994-1995，1997-2004（2003-2004有答案）457无机化学和分析化学1998-2000，2003-2004（1998—2004有答案）458高分子化学与物理1994-1998-1999④459材料科学基础固体物理1996-1999-2001旅游学系④418旅游学旅游学概论1996-1997文献资源中心③341文献学④814图书馆学③342信息管理与计算机技术上海医学院(基础)④468生物化学(医)354生物综合2001352药学综合④469细胞生物学(医)356生物医工综合④470计算机应用基础④472组织胚胎学355检验综合353数学综合④816放射诊断学④473人体解剖学④471生理学(医)药学院③352药学综合④482有机化学(医)469细胞生物学(医)④483生物药剂学与药物动力学④485药用植物学④486分析化学④468生物化学(医)复旦大学医学院（2005年和2006年的专业目录没有这个学院）病理生理学1999内科学1999-2002遗传学2001-2002遗传学和细胞学2003内科学1999-2002、2004（博士题）外科学1999-2004（博士题）病理生理学2003（博士题）病理学2003-2004（博士题）解剖学2003（博士题）神经内科2003（博士题）妇产科2004（博士题）生物化学2004（博士题）诊断学2004（博士题）外科学1999-2001生理学1995、2003生物综合2001微生物学1999-2000细胞生物学1997-2001-2002病理学1995、1998、2000-2001、2004诊断学1997-1998、2001-2002耳鼻咽喉科学2004中山医院④472组织胚胎学④351卫生综合④473人体解剖学④475病理学1995、1998、2000-2001、2004 355检验综合④468生物化学(医)③360护理综合④476病理生理学1999④494肿瘤学④471生理学(医)④488诊断学1997-1998、2001-2002③358口腔综合④496口腔病理学④492中医学基础内科学1999—2000外科学1994、4997、2001肿瘤医院④475病理学1995、1998、2000-2001、2004④493妇产科学④494肿瘤学④477药理学307中医综合④492中医学基础儿科医院④476病理生理学1999金山医院④488诊断学1997-1998、2001-2002④475病理学1995、1998、2000-2001、2004④476病理生理学1999④494肿瘤学实验动物部③359畜牧兽医综合354生物综合2001④475病理学1995、1998、2000-2001、2004 468生物化学(医)④480营养与食品卫生学④471生理学(医)上海市肿瘤研究所③352药学综合354生物综合2001④468生物化学(医)④469细胞生物学(医)351卫生综合357卫生管理综合④479卫生统计学放射医学研究所④468生物化学(医)病理学1995、1998、2000-2001、2004生物综合2001上海市第一妇婴保健院④476病理生理学1999④468生物化学(医)护理学院③360护理综合④476病理生理学1999华山医院③356生物医工综合④487高等数学（医）④470计算机应用基础④468生物化学(医)355检验综合497微生物学(医)④473人体解剖学④491神经病学④474免疫学④475病理学1995、1998、2000-2001、2004④471生理学(医)③352药学综合④482有机化学(医)④476病理生理学1999④490外科学1994、1997、2001④488诊断学1997-1998、2001-2002③358口腔综合④828口腔解剖生理④492中医学基础④483生物药剂学与药物动力学④494肿瘤学④493妇产科学内科学1999—2000上海市第五人民医院④488诊断学④476病理生理学1999外科学1994、1997、2001诊断学1997-1998、2001-2002内科学1999—2000公共卫生学院③351卫生综合357卫生管理综合④479卫生统计学④481基础毒理学④468生物化学(医)眼耳鼻喉科医院④476病理生理学1999473人体解剖学上海市计划生育研究所③359畜牧兽医综合④475病理学1995、1998、2000-2001、2004468生物化学(医)354生物综合2001④469细胞生物学(医)③351卫生综合④479卫生统计学③352药学综合④482有机化学(医)④471生理学(医)文献信息中心③341文献学④814图书馆学③342信息管理与计算机技术华东医院④488诊断学④476病理生理学1999妇产科医院④468生物化学(医)本文档来源于布丁考研网（），全国最真实、最全面的考研真题及资料库。

2020年研究生入学统一考试试题英语一Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word s for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. 10 pointsEven if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions; the Sunday roast. __1__ a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now, the food police are determined our health. That this__3__should be rendered yet another guilty pleasure __4__ to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority FSA has __5__ a public warning about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked __6__ high temperatures. This means that people should __7__ crisping their roast potatoes, spurn thin-crust pizzas and only __8__ toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such alarmist advice__9__ studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no __10__ evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is "__11__ to be carcinogenic" but have no hard scientific proof. __12__ the precautionary principle, it could be argued that it is __13__ to follow the FSA advice. __14__, it was rumored that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a __15__.Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be __16__ up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living__17__, the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods __18__, but to reduce their lifetime intake. However, their __19__ risks coming across as exhortation and nannying. Constant health scares just __20__ with no one listening.1. A In B Towards C On D Till2. A match B express C satisfy D influence3. A patience B enjoyment C surprise D concern4. A intensified B privileged C compelled D guaranteed5. A issued B received C ignored D canceled6. A under B at C for D by7. A forget B regret C finish D avoid8. A partially B regularly C easily D initially9. A Unless B Since C If D While10. A secondary B external C inconclusive D negative11. A insufficient B bound C likely D slow12. A On the basis of B At the cost of C In addition to D In contrast to13. A interesting B advisable C urgent D fortunate14. A As usual B In particular C By definition D After all15. A resemblance B combination C connection D pattern16. A made B served C saved D used17. A To be fair B For instance C To be brief D in general18. A reluctantly B entirely C gradually D carefully19. A promise B experience C campaign D competition20. A follow up B pick up C open up D end upSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. 40 pointsText 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for zoz1. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in £220m of investment and an avalanche of arts, out not to be confined to cities. Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sough-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Liverpool in 2008. A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture Suburb of culture Hamlet of cultureIt is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture" washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light. It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community. groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honoring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.and her colleague argue that a "town of culture" award would ___.A. consolidate the town city ties in BritainB. promote cooperation among Brain's townsC. increase the economic strength of Brain's townsD. focus Brain's limited resources on cultural events.to paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as ______..A. a sensible compromiseB. a self-deceiving attemptC. an eye-catching bonusD. an inaccessible target23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it ______A. endeavor to maintain its imageB. meets the aspiration of its peopleC. brings its local arts to prominenceD. commits to its long-term growth24. “Glasgow”is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present ______A. a contrasting caseB. a supporting exampleC. a background storyD. a related topic25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposalA. SkepticalB. ObjectiveC. FavorableD. CriticalText 2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money. Scientists need joumals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis. The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world , made profits of more than £900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than £210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies. In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freely available from the moment of publication, or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around ￡500 to $5,000. A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these “article preparation costs” had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation. In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as“a licence to print money" partly because________A its funding has enjoyed a steady increase .B its marketing strategy has been successful.C its payment for peer review is reduced.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have________A thrived mainly on university libraries.B gone through an existential crisis.C revived the publishing industry.D financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-HubA Relieved.B Puzzled.C ConcernedD Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms________Aallow publishers some room to make money.B render publishing much easier for scientists.C reduce the cost of publication substantially.D free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characteristics the scientific publishing modelA Trial subscription is offered.B Labour triumphs over status.C Costs are well controlled.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government boards are less than 40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so whatThe number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a “golden skirt"phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity, remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do little to help average women.31. The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad wills________A help little to reduce gender bias.B pose a threat to the state government.C raise women's position in politics.D greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the California measureA It has irritated private business owners.B It is welcomed by the Supreme Court,C It may go against the Constitution.D It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate____A the harm from arbitrary board decision.B the importance of constitutional guarantees.C the pressure on women in global corporations.D the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to____A the underestimation of elite women's role.B the objection to female participation on boards.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.D the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the textA Women's need in employment should be considered.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.C Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.D Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.Text 4Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such servces. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a“GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon- in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks. But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies, which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead, the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT diverted profits tax, Australia's MAAL multinational antiavoidance law, and India's SEP significant economic presence test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union, Spain, Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals onincome and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax, even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OECD is currently working with 131 countries to reach a consensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization' s work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France`s planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36. The French Senate has passed a bill to_____A regulate digital services platforms.B protect French companies' interests.C impose a levy on tech multinationals.D curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax _____A may trigger countermeasures against France.B is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.C aims to ease international trade tensions.D will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that _____A redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.B the current international tax system needs upgrading.C tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.D all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work_____A is being resisted by US companies.B needs to be readjusted immediately.C is faced with uncertain prospects.D needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the. best title for this textA France Is Confronted with Trade SanctionsB France leads the charge on Digital TaxC France Says "NO" to Tech MultinationalsD France Demands a Role in the Digital EconomyPart BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41 -45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. 10 pointsA Eye fixactions are briefB Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rudeC Eye contact can be a friendly social signalD Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactE Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigatedF Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangersG Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way. But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate tums toward their competitor during a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility. Here 's what hard science reveals about eye contact:41. ________________We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back . This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In adulthood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages, depending on the situation While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance OF intimidation in adversarial situations. Whether you're a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep 'in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you're trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance, according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues. Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ-" A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.Part C TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. 10 pointsFollowing the explosion of creativity in Florence during the 14th century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughoutEurope well into the 17th century, with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. the gap between the church's teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance, the gap between the medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. 47. Before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the geocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that in actual fact, all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy, and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death. Galileo was excommunicated by the Church and imprisoned for life for his astronomical observations and his support of the heliocentric principle.48. Despite attempts by the Church to strong-arm this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made, and at a rate that the people-including the Church -could no longer ignore. It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long-standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe during most of the 17th century. 49. As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world. The Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17th and 18th centuries were times of radical change and curiosity. Scientific method, reductionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. 50. Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase 'sapere aude ' or ' dare to know', after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay An Answer to the Question: What is EnlightenmentIt was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.Section IV WritingPart A:The Student Union of your university has assigned you to inform theinternational students an upcoming singing contest. Write a notice in about100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your name in the notice.Part B52: Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should:1 Describe the picture briefly;2 Interpret the implied meaning, and3 Give your comments2020年研究生入学统一考试试题英语一答案及解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word s for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. 10 points今年完形填空的难度较前两年略难,虽然话题不难理解,但不易把握上下文的线索;需要对文章内容有全面和精准的把握才能做好;主要内容讲的是虽然烤肉之类的食品是会对健康带来危害,我们对这些健康方面的危言耸听也不可过度恐慌;属于比较生活的话题;下面我们一起来看一下答案及解析;1.答案C On解析此处考察介词词义辨析;On a cold winter's day意思是在一个寒冷冬日;介词on后加具体的某一天；in 后加一段时间,例如in winter,in 2002；toward表方向,不与时间搭配；till意思是直到,例如till tomorrow,till next week,与句意不符;故正确答案为on;2.答案A match解析此处考察动词词义辨析;文章的首段首句提到：即使家庭成员不太可能经常坐下来一起吃饭,但数百万英国人将在这个周末参加这个国家最伟大的传统活动之一：星期日烤肉;On a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can __2__it. 在一个寒冷的冬日,很少有什么乐趣与之匹配;match 匹配;express表达;satisfy满足,满意；确信；符合;influence影响;3.答案B enjoyment解析此处考察上下文逻辑关系;上文说到星期日烤肉是一项开心的活动;后文Yet进行语义转折：然而正如现在报道的那样,食品卫生部门认为这种 3 会导致另一种有罪的快乐 4 损害我们的健康;enjoyment乐趣与上文pleasures和下文another pleasures互为关联信息;patience耐心,耐性;surprise惊喜;concern关心;4.答案D guaranteed解析此处考察非谓语动词做后置定语的用法;空格所在句指出：这种快乐会导致另一种有罪的快乐 4 损害我们的健康; guaranteed有保证的,一定的,填入空格处意为：这种快乐会导致另一种有罪的快乐,肯定会损害我们的健康; intensified增强,加剧；privileged享有特权,专用,特许；compelled强迫;5.答案A issued解析此处考察词义辨析;The Food Standards Authority FSA has __5__ a public warning... 食品标准管理局一项公开的警告... issued发表,发布,发出；received接收,接到；ignored忽视,忽略；canceled取消;issued a public warning发出一项公开的警告符合文意;6.答案B at解析此处考察介词辨析;in some foods cooked __6__ high temperatures. under在...下面；for为了；因为；对于；by在…旁边; 通过; 由于; 经过;7.答案D avoid解析此处考察上下文逻辑关系;7空句首this mean代词this指代上文高温炙烤的食物里会有化学复合物有害人体身体健康;所以下文提出建议人们应该7 炸土豆,不吃薄皮披萨并且...7空同时也与reject构成语义并列的关系,故avoid正确;forget忘记；regret 后悔；finish完成;8.答案A partially解析此处考察词义辨析+上下文语境;...and only__8__ toast their bread. 8空前文说到建议人们不吃炸土豆,薄皮披萨或者只是8 烤面包;partially部分地,偶尔地；regularly有规律地；easily 容易地；initially 最初地;故A选项正确;9.答案D While解析此处考察上下文逻辑关系+逻辑连接词辨析; __9__ studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no __10__ evidence that it causes cancer in humans. 9 研究表明丙烯酰胺可引起小鼠神经损伤,但是没有10 证据表明它会导致人类患癌症;前后句为转折/对比/让步的逻辑关系,故选择while表示虽然,尽管;Unless除非,表条件的逻辑关系；Since因为,表因果逻辑；If如果,表条件的逻辑关系;10.答案C conclusive解析此处考察词义辨析+上下文语境; 9 研究表明丙烯酰胺可引起小鼠神经损伤,但是没有10 证据表明它会导致人类患癌症;conclusive决定性的; 令人信服的; 确凿的secondary第二的,中等的;间接的; external外面的,外部的; 表面上的; 外用的; 外国的; negative消极的,否认的;11.答案C likely解析此处考察固定搭配;be likely to 可能;insufficient 不足的,不够的；bound捆绑的,束缚的,有义务的；slow缓慢的;12.答案A On the basis of解析此处考察短语辨析+上下文逻辑;__12__ the precautionary principle, it could be argued that it is __13__ to follow the FSA advice. 12 预防性原则,可以说遵循FSA的建议是13 ; On the basis of以...为基础,根据,按照；At the cost of以...为代价；In addition to除...之外；In contrast to与之相对,相反;13.答案B advisable解析此处考察形容词词义辨析; 根据预防性原则,可以说遵循FSA的建议是13 ;interesting有趣的；advisable明智的,可取的；urgent急迫的；fortunate侥幸的,幸运的;14.答案D After all解析考察逻辑关系;原文中上一句说“基于“预防原则”,可以认为最好遵循FSA的建议”;本句说“在有证据证明吸烟与癌症之间的联系之前,吸烟导致癌症的传言就已经流传多年了;结合选项分析,As usual像往常一样,In particular尤其,特别,By definition根据定义,After all 毕竟,只有After all符合文意;15.答案C connection解析本题考察动宾搭配,结合语境和句子成分理解,这里的名词放在prove“证明”后面,整体处在不定式中做主语补足语说明主语evidence,这里“证据”应该是证明出来吸烟和肺癌有联系的,故选择。

1跨考教育考研全真模拟考试经济类联考综合测试卷详解一、逻辑部分：【参考答案】1-5：DDACA11- 15：DBBBE6- 10：DEACB16-20：BDBBB【分数分析及复习建议】以管理类联考 60 分为准进行分析：30 分以下：逻辑基础差，自然的逻辑思维也不甚理想，建议从基础学起，学习网课内 容或单独报一对一。

30-40 分：逻辑基础和逻辑思维一般，提分空间比较大。

理论知识不熟悉，解题无清晰 思路，建议在逻辑方面投入较多时间，分题型进行练习。

42-50 分：如果错题集中在 26、27、29、36、43、51 说明论证逻辑思维能力比较强， 但形式逻辑需要夯实基础，建议针对形式逻辑进行学习；如果错题主要集中在第 28、30、 31、32、33、34、35、37、38、39、41、42、44、45、46、47、48、49、50、52 题，则说 明论证逻辑存在较多问题，需要针对论证逻辑进行练习；若错题集中在则综合推理方法方面存在较大问题，需要在综合推理方面加强训练。

40、53、54、5 550-56 分：逻辑基础较好，逻辑思维能力很强。

个别题目存在问题，需要查漏补缺，可 依据所错试题进行有针对性的培训。

若考生处于此阶段， 则更多的是题目分析中的问题， 需 要强化题目理解、分析能力。

56 分以上：恭喜你，你的逻辑已无什么问题，继续分析真题，通过模拟练习保持目前 水平，逐渐适应考场考试压力。

【详细解析】1. 【解析】参考答案 DD 选项一定为真。

根据题干“文雅的段子，是故事”，否后否前得出：不是故事就不是文雅，题的段子，即不是故事的段子一定不文雅。

A 项为假。

题干断定“文雅的段子，是故事；不文雅的故事，是段子”，也就是有的段子是故事，有的故事是段子，选项与题干矛盾。

B、C、E 项都不一定为真。

2. 【解析】参考答案 D概括题干可得：①不及时公布→谣言满天飞②及时公布→及时确定真相→运用高科技手段整理①②可得:未谣言满天飞→及时公布→及时确定真相→运用高科技手段所以，一个大的社会性事件以后，如果未出现谣言的传播，则权威机构在确定事件真相时有效运用了高科技手段。

335
一、简答题（40分）
1.编辑工作的基本环节？（20分）
2.列举近代中国出版的丛书（20分）
二、案例分析（50分）
以一家你熟悉的出版社为例，分析该出版社近十年的经营状况。

三、写作（60分）
任选一本人文社科类或科技的学术著作，写一篇不少于1500字的书评。

441
一、名词解释（40分）
1.经生
2.汲古阁
3.章锡琛
4.“六书”
5.中国标准连续出版物号
6.著作权
7.“一号多用”
8.（还有一个是啥等想起来
二、简答题（40分）
1.简述自宋代起的五大刻书系统。

2.结合具体出版人物阐述文化追求。

（大意）
三、
1.2019诺贝尔文学奖得主个人自传的约稿信
2.针对瑞典汉学家马悦然相关设计提出选题策划。

3.设计比尔盖茨自传中文版的营销策划案。

2020年复旦大学研究生入学考试431金融学综合试题及答案一、单选题（每题4分，共40分）1.下列叙述正确的是（）A.M0是央行发行的纸币和硬币B.纸币减少，数字货币增加，央行铸币税会减少C.借记卡和信用卡是现代电子货币D.货币的贮藏功能消失了，那么支付功能也消失【答案】C【解析】电子货币就是以电子计算机技术为基础行使货币基本职能的媒介。

借记卡和电子卡都是电子货币,包括公交IC卡。

电子货币包括：储蓄卡，信用卡，电子支票，电子钱包等电子货币。

A.M0是流通中的纸币和硬币，错在“央行发行”。

D.贮藏手段：作为储藏手段的货币应是足值的金属货币（如金银条块等）。

支付手段：可以是现实货币，也可以是转账手段。

显然，货币的贮藏功能消失了，支付功能依旧可以起作用。

2.债券到期收益率随时间增加而下降，那么利率期限的形状是：A.倾斜向上的B.倾向向下的C.水平的D.驼峰状的【答案】B【解析】图形A倾斜向上，即随着时间增加而上升B倾斜向下，即随着时间增加而下降C水平，即时间增加不影响到期收益率大小D驼峰状，如图3.如果资金可以自由借贷，那么银行间的市场利率上限是（）A.存款准备金率B.存款准备金利率C.存款基准利率D.央行给商业银行的贷款利率【答案】D【解析】考点：利率走廊A选项存款准备金率是中央银行要求的存款准备金占其存款总额的比例，不用于银行间资金的借贷。

B选项存款准备金率是央行支付给商业银行的准备金的利率。

如果银行间的利率低于存款准备金利率，那么商业银行会选择将资金存入央行，而不在市场上贷款给其他金融机构。

C选项存款基准利率是人民银行公布的商业银行存款的指导性利率，包括活期存款、定期存款等。

D选项再贴现实质是中央银行贷款给商业银行。

如果银行间的市场利率下限是再贴现率，那么意味着，在银行间市场向其他商业银行贷款的利率高于向央行贷款的利率，那么所有人都只会向央行贷款，故该利率为银行间的市场利率上限。

【题源】2019复旦431真题重复考4.关于国际收支平衡表，错误的是（）A.实物资产增加记借方B.金融资产增加记借方C.国际储备增加记货方D.金融负债增加记货方【答案】C【解析】国际收支账户中记入借方的账目包括：反映进口实际资源的经常项目；反映资产增加或负债减少的金融项目。

2020考研真题答案[注意：以下为一篇关于2020考研真题答案的文章。

文章中包含了各类题型的答案和解析，并按照每个题型进行了分类。

请根据具体要求进行修改和调整，以适合文章的需求。

]【综合课程】1. 选择题答案和解析题目：xxxxxx答案：A解析：该题考查xxxxxx，根据题目中的xxxxx，我们可以推断出xxxxxxx。

因此，答案选择A。

题目：xxxxxx答案：B解析：该题考察xxxxxx，根据题干中的xxxxx，我们可以通过计算或推理得出结论。

详细的解析过程如下：（请根据实际题目需要填写解析过程）2. 填空题答案和解析题目：xxxxxx答案：xxxxxx解析：该题要求填写xxxxxx，根据题干中的xxxxx限定条件，我们可以通过查阅资料或者运用某种方法得出答案。

详细的解析过程如下：（请根据实际题目需要填写解析过程）【专业课程】1. 论述题答案和解析题目：xxxxxx答案：xxxxxx解析：该题要求论述xxxxxx，我们可以从以下几个方面进行分析：（请根据实际题目需要填写分析的方面）- 第一方面：xxxxxx- 第二方面：xxxxxx- 第三方面：xxxxxx通过全面论述上述方面，我们可以得出答案xxxxxx。

2. 分析题答案和解析题目：xxxxxx答案：xxxxxx解析：该题要求分析xxxxxx，我们可以从以下几个方面进行分析：（请根据实际题目需要填写分析的方面）- 第一方面：xxxxxx- 第二方面：xxxxxx- 第三方面：xxxxxx通过全面分析上述方面，我们可以得出答案xxxxxx。

3. 计算题答案和解析题目：xxxxxx答案：xxxxxx解析：该题要求进行计算xxxxxx，我们可以通过以下步骤进行计算：（请根据实际题目需要填写具体的计算步骤）- 第一步：xxxxxx- 第二步：xxxxxx- 第三步：xxxxxx通过以上步骤计算，我们可以得出答案xxxxxx。

【英语】1. 阅读理解题答案和解析题目：xxxxxx答案：xxxxxx解析：该题为阅读理解题，根据题目中的xxxxx，我们需要仔细阅读文章并从中找出相关答案。

2020专硕考研经济类联考真题-CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN2020专硕考研经济类联考真题一、逻辑推理：第1-20小题，每小题2分，共40分。

下列每题给出的A、B、C、D、E五个选项中，只有一项符合试题要求。

1.科学研究日趋复杂性导致多作者科技文章增长，涉及多个医院病人的临床实验报告，通常由每个参与医院的参与医生共同署名。

类似地，如果实验运用了多个实验室开展的子系统，物理学论文报导这种实验结果时，每个实验室的参与人员也通常是论文作者。

如果上述为真，下面哪一项一定为真?A.涉及多个医院病人的临床实验绝不是仅由一个医院的医生实施。

B.涉及多个医院病人的临床实验报告，大多数有多位作者。

C.如果一篇科技论文有多位作者，他们通常来自不同的科研机构。

D.多个实验室的研究人员共同署名的物理学论文，通常报导使用了每个实验室开展的子系统的实验结果。

E.大多数科技论文的作者仅是那些做了论文所报导的实验的科研人员。

2.对一群以前从不吸烟的青少年进行追踪研究，以确定他们是否抽烟及其精神健康状态的变化。

一年后，开始吸烟的人患忧郁症的人数是那些不吸烟的人患忧郁症的四倍。

因为香烟中的尼古丁令大脑发生化学变化，可能因而影响情绪。

所以，吸烟很可能促使青少年患忧郁症。

下面哪项如果为真，最能加强上述论证?A.研究开始时就已患忧郁症的实验参与者与那时候那些没有患忧郁症的实验参与者，一年后吸烟者的比例一样。

B.这项研究没有在参与者中区分偶尔吸烟与烟瘾很大者。

C.研究中没有或者极少的参与者是朋友亲戚关系。

D.在研究进行的一年里，一些参与者开始出现忧郁症而后又恢复正常了。

E.研究人员没有追踪这些青少年的酒精摄入量。

3.3.康和制药公司主任认为，卫生部要求开发的疫苗的开发费用该由政府资助。

因为疫苗市场比任何其他药品公司市场利润都小。

为支持上述主张，主任给出下列理由：疫苗的销量小，因为疫苗的使用是一个人一次，而治疗疾病尤其是慢性疾病的药物，对每位病人的使用是多次的。

2020考研英语一真题及解析完整版Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark[A],[B],[C], or[D]on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Even if families don’t sit down to eat together as frequently as before,millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation’s great traditions:the Sunday roast.1a cold winter’s day,few culinary pleasures can2it.Yet as we report now.The food police are determined our health.That this3should be rendered yet another quality pleasure4to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority(FSA)has5a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked6high temperatures.This means that people should7crisping their roast potatoes,reject thin—crust pizzas and only8toast their bread.But where is the evidence to support such alarmist advice?9studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice,there is no10evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is11to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof12the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is13to follow the FSA advice.14,it was rumoured that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a15.Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be16up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables,without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine.But would life be worth living?17,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods18,but reduce their lifetime intake. However its19risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective.Constant health scares just 20with one listening.1.[A]In[B]Towards[C]On[D]Till2.[A]match[B]express[C]satisfy[D]influence3.[A]patience[B]enjoyment[C]surprise[D]concern4.[A]intensified[B]privileged[C]compelled[D]guaranteed5.[A]issued[B]received[C]compelled[D]guaranteed6.[A]under[B]at[C]for[D]by7.[A]forget[B]regret[C]finish[D]avoid8.[A]partially[B]regularly[C]easily[D]initially9.[A]Unless[B]Since[C]If[D]While10.[A]secondary[B]external[C]conclusive[D]negative11.[A]insufficient[B]bound[C]likely[D]slow12.[A]On the basis of[B]At the cost of[C]In addition to[D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting[B]advisable[C]urgent[D]fortunate14.[A]As usual[B]In particular[C]By definition[D]After all15.[A]resemblance[B]combination[C]connection[D]pattern16.[A]made[B]served[C]saved[D]used17.[A]To be fair[B]For instance[C]To be brief[D]In general18.[A]reluctantly[B]entirely[C]gradually[D]carefully19.[A]promise[B]experience[C]campaign[D]competition20.[A]follow up[B]pick up[C]open up[D]end up.Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A],[B],[C],or [D].Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1A group of labour MPs,among them Yvette Cooper,are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK“town of culture”award.The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title,which was held by Hull in2017and has been awarded to Coventry for zoz1. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull,where it brought in£220m of investment and an avalanche of arts,out not to be confined to cities.Britain’town,it is true are not prevented from applying,but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions.A town of culture award could,it is argued,become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture,a sough-after award bagged by Glasgow in1990and Liverpool in2008.A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world:after town of culture,who knows that will follow—village of culture? Suburb of culture?Hamlet of culture?It is also wise lo recall that such titles are not a cure-all.A badly run“year of culture”washes in and out of a place like the tide,bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community.The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year.They transform the aspirations of the people who live there;they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right,and requires a remarkable degree of vision,as well as cooperation between city authorities,the private sector,community.groups and cultural organisations.But it can be done:Glasgow’s year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art,music and theatre that it remains today.A“town of culture”could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town’s peculiarities —helping sustain its high street,supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21.Cooper and her colleagues argue that a“town of culture”award could_______[A]consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B]promote cooperation among Britain’s towns.[C]increase the economic strength of Britain’s towns.[D]focus Britain’s limited resources on cultural events.22.According to Paragraph2,the proposal might be regarded by some as[A]a sensible compromise.[B]a self-deceiving attempt.[C]an eye-catching bonus.[D]an inaccessible target.23.The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it[A]endeavours to maintain its image.[B]meets the aspirations of its people.[C]brings its local arts to prominence.[D]commits to its long-term growth.24.Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph3to present[A]a contrasting case.(B]a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D]a related topic.25.What is the author’s attitude towards the proposal?[A]Skeptical.[B]Objective.[C]Favourable.[D]Critical.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money.Scientists need journals in which to publish their research,so they will supply the articles without monetary reward.Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free,because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free,the publisher needs only find a market for its journal.Until this century,university libraries were not very price sensitive.Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching40%on their operations,at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier,which claims to publish25%of the scientific papers produced in the world,made profits of more than£900m last year,while UK universities alone spent more than£210m in2016to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic,and thoroughly illegal,reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub,a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers,set up in2012,which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since2015.The success of Sci-Hub,which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed,shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among is users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful.More than half of all British scientific research is now。

经济学考研复旦大学真题一、简释下列概念(20分)
1、剩余价值率和利润率
2、绝对地租和级差地租
3、需求弹性(价格弹性)和供给弹性
4、边际储蓄倾向和平均储蓄倾向
二、产业资本循环过程中要经历哪些阶段,并出现哪些循环形式?(20分)
三、计划与市场问题上的传统观点是什么?怎样从实际出发来实现观念更新?(20分)
四、已知某厂商的生产函数为Q=L**(3/8)*K**(5/8),**表示指数,又假设Pl=3美元,Px=5美元,(这里,L表示劳动投入,K表示资本投入,Pl表示劳动价格,Pk表示资本价格),试求
(1)产量Q=10时的最低成本支出和使用的L与K的数值
(2)总成本为160美元时厂商均衡的Q,L与K之值.(20分)
五、略述国民生产总值(GNP),国民生产净值(NNP),国民收入(NI),个人收入(PI)和个人可支配收入(DPI)之间的相互关系.(20分)
六、试用文字和图形说明什么是需求拉上和成本推进的通货膨胀以及它们对价格和产量的影响.(20分)
(说明,上述四,五,六题中选做2题)。

2020年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)真题及答案（江南博哥）材料题根据以下材料，回答1-20题Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of the nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast.1a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can2it.Yet as we report now, the food police are determined that this3should be rendered yet another guilty pleasure4to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has5a public warning about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foodscooked6hightemperatures.This means that people should7crisping their roast potatoes,reject thin-crust pizzas and only8toast their bread.But where is the evidence to support such alarmist advice?9studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no10evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is11to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof.12the precautionary principle, it could be argued that it is1 3tofollow the FSA advice.14, it was rumoured that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a15.Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be16up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine.Butwould life be worth living?17, the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods18, but to reduce their lifetime intake.However, its19risks coming across as being pushy and overprotective.Constant health scares just20with no one listening.1 [单选题]第1题答案是A.InB.TowardsC.OnD.Till正确答案：C参考解析：考查介词辨析。

2020考研试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪个选项是2020年考研数学一的考试科目？A. 高等数学B. 线性代数C. 概率论与数理统计D. 所有以上答案：D2. 2020年考研英语一的阅读理解部分共有多少篇文章？A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 6答案：B3. 2020年考研政治的考试时间是多长？A. 150分钟B. 180分钟C. 210分钟D. 240分钟答案：B4. 2020年考研专业课的考试形式是什么？A. 闭卷B. 开卷C. 口试D. 笔试答案：A5. 2020年考研的报名截止日期是什么时候？A. 9月30日B. 10月31日C. 11月30日D. 12月31日答案：B6. 2020年考研初试成绩公布的时间一般是在什么时候？A. 1月B. 2月C. 3月D. 4月答案：C7. 2020年考研复试一般包括哪些内容？A. 面试B. 笔试C. 体检D. 所有以上答案：D8. 2020年考研复试的面试环节通常由哪些人员组成？A. 导师B. 教授C. 副教授D. 所有以上答案：D9. 2020年考研复试的笔试环节通常考察哪些内容？A. 专业知识B. 英语C. 数学D. 所有以上答案：A10. 2020年考研复试的体检环节通常包括哪些项目？A. 视力检查B. 血压检查C. 身高体重检查D. 所有以上答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共10分）1. 2020年考研初试的总分是______分。

答案：5002. 2020年考研初试的英语一作文部分分为______和______。

答案：小作文，大作文3. 2020年考研初试的数学一考试中，选择题的分值是______分。

答案：54. 2020年考研初试的数学一考试中，解答题的分值是______分。

答案：125. 2020年考研初试的政治考试中，论述题的分值是______分。

答案：10三、简答题（每题5分，共10分）1. 简述2020年考研初试的英语一考试的题型分布。

2020年全国硕士研究生考研英语一真题及答案详细解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions; the Sunday roast. __1__ a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now, the food police are determined our health. That this__3__should be rendered yet another guilty pleasure __4__ to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has __5__ a public warning about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked __6__ high temperatures. This means that people should __7__ crisping their roast potatoes, spurn thin-crust pizzas and only __8__ toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such alarmist advice? __9__ studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no __10__ evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is "__11__ to be carcinogenic" but have no hard scientific proof. __12__ the precautionary principle, it could be argued that it is __13__ to follow the FSA advice. __14__, it was rumored that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a __15__.Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be __16__ up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? __17__, the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods __18__, but to reduce their lifetime intake. However, their __19__ risks coming across as exhortation and nannying. Constant health scares just __20__ with no one listening.1. [A] In [B] Towards [C] On [D] Till2. [A] match [B] express [C] satisfy [D] influence3. [A] patience [B] enjoyment [C] surprise [D] concern4. [A] intensified [B] privileged [C] compelled [D] guaranteed5. [A] issued [B] received [C] ignored [D] canceled6. [A] under [B] at [C] for [D] by7. [A] forget [B] regret [C] finish [D] avoid8. [A] partially [B] regularly [C] easily [D] initially9. [A] Unless [B] Since [C] If [D] While10. [A] secondary [B] external [C] inconclusive [D] negative11. [A] insufficient [B] bound [C] likely [D] slow12. [A] On the basis of [B] At the cost of [C] In addition to [D] In contrast to13. [A] interesting [B] advisable [C] urgent [D] fortunate14. [A] As usual [B] In particular [C] By definition [D] After all15. [A] resemblance [B] combination [C] connection [D] pattern16. [A] made [B] served [C] saved [D] used17. [A] To be fair [B] For instance [C] To be brief [D] in general18. [A] reluctantly [B] entirely [C] gradually [D] carefully19. [A] promise [B] experience [C] campaign [D] competition20. [A] follow up [B] pick up [C] open up [D] end upSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. （40 points）Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for zoz1. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in £220m of investment and an avalanche of arts, out not to be confined to cities. Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sough-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Liverpool in 2008. A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture" washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light. It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community. groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honoring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21.Copper and her colleague argue that a "town of culture" award would ___.A. consolidate the town city ties in BritainB. promote cooperation among Brain's townsC. increase the economic strength of Brain's townsD. focus Brain's limited resources on cultural events.22.According to paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as ______..A. a sensible compromiseB. a self-deceiving attemptC. an eye-catching bonusD. an inaccessible target23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it ______A. endeavor to maintain its imageB. meets the aspiration of its peopleC. brings its local arts to prominenceD. commits to its long-term growth24. “Glasgow”is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present ______A. a contrasting caseB. a supporting exampleC. a background storyD. a related topic25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?A. SkepticalB. ObjectiveC. FavorableD. CriticalText 2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money. Scientists need joumals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis. The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world , made profits of more than £900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than £210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies. In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freely available from the moment of publication, or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around ￡500 to $5,000. A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these “article preparation costs” had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation. In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as“a licence to print money" partly because________[A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase .[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reduced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have________[A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing industry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?[A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms________[A]allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] reduce the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characteristics the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C] Costs are well controlled.D] The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government boards are less than 40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a “golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity, remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do little to help average women.31. The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad wills________[A] help little to reduce gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the California measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court,[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate____[A] the harm from arbitrary board decision.[B] the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to____[A] the underestimation of elite women's role.[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C] the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.Text 4Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such servces. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a“GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon- in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks. But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies, which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead, the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax), Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union, Spain, Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax, even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach a consensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization' s work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France`s planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming theinternational tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36. The French Senate has passed a bill to_____[A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies' interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax _____[A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that _____[A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work_____[A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the. best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital EconomyPart BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41 -45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fixactions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated[F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way. But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate tums toward their competitor during a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility. Here 's what hard science reveals about eye contact:41. ________________We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back . This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In adulthood, looking someone else in apleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42.________Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43.________With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages, depending on the situation While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance OF intimidation in adversarial situations. Whether you're a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep 'in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you're trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44.________When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45.________In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance, according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues. Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ-" A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.Part C TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence during the 14th century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17th century, with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. 46.With （the gap between）the church's teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance, the gap between the medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. 47. Before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the geocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that in actual fact, all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy, and any suchheretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death. Galileo was excommunicated by the Church and imprisoned for life for his astronomical observations and his support of the heliocentric principle.48. Despite attempts by the Church to strong-arm this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made, and at a rate that the people-including the Church -could no longer ignore. It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long-standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe during most of the 17th century. 49. As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world. The Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17th and 18th centuries were times of radical change and curiosity. Scientific method, reductionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. 50. Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase 'sapere aude ' or ' dare to know', after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment? It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.Section IV WritingPart A51.Directions:The Student Union of your university has assigned you to inform theinternational students an upcoming singing contest. Write a notice in about100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your name in the notice.Part B52: Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should:1) Describe the picture briefly;2) Interpret the implied meaning, and3) Give your comments2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题解析Section I Use of English1、【答案】[C] On【解析】本题考查介词的用法。

考研真题2020年复旦大学世界经济专业巴黎一大初试及复试真题2011复旦大学经济学综合基础1.消费者在收入和闲暇之间选择，收入为Y，闲暇时间为L。

效用函数U=YL+aL,求消费者的劳动供给函数。

问：供给函数的是向右上方倾斜的吗?(15分)2.两个人争论。

A说：农民在农村一年什么的纯收入只有1000元，应该去城市里工作。

B说：城市物价水平高，不确定性大以及就业压力，一年下来预期收入大概也只有1000元左右，还不如呆在农村。

然后问你赞成谁的观点?若赞成A的观点，认为农村劳动人口应该向城市流动，给出理由加以补充。

若赞成B的观点，给出理由加以补充。

(10分)3.政经。

分析信用在资本主义经济中二重性。

(10分)4.跨国公司的贸易结构对国际收支的影响。

(10分)5.劳动力市场的问题。

存在城市劳动力市场和农村劳动力市场，且两个市场相互分割，不能自由流动。

两个市场分别达到均衡，城市均衡工资水平为400元，农村为200元，均衡就业数量城市为Q1，农村为q1。

然后给了两个图，分别是城市和农村的劳动力市场均衡图。

(很普通的那种)作图回答以下问题。

(15分)(1)假定城市设定最低工资水平500元，问会对城市劳动力市场和农村劳动力市场产生什么影响?即就业数量，工资水平的变化。

(2)假定不存在分割，没有流动限制，城市没有设定最低工资水平，会怎样?均衡工资、均衡就业量变化(3)假定不存在流动限制，但是城市仍设定最低工资水平500元，会出现什么问题?(4)如果你是城市管理者，你会采取什么样的措施，既保证就业人数、市场稳定，又能增加城市工作者和进城务工人员的福利水平?二、计算题1。

消费者对X的消费数量满足x(px,py,m)=2m/(5px),px为x价格，py为y价格，m为收入;开始px=5，m=1000，py=20，变化后px=4，(15分)(1)求价格变化后x消费数量的变化。

(2)若价格和收入都变化，但收入约束仍为变化前的，求新的收入，以及变化后x的消费数量。