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黑格尔法哲学批判导言英语Introduction to Hegelian Critique of JurisprudenceIntroduction:The Hegelian critique of jurisprudence is a groundbreaking analysis of legal theory presented by the renowned philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Hegel's philosophy is known for its complex and systematic approach to understanding reality. This article aims to provide an overview of the key concepts and ideas in Hegel's critique of jurisprudence.I. Hegel's Philosophy of Law:Hegel's philosophy of law is based on the idea that law is not simply a set of rules imposed by external forces but rather an expression of the inherent rationality and freedom of individuals. According to Hegel, law reflects the collective will of a society and plays a crucial role in maintaining social order.A. Freedom and Rationality:Hegel argues that the essence of law lies in the recognition and protection of individual freedom. He sees freedom as the ability to act in accordance with one's own reasoning and desires while respecting the freedom of others. This concept of freedom is rooted in rationality, as individuals must possess the capacity to understand and follow the laws that govern their actions.B. Dialectical Process:Central to Hegel's philosophy is the concept of dialectics, which refers to the process of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. In the context of law, Hegel suggests that legal conflicts arise when individuals clash over their different interpretations of their rights and duties. Through the dialectical process, these conflicts can be resolved, leading to the formation of a higher level of legal consciousness.II. Critique of Traditional Jurisprudence:Hegel's critique of traditional jurisprudence focuses on its formalistic and abstract nature. He argues that traditional legal theories fail to address the dynamic and evolving nature of society and its understanding of justice.A. Abstract Rights:One of Hegel's main criticisms is directed towards the concept of abstract rights, which he believes divorces law from its social context. Abstract rights, according to Hegel, cannot adequately account for the complexities of human relationships and the interplay between individual and community interests.B. Isolation of Legal Principles:Hegel also criticizes jurisprudence for isolating legal principles from their historical and social context. He argues that by separating legal concepts from their lived realities, traditional jurisprudence fails to grasp the true nature of law as a product of societal evolution.III. Hegel's Concept of Objective Spirit:To overcome the limitations of traditional jurisprudence, Hegel introduces the concept of objective spirit. Objective spirit refers to the collective consciousness of a society and encompasses its language, customs, laws, and institutions. It represents the embodiment of human freedom in the form of shared values and norms.A. Spirit vs. Abstract Rights:Hegel argues that objective spirit should be the primary focus of legal theory, rather than abstract rights. By considering the social and historical context, objective spirit provides a more comprehensive understanding of the role of law in society.B. Role of Institutions:According to Hegel, institutions play a crucial role in shaping the objective spirit. By embodying the values and norms of a society, institutions ensure the stability and coherence of the legal system. They provide a framework within which individuals can exercise their freedom in a harmonious and mutually beneficial manner.IV. Conclusion:In conclusion, Hegel's critique of jurisprudence offers a groundbreaking perspective on the nature and function of law in society. By emphasizing the importance of freedom, rationality, and the objective spirit, Hegel provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the complexities of legal theory. His ideas continue to be influential in shaping contemporary legal philosophy and offer valuable insights into the dynamic relationship between law and society.。
了不起的盖茨比第七章英语单词知乎以下是《了不起的盖茨比》第七章中出现的一些单词及其用法解释：1. Debauch: (verb) to corrupt morally or by intemperance or sensuality.Example: The wild party in Gatsby's mansion was filled with debauchery and excess.2. Sotto voce: (adverb) in a low voice, or in an undertone.Example: Jordan spoke to Nick sotto voce, revealing a secret that nobody else could hear.3. Affront: (verb) to insult intentionally.Example: Tom felt affronted when Gatsby openly declared his love for Daisy.4. Elude: (verb) to evade or escape from, as by daring, cleverness, or skill.Example: Despite all efforts, the truth about Gatsby's past eluded everyone.5. Nebulous: (adjective) hazy, vague, indistinct, or confused.Example: Gatsby's actual identity remained nebulous to many of his party guests.6. Meretricious: (adjective) alluring by a show of flashy or vulgar attractions, but often without real value.Example: Daisy was not impressed by the meretricious displays of wealth at Gatsby's parties.7. Contemptuous: (adjective) showing or expressing contempt or disdain; scornful.Example: Tom looked at Gatsby with a contemptuous expression, as he considered him a social climber.8. Ineffable: (adjective) incapable of being expressed or described in words; inexpressible.Example: Daisy experienced an ineffable sense of longing when Gatsby took her for a drive in his fancy car.9. Ramification: (noun) a consequence or implication; a branching out.Example: The ramification of Gatsby's obsession with Daisy was the destruction of his own life.10. Libertine: (noun) a person who is morally or sexually unrestrained, especially a dissolute man.Example: Gatsby was often seen as a libertine, indulging in extravagant parties and relationships.11. Sluggish: (adjective) displaying slow or lazy movements or responses.Example: The sluggish summer heat made everyone at the party feel lethargic and unmotivated.12. Pander: (verb) to cater to the lower tastes or base desires of others.Example: Gatsby's extravagant parties were seen by some as an attempt to pander to the desires of the wealthy elite.13. Incarnation: (noun) a particular physical form or state; a concrete or actual form of a quality or concept.Example: Gatsby believed that he could recreate himself into an incarnation of the man Daisy truly desired.14. Inexplicable: (adjective) unable to be explained or accounted for.Example: Daisy's sudden attraction towards Gatsby seemed inexplicable to many, considering their past.15. Insidious: (adjective) proceeding in a gradual, subtle way, but with harmful effects.Example: Tom warned Daisy about Gatsby's insidious intentions, accusing him of trying to steal her away.16. Supercilious: (adjective) behaving or looking as though one thinks they are superior to others; arrogant.Example: Tom's supercilious attitude towards Gatsby was evident in his condescending mannerisms.17. Saunter: (verb) to walk in a slow, relaxed, and confident manner.Example: Gatsby sauntered across the lawn towards Daisy, trying to appear nonchalant.18. Harrowed: (adjective) distressed or disturbed.Example: Gatsby's harrowed expression revealed the emotional turmoil he was experiencing.19. Truculent: (adjective) eager or quick to argue or fight; aggressively defiant.Example: Tom showed his truculent nature when he confronted Gatsby about his relationship with Daisy.20. Portentous: (adjective) of or like a portent; foreboding; full of unspecified meaning.Example: The dark clouds and thunderous sky seemed portentous, as if something significant was about to happen.21. Gaudiness: (noun) the quality of being tastelessly showy or overly ornate.Example: Despite the gaudiness of Gatsby's mansion, the guests were drawn to its opulence.22. Indiscernible: (adjective) impossible to see or clearly distinguish.Example: In the chaos of the party, individual voices became indiscernible and blended into a cacophony.23. Intermittent: (adjective) occurring at irregular intervals; not continuous or steady.Example: The intermittent rain throughout the night dampened the enthusiasm of the party guests.24. Stratum: (noun) a layer or a series of layers of rock in the ground.Example: Gatsby tried to climb the social stratum, hoping to be accepted by the upper class.25. Harlequin: (noun) a character in traditional pantomime; a buffoon.Example: Gatsby's harlequin smile hid the sadness and longing he felt for Daisy.26. Disconcerting: (adjective) causing one to feel unsettled or disturbed.Example: Daisy's disconcerting confession about her true feelings left Gatsby feeling disoriented and hurt.请注意，以上的双语例句是根据所给的单词和上下文进行编写的，但并非《了不起的盖茨比》中的原文。
The evolution of dinosaurs is a fascinating subject that has captured the imagination of scientists and enthusiasts alike. Dinosaurs first appeared during the Mesozoic Era, which is often referred to as the Age of Reptiles. This era is divided into three periods: the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous.The early dinosaurs of the Triassic Period were relatively small, bipedal creatures. They evolved from a group of reptiles known as thecodonts. Over millions of years, these early dinosaurs diversified into a wide variety of species, each adapted to different environments and ecological niches.During the Jurassic Period, dinosaurs reached their peak in terms of diversity and dominance. Herbivorous dinosaurs like the longnecked sauropods, such as Apatosaurus and Diplodocus, roamed the land, while carnivorous dinosaurs like the fearsome Allosaurus and the smaller, agile Velociraptor hunted them. This period also saw the emergence of the first birds, which evolved from small, feathered dinosaurs.The Cretaceous Period marked the final chapter in the history of dinosaurs. This era was characterized by the rise of large, armored herbivores like Ankylosaurus and the massive, carnivorous Tyrannosaurus rex. However, it was also during this period that a catastrophic event occurred, leading to the extinction of all nonavian dinosaurs around 65 million years ago.The exact cause of the dinosaur extinction remains a topic of debate among scientists. The most widely accepted theory is that a massive asteroid impact, combined with volcanic activity, led to a dramatic change in the climate and the collapse of ecosystems, ultimately causing the demise of the dinosaurs.Despite their extinction, the legacy of dinosaurs lives on in the form of birds, which are considered to be the descendants of a group of twolegged dinosaurs known as theropods. Additionally, the study of dinosaur fossils has provided valuable insights into the history of life on Earth and the processes of evolution and adaptation.In conclusion, the evolution of dinosaurs is a captivating journey through time, showcasing the incredible diversity and adaptability of these prehistoric creatures. Their story is a testament to the power of natural selection and the everchanging nature of our planet.。
高英复习资料Lesson 11. A white lie is better than a black lie.一个无关紧要的谎言总比一个恶意的谎言要好。
1.To upset this homicide, ---Olympian manhood为了挫败这种蓄意培植的低人一等的心态，黑人必须直起腰来宣布自己高贵的人格。
2.with a spirit straining ---- self-abnegation黑人必须以一种竭尽全力自尊自重的精神，大胆抛弃自我克制的枷锁。
3.Striped of the right---- of this white power structure 被剥夺了决定自己生活和命运的权力，他只能听任这个白人权力结构所作出的决定的摆布。
这些决定是专断的，有时甚至是反复无常的。
4.what is needed is a realization---- sentimental and anemic: 必须懂得的是没有爱的权力是毫无节制，易被滥用的，而没有权力的爱则是多愁善感，苍白无力的。
5.It is precisely this collision --- of our times正是这种邪恶的权力与毫无权力的道义的冲突构成了我们时代的主要危机。
6.Now early in this century---and responsibility.在本世纪初，这种建议会受到嘲笑和谴责，认为它对主动性和责任感起负面作用。
7.Now we realize ---- against their will : 我们现在懂得，我们经济地的市场运作混乱，歧视盛行，迫使人们无事可作并违背他们的意愿，使他们长期失业或不断失业。
8.New forms of work--- are not available: 有必要创造对社会有好处的新的工作形式，提供给那些找不到传统工作的人。
9.It is not the work---necessity. animal necessity: Somethingnecessary 必需品, The necessities of life include food, clothing, and shelter.生活必需品，包括食物，衣服，住处10.It is the work of men--- where want is abolished: 这是这样一类人的工作，他们通过某种方式找到了一种工作模式，这种模式出于自身需要，带来安全保障，并创造了一种废除了匮乏的社会形态。
《2014考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记》之增值服务：2013考研英语一真题阅读理解精读笔记(2013-08-19 14:35:21)转载▼标签：郭崇兴考研英语精读笔记2014教育分类：考研英语《2014考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记》之增值服务：2013考研英语（一）真题阅读理解精读笔记Section ⅡReading Comprehension Part A Text 1全文翻译在2006年电影版的《时尚女魔头》中，梅丽尔·斯特里普扮演的米兰达·普雷斯丽责备她其貌不扬的女助手，因为她认为高端时尚并不能影响到自己。
普雷斯丽说明了她助手的深蓝色毛衣如何在数年间从时尚秀场降到百货商店，又沦为便宜货。
毫无疑问，这个贫穷的女孩肯定就是从便宜货里淘的衣服。
这种自上而下的时尚商业观早已过时了，也和伊丽莎白·克莱因在《过度穿着》中描写的狂热世界不一致。
《过度穿着》是伊丽莎白·克莱因花了三年时间写成的对“快时尚”的控诉作品。
在过去十年左右的时间，技术的进步已经使得诸如Zara、H&M、优衣库之类的大众市场品牌能够对流行趋势反应得更快，并能更准确的预料到消费者的需求。
更快的转变意味着更少的存货浪费、更频繁的发布新品、更高的利润。
这些品牌鼓励对时尚敏感的消费者把衣服当成是一次性用品——洗过一两次后就不再穿了，尽管他们没在广告上明说——然后每几周就更新衣橱。
克莱因说，这些品牌通过以极其低廉的价格销售时髦的商品，已经把持了时尚的周期，动摇了一个习惯以季节为周期的产业。
当然，这场变革的受害者，不仅仅是设计师们。
为了能在其全世界2300多家商店里以5.95美元的价格出售超短裙，H&M必须依赖低工资的海外劳动力、大批量采购原材料导致严重危害自然资源、并大量使用有害的化学物质。
《过度穿着》就仿佛是时尚界交给像迈克尔·波伦的《杂食者的困境》一样的消费者维权畅销书的答案。
大师们说过的动摇你三观的28句话阿尔伯特.爱因斯坦名言1. The only thing that interferes with my learning is my education.1．妨碍我学习的唯一障碍就是我的教育。
2. As far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain; as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality.2．当数学原理用于现实时，是不确定的，当它们确定时，又不适用于现实。
3. Common sense is the collection of prejudices acquired by age eighteen.3．常识就是人在十八岁之前形成的各种偏见。
4. The release of atomic energy has not created a new problem. It has merely made more urgent the necessity of solving an existing one.4．原子能的释放并没有造成一个新问题，它只是使解决一个当前问题的必要性更加迫切。
5. If you are out to describe the truth, leave elegance to the tailor. 5．如果你决心讲述真相，就把体面留给裁缝。
6. I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones.6．我不知道第三次世界大战会用什么武器，但我确定第四次世界大战用的武器会是棍子和石头。
弗里德里希.尼采名言7. In the beginning was nonsense, and the nonsense was with God, and the nonsense was God.7.胡话一开始也就是胡话，但这些胡话是和上帝有关的，所以最后胡话也就成了上帝。
No4-11当美洲殖民地民众拿起武器，抗击大英帝国，以获得其独立时，黑人奴隶制度早已根深蒂固。
然则，对许多人而言，这一情形中所固有的矛盾始终构成了一种窘迫难堪之源。
阿比盖尔·亚当斯（Abigail Adams）在1774年致她丈夫的信函中写道：“在我看来，有一件事情总仿佛是一种最为邪恶不公的阴谋。
这就是，我们所为之奋斗的，恰好就是我们每日从他人身上掠夺和抢劫的东西，而这些人却同我们一样，对自由享有同等充分的权利。
”除阿比盖尔·亚当斯之外，许多美洲殖民者也深深地意识到了他们在独立战争期间所持立场的矛盾，而他们变欣然采取步骤来解放奴隶。
贵格会教徒们（Quakers）以及其它宗教团体组织起反奴隶制社团；与此同时，许多个人也着手将其奴隶予以释放。
事实上，在独立战争宣告结束之后的几年时间内，绝大部分东部诸州早已制定法律条文以逐步解放黑奴。
2性别比例（sex ratio）的演化在绝大部分性别各异的动植物身上，产生了数量大致相等的雌性与雄性物体。
情况何以如此？科学家已提出两种主要的答案。
一种答案是依据对种群（population）的有利条件来表述的。
据称，性别比例之所以会演化，就是为了能在最大程度上增加相反性别的生物个体之间交配的数量。
本质上而言，此乃一种“群体选择”（group selection）的论点。
另一种——且在我看来不失为一种正确的——答案，是由菲希尔（Fisher）于1930年率先提出的。
这一“基因遗传”（genetic）的论点从这样一个假设出发，即基因会影响到由携带着这些基因的那个个体繁殖的雄性与雌性后代的相对数量。
生物体所会择取的是那样一种性别比例，那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。
假如某一种群绝大部分由雌性生物体构成：那么，繁殖雄性后代的个体仅会拥有更多的grandchildren。
相反，假如该种群主要由雄性生物体构成，那么，繁殖雌性后代将不无益处。
Polygraphs测谎仪Lies, damn lies谎话连篇Scientifically dodgy lie-detector tests may provesurprisingly useful科学的测谎仪可能惊人的有用POLYGRAPHS, or “lie detectors〞, make frequent appearances on“The Jeremy Kyle Show〞, a tel evision programme that resembles nothing so much as bear-baiting,but with humans. Guests are fond of the tests as a means of proving their loved ones'philandering ways, or their own innocenc e. Now the government seems to be growing similarlykeen.测谎仪，经常出如今跟逗熊游戏差不多的“逗人节目〞杰瑞米•凯尔脱口秀。
嘉宾很喜欢用测试来检测他们所爱慕的对象或者证明他们是否无辜。
如今政府似乎也和这个节目一样越发喜欢用测谎仪了。
In May a small number of probation officers began training as polygraph examiners. From Octobe raround 1,000 sex offenders released from prison on licence in England and Wales but deemed to be at high risk of reoffending will be required to undergo polygraph tests. The checks will help tod etermine whether offenders have breached the conditions of their licences,such as restrictions o nvisiting children's playgrounds. Failing a test will not result in a return to prison but could promp tcloser supervision or surveillance.在5月，一小局部缓刑监视官开场训练使用测谎仪。
哥达纲领批判的英语The Critique of the Goda Manifesto: Unmasking its Fallacies and InconsistenciesIntroductionThe Goda Manifesto, a controversial document advocating for a radical overhaul of societal structures, has garnered attention and support in certain circles. However, it is crucial to subject this manifesto to critical examination in order to uncover its fallacies and inconsistencies. This article aims to provide an in-depth critique of the Goda Manifesto and address its key arguments and proposed solutions in order to shed light on the limitations and shortcomings of its content.AnalysisOne of the key tenets of the Goda Manifesto is the call for the abolition of private property. According to the manifesto, private property is the root cause of social inequality and injustice. While it is true that wealth disparities exist in our society, the declaration that private property is solely responsible for these disparities is an oversimplification. Private property rights provide incentives for individuals to work, innovate, and invest, driving economic growth and prosperity. The abolition of private property would disregard the fundamental principles of individual liberty and freedom of choice.Moreover, the Goda Manifesto proposes a form of collective ownership characterized by communal sharing. While this may sound utopian in theory, history has shown that such systems often lead to inefficiency, lack of motivation, and a decline in overall productivity. Without the sense of personal ownership and the opportunity for individuals to enjoy the fruits of their labor, there would be little incentive for innovation and progress. The Goda Manifesto fails to address this fundamental flaw in its proposed restructuring of societal structures.Furthermore, the manifesto criticizes the market economy and advocates for a centralized planning system. However, numerous examples from history, such as theSoviet Union and Maoist China, have demonstrated the inefficiencies and failures of centrally planned economies. Market economies, while not perfect, have proven to be more adaptable, efficient, and responsive to the needs of individuals and society. The Goda Manifesto provides no convincing argument for why a centralized planning system would be superior and fails to acknowledge the substantial drawbacks it entails.The Goda Manifesto also proposes the establishment of a universal basic income (UBI) as a solution to poverty and inequality. While the idea of providing a guaranteed income to all citizens is appealing, the practical implementation of UBI raises significant concerns. Who will bear the financial burden of funding such a program and how will it be sustained? Moreover, the potential adverse effects on workforce participation and productivity have not been sufficiently addressed. The Goda Manifesto lacks a comprehensive analysis of the potential consequences and trade-offs associated with UBI.In addition, the manifesto criticizes the current education system and calls for a complete overhaul. While it is true that improvements can be made to our education system, the sweeping reforms advocated by the manifesto are unrealistic and ignore the complexities involved. Quality education requires significant resources, expertise, and careful planning. Simply advocating for free education for all without considering the implications and feasibility undermines the credibility of the Goda Manifesto's proposals.ConclusionThe Goda Manifesto, although it raises important questions about societal structures and economic systems, is plagued by fallacies and inconsistencies. Its blanket condemnation of private property, inadequate analysis of alternative economic systems, and unrealistic proposals for sweeping reforms discredit its overall credibility. While it is important to critically examine existing systems and strive for improvements, the Goda Manifesto falls short in providing a coherent and feasible alternative. It is through robust and evidence-based analysis that we can generate meaningful progress towards a more equitable and just society.。
