写信的原则（Writing Principles）已从原来的3（Conciseness, Clearness, Courtesy）发展到目前的７个"Ｃ"：
Completeness, Clearness, Concreteness, Conciseness, Correctness,
Courtesy,Consideration)
实例
Dear Sirs,
Copper Wire
With reference to your letter of April 9, we are pleased to accept your offer of 100 tons of Copper Wire as per your Offer Sheet
No.8/070/02B. Please go ahead and apply for your Export Licence. As soon as we are informed of the number of the Export Licence we will
open the L/C by cable.
(信的本文汉译)：
关于你们四月九日涵，我们高兴地接受你们第８／０７０／０２Ｂ号报盘单所报１００吨紫色铜丝。请着手办理申请出口许可证。
一经接到出口许可证号码的通知，当即电开信用证。
要求书信的"完整"，理由有三：
１．一封完整的书信比一封不完整的书信，有更大的可能性带来预
期的效果；
２．一封完整的书信，有助于建立和表达友善关系；
３．一封完整的书信，可以避免由于遗漏重要情况（情报）所导致
的诉讼（Lawsuit）；
４．有时，某些不显眼的书信或文件，由于所提供的情况完整而又生动有力（Complete and Effective）而成为极为重要的文件。一封信写得是否完整，建议用五个"Ｗ"来检验，既："Who, What, Where,
When 及Why(包括How)"
例如:在定货的信中，必须明确说明"需要什么商品"(What you want)
"
何时需要" (When you need the goods) "
货物发到何地何人收"(to Whom and Where the goods to be sent) " 如何付款"(How payment will be mande) 如对对方的要求作出否定的答复时（如不能报盘，不能理赔等）应说明理由"
为什么"(Why)
Clearness(清楚)
（一）．避免使用可能产生不同理解或意义不明确的词汇〈例一〉As to the steamers sailing from Hongkong to San Francisco, we have bimonthly direct services. (从香港到旧金山有直达船，) 但是bimonthly 究竟是一个月两次即半月一次呢，还是两个月一次？不明确。因此，最好清楚明白地说明"一个月两次"还是"两个月一次"：（a）We have two direct sailings every month from Hongkong to
San Francisco. （每月两次直达船）（b）We have semimonthly direct sailing from Hongkong to San Francisco. （每半月一次直达船）（c）We have a direct sailing from Hongkong to San Francisco every two month. （每两个月一次直达船）
（二）注意修饰词的位臵，有时修饰词的位臵不同，会导致不同的含意如：a) Please let us know what you wish us to do about this matter as soon as possible; b) Please let us know as soon as possible what you wish us to do about this matter. 以上两句中的""修饰的内容不同：a) 你们要求我们尽快做些什么。b) 请尽快告诉我们。所以a) 可译成"请告你们要我们为此尽快做些什么"；b) 可译为"请尽快告知，你们要我们为此事做些什么"。
（三）注意代名词，关系代词和先行词的关系按照英语习惯，句子中的代名词和关系代词一般是指离得最近的名词，因此要特别注意，以免引起误解或不清楚。例句：不好：They informed Messrs.John & Smith that they would receive an answer in a few days. 较好：They informed Messrs. John & Smith that latter would
receive an answer in a few days.
(四)注意前后一致和紧凑，连贯不一致：Being a certified public
accountant, I am sure you can help us. 一致：Being a certified
public accountant, you can surely help us. or; As you are a certified public accountant, I am sure you can
五）仔细和恰当地分段落（Paragraphing）商业书信要写得使人一读就明白，因此必须按照内容仔细和恰当的分段落，一般的分段落原则是一个段落一个意思（A paragraph for each point is a good
general rule.）. 现举例说明：
Dear Sirs,
It is reported in a domestic newspaper that the Iranian Central Bank has instructed the commercial banks to suspend their business of opening a new letter of credit as from the 3rd May for financial reason of foreign currency. Although it is said that this arrangement would be a temporary one and with establishment of new import policy this emergency arrangement would be lifted, we are much concerned about the outcome of this movement toward restriction of import to Iran and shall be obliged if you will kindly keep us well advised of development of this new arrangement especially in
connection with import from France.
Yours faithfully,
以上这封信只有一段，供两句。第一句39字，第二句66句。读后虽然能基本了解其内容，但读起来很舒服。信的内容大体有三点：１．伊朗中央银行因外汇原因，通知个商业银行从五月三日起停止开立信用证；２．这临时措施，新的进口政策一订，这个措施可能取消；３．希望对方随时告之有关情况。按照这三点，适当地分分段落，把信重新改写一下，可能读起来比原来的清楚易懂：
Dear Sirs,
It is reported in a vernacular newspaper that the Iranian Central Bank has instructed the commercial banks to suspend their issuing new Letters of Credit as from the 3rd May because of its decreasing foreign currency funds. Furthermore it is said that the suspension seems a temporary one and will be released with establishment if a new import policy. We are much concerned, however, about the outcome of this movement toward restriction of import to Iran. We, therefore, shall be obliged if you will keep us well informed of development of this new state of affairs, especially in connection with
imports from France.
Yours faithfully,
Completeness
实例解说：
"Cellulose Tape 1/2"x 3yds, with plastic dispenser 700 doz./-ditto-but 1/2" x 5 yds, 1,000doz." 这是出口商接到的一份定单中有关商品品名，规格和数量的内容。中文意思是："纤维素带（幅）宽半英寸，长３码，带塑料包装容器，７００打；同上，但（幅）宽宽半英寸，
长５码，１０００打。
主要问题是后半句不清楚。"ditto"在这里表示前面提到的商品名称纤维素带，但不能包括"带塑料包装容器"，因此，幅宽半英寸长５码的纤维素带是否有塑料包装容器没有说清楚，不完整。所以最好改成："Cellulose Tape 1/2"x 3yds, with plastic dispenser 700 doz. Cellulose Tape 1/2" x 5yds，with plastic dispenser 1000 doz." 这样即
完正，又清楚明确，不会引起误解
Correctness（正确）
商业书信必须写得正确，因为它涉及到买卖双方的权利，义务，厉害关系，是各种商业单据（如合同）的根据。广义的说，商业书信的正确性表现在：（一）运用正确的语言水平（二）叙述得正确（三）数字要正确（四）正确理解和运用商业术语（五）合适的写作技
巧或方法，以及正确运用其他的六个"Ｃ"。
一．正确的语言水平
（１）正式的和非正式的语言水平所用词汇比较
formal informal terminate domicile deem transpire conflagration edifice endeavor obtain; procure peruse remunerate utilize subsequent ascertain contingent upon anticipate interrogate end home think(or: believe) happen fire building try get read or study pay use next or following find out depending on expect ask
（２）正式的和非正式的语言比较
formal informal Will attain the age of 18 years. Will be 18 years old Render us more detail We will institute a mail search Send us more information We will ask the post office to send out a tracer. We thank you in anticipation of this courtesy and assure you that it will be a pleasure to serve you in a similar manner We shall appreciate your helping us. Let us know when we can return the favor. Inform me of your intentions as to the liquidation of this balance Let me know when you can settle this account. Give consideration to a plan. Consider a plan This plan will effect a saving of $10,000. This plan will save $10,000. To effect certain modifications in a procedure contingent upon the concurrence of management To make certain changes if management agrees. The conclusions ascertaind from a
perusal of the pertinent data is that a lucrative market exists for the product in this vicinity. The data studied show that the product is in
good demand in this area.
（３）避免使用不标准的语言水平不要说应该说
ain＇t hadn＇t ought irregardless nohow in regard to can＇t hardly between you and I where ….at isn＇t, aren＇t shoudn＇t regardless anyway regarding can hardly between you and me where 下列是用一内容三种不同语言水平的比较参考：Formal: Although Item 12 is enumerated in the report, the writer has ascertained that it is currently not in the organization＇s inventory or in the writer＇s possession. Informal: Although Item 12 is listed in the report, it＇s not in our stock now and I don＇t have it either. Standard: Irregardless of the report that item ain＇t on our shelves now, and I haven＇t got it
either.
二．叙述得正确商业书信的内容要叙述得正确，既不要说得不够(Understatement)，更不要说得过头(Overstatement)。
[例一] This stove is absolutely the best (or: the very best) on the market. (这种炉子是市场上绝对最好的炉子。) 这句话是用来介绍商品的，但没有具体介绍商品的性能，而是抽象地断定这种炉子是"市场上最好的"。这样介绍商品，不但不能达到推销的目
的，反而使人对写信人有"卖狗皮膏药"的感觉。
［改写］Our model A195 is designed on modern lines and gives, without any increase in fuel consumption, 25% more heat than the older models. So you will agree that it is the outstanding stove for economy of fuel. (我们的Ａ１９５型炉子是按近代样式设计的，在不增加燃料消耗的情况下，比其他各种旧式炉子温度高２５％。所以，你会同意，这是优良的节约燃料的炉子。)
三．字要正确做对外贸易离不开数字。对商业书信中的数字的正确性要特别加以注意，有时"失之毫厘，差之千里"。甚至引起不同的理解。（a）"以上"，"以下"，"以前"，"以后"，"从。。。
到。。。"等的表达法$2 or (and) above(over)
二美元和二美元以上60dozen or (and) up (upward, upwards)不少于５０罗的定单5% up to 10% inclusive
四．理解和运用商业术语
一般常用的商业用语用字简洁，意义明确，使用得好，工作进行得顺利，使用得不好，就会引起混乱，误解，甚至产生不必要的纠纷，如：
You ask very short delivery for your order. 写信的人原意是说"
你们要求赶快交你们的定货。" 可是short delivery不是快点交货的意思，而是"短交"的意思，这就用错了商业术语。因此，应该说：Your require quick(prompt) delivery of your order.
五．合适的写作技巧或方法，以及正确运用其他的六个"Ｃ"
(1) 非英语国家的人学英语中普遍的弱点之一是不能正确地拼写（spelling）每一个英文字。拼写正确与否是一个很重要的问题。有时，一不小心，拼写错了，会误大事或出笑话。你想买靴子，英文应该是BOOTS，要是拼写成BOATS就变成你想买船了。怎样才能正确地拼写？最好的办法是读得仔细，注意每个字的正确拼法及字母排列。要注意音节(syllables) 字根(roots) 前缀(prefixes) 后缀(suffixes) 有人就此写了首打油诗做了个"总结" I before E Except after C Or when sounded as A As in neighbor or weigh.
其基本意思是说除了在字母C之后或是发音是[ei ]之外，通常是I在
E之前。
现举例说明：(a) ie [发音i:] achieve，grieve，retrieve believe，niece，shield brief，piece，shriek chief，pier，siege field，pierce，thief fiend，relieve，wield fierce，reprieve，yield (b) ei [发音i:] ceiling, conceive, deceive, perceive, receive (c) ei [发音ei] feint, obeisance, sleigh freight, reign, veil inveigh, rein, weigh neighbor,
skein, weight 例外：either, fiery, foreign, friend, heifer, height, inveigle, leisure, seize, sovereign, weird. 又如以ceed, cede,和sede结尾的动词中，只有三个普通的动词以ceed结尾，即：exceed,proceed 和succeed结尾的，如：acced, concede, intercede, precede, recede. 名词的复数形式也得注意，否则也要出错。
不过如何把名词的单数变成复数还是有规律的。（a）绝大部分的名词从单数变为复数时，只要在词尾加个""就行了。如：hat, hats; acrobat, acrobats; banana, bananas. （b）单数名词的字尾是s, ch, x 或z的复数，通常是加es, 如：mass, masses; patch, patches; tax, taxes; buzz, buzzes. （c）以y结尾的y前是辅音字母的单数名词变复数时，把y去掉改为I再加es，如：city, cities；community, communities. （d）以y结尾的y前是元音字母的单数名词变复数时，只要在字尾加s, 如：money, moneys. （e）以o结尾的而o前是元音字母的单数名词，在字尾加s就变为复数，如：radio, radios. （f）以o结尾的而o前是辅音字母的单数名词变成复数时，应加es, 如：buffaloes, calicoes, cargoes, dominoes, echoes, embargoes, heroes, jingoes, mosquitoes, mottoes (mottos), mulattoes, potatoes, tomatoes, tornadoes, torpedoes, volcanoes. 但有例外如：banjos, bolos, cantos, contraltos, dynamos, gigolos, octaves, pianos, quartos, silos, solos, sopranos, zeros. （g）绝大多数以f结尾的名词，从单数变为复数时，把f换成v再加上es，如：half, halves, scarf, scarves(or : scarfs) ;
self, selves ; sheaf, sheaves ; thief, thieves ; wolf, wolves. 但有例外如：beliefs, chiefs, dwarfs, griefs, handkerchiefs, hoofs, mischiefs, roofs, staffs （h）专有名词一般在字尾加s，构成复数，但以ch, s, x或z结尾的专有名词，则要加es如：the Kellys, the six Marys, the Finleys, the Harrises, the Foxes, the Heinzes. ( i ) 字母，数字，记号或其他作这种用途的字的复数形式是在字尾加"s"，如：three m＇s; two 2＇s; if＇s and and＇s. ( j )某些外来字还保留其原来的复数形式：agendum------agenda focus----------foci alumna-------alumnae locus----------loci alumnus------alumni hypothesis-----hypotheses analysis-----analyses
larva----------larvae axis---------axes
parenthesis----parenteses bacterium----bacteria
phenomenon-----phenomena basis--------bases
radius---------radii chassis------chassis stratum--------strata crisis-------crises tableau--------tableaux datum--------data thesis---------theses 复合名词的复数通常是其中的主要字用复数形式，如：fathers-in-law; hangers-on; passers-by; by-standers; solicitors general; attorneys general(or: attorney generals); major generals; Knights Templar. 但也有都用复数形式的，如：nanservant, menservants; woman-servant, women-servants 以上例子说明，英语的拼写是有一定规律的，只是多加注意，便可以
逐渐掌握其规律。但是，任何规律都有其相对的例外，这就需要特别
下工夫
２) 正确使用大写（Capital Letter）
一般在每一句，每一个直接引语，每一行诗的第一个字要大写，人的称呼或头衔，书名等要大写，专有名词要大写，月名，星期几要大写，代词Ｉ要大写。这是使用英语必须具备的起码的知识。因此，大写使用的正确与否，也是英语水平问题。除了上述一般大写规律以外，在商业书信英语中的大写，还有其本身的特点，现说明于下：（Ａ）North, South, East, West 这四个字作为一般方向用时小写，
但是当它们作为一个地理概念表示北方地区，南方地区，东方地区，西方地区，或专有的地名联用时，就必须大写。［例］Cotton is the principal crop in the South; it is also grown extensively in the Southwest and in the Sou thern California (棉花是南部各州的重要作物，西南各州和加利福尼亚南部也广泛种植。) （Ｂ）商品名称从语法上讲，一般的商品名称（非专有名词）没有必要大写。在商业书信中为了强调（）或要促使对方注意，商品名称常常大写。［例］We have seen your advertisement in the "Textile World" and should be glad if you would send us patterns of Ladies＇Woolens with your best terms. (我们看到你们在"织物界"杂志上的广告，请寄妇女用毛织物样本并告最优惠的价格条件。) （Ｃ）文件名称［例］we have quoted our best terms on the enclosed Price List. （我们已随函寄送
价目表报最优惠价格条件。）( D ) 公司，团体，城市名称省略时大写［例］The Company will pay you $100 annuity. 该公司将付给你年金１００美圆。（Ｅ）职务名称［例］There is enclosed a letter from Mr. H.A.Anderson, President, National City Bank of New York. (同函俯上花旗银行行长安得逊先生所写书信一封。) （Ｆ）船名［例］We have shipped the goods by the m.v."London Maru" of OSK.
（货已由大阪轮船公司的"伦敦丸"轮装运。）
Conciseness（简洁）
"简洁"是有客观标准的。虽然西方国家的作者之间在怎样用词才算"简洁"方面还是有争论的，不过他们的一些看法还是有一定参考价值
的。
怎样才能使商业书信"简洁"？西方国家作者有很多建议，先介绍如
下：
（一）避免使用陈旧的商业术语陈旧的与传统的商业术语（Commercial jargon）对信的内容没有什么作用，应该避免使用。
例一：Wordy: We wish to acknowledge receipt of your letter of November 14 with the check for Stg.10 enclosed and wish to thank
you for same. Concise: We appreciate your letter of November 14 and the check for Stg. 10 you sent with it. 例二：Wordy: We take liberty to approach you with the request that you would be kind enough to introduce to us some exporters of cotton textiles in your cities. Would you please introduce to us some exporters of cotton textiles in your city? Concise: (a) Please introduce to us some
exporters of cotton textiles in your city. (b)Would you please introduce to us some exporters of cotton textiles in your city. （注：
此类简洁的表达方式很多。）
（二）要长话短说，避免罗嗦
通常商业人士每天需要阅读大量的书信，对开门见山，长话短说，直接切题的信特别欢迎。因此，写信要力求长话短说，
例如：不要写应写作Please see that an enquiry is conducted to determine the reason. Please find out the reason. We express our regret at being unable to fulfil your order on this occasion. We are sorry we cannot meet your present order. 要使用简洁的语言，有可能的话，尽量使用单词来代替某些娇柔做作的短语。
删去不必要的形容词，如下列句子中的形容词或副词删去后并不影响句子的原意：The proposal is under (active) consideration. The
answer is (definitely) correct. I would (rather) think the fare is too
high. The (true) facts are as stated
（三）要注意每句句子的长短
例如："We would like to know whether you would allow us to extend the time of shipment for twenty days, and if you would be so kind as to allow us to do so, kindly give us your reply by cable without delay." 这句话过分"客气"，使句子过长而不清楚。内容要求对方同意延期交货20天，一般情况下，应尽可能提出延期到那一天的具体日期。这句话可压缩为："Please reply by telegram immediately if you will allow us to delay the shipment until April 21."(如同意我们把交货延期到四月二十一日，请电复。) 有的作者为了使人们记住避免使用陈旧的商业术语，专门选择了一些他认为陈旧的商业术语搞成一首诗：We beg to advise and wish to state That yours has arrived of recent date. We have it before us, its contents noted; Herewith enclosed are the prices we quoted. Attached please find, as per your request, The data you wanted; and not let us suggest Your order be sent, and not held unduly, We beg to remain, yours most truly
Courtesy（礼貌）
COURTESY译成"礼貌"。但是根据西方国家函电书籍作者普遍的看
法，所谓COURTESY是"客气而又体谅人"的意思。有的作者还把COURTESY和POLITENESS这两个同义词做了比较，认为：POLITENESS的客气只是表现在文章的语句上，而COURTESY则表现在对对方的"体谅"，例如：[POLITE]
a) We have received with many thanks your letter of Oct.7, and we take the pleasure of sending you latest catalog. We wish to draw your attention to a special offer, which we have made in it. [COURTESY]
b) You will be particularly interested in a special offer on page 5 of the latest catalog enclosed, which you requested in your letter of Oct.
7. 不要写建议写You ought to …… Perhaps you could…… Your letter is not clear at all;I can＇t understand it. If I understand your letter correctly... Obviously, if you＇d read your policy carefully, You＇d be able to answer these questions yourself. Sometimes policy wording is a little hard to nderstand. I＇m glad to clear up these
questions for you.
怎样通过各种语言形式来表达COURTESY呢？这样的形式很多，
现在提供一些常见的供参考：
（一）把命令变成请求的常用形式：Please, Will you…….., Will you
please……..,如：a) Will you give us more detailed information on your requirement? b) Will you please (kindly) let us hear from you
on these two points?
（二）虚拟式（Past Subjunctive From）如：a) Would you compare our sample with the goods of other firms? b) We would ask you to ship the goods by the first available vessel. c) We wish you would let us have your reply soon. d) This would seem to confirm our opinion.
e) We should be grateful if you would help us with your suggestion. f) We think if advisable that you should accept this offer at this price. g) We should(would) like you to let us know the exact amount. h)
Perhaps you might like to have a look at the actual goods. i) We might be of some service to you in a similar case. 以上的b, f, g, 也可用will, shall, may, 但是用Past Subjunctive Form则表示更客
气和婉转些。
（三）缓和用法（Mitigation）为了缓和过分强调或刺激对方，常用: We are afraid, we would say, we may(or, might) say, we(would) think, it seems(or would seem) to us, we(would) suggest, as you are (or: may be) aware, as we need hardly point out等等表达法来缓和语气，如：a) It was unwise of you to have done that. We would say that it was unwise of you to have done that. b) You ought to have
done it. It seems to us that you ought to have done it. c) We
cannot comply with your request. We are afraid we cannot comply with your request. d) Our products are the very best on the market. We might say that our products are the very best on the market. e) You must keep the matter to yourselves. You must, we would add, keep the matter to yourselves. f) You must cut off your order in half We would suggest that you cut your order in half. g) We have not yet had your reply. It appears that we have not yet
had your reply
四）运用被动语气有时，运用被动语气，比主动语气客气，如：a) You made a very careless mistake. A very careless mistake was
made b) You did not enclose the check with your order. The check was not enclosed with your order. c) For the past two years, you did not give us any order. For the past two years, no order has been given us. Or: For the past two years, no business has
been materialized between us.
（五）避免（或力争避免）使用语气强烈或容易引起不快的词汇a) we demand immediate payment from you demand的意思是ask for(sth) as if ordering, or as if one has a right to, 即带有命令意味的要求。非不得已，应尽可能避免使用demand而改用request如：We request your immediate payment. b) We are disgusted with your
manner of doing business. disguste意味hate而且有strong feeling of dislike or distasted, 既"厌恶"的意思，因此，还是婉转或含蓄一些为宜，如：We are not completely satisfied with your manner of doing business. c) We must refuse your offer. Must………带有威胁性的意味（minatory tone），不如改为：We regret that we are unable to accept your offer. Or: We regret that we are not in a position to accept your offer. d) We want you to assist us 带有傲慢或长者的口吻（superior tone），不如改为：Your assistance
would be appreciated.
（六）使用高兴，遗憾，感谢等词汇及表达法
(1) We have pleasure of -ing……. We have pleasure in -ing……. It is with pleasure that we do so It gives us(great, much) pleasure to do so We are pleased for us to do so It＇s a pleasure for us to do so. We are glad(or: delighted) that you do so We shall gladly do so We shall feel happy if you will do so We are happy to do so
(2) 表示感谢的表达法有：We are (very, most) appreciative of your doing so We are gratified to learn that you do so We shall be (or: feel) obliged by your doing so We shall be obliged if you will do so You will oblige us by doing so We shall be grateful to you if you will do so
写信的原则（Writing Principles）已从原来的3（Conciseness, Clearness, Courtesy）发展到目前的７个"Ｃ"： Completeness, Clearness, Concreteness, Conciseness, Correctness, Courtesy,Consideration) 实例 Dear Sirs, Copper Wire With reference to your letter of April 9, we are pleased to accept your offer of 100 tons of Copper Wire as per your Offer Sheet No.8/070/02B. Please go ahead and apply for your Export Licence. As soon as we are informed of the number of the Export Licence we will open the L/C by cable. (信的本文汉译)： 关于你们四月九日涵，我们高兴地接受你们第８／０７０／０２Ｂ号报盘单所报１００吨紫色铜丝。请着手办理申请出口许可证。 一经接到出口许可证号码的通知，当即电开信用证。 要求书信的"完整"，理由有三： １．一封完整的书信比一封不完整的书信，有更大的可能性带来预 期的效果；
２．一封完整的书信，有助于建立和表达友善关系； ３．一封完整的书信，可以避免由于遗漏重要情况（情报）所导致 的诉讼（Lawsuit）； ４．有时，某些不显眼的书信或文件，由于所提供的情况完整而又生动有力（Complete and Effective）而成为极为重要的文件。一封信写得是否完整，建议用五个"Ｗ"来检验，既："Who, What, Where, When 及Why(包括How)" 例如:在定货的信中，必须明确说明"需要什么商品"(What you want) " 何时需要" (When you need the goods) " 货物发到何地何人收"(to Whom and Where the goods to be sent) " 如何付款"(How payment will be mande) 如对对方的要求作出否定的答复时（如不能报盘，不能理赔等）应说明理由" 为什么"(Why) Clearness(清楚) （一）．避免使用可能产生不同理解或意义不明确的词汇〈例一〉As to the steamers sailing from Hongkong to San Francisco, we have bimonthly direct services. (从香港到旧金山有直达船，) 但是bimonthly 究竟是一个月两次即半月一次呢，还是两个月一次？不明确。因此，最好清楚明白地说明"一个月两次"还是"两个月一次"：（a）We have two direct sailings every month from Hongkong to
商务信函的英文书写规则 写信的原则(Writing Principles已从原来的3个"C"(Conciseness, Clearness, Courtesy发展到目前的7个"C":Completeness, Clearness, Concreteness, Conciseness, Correctness, Courtesy, Consideration。 实例 Dear Sirs, Copper Wire With reference to your letter of April 9, we are pleased to accept your offer of 100 tons of Copper Wire as per your Offer Sheet No.8/070/02B. Please go ahead and apply for your Export Licence. As soon as we are informed of the number of the Export Licence we will open the L/C by cable. 关于你们四月九日涵,我们高兴地接受你们第8/070/02B号报盘单所报100吨紫色铜丝。请着手办理申请出口许可证。的一经接到出口许可证号码的通知,当即电开信用证。 要求书信“完整”的理由有三: 1、一封完整的书信比一封不完整的书信,有更大的可能性带来预期的效果; 2、一封完整的书信,有助于建立和表达友善关系; 3、一封完整的书信,可以避免由于遗漏重要情况(情报所导致的诉讼(Lawsui t; 4、有时,某些不显眼的书信或文件,由于所提供的情况完整而又生动有力(Complete and Effective而成为极为重要的文件。一封信写得是否完整,建议用五个"W"来检验,既:Who, What, Where, When,Why(包括How。 例如:在定货的信中,必须明确说明:
1 Introduction Business English can be regarded as an application of English language in commercial occasions, aiming at enabling speakers to communicate and interact effectively using the most correct and clearest business language. Business English Correspondence is an important carrier of international commercial activities which is used to deli ever information, address commercial issues and as a way of communication. Lexicon is an important factor of a passage. In the writing of business English correspondence, we should pay particular attention to the selection of lexicon. Different words may carry different meaning and even the mood of them can be very distinct. Therefore, it is of great necessity to do research of the features of lexicon in the writing of business English correspondence. This thesis attempts to do some researches on the following subjects: To have a good knowledge of characteristics of lexicon in business English correspondence. To make sense of the reason why the business English correspondence have such requirements of lexicon. To provide some suggestions that learners can improve their writing skills. 2 Description of Business English correspondence 2.1 Definition of business English correspondence Nowadays more and more people choose to work in companies and do commercial work. As China joined the WTO, enterprises are all choosing to open their markets and expand them into the international world, thus making English inevitably become the most used language in the world. And in this way a new subject appeared that we call it “business English”. In terms of business English, we refer to the language used in order to adapt to the job market whose contents include a lot of aspects (Kansi, 1983; 134). Unlike the general English learners, people who learn business English are more
竭诚为您提供优质文档/双击可除 商务英语信函地址 篇一：英语商务信函 商务信函businessletter 英文信头写法heading 信头也称信端，其内容包括发件公司的名称、标志、通信地址、电话号码、传真号、电子邮箱等。书写信头的目的是为了方便收件人了解信函来自何处，并为回复提供联系方式。 很多公司都会印制带信头的信纸。一般来说，人们喜欢将简单的信头放在信纸上端居中，将复杂的信头放在信纸的右侧或上下两端。在使用这种信纸打印信函时，一定要注意为信头留出足够的空间。 对于私人商务信函，如求职信等，信头通常写在信纸的右上方。 如果信函的长度超过两页，那么从第2页开始就不再需要信头了，只需写上页码、收件人姓名及日期。 英文地址的书写和中文地址的书写有很大区别，应遵循
从小到大的原则。特别值得注意的是，地址中的标点符号需正确使用。当前的习惯做法是，行末一般不加标点符号，但行中间该加标点的地方，还是不应省略。门牌号码与街道名称之间不加标点，但是在城市与国家名称之间必须用逗号分开。 英文信函编号写法Referencenumber 如果信函上有编号，收件人和发件人都能快速了解所指的是哪一封信。这样既便于文件存档，又便于日后查阅。 信函编号常见的书写形式有两种： 一种比较简单的形式“Re:xxx”，例如,Re:Invoice12345或Re:YourletterdatedJanuary20,20XX。 一种比较常用的形式“Yourref:xxx,ourref:xxx”，提供一组缩写信息，包括：文件编号、起草人、录入人的姓名缩写和部门 代号等。例如一封由我方Juttabrawn起草，由hughJohnDavies录入的信函编号为“ourref:Jb/hJD” 英文日期写法Date 商务信函必须写日期，它对于文件存档及信息查考都有重要意义。 书写日期应注意以下几点： 1.“年”应完全写出，如20XX，不能简写成06； 2.在正式信函中“月”最好不用缩写，而是完整地写出
商务信函的书写规则（七） （四）运用被动语气有时，运用被动语气，比主动语气客气，如： a) You made a very careless mistake. A very careless mistake was made b) You did not enclose the check with your order. The check was not enclosed with your order. c) For the past two years, you did not give us any order. For the past two years, no order has been given us. Or: For the past two years, no business has been materialized between us. （五）避免（或力争避免）使用语气强烈或容易引起不快的词汇 a) we demand immediate payment from you demand的意思是ask for(sth) as if ordering, or as if one has a right to, 即带有命令意味的要求。非不得已，应尽可能避免使用demand而改用request 如： We request your immediate payment. b) We are disgusted with your manner of doing business. disguste意味hate而且有strong feeling of dislike or distasted, 既"厌恶"的意思，因此，还是婉转或含蓄一些为宜，如： We are not completely satisfied with your manner of doing business. c) We must refuse your offer. Must.........带有威胁性的意味（minatory tone），不如改为： We regret that we are unable to accept your offer. Or: We regret that we are not in a position to accept your offer. d) We want you to assist us 带有傲慢或长者的口吻（superior tone），不如改为： Your assistance would be appreciated. （六）使用高兴，遗憾，感谢等词汇及表达法 (1) We have pleasure of -ing....... We have pleasure in -ing....... It is with pleasure that we do so It gives us(great, much) pleasure to do so We are pleased for us to do so It's a pleasure for us to do so. We are glad(or: delighted) that you do so We shall gladly do so We shall feel happy if you will do so We are happy to do so (2) 表示感谢的表达法有： We are (very, most) appreciative of your doing so We are gratified to learn that you do so We shall be (or: feel) obliged by your doing so We shall be obliged if you will do so You will oblige us by doing so We shall be grateful to you if you will do so We shall appreciate your doing so We shall appreciate it if you will do so We shall thank you to do so It will be appreciated if....... We are thankful that you do so (3) 表示遗憾的表达法有： It is a matter for regret that we cannot do so It is with regret that we must do so We express our regret at -ing..... To our regret we cannot do so It is regrettable that we must do so We regret that we cannot do so We regret to do so It is to be regretted that you do so We are regretful that we must do so It is a pity that you cannot do so We are sorry we cannot do so We are sorry to do so 注：以上的表达法只是常用的一部分。 写信要做到ＣＯＵＲＴＥＳＹ，但要注意： （１）不要使用已经过时的毫无意义的老套子，如： our esteemed clients; your esteemed letter; your respectable house; your good self(or good selves); your valued order; your esteemed reply等等 （２）要分清"礼貌"与"卑恭"的界限，如： (a) We are extremely and sincerely sorry for the error and ask that you accept our humble and sincere apology for the undue
商务信函的写作特点_写作指导 商务信函的写作特点 商务信函的写作特点写作商务信函并不要求您使用华丽优美的词句。所有您需要做的就是，用简单朴实的语言，准确的表达自己的意思，让对方可以非常清楚的了解您想说什么。围绕这一点，我们总结了几方面的内容，希望对您写作商务信函有借鉴作用。口语化每一封信函的往来，都是您跟收信人彼此之间的一次交流。人都是感性的，所以您需要在您的信函里体现感性的一面。然而很多人都有一种误解，以为写作商务信函就应该用一种特殊的“生意腔”，于是把一封本来应该是热情而友好的信函写得呆板而死气沉沉。他们宁愿写“your letter has been received”，“your complaint is being looked into”而不是“i have received your letter”或者“we are looking into your complaint”。其实我们简单的来理解一下，每次信函的往来不就是跟对方进行了一次交谈吗？只不过是把交谈的内容写到了纸上而已。多用一些简单明了的语句，用我/我们做主语，这样才能让我们的信函读起来热情，友好，就象两个朋友之间的谈话那样简单，自然，人性化。想象一下，如果您由于无法准时交货而在电话上跟您的合作伙伴表示歉意时，您会怎么说？我想您会说“i am sorry we cannot deliver the goods today”。既然在电话中您会这样说，为什么在信件中要改成“it is regretted that goods cannot be delivered today”？放弃这种所谓的“生意腔”吧，让您的信也象谈话那样简单，自然，人性化。语气语调由于您写的信函都是有其目的性的，所以您信函里所采用的语气语调也应该符合您的目的。在写之前先不妨仔细考虑一下，您写这封信函是想达到一个什么样的目的，您希望对收信人产生一种怎样的影响呢？是歉意的，劝说性的，还是坚决的，要求性的。这完全可以通过信函中的语气语调来表现。真诚不管是生活中的交往还是生意上的合作，真诚是最重要也是最基础的，所以您的信函也必须能够充分体现您的真诚。不管说什么，都要带着您的诚意去说。把写好的信函拿起来读一遍，确保如果此时对方正在电话中与您通话，他一定能够感受到您的自然和真诚。直接跟您一样，您的合作伙伴们每天都要阅读大量信函文件。所以，信函一定要写得简明扼要，短小精悍，切中要点。如果是不符合主题或者对信函的目的不能产生利益的内容，请毫不留情的舍弃它们。因为这些内容不仅不能使交流通畅，反而会混淆视听，非但不能让读者感兴趣，反而会让他们恼火，产生反感。礼貌我们这里所说的礼貌，并不是简单用一些礼貌用语比如your kind inquiry, your esteemed order等就可以的。而是要体现一种为他人考虑，多体谅对方心情和处境的态度。如果本着这样的态度去跟别人交流，那么就算您这次拒绝了对方的要求，也不会因此失去这个朋友，不会影响今后合作的机会。特别要注意，当双方观点不能统一时，我们首先要理解并尊重对方的观点。如果对方的建议不合理或者对您的指责不公平时，请表现一下您的高姿态，您可以据理力争，说明您的观点，但注意要讲究礼节礼貌，避免用冒犯性的语言。还要提醒一点，中国人有句话叫做“过犹不及”。任何事情，一旦过了头，效果反而不好。礼貌过了头，可能会变成阿谀奉承，真诚过了头，也会变成天真幼稚。所以最关键的还是要把握好“度”，才能达到预期的效果。共2页，当前第1页12商务信函的写作特点相关内容:劳动合同一般写法 劳动合同一般写法性质：＿甲方：。乙方：＿名称：＿姓名：＿用工形式：＿鉴证编号：＿编号：＿甲方因生产、工作需要，经考核录用乙方为工人。遵照国家有关劳动法规和政策，经双方协商达成如下协议：一、甲方录用乙方从事，某某工作（岗位...
摘要: 英国论文随着时代的发展, 使用简洁通俗的语言已成为现代商务英语, 尤其是商务英语信函的突出特点。本文从这一特点形成的根源简易英语运动出发, 分析了简易英语的定义, 遵循的原则, 最后在此基础上通过大量例证的对照比较, 总结了简易英语趋势在现代商务交际中的体现。 商务英语和法律英语一样, 通常被认为是充斥着技术性术语和诘屈聱牙语句的典型书面语。不可否认, 很长时间以来, 商务文书给人的印象确实如此。然而随着时代的发展, 这种情况已得到极大的改观, 商务交际用语渐趋简明易懂。使用简洁通俗的语言已成为现代商务英语的突出特点。我们可以比较一下下面的两句商务信函中的用语: 1. We beg respectfully to state that we are in receipt ofyour L/C in the amount of USD×××for which we thankyou. 2. We inform you that we have received your L/C forUSD×××. 可以看出, 这两句表达的意思完全相同, 但是第一句使用了beg respectfully to state, in receipt of, inthe amount of, 以及包括定语从句for which we thank you等表达极为繁杂的用语, 而第二句用语简洁明快, 但是它所包含的信息量较第一句而言没有丝毫的减少。现代商务英语正是提倡使用简单词语( plain words) , 而不用复杂的语句( complicated words) , 尤其是那些繁复老套的用语, 即我们所说的陈词滥调( cliché)。现代商务英语的这一显著特点, 其实与这些年来在英美等国出现的英语简化趋势, 尤其是在美国大张旗鼓推行的简易英语运动( Plain English Movement)有直接的联系。这一运动要求革除商业契约上的繁文缛节, 简化法律用语, 从而起到方便民众, 减少因繁复用语而引起不必要争端的作用。1978 年 3 月24 日, 当时的美国总统卡特更是签署了第12044 号行政命令, 要求联邦政府各部切实保证颁布的每项法令必须以简单易懂的英语撰写, 以便须依照有关法令办事的人都能看懂。这一法令理所当然受到普通老百姓的欢迎, 而简易英语运动在这一法令的推动之下也得到了更为蓬勃的开展[1]。 一、什么是“简易英语” 所谓简易英语( Plain English) , 美国学者考特兰?博维(Courtland Bovèe)和约翰?席尔( John Thill)认为简易英语是用简易的文字和结构写成的语句, 读者都能看懂, 很接近于我们的口语[2]。可见, “简易英语”是指书面表达中使用清晰正确的英语简明扼要而有效地传递信息。“简易英语”并不幼稚, 也并非过分简单化的英语。“简易英语”重视信息的传递。它并不堆积词藻, 而且不会不必要地使用行话、术语等难懂的表达。换句话说,“简易英语”彻底抛弃了繁文赘语和让人无所适从的表达。用“简易英语”书写的文件是为了让人们读懂, 因此所用的词语都是读者能够理解的。只要读者能够理解, “简易英语”用到技术性较强的专业术语也并非不可。比如,一篇医学学报上的论文面向的是医学专家, 使用专业术语是可以的, 因为这些读者能够理解。只要表达恰当, 这篇论文的语言仍然可被称为“简易英语”。当然, 如果这篇文章是出现在面向公众的通俗杂志上, 那么再包含很多专业术语就很可能出现普通读者无法理解的状况。这个时候, 只有使用普通大众能够理解的字眼那它才是“简易英语”。我们应该看到非常复杂的概念也是可以用“简易英语”加以解释的。许多法律文书, 比如合同和法令, 用“简易英语”改写后仍然能做到表达精确无误。 二、“简易英语”所遵循的原则 “简易英语”最重要的原则就是读者为先。即为读者着想, 考虑读者的需求。要“简易”, 就得好好考虑如下的问题:读者需要知道些什么? 他们对这个问题的理解程度如何? 怎样才能更好地把意思组织起来以便读者更好地理解? 要想有效传递你的信息, 首要的是要清楚什么样的人会阅读你写的东西。具体来讲, “简易英语”遵循如下的原则: (一)写作前做好规划起草文书之前, 首先得明确自己的写作目的。读者是谁? 他们对于所涉及的话题是非常了解, 了解一点还是一无所知? 他们想知道些什么? 找到这些问题的答案, 做到心中有数。一旦知道了读者是谁, 就应该尽可能从他们的角度来看问题, 来表达
商务信函的写作要求 写作商务信函并不要求您使用华丽优美的词句。所有您需要做的就是，用简单朴实的语言，准确的表达自己的意思，让对方可以非常清楚的了解您想说什么。围绕这一点，我们总结了几方面的内容，希望对您写作商务信函有借鉴作用。 口语化 每一封信函的往来，都是您跟收信人彼此之间的一次交流。人都是感性的，所以您需要在您的信函里体现感性的一面。然而很多人都有一种误解，以为写作商务信函就应该用一种特殊的“生意腔”，于是把一封本来应该是热情而友好的信函写得呆板而死气沉沉。他们宁愿写“Yourletterhasbeenreceived”，“Yourcomplaintisbeinglookedinto”而不是“Ihavereceivedyourletter”或者“Wearelookingintoyourcomplaint”。其实我们简单的来理解一下，每次信函的往来不就是跟对方进行了一次交谈吗？只不过是把交谈的内容写到了纸上而已。多用一些简单明了的语句，用我/我们做主语，这样才能让我们的信函读起来热情，友好，就象两个朋友之间的谈话那样简单，自然，人性化。 想象一下，如果您由于无法准时交货而在电话上跟您的合作伙伴表示歉意时，您会怎么说？我想您会说“Iamsorrywecannotdeliverthegoodstoday”。既然在电话中您会这样说，为什么在信件中要改成“Itisregrettedthatgoodscannotbedeliveredtoday”？放弃这种所谓的“生
意腔”吧，让您的信也象谈话那样简单，自然，人性化。 语气语调 由于您写的信函都是有其目的性的，所以您信函里所采用的语气语调也应该符合您的目的。在写之前先不妨仔细考虑一下，您写这封信函是想达到一个什么样的目的，您希望对收信人产生一种怎样的影响呢？是歉意的，劝说性的，还是坚决的，要求性的。这完全可以通过信函中的语气语调来表现。 真诚 不管是生活中的交往还是生意上的合作，真诚是最重要也是最基础的，所以您的信函也必须能够充分体现您的真诚。不管说什么，都要带着您的诚意去说。把写好的信函拿起来读一遍，确保如果此时对方正在电话中与您通话，他一定能够感受到您的自然和真诚。 直接 跟您一样，您的合作伙伴们每天都要阅读大量信函文件。所以，信函一定要写得简明扼要，短小精悍，切中要点。如果是不符合主题或者对信函的目的不能产生利益的内容，请毫不留情的舍弃它们。因为这些内容不仅不能使交流通畅，反而会混淆视听，非但不能让读者感兴趣，反而会让他们恼火，产生反感。 礼貌 我们这里所说的礼貌，并不是简单用一些礼貌用语比如yourkindinquiry,youresteemedorder等就可以的。而是要体现一种为他人考虑，多体谅对方心情和处境的态度。如果本着这样的态度去跟别
商务信函的英文书写规则(3) 商业书信必须写得正确，因为它涉及到买卖双方的权利、义务和厉害关系，是各种商业单据的依据。广义的说，商业书信的正确性表现在： （一）运用正确的语言水平 （二）叙述得正确 （三）数字要正确 （四）正确理解和运用商业术语 （五）合适的写作技巧或方法，以及正确运用其他的六个"C"。 （一）正确的语言水平 (1)、正式的和非正式的语言水平所用词汇比较： formal informal terminate domicile deem transpire conflagration edifice endeavor obtain; procure peruse remunerate
utilize subsequent ascertain contingent upon anticipate interrogate end home think(or: believe) happen fire building try get read or study pay use next or following find out depending on expect ask (2)、正式的和非正式的语言比较
formal informal Will attain the age of 18 years. Will be 18 years old Render us more detail We will institute a mail search Send us more information We will ask the post office to send out a tracer. We thank you in anticipation of this courtesy and assure you that it will be a pleasure to serve you in a similar manner We shall appreciate your helping us. Let us know when we can return the favor. Inform me of your intentions as to the liquidation of this balance Let me know when you can settle this aount. Give consideration to a plan. Consider a plan This plan will effect a saving of $10,000. This plan will save $10,000. To effect certain modifications in a procedure contingent upon the concurrence of management To make certain changes if management agrees. The conclusions ascertaind from a perusal of the pertinent data is that a lucrative market exists for the product in this vicinity. The data studied show that the product is in good demand in this area.
商务信函（下） 投诉信结构： 投诉事由 详述事件/投诉理由 提出要求 常用句型： Letters of complaint I am writing to complain about … I am not satisfied with … I must therefore insist that … 例题 ●You recently attended a one-day training course on health and safety. You were disappointed with the course and you have decided to write a letter of complaint to the training company. ●Read the advertisement below, which gives details of the course. You have already made some notes on the advertisement. ●Then, using all your handwritten notes, write your letter to Moira Geddings at GBG Certification Services. ●Do not include postal addresses. ●Write 120-140 words on a separate sheet.
[范文] Dear Mrs Geddings, I write regarding a training course on health and safety which I attended 27 November. When I booked this course, I chose your company as it came highly recommended and the courses seemed to be of a high standard. I was promised an experienced trainer but unfortunately he was sick and the replacement was not as good as expected. Regarding the information packs these were only a pile of loose photocopies, which was not promised. The class was supposed to be about 8 people but in mine there were about 15. Finally, I should make it clear that the class started 1 hour late, and the lunch that was served, was cold. I am sure you can understand my disappointment. I would therefore be glad if you could investigate this matter. I look forward to hearing from you. Yours sincerely, Lisa Kostevska Cabin Attendant 索赔：
商务英语信函写作的注意事项 在国际贸易竞争日益激烈的今天，为了通过发送商务信函达到有效交流，传达友好情感，增加商务合作机会的目的，商务信函必须在风格和语言上发生变化。现代商务信函的主要文体特征可以概括为以下五点: 内容的清晰性、表达的简洁性、词语的专业性、风格的正式性、措辞的礼貌性。因此我们要将商务信函本身的特点和英语的语言特点结合起来，分析和总结其翻译思路和技巧。 发送商务信函的目的在于建立商务往来关系，就某一细节进行商讨，努力达成共识，以便促进一项商务活动的开展。要达到这些目的，首先必须保证阅读者能够清楚了解写信人的意图，迂回或闪烁其辞的话语会让读信人产生不信任，甚至会怀疑对方的语言表达能力，对进一步开展商务活动很不利。模棱两可的话轻则阻碍读信人对信函意思的理解，重则会对发函方造成不必要的损失。例如: As to the steamers sailing from Hongkong to San Francisco，we have bimonthly direct services. 此处bimonthly 有歧义，可以是twice a month 或者once two month. 故读信人就迷惑了，可以改写为We have two direct sailings every month from Hongkong to San Francisco. 翻译要保留原文的清晰度相当重要。由于在较为正式的场合中，为了将一概念定义完整和清楚，英文常常用关联词将几个短句并在
一起形成一个长句，而中文无法照样只用一句话来翻译，即使这样译了也很难达到通顺和自然。这时，我们就采取将长句按特定的事情发展的顺序拆分成两个或两个以上的小句子的方式来翻译。必要时还要增加或省略一些词语，让整段文字结构更合理、内容更清楚。例如: The prices stated are based on current freight rates，any increase or decrease in freight rates at time of shipment is to be the benefit of the buyer，with the seller assuming the payment of all transportation charges to the point or place of delivery.例句中以一个介词with 来分界，译为“合同价格是以运费计算，装运时运费的增减均属买方。卖方则承担至交货地的全部运费”。在原文中with 分句是一个状语，翻 译时采用中国人平铺直叙的思维方式，用分述的方式把这个句子拆成两句，清楚地表达了原文的语言信息。 是不是一封书信只要包含了全部关键信息就可以成为一封好的书信了呢? 拟信人还应注意语言组织的条理性，或按事情发展的先后顺序，或按各要素的重要性排序编写。东扯一句，西扯一句的写法必定会影响文章的清晰度。 简洁就是用最精炼的语言来表达意思，在商务信函中言简意赅就是为了方便高效率沟通与工作。能用一个字表达的不用一个词组，能一个词组讲清的事就不用讲成一句话。商务信函不用因顾及礼貌
1.Utilize common and reasonable international practices in a flexible way. 灵活运用通行的合理的国际惯例 2.Be enclosed for your reference.随函附上，供参考 3.Enclose our illustrated catalog and price list giving the details you ask for. 随函附上目录和价格明细单 4.Excellent in quality and reasonable in price. 5.On regular purchase in quantities of not less than five gross of individual items we would allow you a discount of 2%. 若每项货品不少于五箩的话，我们可以给2%的回扣。 6.Payment is to be made by irrecoverable L/C at sight.付款是凭不可撤销的即期信用证支付。 7.But if you place your order not later than the end of this month, we would ensure prompt shipment.但是，若你方订货不迟于本月底，我方保证即期装运。 8.We look forward to your early reply.早复为盼。 9.We are in receipt of your order of the 21st March, which has been immediately booked for delivery at the time you stated.你方3月21日订单收到并立即定妥，将按规定的日期交货。10.Enclosed is a sample of a similar cloth, of exactly the same color, which we have in stock.随函附寄同类布料的剪样，颜色完全相同，并备有现货。 11.You have not instructed us as to the shipping of these goods, nor as to how you wish them packed.你方尚未通告我方货物的发运和包装事宜。 12.If you prefer to leave this to us we will act to best of your interest, but if you have any special preference in this matter we should be glad if you would inform us as early as possible.倘若你方愿意由我方决定，我方将尽全力考虑你方的利益。但若你方对此有特殊要求，望你方尽早通知。 13.Although our usual price is two cents per yard more than that for M3, we are prepared to quota it at the same price. Please state by return whether we may substitute this cloth for M3.虽然我们的价格比M3每码高出2美分，但是我方愿报与之相同的价格。请速说明我方是否可用此料代替M3。 14.We sincerely hope to establish business relations with your company so as to promote trade between our two countries.我们切盼与贵公司建立贸易关系，发展我们两国之间的贸易。15.While quoting, please state the earliest shipment and quantity available.报价时请说明最早交货期和可供数量。 16.Quotation: mainly consisted by unit price, period of shipment. It is a kind of reference price, changeable, non-binding. 主要包括单价、装期，是一种参考价格，可变动，无约束力。 Offer: it concludes price, quantity, period of shipment, terms of payment and validity date of quotation. 除了价格之外还包括数量、装期、付款方式和报价的有效期。一般firm order（不可撤销的发价或实盘）在卖方接受后，卖方不能变动。 17.Re: Claim on Machine Tools 事由：机床索赔 18.Re: Catalog and Price List 事由：目录和价格明细单 19.Documents against acceptance 承兑交单Documents against payment 付款交单 1. Your firm has been recommended to us by the Chamber of Commerce in Seoul, Korea, which told us that you export Chinese textiles and cotton goods. Our company is specialized in handling the import business of textiles and we wish to establish business relations with you.韩国汉城商会将贵公司推荐给我们，并告知你们出口中国纺织品和棉织品。我公司专营纺织品的进口业务，希望与贵方建立商业往来。 2. We are enclosing herewith a booklet of our products. As soon as we have received your inquiry,