研究生英语-cloze及答案

Exercises of Cloze1.When we envision a dining (1) , we must encompass the full scope of those (2) . This scene is (3) of, and may be divided into, three distinct arenas. The first two may be plainly apparent to you: those who partake (4) the preparation of the meal and those who dine. However, the (5) arenas—those whose responsibility it is to make the meal a pleasurable experience—is (6) noticed.The realization of a truly gratifying dinner is dependent on many (7) . First, it is dependent on the dinner’s health and overall mood on that particular day. (8) , it may depend not only on the chef’s culinary (9) but also on suitably selected ingredients and the zeal (10) which they are prepared. However, I firmly believe that the most important element is the work of the individuals who (11) all of this into a satisfying meal—that is, the (12) staff.This service is a pivotal point of a wonderful dinner. (13) , an onlooker may simply perceive it as somehow graceful and congenial. But it is (14) more than that. The greatest possible care is taken by the service staff in the (15) of their jobs, and there is a great deal of knowledge and experience required to (16) out their work.The service staff should, first of all, invariably be neat, and particular concerning their personal (17) . they should speak clearly an crisply. They should move easily and gracefully and they must be able to smoothly dominate the (18) in the dinning room and kitchen without any obvious behavior. They are important but should be self-effecting to (19) with air. Their actions and behavior in the dinning room are critical in creating the (20) essential for a superior dinning experience.1. A. sight B. scene C. view D. spot2. A. involve B. involving C. involved D. to be involved3. A. consist B. comprise C. composed D. constitute4. A. in B. on C. for D. at5. A. third B. second C. first D. beginning6. A. nearly B. rarely C. actually D. basically7. A. changes B. differences C. varieties D. variables8. A. Furthermore B. However C. Because D. Therefore9. A. technology B. tips C. levels D. techniques10.A. on B. in C. for D. with11.A. turn B. shaper C. promote D. change12.A. personnel B. leading C. service D. human resources13.A. Being granted B. Granted C. To be granted D. To have been granted14.A. / B. little C. much D. few15.A. performance B. show C. work D. display16.A. complete B. fulfill C. carry D. accomplish17.A. look B. appearance C. face D. experience18.A. procedures B. progressings C. going D. proceedings19.A. compare B. relate C. link D. combine20.A. ambience B. ambulance C. miracle D. sblendor2.In the Middle (1) , people ate and drank at inns called auberges. Which were beginning to be built (2) the roads, at public houses called taverns, and at cabarets in the towns. At first, taverns were allowed to serve nothing (3) drinks. Later they were allowed to (4) foods such as appetizers (which they bought from delicatessens outside, like a charcuterie or rotisserie), but they were (5) to employ chefs in order to serve prepared dishes. Under the influence of cabarets, (6) , which were allowed to serve meals, taverns, too, gradually came to serve (7) meals, and the differences between them (8) .In the middle of the eighteenth century a Parisian tavern keeper named Boulanger decided to sell a dish of sheep’s feet, (9) trotters, in a white sauce in his eating-house. The advertisement for the dish (10) : “Walk up, everybody who has a week stomach.”I’ll (11) you the French word for “restore” is restaurer. This nourishing dish gradually became associated (12) , the word restorante, meaning “restorative food”, and eventually the place where it was eaten came to be called a (13) .(14) , the restaurant as we know was born in the late eighteenth century. The first one was the Grande Taverne de Londres. Opened by Antoine Beauvilliers. It (15) all the conditions for a first-class restaurant as (16) by brillat-Savarin. That is, it provided every luxury (17) --choice wines, attractive dinnerware, tidy waiters, and (18) , smooth service. (19) these fine restaurants evolved and prospered, service has developed to a fine (20) .1. A. Times B. Ages C. Periods D. Era2. A. on B. along C. in D. at3. A. but B. only C. just D. besides4. A. serve B. service C. provide D. offer5. A. allowed B. forbid C. denied D. forbidden6. A. as well as B. but C. however D. furthermore7. A. considerate B. substantial C. concrete D. staple8. A. appeared B. came by C. disappeared D. zoomed in9. A. and B. but C. or D. yet10.A. reads B. is read C. was read D. read11.A. help B. need C. restore D. keep12.A. in B. of C. with D. for13.A. restaurant B. store C. restore D. tavern14.A. Therefore B. Thereof C. Thereby D. However15.A. completed B. fulfilled C. finished D. carried out16.A. defined B. confined C. refined D. profiled17.A. imagined B. imaginable C. imaginative D. imaging18.A. faulted B. faultful C. faultily D. fautless19.A. For B. With C. As D. Since20.A. art B. work C. part D. learning3.American cities are (1) other cities around the world. In every country, cities reflectthe (2) of the culture. Cities contain the very (3) aspect of a society: opportunities for education, employment, and entertainment. They also (4) the very worst parts of a society: violent crime, racial conflict, and poverty. American cities are changing, just (5) American society.After World War Ⅱ, the population of (6) large American cities decreased; (7) , the population in many Sun Belt cities increased. Los Angeles and Huston are cities (8) population increased. These population shifts to and from the city reflect the changing values of American society.During this time, in the (9) 1940s and early 1950s, city residents became wealthier, more prosperous. They had more children. They need more (10) . They move out their apartments in the city to buy their own homes. They bought houses in the (11) , areas near a city where people live. These are areas without many offices or factories. During the 1950s the American “dream” was to have a house on the outskirts.Now things are changing. The children of the people who (12) the cities in the 1950s are now adults. They, (13) their parents, want to live in the cities. (14) continue to move to cities are (15) and the population is increasing in (16) states as Texas, Florida, and California. Other are moving to more (17) cities of the Northeast and Midwest, such as Boston, Baltimore and Chicago.Many young professionals, doctors, lawyers, and executives are moving back into the city. They prefer the city (18) the suburbs because their jobs are there; they are afraid of the fuel shortage; or they just (19) the excitement and opportunities which the city offers.A new class is moving into the cities—a wealthier, (20) mobile class.1. A. different from B. similar to C. better than D. worse than2. A. values B. worth C. importance D. expenses3. A. well B. good C. better D. best4. A. maintain B. obtain C. contain D. sustain5. A. likely B. as C. while D. when6. A. all B. most C. few D. much7. A. but B. and C. however D. although8. A. its B. which C. where D. that9. A. late B. later C. lately D. latter10.A. space B. spots C. time D. food11.A. outskirts B. downtown C. districts D. suburbs12.A. departed B. left C. reached D. entered13.A. likely B. like C. dislike D. unlike14.A. Some B. All C. Several D. Lots of15.A. stretching B. widening C. expanding D. prolonged16.A. such B. these C. those D. many17.A. organized B. famous C. official D. established18.A. than B. better than C. rather than D. to19.A. win B. enjoy C. earn D. acquire20.A. very B. and C. more D. or4.Most children with healthy appetites are ready to eat almost anything that is offered them and a child rarely dislikes food (1) it is badly cooked. The (2) a meal is cooked and served is most important and an (3) served meal will often improve a child’s appetite. Never ask a child (4) he likes or dislikes a food and never (5) likes and dislikes in front of him or allow (6) else to do so. If the father says he hates fat meat or the mother (7) vegetables in the child’s hearing he is (8) to copy this procedure. Take it (9) granted that he likes everything and he probably (10) . Nothing healthful should be omitted from the meal because of a (11) dislike. At meal times it is a good (12) to give a child a small portion and let him (13) back for a second helping rather than give him as (14) as he is likely to eat all at once. Do not talk too much to the child (15) meal times, but let him get on with his food; and do not (16) him to leave the table immediately after a meal or he will (17) learn to swallow his food (18) he can hurry back to his toys. Under (19) circumstances must a child be coaxed (20) forced to eat.1. A. if B. until C. that D. unless2. A. procedure B. process C. way D. method3. A. adequately B. attractively C. urgently D. eagerly4. A. whether B. what C. that D. which5. A. remark B. tell C. discuss D. argue6. A. everybody B. anybody C. somebody D. nobody7. A. opposes B. denies C. refuses D. offends8. A. willing B. possible C. obliged D. likely 9. A. with B. as C. over D. for10.A. should B. may C. will D. must11.A. supposed B. proved C. considered D. related12.A. point B. custom C. idea D. plan13.A. ask B. come C. return D. take14.A. much B. little C. few D. many15.A. on B. over C. by D. during16.A. agree B. allow C. force D. persuade17.A. hurriedly B. soon C. fast D. slowly18.A. so B. until C. lest D. although19.A. some B. any C. such D. no20.A. or B. nor C. but D. neither5.Service stuff members must be positive, healthy people to serve in their (1) positions. They are constantly (2) the move all day and must always keep (3) even when they are tired, (4) , service staff members will be agile and elegant in their (5). Of course, they also must be skilled (6) using knife in order to (7) in front of guests.The impression of the restaurant that guests receive depends upon the manner of (8) person who serves them. (9) , service staff must always try to welcome and serve guests with sincerity and politeness. It is (10) for them to behave arrogantly to the guests, to talk to them in a very familiar (11) or to interrupt (12) conversation. It is often said that guest consider the (13) service staff to be much like air—absolutely (14) but never obvious.There are many types of guests in the restaurant—young, old, high society, people who are difficult to (15) , and many others. To (16) effectively to their requests, and sometimes to deal with their complaints, (17) members should be trained to use their good (18) and their knowledge of the cuisine and techniques of service. Finally, if they work as a (19) , not only with the other staff in the dinning room but also with kitchen staff, their work place will surely be an excellent restaurant of high (20) that offers smooth and efficient service.1. A. demand B. demanded C. demanding D. being demanded2. A. in B. on C. to D. of3. A. busy B. cleaning C. smiling D. talking4. A. Ideally B. Happily C. Supposedly D. Thoughtfully5. A. smile B. service C. manner D. movements6. A. for B. in C. with D. on7. A. curve B. cart C. carve D. sculp8. A. a B. the C. / D. this9. A. Nevertheless B. Therefore C. Because D. However10.A. unjustifiable B. unforgiving C. inexcusable D. irreducible11.A. voice B. tone C. sound D. tune12.A. guest’s B. guests’ C. guests’s D. guestes’13.A. ideal B. special C. typical D. unique14.A. adequate B. compulsory C. enough D. necessary15.A. be pleased B. please C. be pleasing D. pleasure16.A. regulate B. modulate C. adjust D. adopt17.A. kitchen staff B. service staff C. clearing staff D. leading staff18.A. idea B. thought C. sense D. thinking19.A. member B. part C. career D. team20.A. standards B. ambitions C. quantities D. horizontals6.No other people in the world have more influence on us (1) our parents. Whether we like it or not, whether you are a parent yourself today or not, the truth is that there are no (2) parents. Parents do (3) best that they can with what they’ve got.As children we look (4) out parents for approval, for direction, for love, for affection, and for security. (5) our families were rich or poor, small or large, functional or dysfunctional, our parents tried to show us how we should live our lives. As (6) , we have the opportunity to question some of the beliefs (7) on us and resolve any leftover anger and hurt. It is up to us to (8) ourselves of this excess baggage if we are to enjoy the journey of life to its (9) .There are no universities that offer degrees in (10) . you learn it in the school of life. If we treat our children with love, kindness, and understanding, (11) them to explore and nourish their curiosity, we provide them (12) unlimited potential growth and enrichment.(13) to terms with our parents is essential to coming to terms with ourselves, with our inner (14) that instills the confidence and peace of mind to wake up each day and face the world with joy and purpose. You are probably more (15) of yourself than your parents ever were when you think about it. Maybe your parents said (16) things now and then. Do you find yourself thinking that you are less than (17) , that you are a failure and will never (18) something of yourself and have the life you so desire? Let (19) of being so cruel to yourself. Let go of the parental voice within and listen to the positive, confident part of you. “Invite the loving you to come out, to (20) to the beauty and potential that await you. 1. A. but B. than C. only D. just2. A. good B. perfect C. bad D. evil3. A. their B. his C. a D. the4. A. in B. for C. to D. at5. A. Whether B. However C. Either D. Weather6. A. grown-up B. mature C. professionals D. adults7. A. impacted B. imparted C. exposed D. unfolded8. A. wipe B. free C. rid D. clear9. A. fullest B. highest C. widest D. deepest10.A. parents B. to be parents C. parenting D. being parenting11.A. allow B. allowing C. to allow D. and allowing12.A. in B. with C. without D. off13.A. When coming B. Coming C. Comes D. It comes14.A. sound B. must C. life D. voice15.A. critical B. crucial C. criticized D. critic16.A. harmful B. wounded C. hurtful D. injured17.A. able B. adequate C. effective D. competent18.A. make B. show C. do D. let19.A. come B. go C. run D. be20.A. surrender B. surround C. give D. come7．For the last fifty years, the globe has been warming (1) . it is true that the average temperature (2) is only about two degrees, but that has been (3) to start the glaciers receding in many parts of the world.A rise of one degree per generation is a large (4) . Nature seldom moves as (5) as this. We may have helping her. To a very large (6) , the temperature of earth is determined by the amount of solar heat which the atmosphere can (7) . the air above us acts like the glass in a greenhouse, trapping many of the heat waves which would (8) bounce back into space. Carbon dioxide (CO2) in the air is mostly responsible for the “greenhouse (9)”; it is a gas produced by all our countless fires, furnaces and internal combustion engines.The end of the short-lived age of fossil fuels is already in (10) ; soon-in one or two centuries at the most—we will have wasted all the world’s (11) of oil and coal. This no longer means disaster, for atomic energy has arrived (12) time to save our civilization form dying through lack of power. We are moving into a brighter and cleaner age, as the smoke of millions of fires and furnaces and automobiles ceases to (13) the sky. But for that (14) reason, it may also be a colder age.This suggests that it may be easier to affect the climate the long pattern of temperature and moisture--(15) to control the behavior of the weather, which is a local and short phenomenon. The climate of Earth is determined to no small extent by the immense (16) of ice locked up at the poles, and that ice remains perpetually frozen, (17) the twenty-four-hour-long summer days, because the Sun’s heat isreflected (18) the blinding white wastes, and has no chance of being absorbed. If that ice could once be (19) , it would never reform on the same scale. The darker, exposed soil would collect and keep so much of the Sun’s warmth now lost to us, (20) the general Earth temperature would be at a higher level.1. A. up B. in C. on D. down2. A. raise B. rise C. increases D. growth3. A. efficient B. effective C. enough D. plenty4. A. addition B. raise C. expansion D. increase5. A. fleeting B. agilely C. fragilely D. swiftly6. A. scale B. extent C. scope D. area7. A. take B. maintain C. grow D. keep8. A. otherwise B. vice versa C. clockwise D. seemingly9. A. affect B. defect C. effect D. influence10.A. show B. view C. sight D. look11.A. resource B. resources C. source D. sources12.A. on B. at a C. with D. in13.A. brighten B. darken C. lighten D. darkle14.A. just B. right C. very D. only15.A. but B. than C. rather than D. that16.A. number B. sum C. quantities D. qualities17.A. though B. although C. in spite of D. despite that18.A. of B. off C. away D. onto19.A. moved B. removed C. moving D. discarded20.A. and B. as that C. but D. that8.The Asian economic (1) continues to create hardships for people throughout the region, particularly in Indonesia. The Indonesian government’s statistical (2) recently reported that the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) fell more than 12 per cent in the first in the first six months of 1998. higher prices and (3) problems together with unemployment and lower (4) caused by the economic downtown have made food ad other staples increasingly unaffordable for many Indonesians. The problem has been made worse in some regions by (5) . According to the Indonesian government, nearly 40 per cent of the population is currently unable to afford food and other (6) . it predicts that nearly half of all Indonesians will be living (7) poverty by the end of 1999.In (8) to the crisis, the United States has committed more than 100 million dollars for humanitarian (9) to Indonesia. This aid includes medical supplies and funds for job-creating activities (10) 50 million dollars in food aid. Food assistance from the United States began arriving in late June.Organizations like the Red Cross are also providing (11) aid. (12) , the World Bank approved a one-billion-dollar loan to Indonesia at the beginning of July. Part of these funds will be used to finance the import of such staples (13) rice and soybeans.The government of Indonesian President B.J. Habibie has promised to (14) out economic reforms including the dismantling of monopolies and the (15) of Indonesia’s banking system. Such measures (16) with financial and governmental transparency and the (17) on corruption could help (18) Indonesia’s economic situation around and put the country back on the road (19) growth.In the meantime, the United States and other governments are committed to (20) alleviate the distress of Indonesia’s people.1. A. craze B. crises C. crisis D. crimes2. A. agency B. institute C. operation D. work3. A. expense B. salary C. wage D. incomes4. A. attribution B. distribution C. tribute D. attributive5. A. draft B. draught C. drought D. droght6. A. basis B. basics C. bases D. basement7. A. on B. in C. of D. from8. A. respond B. respondence C. correspondence D. response9. A. resistance B. assistance C. persistence D. insistence10.A. rather than B. not C. as well as D. in addition11.A. humanitarian B. human C. humanity D. humanly12.A. However B. Nevertheless C. In addition D. Except13.A. that B. as C. so D. as in14.A. put B. come C. carry D. lend15.A. reconstruct B. restructure C. restructuring D. reconstruction16.A. on B. along C. long D. again17.A. crackdown B. downcast C. downside D. crackback18.A. turn B. come C. go D. run19.A. of B. to C. for D. on20.A. be help B. helping C. have helped D. being helped9．Gold Coast City is (1) the world over as Australia’s holiday Mecca. Each year 3,000,000 visitors come to enjoy the (2) beaches, friendly atmosphere and the perfect (3) .The population of Gold Coast City is 143,470. The city and its (4) regions have one of the largest growth (5) in Australia of seven percent.With its subtropical climate, the Gold Coast gets 300 days of sunshine each year and a year-round (6) temperature of 25 degrees C. Cool, casual (7) is recommended for most of the year, while a jacket will come in (8) on cooler winter nights.The city (9) along 42 kilometers of golden, sandy beaches from Coolangatta on the New South Wales border to Paradise Point in the north and is (10) by lush, natural beauty of the hinterland.While the Gold Coast’s beaches are a great place to unwind, the list of things to do is (11) . Besides the theme parks and (12) there is the excitement of deep sea-fishing, water skiing, diving, sailing, parasailing or relaxing with a cruise (13) a charter boat.Accommodation (14) from family-priced apartments and quality caravan parks to the (15) in five-star luxury resorts.The City also provides the (16) for a range of world-class sporting and entertainment events which attract spectators an participants from (17) the globe. The Australian Indy Car Grand Prix, the Winter Bowls Carnival, the Gold Coast Marathon, and the Gold Coast Jazz Festival are a few of the highlights from the year-round calendar of (18) events.The range of entertainment venues includes the Gold Coasst AreCenter, the largest regional art (19) in Australia, “which hosts performances ranging from opera to pantomime.”Art lovers can browse through the Center Gallery or visit the bar area for a drink beforea (20) .1. A. notorious B. popular C. notable D. renowned2. A. sun-baked B. sun-cured C. sun-blasted D. sun-soaked3. A. climate B. weather C. elements D. situation4. A. imminent B. far C. close D. surrounding5. A. grade B. ranks C. rates D. rate6. A. highest B. average C. lowest D. unchanging7. A. cloths B. cloth C. clothing D. clothe8. A. hand B. useful C. necessary D. handy9. A. stretches B. spreads C. expands D. distends10.A. franked B. planked C. flanked D. flat11.A. endlessly B. endless C. continuous D. everlasting12.A. attractive B. lure C. temptations D. attractions13.A. board B. aboard C. by D. off14.A. extents B. arranges C. reaches D. ranges15.A. final B. ultimate C. last D. terminal16.A. revenue B. revelation C. venue D. avenue17.A. around B. in C. over D. of18.A. larger B. higher C. greater D. major19.A. complicated B. complex C. accomplishment D. intricacies20.A. game B. park C. show D. venue10.Years ago, there was this broker type on a train to Manchester. To the intense annoyance of the other (1) , he was yabbering down his mobile phone the whole way, loudly (2) all sorts of megabuck deals, selling stocks and buying shares. Suddenly an old man in the carriage was (3) seriously ill. Someone suggested that he could use the phone to call ahead for an ambulance. He refused and this (4) the passangers. Only when the passengers were ready to take the phone off him by (5) did the broker admit the truth: his mobile was a kiddies’ toy, and he had been talking to (6) .The story has become a well-established urban myth. In this (7) , the mobile phone was the symbol of pride, the (8) of one man’s vanity.But the mobile’s flash image is changing for (9) . There are all sorts of users now. The units get lighter and cheaper by (10) day, so almost anyone can take the dog and bone (11) a walk. (12) school kids have mobiles in the bottom of their satchels. Thus (13) , the children can be (14) by their mothers wherever they have gone. Of course, at the same time, there are (15) innocent users of a portable as well. It is an essential tool of the trade for drug dealers.(16) , mobile phones have been known to save lives and (17) stolen property. Take the case of Bernie, a 17-stone builder who fell from a moored boat into deep river mud. Every (18) he made sucked him further into the (19) . Just as this moment, Bernie pulled out his mobile and dialed 999. the firemen arrived as the mud was closing (20) Bernie’s chin.1. A. brokers B. people C. passengers D. customers2. A. make B. do C. making D. shouting3. A. made B. taken C. fallen D. regarded4. A. outburst B. outpoured C. outlet D. outraged5. A. nature B. hand C. force D. chance6. A. herself B. himself C. the broker D. the passenger7. A. case B. situation C. condition D. state8. A. badge B. gadget C. bridge D. ribbon9. A. good B. fine C. nice D. right10.A. / B. the C. a D. every11.A. to B. for C. on D. onto12.A. And B. But C. Even D. Though13.A. supplied B. equipped C. supplying D. equipping14.A. followed B. sought C. noticed D. traced15.A. more B. fewer C. much D. less16.A. However B. But C. Rather D. Besides17.A. get B. fetch C. resume D. retrieve18.A. behavior B. move C. moving D. change19.A. ooze B. mud C. water D. swamp20.A. with B. up C. over D. out1.11-15: B C B D D 16-20: D D B A C 1-5: B C C A A 6-10: B D A D D11-15: B C B C A 16-20: C B D A A2.1-5: B B A A D 6-10: C B C C D11-15: C C A D B 16-20: A B D C A3.1-5: B A D C B 6-10: B C C A A11-15: D B D A C 16-20: A D D B C4.1-5: D C B A C 6-10: B C D D C11-15: A C B A B/D 16-20: B B A D A5.1-5: C B C A D 6-10: B C B B C11-15: B B A D B 16-20: C B C D A6.1-5: B B D C A 6-10: D B C A C11-15: B B B D A 16-20: C D A B A7.1-5: A B C D D 6-10: B D A C C11-15: B D B C B 16-20: C C B B D8.1-5: C A D B C 6-10: B B D B C11-15: A C B C C 16-20: B A A B B9.1-5: D D A D C 6-10: B C D A C11-15: B D B D B 16-20: C A D B C10.1-5: C C B D C 6-10: B A A A B11。

Risk compensation is the idea that individuals tend to adjust to their behavior in response to what they perceive as changes in the level of risk. Imagine, what would happen if safety regulations 1)____require all cars to be made of cardboard, fitted with 2)____brakes and with a sharp spike in the center of the steering column; if all roads were 3)____a substance having the same friction coefficient as ice, and if all drivers were 4)____to change every other month or, better yet, if there were no rules about which side of the road to drive on. The 5)____ suggests that there would be no increase, and possibly a decrease, in road accident fatalities, but there would be a6)____ in the efficiency of the road transport system. It seems that the7)____safety benefit of most improvements to roads or vehicles is 8)____ asa performance benefit. As a result of safety improvements it is now 9)____to travel farther and faster with approximately 10)____ risk of being killed.1) A. were to B. will C. should D. are to2) A. insufficient（不足的） B. inefficient（低效的）C. insignificant（无关紧要的）D. inconvenient（不便的）3) A. built by B. paved with（以…铺成）C. polished with D. cleared by4) A. tested B. employed C. assigned D. obliged（要求）5) A. evidence（迹象） B. interview C. result D. reality6) A. concrete number（名数） B. substantial decrease（减少，减小）C. sharp increase(飞涨)D. gradual change（渐变）7) A. resulted B. following C. potential（潜在的）D. actual（真实的）8) A. considered B. consumed（充满的） C. conducted D. confused9) A. rational(合理的) B. imaginable (可想象的)C. incredible(惊人的)D. possible(可能的)10) A. little B. the estimated C. the same D. the ten timesNorthern Canada, including the Northwest Territories, is an 1)____ place to live. Housing is at least 60% more expensive in the north 2)____ it is in southern Canada. Food prices are also 3)____, by at least 20%. Since building material and foodstuffs are 4)____ from the south, the higher prices are primarily 5)____ transportation costs. 6)____ far away from Yellowknife have higher costs, and communities served only by aircraft have the highest food and housing cost. For example, foodstuffs shipped by air to 7)____ communities such as Sachs Harbour on Banks Island are 80% more expensive than they are in Yellowknife. To offset these high food and housing costs, 8)____ are higher than those in southern Canada. In addition,most people live in public or staff housing, where rents are 9)____. Government employees living in remote communities receive an isolated post 10)____ payment to help offset the higher cost of living.1) A. expensive B. admirable C. ideal D. unzoned2) A. then B. as well as C. as much as D. than3) A. reasonable B. higher C. dear D. unacceptable4) A. wholesaled B. imported C. produced D. exported5) A. constituted B. resulting C. due to D. raised by6) A. Products B. Commuters C. Communities D. Houses7) A. remote B. southern C. Yellowknife D. nearby8) A. wages B. rents C. prices D. taxes9) A. free B. high C. controlled D. subsidized10) A. welfare B. reduce C. dole（救济金）D. allowance（津贴，补助）。

研究生学位英语复习EST1Part I Listening ComprehensionSection 1, Conversation (10 minutes, 10 points)Section 2, Passages (10 minutes, 10 points)Part II: Cloze Test (10 minutes, 15 points)Scientists who study the Earth's climate are convinced that volcano eruptions have a significant effect on general weather patterns. In fact, one of the many (36) which attempt to explain how an icc age begins holds that the (37) is a dramatic increase in volcanic eruptions. The volcanic explosions, besides causing local thunderstorms and lightning, inject great amounts of gas and (38)_into the stratosphere (同温层).At this (39), the volcanic material spreads all the way around the Earth・ This volcanic material (40) a certain amount of sunlight and (41) some back into space・ The net result is to (42) the planets surface・ For instance, 43 was perhaps the largest eruption occuned in 1883 when the Indonesia volcano Krakatoa exploded. The following year was (44) in Europe as the H year without summer0 because the (45) was so cool and rainy.While there is (46) scientific agreement that volcanic eruption can lead to cooling, (47) of how this happens are not clear. As a result, scientists cannot (48) whether the volcanic activity which (49) past icc ages would result (50) sufficient cooling to cause a glacial period・ Similarly, it is not possible for scientists to predict the climate effect of a future volcanic eruption with any confidence・36. A. theories B・ inventions C. judgments D. discoveries37.A. cause B. course C・means D. case38. A. petroleum B. ash C. flame D. garbage39. A. relation B. instance C・ moment D. altitude40. A. scatters B・ releases C. constitutes D・ absorbs41. A. carnes B. converts C. reflects D. gathers42. A. cool B. warm C. freeze D. heat43. A. such B. what C. there D. that44. A. known B. reported C. marked D. testified45. A. air B. temperature C. sky D. weather46. A. committed B. optimistic C・general D. absolute47. A・ indexes B・ predictions C・ details D. decisions48. A. analyze B. determine C. assure D・ assume49. A. confronted B. promoted C・ proceed D. preceded50. A. in B. from C. to D. with Part I ReadingPassage OneWe use emotive language to express our own attitudes and feelings・ We also direct emotive language at other people to persuade them to believe as we do or to do as we want them to do; and, of course, other people direct emotive language at us to get us to believe or to do what they want.We are subjected to a constant stream of persuasion day in, day out, at home and in school, on the radio and on television. It comes from parents and teachers, from preachers and politicians, from editors and commentators, but, most of all, of course, from advertisers. Most of this persuasion is expressed in emotive language and is intended to appeal to our feelings rather than to be weighed up by our powers of reasoning・Wc should look at the motives behind all this persuasion. Why do they want to persuade us? What do they want us to do? We are not thinking very clearly unless we try to see through the veil of words and realize something of the speaker's purpose.An appeal to emotion is in itself neither good or bad. Our emotions exist and they are part of our personality. On some occasions people appeal to our emotions on the highest levels and from the best of motives. A case in point is ChurchilVs wartime speeches: whatever people thought of Churchill as a politician, they were united behind him when he spoke as national leader in those dark days ― their feelings responded to his call for resolution and unity.It is a characteristic of social groups that the members have a feeling of personal attachment to the group ■一to the family in earliest childhood and extending later to the school, the team, the church, the nation, in patterns that vary from time to time. Hence a speaker from our group will find in us feelings to which he can readily and genuinely appeal, whether our reaction is favorable or not. We are at least open to the appeal and we appreciate the context in which it is made・1.The major functions of emotive language discussed in the passage are Io ・・A.extend our powers of reasoning and carry out a purposeB.advertise and produce the wanted social effectsC・ show one's feelings and appeal to those of othersD. make others believe in us and respond to our feelings2.It is suggested in the third paragraph of this passage that wcA should keep a cool head when subjected to persuasion of various kindsB need to judge whether a persuasion is made for good or badC・ have to carefully use our emotive languageD・ should avoid being easily seen through by an appeal from others3.The source from which emotive language flows upon us in its greatest amount is ・・A.the mass mediaB. the educational institutionsC.the religious circles D・ the advertising business4.Churchill is mentioned in the passage as」A.an example of how people weighed up persuasion with reasoningB・ a national leader who brought out people's best feelingsC・ a positive example of appealing to people's motionD.a politician who has been known as a good speaker5.What is NOT mentioned as relevant to our emotions in this passage?A.Social contextB. Personal experienceC. The personality of national leadersD. Religious belief6.It can be inferred from the passage that a persuasive speaker must ・A.find out what group his audience is attached toB.vary his speech patterns from time to timeC.know how to adapt his way of speaking to the needs of the audienceD.be aware whether the listeners are favorable to his opinion or notPassage TwoAs goods and services improved, people were persuaded to spend their money on changing from old to new, and found the change worth the expenses. When an airline equipped itself with jets, for example, its costs ( and therefore air fare) would go up, but the new planes meant such an improvement that the higher cost was justified. A new car ( or wireless, washing machine, electric kettle) made life so much more comfortable than the old one that the high cost of replacement was fully repaid. Manufacturers still cry their wares as persuasively as ever, but are the improvements really worth paying for? In many fields things have now reached such a high standard of performance that further progress is very limited and very expensive. Airlines, for example, go to enormous expense in buying the latest prestige jets, in which vast research costs have been spent on relatively small improvements. If we scrap these vast costs we might lose the chance of cutting minutes away from flying times, but wouldn't it be better to see air fares drop dramatically, as capital costs become relatively insignificant? Again, in the context of a 70mph limit, with platoons of cars traveling so densely as to control each other's speeds, improvements in performance are virtually iiTelevanl; improvements in handling are unnecessary, as most production cars grip the road perfectly; and comfort has now reached a very high level indeed・ Small improvements here are unlikely to be worth the thousands that anybody replacing an ordinary family car every two years may ultimately have spent on them. Let us instead have cars ■一or wireless, electric kettles, washing machines, television sets ■一which are made to last, and not to be replaced・Significant progress is obviously a good thing; but the insignificant progression from model-change to modcl-changc is not.7.The author obviously is challenging the social norm that ・•A.it is. important to improve goods and servicesB・ development of technology makes our life more comfortableC.it is reasonable that prices are going up all the timeD.slightly modified new products are worth buying8.According to this passage, air fares may rise because -rA people tend to travel by new airplanesB.the airplane has been improvedC.the change is found to be reasonableD.the service on the airplane is better than before9.According to the author, passengers would be happier if theyA.could fly in the latest model of reputable planesB・ could get tickets at much lower pricesC・ see the airlines make vital changes in their servicesD. could spend less time flying in the air10.When manufacturers have improved the performance of their products to a certain level, thenit would be_. .A.justified for them to cut the priceB.unnecessary for them to make any new changesC.difficult and costly to further better themD.insignificant for them to cut down the research costs11.In the case of cars, the author urges that we -・A.can cel the speed limitB. further improve the performanceC・ improve the durability D・ change models every two years12.The author's criticism is probably based on the fact that ・・A.we have been persuaded to live an extravagant life today B・ many products we buy turn out to be substandard or inferiorC.inflation is becoming a big problem in the world todayD.people arc wasting their money on trivial technological progressPassage ThreeRecent studies on the male-female wage gap predict that even though entry salaries for males and females in the same occupation are nearly equal because women's market skills have improved vastly, the chances of the overall gap closing in the foreseeable future are minimal. This is due to several factors that are likely to change very slowly, if at all. An important reason is that women are concentrated in occupations — service and clerical — that pay less than traditional male jobs. It is possible that more women than men in their twenties are hesitant to commit themselves to a year-round, lifetime career or job for many reasons There is lingering attitude on both the part of women and their employers that women are not cut out for certain jobs・ Not only does this attitude channel women into lower-paying work, but it also serves to keep them from top management positions・Another significant factor in the widening wage gap between men and women entering the work force, even in comparable jobs, is that women often drop out at critical points in their careers to have a family. Women still have the primary responsibility for child-bearing; even if they continue to work, they often forgo overtime and promotions that would conflict with home responsibilities・ The ages of25 to 35 have been shown repeatedly to be the period when working consistently and hard is vital to advancement and job security・ These are precisely the years when women are likely to have children and begin to slide away from men in earning power. Consequently, a woman's income is more likely to be seen as secondary to her husband's・13.According to recent studies on the male-female wage gap,」A.there is much hope of narrowing the male-female wage gap in the near futureB.working women will have many opportunities to hold high-paying jobs in the near futureC・ women's pay will still stay al a level below that of men in the near futureD. salaries for males and females in the same occupation will be equal in the near future14.Women arc kept from top management positions partly because they - •A.decide to devote themselves to certain lifetime jobs in their twentiesB.are inclined to rank family second to workC.tend to have more quaiTels with their employersD・ still take an inconect attitude towards themselves15.Which of the following is implied in the passage as a partial reason for women's concentration in certain occupations?A.Social division of labor.B. Social prejudice against themC・ Employment laws. D. Physiological weakness・16.The worcT 伽go" in Paragraph 2 could be best replaced by - •A.give upB. drop outC.throwawayD. cut out17.It can be inferred from the second paragraph that -・A.merfs jobs are subject to changeB.women tend to be employed off and on at the same jobC.men' chances of promotion are minimalD.women used to be employed all the year round18.Which of the following statements is NOT true?A.Women's market skills have improved greatly・B.Child care is still chiefly women's workC・ Women are typically employed in clerical and service jobs・D.Domestic duties no longer conflict with women's jobs.Passage FourIt seems that the life of a television reporter is fantastically admired by many people. But this is only one side of the coin. First, he never goes deeply into anyone subject ― he may be expert at mastering a brief in a short time and M gctting up H a subject, but a week later he is on to the next subject, and a week later still he is on to the subject after that. He seldom grasps with a full-scale investigation anyone thing. He has to be able to forget what he was working on a few weeks before, otherwise his mind would become messed up.Second, a reporter does not have anything lasting to show for what he does — there is no shelf of books, no studio full of paintings・ He pours his life into something which flickers in shadows across a screen and is gone forever・ I have seen people in many television jobs turn at the end of watching one of their own programs and say something like: H Well, that's all those days/weeks/months of work. Travel and worry sunk without trace." As a way of life it conics to seem like blowing bubbles ■一entertaining to do, and the bubbles numerous and pretty to look at, and all different, but all disappearing into thin air.Third, the pace of life is too fast. Not only is it destructive of one's private life, one does not even have time to give proper consideration to the things one is professionally concerned with -not enough time to think, not enough time to read, not enough lime to write one's commentary, prepare one's interviews and so on. When one disengages from it and allows one's perceptions, thinking, reading and the rest to proceed at their natural pace one gets analtogether unfamiliar sense of solidarity and well-being・Fourth, the reporter is at the mercy of events. A revolution breaks out in Cuba so he is off there on the next plane ・ Somebody shoots President Reagan so he drops everything he is doing and flies to Washington. He is like a puppet pulled by strings ™ the strings of the world's affairs. He is not motivated from within. He does not dec ide for himself what he would like to do, where he would like to go, what he would like to work on. He is activated from without, and his whole life becomes a kind of reflex action, a series of high-pressure responses to external stimuli. He has ceased to exist as an independent personality.19. A TV reporter never makes an in-depth study of a subject becauseA.he usually gets one side of the pictureB.the subjects that he has to attend to often switch from one to anotherC.he does not know how to develop it to its full scaleD.that is the life that suits him20.A. it is implied but not stated that many people ・・A.know nothing about the work of a TV repor 1 erB.think the life of a TV reporter dull and boringC・ have a biased opinion against the job of a TV reporterD.tend to underestimate the hard part of being a TV reporter21 TV reporting, according to this passage, is something _______ ・A.profitable for a person to take upB.interesting to do but quick to fade outC・ causing a person to forget his previous workD・ producing a lasting effect22.A TV reporter is in most need of - •A. being a master of his timeB・ proper consideration of his professionC.a comfortable life of his ownD.disengaging himself from work23.The activities of a TV reporter are largely geared to ・・A. his motivationB. his working styleC.current affairsD. reflex to pressures24.The title of this passage would best be given as ・・A.What a TV Reporter Can and Cannot AccomplishB.The S OITOWS of TV ProfessionalsC.The Confession of a TV ReporterD.The Drawbacks in the Life of a TV ReporterPaper TwoPail IV Reading and Answering Questions (25 minutes, 10 points)The conflict between what in its present mood the public expects science to achieve in satisfaction of popularhopes and what is really in its power is a serious matter because・ even if the true scientists should all recognize the limitations of what they can do in the field of human affairs, so long as the public expects more there will always be some who will pretend, and perhaps honestly believe, that they can do more to meet popular demands than is really in their power. It is often difficult enough for the expert, and cel lainly in many instances impossible for the layman, to distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate claims advanced in the name of science. The enormous publicity recently given by the media to a report pronouncing in the name of science of The Limits to Growth, and the silence of the same media about the devastating criticism this report has received from the competent experts, must make one feel somewhat apprehensive about the use to which the prestige of science can be put. But it is by no means only in the field of economics that far-reaching claims arc made on behalf of a more scientific direction of all human activities and the desirability of replacing spontaneous processes by H conscious human control".If I am not mistaken, psychology, psychiatry and some branches of sociology, not to speak about the so-called philosophy of history, are even more affected by what I have called the scientistic prejudice, and by specious claims of what science can achieve・Questions :What is the main thought of the passage? What should be our correct attitude towards science?回答该项问题一般要注意，第一问主要是结合文章回答问题，可以或多或少的引用文中内容回答，第二问主要是考察我们研究生对某个现象的认识。

研究生英语教程(第五版)UNIT 14 cloze test详解Humans are unique in the extent to which they can reflect on themselves and others. Humans are able to 1, to think in abstract terms, to reflect on the future. A meaningless, 2 world is an insecure world. We do not like extensive insecurity. When it 3 to human behavior weinfer meaning and 4 to make to behavior understandable.5 all this means is that people develop “quasi theories” of human behavior, that is, theories that are not developed in 6, scientific manner. When doing so, people believe they know 7 humans do the things they do.Let’s consider an example. In the United States people have been 8 with the increasing amount of crime for several years. The extent of crime bothers us; we ourselves could be victims. But it 9 bothers usthat people behave in such ways. Why can such things happen? We develop quasi theories. We 10 concerned about the high crime rate, but we now believe we 11 it: out criminal justice system is 12; people have grown selfish and inconsiderate as our moral values weaken 13 the influence of liberal ideas; too many people are 14 drugs. These explanations suggest possible solutions. 15 the courts; put more people in jail as examples to other law breaker. There is now hope that the problem of crime can be solved if only we 16 these solutions. Again, the world is no longer meaningless nor 17 so threatening.These quasi theories 18 serve a very important function for us. But how accurate are they? How 19 will the suggested solutions be? These questions must be answered with 20 to how people normally go aboutdeveloping or attaining their quasi theories of human behavior.[301 words]1 [A] reason[B] consider[C] understand[D] meditate2 [A] unanimous[B] unimaginable[C] unpredictable[D] unfortunate3 [A] goes[B] comes[C] makes[D] concerns4 [A] explanations[B] conclusions[C] motives[D] consequences5 [A] That[B] Even[C] As[D] What6 [A] an objective[B] a subjective[C] a theoretic[D] a conclusive7 [A] how[B] why[C] whether[D] when8 [A] worried[B] disturbed[C] perturbed[D] concerned9 [A] also[B] even[C] yet[D] still10 [A] retain[B] remain[C] maintain[D] refrain11 [A] know[B] comprehend[C] understand[D] grasp12 [A] precautious[B] inadequate[C] deficient[D] destructive13 [A] because[B] as[C] from[D] for14 [A] for[B] on[C] against[D] with15 [A] Consolidate[B] Stiffen[C] Confirm[D] Strengthen16 [A] act on[B] work out[C] see to[D] set up17 [A] rather[B] very[C] much[D] quite18 [A] moreover[B] therefore[C] nevertheless[D] otherwise19 [A] sufficient[B] efficient[C] effective[D] capable20 [A] respect[B] relation[C] result[D] association1、「答案」[A]reason「解析」reason是说理、推理,可与下文to think in abstract terms, to reflect on the future 相呼应。

当代研究生英语1-8单元的cloze1、There are two factors which determine an individual ’s intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born w ith .Human brains differ considerably, some being mor e capable than others . But no matter how good a brai n he has to begin with ,an individual will have a low or der of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn . So the second factor is what happens to the individual -the sort of environment in which he is brought up .If a n individual is handicapped environmentally, it is likel y that his brain will fail to develop and he will never att ain the level of intelligence of which he is capable. Th e importance of environment in determining an indivi d ual’s intelligence can be demonstrated by the case histo ry of the identical twins, Peter and John. When the twin s were three months old, their parents died, and they w ere placed in separate foster homes. Peter was reared b y parents of low intelligence in an isolated communit y with poor educational opportunities. John, however , was educated in home of well-to-do parents who ha d been to college, This environmental difference contin ued until the twins were in their late teens, when the y were given tests to measure their intelligence. John’s IQ was 125,twenty-five points higher than the averag e and fully forty points higher than his identical brothe r.2、Recent studies of the human brain have resulted in s ome interesting discoveries. Scientists believe that a wa y to improve the power of the brain may soon be possi ble. Scientists have 1.discovered that the brain can mak e its own drugs. The brain contains a protein substanc e which can act directly on the brain to change aspect s of mental activity. Some may change orimprove, fo r example, creativity, intelligence, imagination, and go od memory. Chemicals found in the brain carry messag es .In recent years scientists have found chemicals tha t affect mood, memory and other happenings of the mi nd .About 25 have been found so far。

GET Cloze2012/6“ A better, richer and happier life for all our citizens.” That's the American 41. In practice, it means living in a spacious, air-conditioned house, owning a car or three and maybe a boat or a holiday home, not to mention flying off to 42 destinations.The trouble 43 this lifestyle is that it consumes a lot of power. If everyone in the world started living like wealthy Americans, we 44 need to generate more than 10 times45 energy each year. And 46, in a century or three, we all expect to be47 by an army of robots and zoom up into space on holidays, we are going to need a vast amount more. Where are we going to get so much power from?It is clear that continuing to rely on 48 fuels will have catastrophic results, because of the dramatic warming effect of carbon dioxide. But alternative power sources will affect the climate too. For now, the climatic effects of "clean energy" sources are trivial 49 those that spew out greenhouse gases, but if we keep on using ever more power over the coming centuries, they will become ever more 50.41.42.43.44.45.more than much more46.47.to to to to48.49.to on as with50.2012/12E-commerce has revolutionized the way business is done in today’s market. However, customers are at 41 of purchasing false products or poor quality items. Many 42 the distance between customers and send the wrong goods and lure clients to buy goods recommended as great 43 , but when customers receive these items, they find themselves falling into traps.Many dangers, 44 by the obscurity of e-commerce, involve the products and the electronic transaction. From the buyer’s 45 , dangers include purchasing products not measuring 46 what was previous advertised in the website. Another risk is identity theft. Since electronic transactions are needed to complete the purchase, hackers may acquire 47 information about the user to make other purchases.There are still honest business that sell their products and services but gain a very small profit by 48 the prices of their products because they have a lot of competition in the Internet. That is 49 one of the hazards of e-commerce that should be considered is the bankruptcy of business since profit is low of they need 50 their goods as cheaply as possible.41.42.advantage of doubt on rise to ahead with43.44.45.46.to to to to47.48.49.50.sell2013/6There are two primary causes of traffic accidents, those that are caused by the driver and those that are environmental and outside the driver’s control. 41 environmental issues like weather or poor road maintenance may cause an accident, statistically these are far less likely to do so. Driver distractions prove to be the main cause of accidents. The most 42 distractions are looking at traffic, crashes and roadside incidents. While it is widely believed that cell phones are a greater cause, cell phones only 43 sixth on the list. 44 , laws to limit cell phone use while driving do not decrease accidents. Hands-free phones are 45 than hand-held devices.Alcohol was a factor in at least 41 percent of all fatal crashes. Alcohol 46 affects vision, reaction time and attention of the driver, and decreases overall driving performance. Fatigue 47 100,000 vehicle crashes per year,killing 48 1,500 people and injuring 71,000 people. Accidents caused by fatigue are particularly 49 for truck drivers and ages 15 to 20 who were 50 a fatal crash in 2005, 37 percent were speeding at the time of the crash.41.A. Because B. If C. While D. However42.43.A. come across on about in44.A. Even so B. In fact C. By contrast D. For example45.longer safe so safe safer more safe46.A. adversely47.for for for for48.much as long as soon as many as49.A. rare50. in in in inAs a society, we’re living longer and better than at any time in history. In part, this is due to 1 advances. Death rates are down, life 41 is higher than ever, and we're making progress 4 2 the most serious diseases we face. As we consider the direction health care will 43 in the future, one thing is certain: new, innovative medicines will assume an increasingly 44 role in the way we improve the quality of care for future generations. One 45 role of new medicines will be the prevention, treatment, and management of many diseases suffered by the aging Baby Boomer generation. In the year 2000，there were 46 million Americans aged 65 and older. By 2030, this number is 47 to double to an estimated million. Disease like diabetes represent a growing threat, 48 to patients but to our ability to keep health care affordable. We have to do better in our lifestyles and in our health care system to 49 an enormous disease burden and economic burden on the boomer themselves, their families, employers, and federal and state governments. Mew drugs are a vital part of the solution to this rapidly 50 issue.41.42. A. against43.44.45.46.47.48. for only of much49. up to sight of clear of stuck in50.The word “smog” has become a household world in urban China. Smog is an 41 of greenhouse gases and pollutants that reduce visibility and harm respiratory functions. Smog is typically 42 cities with high concentrations of cars and factories. The population density, amount of industry and the fuels used 43 together to have an impact on smog levels. During summer, smog is worse 44 the production of ozone, the main component of smog, increases in strong sunlight. The important thing to understand about smog is that this kind of pollution is spread out 45 large distance.Walking, biking or using public transportation can help limit ozone production.46 , decreasing household electricity use and keeping your vehicles fuel-efficient reduces 47 greenhouse gases. Checking tire pressure, oil levels, air filters and getting regular maintenance help 48 fuel efficiency. Be sure to use only the fuel recommended in the vehicle’s user 49 . Simple steps like avoiding stop-and-go traffic and reducing vehicle workload decrease smog-related emissions. To lighten the workload, avoid running the air-conditioner, 50 the engine and carrying heavy objects in the vehicle.41.A. arbitration42.A. accompanied by to in with43.44. D. until45.46.A. In addition all C. By contrast D. At first47.A. ozone-produced48.49. map50.2015/1Small business owners can sometimes feel like it’s a dog-eat-dog world out there, If you fall behind,even41 , a more tech-shrewd business with greater resources could appear from nowhere and take your customers. But competition among businesses does not 42 mean war. 43 viewing other companies only as competitors, business owners should look at them as potential collaborators, Collaboration is 44 to every business there are so many opportunities out there for businesses to work together to exchange ideas and increase purchasing 45 .There are plenty of ways that small business owners can use the neighbor principle and collaborate to 46 mutual growth. An independent Web development company can offer their website design services to other local businesses 47 a link back on the homepage. Small businesses with similar inventory needs can combine their orders to receive 48 wholesale prices. An entertainment company can host an event at a restaurant in town to bring in business 49 marketing its own services. These real-life examples from win-win users prove that working for and with other small businesses can be more powerful than 50 them.41. the past your disposal a moment your own42.43. of from for of44.45.46. about about about about47. exchange for relation to comparison with case of48.49.50. out up against on。

Cloze答案教育（一）第五篇答案+解说：1.【答案】B【解析】将第1，2，3题通盘考虑。

此处意为“老师会花一两个小时用幻灯来解释讲课的内容，写出一些重要的信息,散发一些阅读材料,布置作业”。

illustrate用图解说明，举例说明。

2.【答案】C【解析】参考第1题答案。

attribute把……的原因归为……；contribute有助于，贡献；distribute 分发，散发，与下文的give out同义。

3.【答案】A【解析】assignments作业，任务。

4.【答案】C【解析】新生发现别的学生一直在记笔记,他们不知道该记些什么,所以用wonders。

而suspects(怀疑)；understands (理解，明白)；convinces(让人相信)与题意不符。

5.【答案】B【解析】with结构在此表示伴随的结果，说明学生听完讲座却记了一些抓不住重点的笔记。

6.【答案】D【解析】这里是一个并列句，并列的两个部分是which do not catch the main points and which become hard even for the students to understand.7.【答案】D【解析】此句意为：学生记下的笔记连自己也无法明白。

8.【答案】C【解析】鉴于上述情况，许多学校开设课程以帮助新生培养记笔记的能力，成为一名真正有效率的听众。

assist帮助，援助。

9.【答案】A【解析】参考第8题答案。

effective有效的；passive被动的；relative相对的；expressive表现的，富于表情的。

10.【答案】D【解析】此处的意思是：如果这些课程不可行的话，还会有许多行之有效的学习技巧的指导，这些指导使学生们能够独立地锻炼这些学习技巧，在此If表示假设条件。

11.【答案】A【解析】enable sb.to do sth使人能够干什么；stimulate激发，刺激；advocate提倡，倡导；prevent阻止。

GET Cloze2012/6“ A better, richer and happier life for all our citizens.” That's the American 41. In practice, it means living in a spacious, air-conditioned house, owning a car or three and maybe a boat or a holiday home, not to mention flying off to 42 destinations.The trouble 43 this lifestyle is that it consumes a lot of power. If everyone in the world started living like wealthy Americans, we 44 need to generate more than 10 times45 energy each year. And 46, in a century or three, we all expect to be47 by an army of robots and zoom up into space on holidays, we are going to need a vast amount more. Where are we going to get so much power from?It is clear that continuing to rely on 48 fuels will have catastrophic results, because of the dramatic warming effect of carbon dioxide. But alternative power sources will affect the climate too. For now, the climatic effects of "clean energy" sources are trivial 49 those that spew out greenhouse gases, but if we keep on using ever more power over the coming centuries, they will become ever more 50.41.A.constitution B.dream C.history D.character42.A.exotic B.patriotic C.supersonic D.alcoholic43.A.on B.for C.at D.with44.A.shall B.will C.should D.would45.A.much more B.more than C.as much D.of more46.A.if B.though C.while D.so47.A.taken to B.attended to C.attached to D.submitted to48.A.rock B.stone C.fossil D.diamond49.A.according to B.based on C.such as pared with50.A.signified B.imperative C.indispensable D.negligible2012/12E-commerce has revolutionized the way business is done in today’s market. However, customers are at 41 of purchasing false products or poor quality items. Many 42 the distance between customers and send the wrong goods and lure clients to buy goods recommended as great 43 , but when customers receive these items, they find themselves falling into traps.Many dangers, 44 by the obscurity of e-commerce, involve the products and the electronic transacti on. From the buyer’s 45 , dangers include purchasing products not measuring 46 what was previous advertised in the website. Another risk is identity theft. Since electronic transactions are needed to complete the purchase, hackers may acquire 47 information about the user to make other purchases.There are still honest business that sell their products and services but gain a very small profit by 48 the prices of their products because they have a lot of competition in the Internet. That is 49 one of the hazards of e-commerce that should be considered is the bankruptcy of business since profit is low of they need 50 their goods as cheaply as possible.41.A.time B.random C.sight D.risk42.A.take advantage of B.cast doubt on C.give rise to D.go ahead with43.A.deceptions B.bargains C.opportunities D.advertisements44.A.managed B.created C.prevented D.led45.A.prospect B.aspect C.respect D.perspective46.A.as to B.prior to C.up to D.next to47.A.confidential B.superficial C.potential D.initial48.A.raising B.disqualifying C.exaggerating D.minimizing49.A.how B.because C.why D.where50.A.selling B.to sell C.sell D.sold2013/6There are two primary causes of traffic accidents, those that are caused by the driver and those that are environmental and outside the driver’s control. 41 environmental issues like weather or poor road maintenance may cause an accident, statistically these are far less likely to do so. Driver distractions prove to be the main cause of accidents. The most 42 distractions are looking at traffic, crashes and roadside incidents. While it is widely believed that cell phones are a greater cause, cell phones only 43 sixth on the list. 44 , laws to limit cell phone use while driving do not decrease accidents. Hands-free phones are 45 than hand-held devices.Alcohol was a factor in at least 41 percent of all fatal crashes. Alcohol 46 affects vision, reaction time and attention of the driver, and decreases overall driving performance. Fatigue 47 100,000 vehicle crashes per year,killing 48 1,500 people and injuring 71,000 people. Accidents caused by fatigue are particularly 49 for truck drivers and ages 15 to 20 who were 50 a fatal crash in 2005, 37 percent were speeding at the time of the crash.41.A. Because B. If C. While D. However42.A.disruptive B.constructive C.instructive D.descriptive43.A. come across e on e about e in44.A. Even so B. In fact C. By contrast D. For example45.A.no longer safe B.not so safe C.more safer D.no more safe46.A. adversely B.favorably C.scarcely D.affectionately47.A.stands for B.runs for C.accounts for pensates for48.A.as much as B.as long as C.as soon as D.as many as49.A. rare B.prevalent C.populous D.necessary50. A.lost in B.situated in C.involved in D.indulged inAs a society, we’re living longer and better than at any time in history. In part, this is due to 1 advances. Death rates are down, life 41 is higher than ever, and we're making progress 4 2 the most serious diseases we face. As we consider the direction health care will 43 in the future, one thing is certain: new, innovative medicines will assume an increasingly 44 role in the way we improve the quality of care for future generations. One 45 role of new medicines will be the prevention, treatment, and management of many diseases suffered by the aging Baby Boomer generation. In the year 2000，there were 46 35.6 million Americans aged 65 and older. By 2030, this number is 47 to double to an estimated 71.5 million. Disease like diabetes represent a growing threat, 48 to patients but to our ability to keep health care affordable. We have to do better in our lifestyles and in our health care system to 49 an enormous disease burden and economic burden on the boomer themselves, their families, employers, and federal and state governments. Mew drugs are a vital part of the solution to this rapidly 50 issue.41. A.expression B.expectancy C.exploration D.exploitation42. A. against B.for C.without D.towards43. A.concern B.implement C.address D.take44. A.populous B.prominent C.preliminary D.preferential45. A.crude B.concise C.critical D.capable46. A.roughly B.sincerely C.toughly D.desperately47. A.pronounced B.provided C.prohibited D.projected48. A.except for B.not only C.instead of D.as much49. A.live up to B.lose sight of C.stay clear of D.be stuck in50. A.emerging B.appearing C.booming D.diminishingThe word “smog” has become a household world in urban China. Smog is an 41 of greenhouse gases and pollutants that reduce visibility and harm respiratory functions. Smog is typically 42 cities with high concentrations of cars and factories. The population density, amount of industry and the fuels used 43 together to have an impact on smog levels. During summer, smog is worse 44 the production of ozone, the main component of smog, increases in strong sunlight. The important thing to understand about smog is that this kind of pollution is spread out 45 large distance.Walking, biking or using public transportation can help limit ozone production.46 , decreasing household electricity use and keeping your vehicles fuel-efficient reduces 47 greenhouse gases. Checking tire pressure, oil levels, air filters and getting regular maintenance help 48 fuel efficiency. Be sure to use only the fuel recommended in the vehicle’s user 49 . Simple steps like avoiding stop-and-go traffic and reducing vehicle workload decrease smog-related emissions. To lighten the workload, avoid running the air-conditioner, 50 the engine and carrying heavy objects in the vehicle.41.A. arbitration B.accumulation C.optimization D.evaluation42.A. accompanied by B.obliged to C.immersed in D.associated with43.A.work B.get C.play D.put44.A.so B.because C.before D. until45.A.between B.beneath C.within D.over46.A. In addition B.after all C. By contrast D. At first47.A. ozone-produced B.ozone-production C.ozone-producing D.ozone-producer48.A.constrain B.refrain C.restrain D.maintain49.A.illustration B.road map C.manual D.prescription50.A.idling B.burning C.emptying D.exhibiting2015/1Small business owners can sometimes feel like it’s a dog-eat-dog world out there, If you fall behind,even41 , a more tech-shrewd business with greater resources could appear from nowhere and take your customers. But competition among businesses does not 42 mean war. 43 viewing other companies only as competitors, business owners should look at them as potential collaborators, Collaboration is 44 to every business there are so many opportunities out there for businesses to work together to exchange ideas and increase purchasing 45 .There are plenty of ways that small business owners can use the neighbor principle and collaborate to 46 mutual growth. An independent Web development company can offer their website design services to other local businesses 47 a link back on the homepage. Small businesses with similar inventory needs can combine their orders to receive 48 wholesale prices. An entertainment company can host an event at a restaurant in town to bring in business 49 marketing its own services. These real-life examples from win-win users prove that working for and with other small businesses can be more powerful than 50 them.41.A.in the past B.at your disposal C.for a moment D.on your own42.A.necessarily B.hardly C.solely D.infinitely43.A.Because of B.Apart from C.As for D.Instead of44.A.vicious B.vital C.vocational D.vacant45.A.strength B.force C.might D.powere about B.bring about C.look about D.inquire about47.A.in exchange for B.in relation to C.in comparison with D.in case of48.A.discouraged B.dissatisfied C.dismissed D.discounted49.A.while B.unless C.if D.though50.A.working out B.working up C.working against D.working on。

2025年研究生考试考研英语（一201）自测试卷与参考答案一、完型填空（10分）Section I: Cloze Test (20 points)Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet.Passage:In the world of higher education, there is an ongoing debate about the significance of standardized tests, particularly the Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) for those aspiring to pursue graduate studies. The GRE, particularly its English Language Test, known as GRE General Test (Verbal Reasoning), aims to assess a candidate’s ability to comprehend, analyze, and evaluate complex written materials. This section, specifically, the “Verbal Reasoning - Text Completion” segment, exemplifies this objective by presenting a passage with 20 blanks, each requiring a precise word or phrase to maintain the flow and meaning of the text.Text:Academic research is a meticulous process that demands not only a deep understanding of a subject matter but also the (1)_____to questionestablished knowledge and seek new perspectives. Researchers are often(2)_____with vast amounts of data, requiring them to possess excellent(3)_____skills to sift through and organize information effectively. The ability to (4)_____conclusions from such data is crucial, as it forms the basis of scientific discoveries and scholarly contributions.However, the path to research excellence is rarely (5) _____. It is fraught with challenges, including the pressure to publish in high-impact journals, the (6)_____for funding, and the constant need to innovate and stay (7)_____with the latest research trends. Despite these obstacles, researchers persevere, driven by their (8)_____to uncover the truth and make a meaningful impact on their fields.Collaboration is a cornerstone of the research process. Working together, researchers can pool their expertise, share resources, and (9)_____each other’s strengths and weaknesses. This not only accelerates the pace of research but also fosters an environment of (10)_____and mutual respect. In the realm of language and literature, researchers engage in critical analyses of texts, examining their (11)_____meaning, cultural context, and historical significance. The GRE English Test assesses this ability by testing cand idates’ comprehension of complex texts and their capacity to draw (12)_____from them. For instance, candidates may be asked to identify the author’s (13)_____or the tone of a passage, or to infer the implications of a statement made within the text.To excel in this section, candidates must develop a (14)_____vocabulary,enabling them to comprehend a wide range of vocabulary and idiomatic expressions. Additionally, honing their reading comprehension skills, such as identifying the main idea, supporting deta ils, and author’s purpose, is essential. Furthermore, the ability to (15)_____logical connections between ideas and sentences within a text is key to accurate interpretation. While preparing for the GRE, it is important to engage in regular practice, utilizing a variety of resources that mimic the actual test format. This includes working through (16)_____passages, analyzing their structure, and practicing answering questions similar to those found on the test. By doing so, candidates can (17)_____their skills and gain confidence in their abilities.Ultimately, the GRE English Test is a tool that measures a candidate’s readiness for graduate-level studies in the English language and literature. It is not a definitive measure of one’s intellectual capacity bu t rather an indication of one’s ability to navigate and excel in academic environments that prioritize (18)_____and critical thinking. As such, it is important for candidates to approach the test with a mindset focused on demonstrating their strengths and areas of improvement, rather than (19)_____on a single score.In conclusion, the GRE English Test is a challenging yet essential component of the graduate admissions process. By (20)_____a comprehensive preparation strategy that includes regular practice, vocabulary enhancement, and thedevelopment of critical reading skills, candidates can position themselves to succeed on this important milestone in their academic journey. Answers:1.courage2.confronted3.analytical4.draw5.smoothpetition7.current8.passion9.recognize10.collaboration11.literal12.inferences13.perspective14.robust15.establish16.practice17.refine18.research19.fixating20.adopting二、传统阅读理解（本部分有4大题，每大题10分，共40分）Section II: Traditional Reading ComprehensionFirst PassageTitle: The Digital Revolution and Its Impact on EducationIn the past few decades, the world has witnessed an unprecedented digital revolution that has transformed virtually every aspect of our lives. From the way we communicate to the way we access information, technology has played a pivotal role in shaping our societies. This transformation is particularly evident in the field of education, where the integration of digital tools and resources has not only revolutionized teachingmethodologies but also expanded learning opportunities for studentsglobally.The advent of the internet and the subsequent rise of online platforms have made educational resources accessible to millions of people who might not have had access to traditional educational institutions. Online courses, known as massive open online courses (MOOCs), have emerged as a popular mode of learning, offering a wide range of subjects from top universities around the world. These courses are often free or at a minimal cost, making them affordable for students from diverse economic backgrounds.Moreover, the use of digital tools in classrooms has enhanced the learningexperience for students. Interactive whiteboards, tablets, and educational software have made lessons more engaging and dynamic. Teachers can now incorporate multimedia elements such as videos, animations, and simulations into their lessons, making complex concepts easier to understand. Additionally, personalized learning programs, which utilize data analytics to tailor educational co ntent to individual students’ needs and strengths, are becoming increasingly common.However, the digital revolution in education has not been without its challenges. Concerns over digital addiction, privacy issues, and the potential for technological distractions in the classroom have been raised. Furthermore, the digital divide—the unequal distribution of access to technology and the internet—remains a significant barrier to achieving equitable education opportunities for all.Despite these challenges, the benefits of the digital revolution in education are undeniable. It has democratized access to knowledge, improved teaching and learning outcomes, and fostered innovation in educational practices. As technology continues to evolve, it is likely that the future of education will be even more deeply intertwined with digital tools and resources.Questions:1.What is the main topic of the passage?A)The rise of online shoppingB)The impact of the digital revolution on educationC)The history of the internetD)The challenges faced by traditional educational institutions2.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a benefit of online courses?A)They are accessible to people from diverse economic backgrounds.B)They are taught by the best teachers in the world.C)They offer a wide range of subjects.D)They are often free or at a minimal cost.3.How do digital tools enhance the learning experience for students in classrooms?A)By making lessons less engaging and dynamic.B)By incorporating multimedia elements into lessons.C)By eliminating the need for teachers.D)By making it difficult to understand complex concepts.4.What is a major concern related to the digital revolution in education?A)The high cost of educational software.B)The lack of access to technology and the internet for some students.C)The excessive use of paper in classrooms.D)The decline in the quality of traditional educational institutions.5.What does the author suggest about the future of education in relation to digitaltools and resources?A)They will become less important over time.B)They will continue to play a minor role in educational practices.C)They will be completely replaced by traditional methods.D)They will become even more deeply intertwined with education.Second Section: Traditional Reading ComprehensionPassage:Title: The Impact of Digitalization on the Traditional Book IndustryIn recent years, the digital age has transformed nearly every aspect of our lives, and the book industry is no exception. With the rise of e-books, audiobooks, and digital reading platforms, the traditional paper-based model of book publishing and distribution is facing unprecedented challenges. This transformation has sparked debates among readers, authors, publishers, and librarians alike, as they grapple with the implications of this digital shift.At the heart of the matter lies the convenience offered by digital formats. E-books, for instance, can be accessed instantly on a range of devices, from smartphones to tablets, eliminating the need for physical storage space and allowing for seamless cross-device reading. They are also often cheaper than their physical counterparts, appealing to readers on a budget. Additionally, the advent of cloud storage and online libraries has made it easier than ever to access and share vast collections of books.However, these benefits come at a cost. Many argue that the digitalization of books threatens the cultural significance and physicality of the printed word. Books have traditionally served as tactile objects, conveying a sense of ownership and permanence that cannot be replicated by a screen. Moreover, the disappearance of physical bookstores has had a profound impact on communities, reducing opportunities for social interaction andbrowsing-based discovery.Authors and publishers, too, have been affected. While digital platforms have opened up new avenues for reaching readers worldwide, they have also created a crowded and competitive marketplace where visibility can be difficult to achieve. Furthermore, concerns over piracy and the loss of control over how their work is presented and distributed have led some to question the value of embracing digital formats.Yet, despite these challenges, the book industry is adapting. Publishers are exploring innovative ways to integrate digital elements into physical books, such as augmented reality and interactive features, to enhance the reading experience. Meanwhile, libraries are embracing digital resources while maintaining their physical collections, recognizing the importance of both formats for diverse user needs.Ultimately, the future of the book industry lies in a delicate balance between the traditional and the digital. As readers continue to demand convenience and accessibility, it is essential that the industry evolves to meet these needs while preserving the cultural and physical value of books.Questions:1.What is the main topic of the passage?A)The advantages of e-books over traditional books.B)The impact of digitalization on the book industry.C)The role of libraries in the digital age.D)The future of book publishing.2.What is one benefit of e-books mentioned in the passage?A)They require more physical storage space.B)They are often more expensive than physical books.C)They can be accessed instantly on various devices.D)They cannot be shared easily with others.3.According to the passage, what has been a negative impact of the decline ofphysical bookstores?A)Increased competition among publishers.B)Decreased social interaction opportunities.C)Higher prices for e-books.D)Increased piracy of books.4.How have some publishers responded to the challenges of digitalization?A)By completely abandoning physical books.B)By embracing only digital formats.C)By integrating digital elements into physical books.D)By ignoring the changing market trends.5.What is the author’s overall stance on the future of the book industry?A)It will completely shift to digital formats.B)It will maintain its traditional form without change.C)It requires a balance between the traditional and digital.D)It is impossible to predict its future trajectory.Third Question: Traditional Reading ComprehensionPassage:Title: The Digital Divide: Bridging the Gap in Access to TechnologyIn today’s rapidly evolving digital age, technology has become an integral part of our daily lives, shaping how we communicate, learn, work, and entertain ourselves. However, amidst this technological boom, a significant disparity exists –the digital divide, a term coined to describe the unequal distribution of access to, use of, or impact of information and communication technologies (ICTs) among individuals, households, businesses, and geographic areas.The digital divide manifests itself in various forms, but a primary concern lies in the gap between those who have access to the latest technological advancements and those who are left behind. This disparity can be attributed to several factors, including economic status, education levels, age, gender, and geographical location. In developing countries, the digital divide is often exacerbated by infrastructural limitations and affordability issues, while in developed nations, it may be a result of digital illiteracy or a lack of motivation to adopt new technologies. The consequences of the digital divide are far-reaching and multifaceted. On an individual level, limited access to technology can hinder educational opportunities, limit career prospects, and isolate individuals from social networks. At a societal level, it can exacerbate economic inequalities, widen the achievement gap among students, and stifle innovation and progress.Efforts to bridge the digital divide have been ongoing for years, with governments, non-profit organizations, and private companies working together to provide access to technology for those in need. Initiatives such as e-learning programs, community technology centers, and low-cost devices aim to increase digital literacy and ensure that no one is left behind in the digital age.Despite these efforts, the digital divide remains a persistent challenge. As technology continues to evolve at an unprecedented pace, it is crucial that we remain vigilant in our efforts to ensure equitable access to its benefits. Only by bridging the gap in access to technology can we ensure that everyone has the opportunity to thrive in the digital age. Questions:1.What is the digital divide, and what does it refer to?Answer: The digital divide refers to the unequal distribution of access to, use of, or impact of information and communication technologies (ICTs) among individuals, households, businesses, and geographic areas.2.What are some of the primary factors contributing to the digital divide?Answer: Some of the primary factors contributing to the digital divide include economic status, education levels, age, gender, and geographical location.3.How can limited access to technology hinder educational opportunities?Answer: Limited access to technology can hinder educational opportunities by restricting access to digital resources, such as online courses and educational software, which can be vital for learning and development.4.What are some initiatives aimed at bridging the digital divide?Answer: Some initiatives aimed at bridging the digital divide include e-learning programs, community technology centers, and low-cost devices, which aim to increase digital literacy and ensure equitable access to technology.5.Why is it important to bridge the digital divide?Answer: Bridging the digital divide is important because it ensures that everyone has equal access to the benefits of technology, which can help to reduce economic inequalities, improve educational outcomes, and foster innovation and progress. Section IV: Traditional Reading ComprehensionPassage FourTitle: The Impact of Digital Technology on Reading HabitsIn the digital age, the way we consume information has undergone a profound transformation. From the traditional paper-and-ink books to the sleek electronic screens of tablets and smartphones, the advent of digital technology has reshaped our reading habits in ways that were once unimaginable. This passage delves into the various aspects of how digitalization has influenced our reading experiences, both positively and negatively.The convenience offered by digital devices cannot be overstated. With the tap of a finger, readers can access an endless library of books, articles, and news from anywhere in the world. Gone are the days of trudging to the bookstore or waiting for a book to arrive in the mail. The instant gratification of digital reading appeals to many, especially those with busylifestyles who value time efficiency. Moreover, the ability to customize reading settings such as font size, background color, and brightness levels caters to individual preferences, enhancing the overall reading experience. However, the shift towards digital reading has also raised concerns about its impact on comprehension and retention. Some studies suggest that reading from screens can lead to decreased attention spans and reduced ability to process information deeply. The constant distractions of notifications and social media alerts can further fragment our focus, making it challenging to fully immerse oneself in a book or article. Additionally, the lack of tactile feedback from physical pages and the absence of the traditional smell and feel of a book can diminish the emotional connection readers form with the content.Moreover, the proliferation of digital content has led to an explosion of information, much of which is of questionable quality. The ease of publishing online has democratized access to the written word but has also opened the floodgates to misinformation and clickbait. Navigating through this deluge of content can be overwhelming, and readers must develop critical thinking skills to discern fact from fiction.Despite these challenges, digital technology also presents new opportunities for reading and learning. Interactive e-books, for instance, incorporate multimedia elements like videos, animations, and quizzes that can enrich the learning experience and make complex concepts more accessible.Furthermore, personalized recommendation algorithms can curate tailored reading lists based on an individual’s interests and reading history, fostering a sense of discovery and exploration.In conclusion, the impact of digital technology on reading habits is multifaceted. While it has undeniably brought about convenience and new forms of engagement, it has also raised concerns about comprehension, attention, and the quality of information available. As we continue to navigate this digital landscape, it is essential to strike a balance between embracing the benefits of technology and preserving the essence of reading as a deeply personal and enriching experience.Questions:1.What is the main advantage of digital reading mentioned in the passage?•A) The ability to access an endless library of content instantly. •B) The tactile feedback from physical pages.•C) The lack of distractions from notifications and social media. •D) The improved comprehension and retention of information.2.Which of the following is a concern raised about digital reading?•A) The enhanced emotional connection readers form with the content. •B) The increased attention spans and ability to process information deeply.•C) The decreased attention spans and reduced ability to process information deeply.•D) The limited customization options for reading settings.3.What is the primary issue with the proliferation of digital content mentioned in thepassage?•A) The lack of accessible information for readers.•B) The overabundance of high-quality content.•C) The challenge of navigating through a deluge of information, including misinformation.•D) The ease of publishing traditional books.4.How do interactive e-books contribute to the reading and learning experience?•A) By reducing the emotional connection readers form with the content. •B) By limiting access to multimedia elements like videos and animations. •C) By enriching the learning experience and making complex concepts more accessible.•D) By decreasing the convenience of digital reading.5.What is the overall message of the passage regarding the impact of digitaltechnology on reading habits?•A) Digital technology has only negative impacts on reading habits. •B) Digital technology has completely replaced traditional reading methods.•C) The impact is multifaceted, with both positive and negative aspects that require balance.•D) The benefits of digital technology far outweigh any potential drawbacks.三、阅读理解新题型（10分）Title: The Rise of E-commerce and Its Impact on Traditional RetailIn recent years, the landscape of retail has undergone a dramatictransformation, fueled primarily by the exponential growth of e-commerce.Once a niche market, online shopping has now become an integral part of consu mers’ lives, challenging the dominance of brick-and-mortar stores.This shift has far-reaching implications, reshaping not only the way we shop but also the very fabric of our economic and social structures.The Convenience Factor: At the heart of e-commer ce’s success lies its unparalleled convenience. With just a few clicks, customers can browse through a vast selection of products from the comfort of their homes, compare prices effortlessly, and have their purchases delivered right to their doorsteps. This has not only saved time but also reduced the need for physical travel, making it especially appealing to busy professionals and those living in remote areas.Access to a Global Market: Another significant advantage of e-commerce is its ability to break down geographical barriers. No longer constrained by the limitations of their local markets, businesses can now reach customers worldwide. Similarly, consumers have access to an unprecedented range of products from across the globe, often at more competitive prices than those available locally.Challenges for Traditional Retail: However, this digital revolution has notcome without its challenges for traditional retailers. The rise ofe-commerce has led to a decline in footfall at physical stores, impacting sales and profitability. To stay afloat, many retailers have had to adapt by investing in their online presence, offering click-and-collect services, and enhancing in-store experiences to attract customers.The Future of Retail: The future of retail is likely to be a blend of both online and offline experiences, with retailers leveraging technology to create seamless omnichannel strategies. Augmented reality, virtual try-ons, and personalized recommendations are just a few examples of how technology is reshaping the shopping experience. As consumers continue to embrace digital solutions, retailers must innovate and evolve to meet their changing needs.Questions:1.What is the main driver behind the transformation of the retail landscape in recentyears?A)The increasing popularity of mobile payments.B)The exponential growth of e-commerce.C)The decline of physical infrastructure.D)The introduction of new tax policies.Answer: B2.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an advantage of e-commerce?A)The ability to compare prices easily.B)The elimination of physical travel for shopping.C)Access to exclusive products not available locally.D)The convenience of shopping from home.Answer: C3.What does the term “omnichannel strategies” refer to in the context of retail?A) A single sales channel used by retailers.B) A blend of online and offline shopping experiences.C) A marketing technique focused on social media.D) A strategy to reduce operating costs.Answer: B4.How has the rise of e-commerce impacted traditional retailers?A)It has led to an increase in their sales and profitability.B)It has made them more competitive in the global market.C)It has caused a decline in footfall at their physical stores.D)It has made them completely obsolete in the retail industry.Answer: C5.Which technology is mentioned as having the potential to reshape the shoppingexperience?A)Artificial Intelligence.B)Augmented Reality.C)Internet of Things.D)Blockchain.Answer: B四、翻译（本大题有5小题，每小题2分，共10分）First QuestionQuestion: Translate the following paragraph into Chinese:The digital era has revolutionized the way we interact with information, making it possible to access vast amounts of knowledge instantly from anywhere in the world. This paradigm shift has not only altered our personal lives but also transformed industries, businesses, and the very fabric of society. As individuals navigate this ever-evolving landscape, it becomes increasingly crucial to develop a strong sense of digital literacy, enabling us to critically evaluate information, protect our privacy, and harness the power of technology for positive outcomes.Answer:数字时代彻底改变了我们与信息互动的方式，使我们能够瞬间从世界任何地方获取大量知识。

Keys to the Exercises
I. Reading Comprehension
II.
Vocabulary
III. Cloze IV. Translation
1
I. Reading Comprehension
EXERCISES
I.
A.Answer the following questions or complete the following statements:
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II. Vocabulary A
EXERCISES
6. After the election the new government commenced developing the roads. A. considered C. began B. discussed D. halted
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II. Vocabulary A
8. He had done most of the writing and rewriting himself, reworking key passages again and again. A. restarting B. modifying
C. remaking
D. editing
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II. Vocabulary A
EXERCISES
1. Though he had apologized, she raised a query on his sincerity.
A. trust
C. examination
B. request
D. question
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II. Vocabulary A
EXERCISES
2. Discipline in Mr. Brown’s class becomes very slack. A. strict C. serious B. loose D. uncontrollable

3单元ADB is an international development institution whose mission is to help its developing member countries poverty and the quality of their people .Headquartered in Manila , and establish in 1966 ,ADB is owned and financed by its 67 members , of which 48 are from the region and 19 from other parts of the globe .ADB’s main partners are goverments ,the private sector , nongoverment organizations, development , community- based organizations, and foundations.Under Strategy 2020, a long-term strategic framework adopted in 2008 .ADB will follow three complementary strategic agendas : inclusive growth, enviornmentally growth , and.In pursuing its vision , ADBs’ main comprise loans ,technical assistance , grants ,advice, and knowledge.Althought most lending is in the public sector ----and to goverments ---- ADB also provides direct assistance to private of developing countries through equity investments , guarantees , and loans,. In addition , its triple-A credit rating helps funds for deveopment .1, integration 2, regional 3, enterprise 4, instrument 5, reduce 6, agency 7, improve8, mobilize 9, sustainable 10, financeUnit 51.manifestation2.sphere3.misfortune4.sacrifice5.involve6.accomplish7.exquisite8.object9.exchange 10.realmLove is an activity，not a passive affect；it is a“standing in”，not a“falling for”.In the most general way，the active character of love can be described by stating that love is primarily giving，not receiving.The most important of giving，howevver，is not that of material things，but lies in the specifically human .What does one person give to another？He gives of himself，of the most precious thing he has，he gives of his life.This does not necessary mean that he his life for the other-but that he gives him of that which is alive in him；he gives him of his joy，of his understanding，of his knowledge，of his humor，of his sadness—of all expressions and of that which is alive in him.In thus giving of his life，he enrichs the other person，he enhances the other’s sense of aliveness by enhancing his own sense of aliveness.He dose not give in order to receive;giving is in itself joy.But in giving he cannot help bringing something to life in the other person,and this which is brought to life reflects back to him;in truly giving,he cannot help receiving that which is given back to him.Giving implies to make the other person a giver also and they bothShare in the joy of what they have brought to life.In the act of giving something is born,and both persons are grateful for the life that is born for both of them.Specifically with regard to love this means：love is a power which produces love；impotence is the inability to produce love.This thought has been beautifully expressed by Marx：“Assume”，he says，“man as man，and his relation to the world as a human one，and you can love only for love，confidence for confidence，etc.If you wish to enjoy art，you must be artistically .If you wish to have influence on other people，you must be a person who has a really stimulating and furthering influence on other people.Every one of your relationships to man and to nature must be a definiteexpression of your real，individual life corresponding to the of your will.If you love without calling forth love，that is，if your love as such does you not produce love，if by means of an expression of life as a loving person you do not make of yourself a loved person，then your love is impotent，a .”6 单元When settiers began pouring into Western lands ,the advantages of inproved transportantion became obvious . Fast and powerful , reaching everywhere, the railroad came to the American landscape and the American imagination . Trains became the of modern America , epitornizing American’s economic superiority in an ind ustrial word.From the outset , goverment participation was viewed as essential . The East Coast intercity lines required relatively modest financial backing and quickly paid for themselves . By , the anbitious east-west lines were very costly and time-consuming . Therefore more than half of track laid in the 1840s served the densely parts of New England and New York . By 1850 the East Coast ----Great Lakes connection had been and some nine thousand miles of railroad had been built.With the completion of the New York Central to Chicago in 1853，the Midwest had direct service to the East Coast. Other trunk line connections soon followed : the Baltimore and Ohio to St. Louis and the Central Virginia to Memphis in 1858. Virtually every productive farm in the Midwest was into the East Coast trade . During this second railroad construction boom the South held its own. Cotton-making centers in the interior of Mississippi and Alabama were by rail to New Orleans and Mobile , and an all-southern east-west railroad hooked Memphis and Nashville to the East Coast . By !860s railroad mileage 30,000 miles，and America had half the world’s total railroad mileage at a cost of perhaps $ 1 billion----- five times as much as invested in American’s canais.Well before 1860s ,congress was covinced of the feasibility of a railroad to the West Coast ,but years passed before constrution began because of rivalry for the eastern terminus of the line . Form Minneapolis to New Orleans cities the Mississippi River vied for the position of gateway to the West , boasting of their advantage while deprecating the claims of their rivals . In 1862，the northen Platte River route was selected _ it was used by the pony express, stages, and freighter wagons.1, connect 2, along 3, populate 4, because 5, tie 6, contrast 7, symbol8, dominate 9, finish 10, exceed9 单元President Obama’ a frist in confronting the economic is to put Americana back to work . The American and Reinvestment Plan signed by the President will job creation while making long-trem in health care ,education, energy, and . Among otherobjectives , the recovery plan will increase production of energy , modernize and weatherize buildings and homes, broadband technology across the country , and the health care systern . The recovery plan will save or create about 3.5 million jobs while jobs while investing in priorities that create economic growth for future.1, expand 2,infrastructure 3, investments 4, spur 5, priority 6, recovery 7, crisis8, computerize 9, alternative 10, sustainable11单元Personal health depends on the social structure of one’s life . The maintenance of strong social reationships is to good health conditions , longevity, productivity, and a positive attitude . This is due to the fact that social interaction many chemical levels in the brain which are linked to personality and intelligence traits.Prolonged psychological stress may negatively health ,and has been cited as a factor in cognitive impairment with aging , depressive illness , and disease.Stress is the application of methods to either reduce stress or increase to stress. Relaxation techniques are physical methods used to stress. Psychological methods include congnitive therapy, meditation , and positive thinking which work by reducing response to stress. Improving relevant skills and abilities confidence, which also reduces the stress to situations where those skills are applicable.1,management 2, partially 3, linked 4, build 5, positive 6, reaction 7, relieve8, tolerance 9, impact 10, increaseUnit 131. overtax2.bring on3.although4.determinant5.predecessor6.moreover7.flood8.decline9.to 10.raiseThe effect of the baby boom on the schools helped to make possible a shift in thinking about the role of public education in the 1920’s.In the 1920’s，but especially in the Depression of the 1930’s，the United States experienced a ，birth rate.Then with the prosperity by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed，young people married and established households earlier and began to larger families than had their during the Depression.Birth rate rose 102 per thousand in 1946，106.2 in 1950，and 118 in 1955. economics was probably the most important ，it is not the only explanation for the baby boom.The increased value placed on the idea of family also helps to explain this rise in birth rates.The baby boomers began streaming into the first grade by the mid-1940s and became aby 1950.The public school system suddenly found itself .The war time economy meant that few new schools were built between 1940 and 1945. large numbers of teachers left their profession during that period for better-paid jobs elsewhere.Unit 151.ethnic2.alternative3.lifestyle4.vision5.opportunity6.search for7.corruption 8.on behalf of 9.look forward to 10.disputeIn 1933 when James Hilton wrote the classic Lost Horizon，he probably never expected to leave generations asking the question：“Where is Shangri-La？”or that his book would fire up a tourism in western China over which region could call itself Shangri-La for tourist dollars，simultaneously sparking an scene for China’s art and culture circles creative space.But believe it or not，that’s exactly what happened.In answer to Hilton’s riddle，Shangri-La，a place can be found in China anywhere in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau or regions showing values of this culture，regions sacred to the ______minorities inhabiting them，whose protects still uncontaminated parts of our eco-system.The tragedy is Shangri-La may be lost very soon.Therefore to those people，I must plea myself，the Tibetans，the Buddhist Lamas，and the monks whose lives are yet untouched by development andand whose environment is yet uncontaminated，and on behalf of all those people who will not in their life time have the to visit Shangri-La but to whom it is a ，a dream，a hope of something better to ，yet unattained，to better protect Shangri-La.Unit31. finance2. reduce3.improve4. agencies5. sustainable6. regional7. integration8. instruments9. enterprises 10. MobilizeUnit52.sphere 10.realm 4.scarifices 1.manifestations 7.exquisite 5.involved 9.exchange 6.accomplished 8.object3.misfortune Unit61. dominate2. symbol3. contrast4. populated5. finished6. tie7. connected8. exceeded9. along 10. BecauseUnit95. priority 7. crisis6. Recovery 4. spur 3. investments2. infrastructure 9. alternative 1. expand 8. computerize 10. SustainableUnit112. partially3. linked 5. positive 10. increase 9. impact 1. management 8. tolerance 7. relieve4. builds 6. reaction Unit131.declining2.brought on3.raise4.predecessors5.to6.although7.determinant8.flood9.overtaxed 10. moreover Unit151. dispute2. alternative3. searching for4. ethnic5. lifestyle6. on behalf of7. corruption8. opportunity9. vision 10. look forward to。

第一单元adjust derive whole towork think not beyondthus competent less bepride off with humansame tend with highI remember viewing half a dozen men in a chair factory whose job was to bend several pieces of steel and attach them so that a folding chair would result. The men knew they 1)___were____ good. When I talked with them, each expressed enormous 2) ____pride___ in being a part of the fastest, best team. And this sense of belonging 3) ___to____ an accomplished work group is one of the distinctive satisfactions of the world of 4) ___work____ .Unlike many other aspects of life, relationships among people at work 5)_tend_ to be simpler, less complicated, somewhat less emotional. This is 6)__not__ to say there aren’t arguments and jealousies, but, on the 7)__whole___, behavioral research discloses that 8)__human___ relations at work are just easier, perhaps because they are more regular and predictable and 9)__thus__ simpler to adjust to than the sporadic, the more intense and 10)___less___ regular relationships in the community. And the work group also gently pressures its members to learn how to 11)__adjust__ to one another so that the “rough edges” are worked 12)_ off_ because people know they must do certain things 13)__with__ and through one another each day.14)__Beyond__ the team and the work group, there is the organization, whether it be company or hospital or university. The 15)__same__ pride in being part of a well-coordinated, successful unit is 16)__derived__ from being part of a larger collectivity. Working for a company that is 17)__thought__ of as being part of the best in the community can provide employees 18)_with_ both status and self-confidence. They assume, usually with good reasons, that others regard them more 19)__highly__ , even envy them, and that they are more 20)__competent__ than the average because of this association with a “winner,” a prestigious institution.第二单元Perform launch through hidingavoid however on essentialvary problem within scorequick series with alongexercise drop average receiveAround 1970, psychologist Walter Mischel 1)_ launch__ a classic experiment. He left a succession of 4-year-olds in a room 2)__with__ a bell and a marshmallow (药葵蜜饯). If they rang the bell, he would come back and they could eat the marshmallow.If, 3)_however_, they didn’t ring the bell and waited for him to come back 4)_on_ his own, they could then have two marshmallows.In videos of the experiment, you can see the children kicking and 5)_hiding_ their eyes — desperately trying to 6)___exercise___ self-control so they can wait and get two marshmallows. Their performance 7)__varied__ widely. Some broke down and rang the bell 8)__within__ a minute. Others lasted 15 minutes. The children who waited longer went on to get higher SAT 9)__acores__. They got into better colleges and had, on 10)__average__, better adult outcomes. The children who rang the bell 11)__quickest__ were more likely to become bullies. They 12)__received__ worse teacher and parental evaluations 10 years later and were more likely to have drug 13)__problems__ at age 32.The Mischel experiments, 14)__along_ with everyday experience, tell us that self-control is 15)___essential___. Young people who can delay gratification can sit 16)__through__ sometimes boring classes to get a degree. They can 17)__perform__ rote tasks in order to, say, master a language. They can 18)__ avoid __ drugs and alcohol. For people without self-control skills, however, school is a 19)__series__ of failed ordeals. No wonder they 20)__drop__ out. Life is a parade of foolish decisions: teenage pregnancy, drug use, gambling, truancy and crime.第三单元other understand internal teachsuccess mean oneself ofapply life external keycan lie to divideconduct find derive functionEveryone wants to be successful in life, but where are the 1)__key__ to success? When we begin to examine life, we can see that it is 2)___divided___ into two aspects — life within and life without; internal life and 3)___external___ life — and we can see that these aspects are of equal importance. Even one who has renounced the world has to understand the word relationship properly, because 4)_life_ itself is actually relationship. The body is related 5)_to_ the breath, and the breath is related to the mind. The body, breath, senses, and mind all 6)__function__ together as a unit. So life virtually 7)___means___ relationship, and thus the art of living and being requires an 8)___understanding___ of one’s relationship to the external world and the relationships within 9)__oneself__.All human beings have inner potentials, but many people are not aware10)_of_ those potentials and do not know how to use them to have a11)___successful___ life. Those who are not happy 12)___internal___ can never be happy externally; those who are not happy within themselves can never make 13)__others__ happy. Those who do not love themselves 14)__can__ never love others.If we are not happy, how can we be successful in life? Success 15)__lies__ in our happiness. The keys to happiness lie within us, but our modern education doesnot 16)__teach__ us how to find them. It is helpful to have a few formulas to practice in daily life to make it more successful. They are 17)___derived___ from observations based on experience. There are five points to remember: first, how to decide things on time; second, how to study personal habit patterns; third, how to 18)__conduct__ ourselves in the external world; fourth, what attitude to take; fifth, where to 19)__find__ happiness. To attain success in life, one should learn and 20)__apply__ these five points.第四单元Unnecessary regardless mind findHappen everything lie moreReason focus worry rightOnly around react life Happiness is basically a state of mind. Happiness depends 1)__more__ on one’s disposition and outlook. Only 2) __by__ connecting to your real identity, deeper than merely the body and 3) ___mind___, can one reach real happiness because that is where such happiness is always 4) __found__. In this way, very little is needed to have a happy life. It is all within 5)__yourself__ . Thus, we can attain a state of being satisfied 6)__with__ what we have without being anxious to attain all our temporal desires, without 7) __worrying__ about the future, and without concerning ourselves with 8)__unnecessary__ hopes and fears. When you are really and naturally happy from within, 9)___everything___ else that you accomplish can be viewed as icing on the cake, an extra sweetness to life. But such external activities are not where true happiness 10)___lies___.The only 11)___reason___ why people cannot attain their inward spiritual bliss right here and now is because they put too much 12)__focus__ on their external situation and what they feel they need and how to get it. Or they focus on the 13)___problems___ that they think they have. Actually, what people need to be happy is 14)__right__ inside them, at all times, 15)__regardless__ of whatever trials and challenges may happen outside and 16)___around___ them. As I’ve always said, it is not what 17)__happens__ to you, but it is how you perceive it and how you 18)__react__ or respond to it that makes the difference. We have to understand that happiness and distress is a constant flow in material 19)__life__. We are affected by it 20)___only___ if we identify with it. One has to learn to rise above that by connecting with your true self, or higher self. So how do we do that?。

研究生综合英语1Cloze翻译（范文大全）第一篇：研究生综合英语1Cloze翻译Unit 718岁之前，我们的座右铭响亮又清楚：“我必须要脱离我的父母。

”但是这些话却很少付诸于实践。

我们仍然是家庭的一份子，即使我们离开家去学校，我们仍能感到自主权时不时受到威胁。

18岁以后，我们开始急切的渴望摆脱家庭。

社会给我们提供了第一次能够往返于家庭和自己小天地来回穿梭的机会，上大学、服兵役和短途旅行都是最常见的途径。

为了把我们的世界观与我们家人的分离开，不管反对的呼声多么高，“我知道我想要的是什么”，我们都会为自己的信念据理力争。

我们四处寻找可以称之为属于我们的信仰。

而且在尝试这些信仰的过程中我们常常陷于狂热中，对那些我们的父母感到神秘和难以实现的信念有特别的偏好。

不管我们在这个世界中尝试建立怎样的暂时性的角色，有种担心害怕始终萦绕心头——因为自己还是孩子不能照顾好自己。

我们用反抗和假装的自信来掩饰这种害怕。

为了寻找能够取代父母的同盟者，我们向同龄人寻求帮助并与之行程同盟者。

只要他们的观点与我们自己的观点相吻合，他们就可能会成为取代家庭的庇护所，但那是不能持久的。

只要他们的观点与“我们的团队”的观点有哪怕一点点的分歧，他们就会被我们视为背叛者。

通常在18－22岁之间他们会重新返回家庭。

Unit 8对于大多数人来说，工作是我们的生活的中心，是我们生活的主要方面。

我们将自己清醒时刻中的大部分放在了工作，为工作而准备以及上下班的来回穿梭中。

我们所做的这一切很大程度的决定了我们的生活标准，也在相当程度上决定了我们在同伴中获得的地位。

我们经常听到，因为休闲越来越重要，工作中的侮辱与不公就可以抛到九霄云外；因为大部分工作都是相当的难以忍受，所以从事这项工作的人为了弥补这种乏味，挫折及侮辱便会将希望寄托于生活中的其他方面。

我反对这种绝望消极的观点，因为在可预见的未来，在影响生活所能提供给人们的满意度方面，工作所能提供的物质和精神上的奖励以及工作的环境仍然将继续起到至关重要的作用。

研究生英语练习答案及译文Unit OneTextA Brief History of EnglishKey to ExercisesIV. Cloze: There are 10 blanks in the following passage. Fill each blank with a proper word.1.Firstly2. and3. whom4. but5. either1.number 7. no 8. rest 9. expanding 10. because Translation of the Text英语简史保罗罗伯茨想要掌握英语这门语言就必须了解英语的历史，然而对此我们只能做到略有所知。

因为英语的历史漫长而复杂，我们只能抓住其发展过程中的几个关键时期。

英语的历史起源于公元600年之后，而对于公元600年之前的英语史前阶段我们只能揣测而无法证实。

公元前1000年左右，英语民族的祖先（盎格鲁-撒克逊人）生活在北欧森林之中，他们的语言属于印欧语系中的日耳曼语支。

这些盎格鲁-撒克逊人是如何迁移到英格兰的，对此我们知之甚少。

然而据我们所知，在很长一段时间内盎格鲁人、撒克逊人、朱特人一直在为巩固他们在英格兰的定居地而战。

他们与凯尔特人的战争持续了一百多年，直到英格兰境内的凯尔特人不是被杀，就是被迫流亡到威尔士或沦为奴隶。

这就是亚瑟王时期。

亚瑟王不完全是一个传说人物，他是个受过罗马文明影响的凯尔特人，是一位将领，或许不是一位国王。

他也曾打败过盎格鲁-撒克逊人，但只是一时的胜利。

到了公元550年前后，盎格鲁-撒克逊人才最终定居下来。

英语从此来到了英格兰。

我们习惯上把英语的历史分为三个阶段：古英语，中世纪英语和现代英语。

古英语从最早的历史记载即公元七世纪到大约1100年；中世纪英语从1100年到1450或1500年；现代英语从1500年至今。

现代英语也可以再分为早期现代英语（1500年到1700年）和后期现代英语（1700年至今）。

2025年研究生考试考研英语(一201)自测试卷及答案指导一、完型填空（10分）Section I: Cloze TestDirections: Read the following text carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D for each blank.Passage:In today’s rapidly evolving digital landscape, the role of social media has become increasingly significant. Social media platforms are not just tools for personal interaction; they also serve as powerful channels for business promotion and customer engagement. Companies are now leveraging these platforms to reach out to their target audience more effectively than ever before. However, the effectiveness of social media marketing (1)_on how well the company understands its audience and the specific platform being used. For instance, while Facebook may be suitable for reaching older demographics, Instagram is more popular among younger users. Therefore, it is crucial for businesses to tailor their content to fit the preferences and behaviors of the (2)_demographic they wish to target.Moreover, the rise of mobile devices has further transformed the way peopleconsume content online. The majority of social media users now access these platforms via smartphones, which means that companies must ensure that their content is optimized for mobile viewing. In addition, the speed at which information spreads on social media can be both a boon and a bane. On one hand, positive news about a brand can quickly go viral, leading to increased visibility and potentially higher sales. On the other hand, negative publicity can spread just as fast, potentially causing serious damage to a brand’s reputation. As such, it is imperative for companies to have a well-thought-out strategy for managing their online presence and responding to feedback in a timely and professional manner.In conclusion, social media offers unparalleled opportunities for businesses to connect with customers, but it requires careful planning and execution to (3)___the maximum benefits. By staying attuned to trends and continuously adapting their strategies, companies can harness the power of social media to foster growth and build strong relationships with their audiences.1.[A] relies [B] bases [C] stands [D] depends2.[A] particular [B] peculiar [C] special [D] unique3.[A] obtain [B] gain [C] achieve [D] accomplishAnswers:1.D - depends2.A - particular3.C - achieveThis cloze test is designed to assess comprehension and vocabulary skills, as well as the ability to infer the correct usage of words within the context of the passage. Each question is crafted to require understanding of the sentence structure and meaning to select the best option.二、传统阅读理解（本部分有4大题，每大题10分，共40分）第一题Passage:In the 1950s, the United States experienced a significant shift in the way people viewed education. This shift was largely due to the Cold War, which created a demand for a highly educated workforce. As a result, the number of students pursuing higher education in the U.S. began to grow rapidly.One of the most important developments during this period was the creation of the Master’s degree program. The Master’s degree was designed to provide students with advanced knowledge and skills in a specific field. This program became increasingly popular as more and more people realized the value of a higher education.The growth of the Master’s degree program had a profound impact on American society. It helped to create a more educated and skilled workforce, which in turn contributed to the nation’s economic growth. It also helped to improve the quality of life for many Americans by providing them with opportunities for career advancement and personal development.Today, the Master’s degree is still an important part of the American educational system. However, there are some challenges that need to be addressed. One of the biggest challenges is the rising cost of education. As the cost of tuition continues to rise, many students are unable to afford the cost of a Master’s degree. This is a problem that needs to be addressed if we are to continue to provide high-quality education to all Americans.1、What was the main reason for the shift in the way people viewed education in the 1950s?A. The demand for a highly educated workforce due to the Cold War.B. The desire to improve the quality of life for all Americans.C. The increasing cost of education.D. The creation of the Master’s degree program.2、What is the purpose of the Master’s degree program?A. To provide students with basic knowledge and skills in a specific field.B. To provide students with advanced knowledge and skills in a specific field.C. To provide students with job training.D. To provide students with a general education.3、How did the growth of the Master’s degree program impact American society?A. It helped to create a more educated and skilled workforce.B. It helped to improve the quality of life for many Americans.C. It caused the economy to decline.D. It increased the cost of education.4、What is one of the biggest challenges facing the Master’s deg ree program today?A. The demand for a highly educated workforce.B. The rising cost of education.C. The desire to improve the quality of life for all Americans.D. The creation of new educational programs.5、What is the author’s main point in the last pa ragraph?A. The Master’s degree program is still an important part of the American educational system.B. The cost of education needs to be addressed.C. The Master’s degree program is no longer relevant.D. The author is unsure about the future of the Master’s degree program.第二题Reading Comprehension (Traditional)Passage:The digital revolution has transformed the way we live, work, and communicate. With the advent of the internet and the proliferation of smart devices, information is more accessible than ever before. This transformation has had a profound impact on education, with online learning platforms providing unprecedented access to knowledge. However, this shift towards digital learningalso poses challenges, particularly in terms of ensuring equitable access and maintaining educational quality.While the benefits of digital learning are numerous, including flexibility, cost-effectiveness, and the ability to reach a wider audience, there are concerns about the potential for increased social isolation and the difficulty in replicating the dynamic, interactive environment of a traditional classroom. Moreover, not all students have equal access to the technology required for online learning, which can exacerbate existing inequalities. It’s crucial that as we embrace the opportunities presented by digital technologies, we also address these challenges to ensure that no student is left behind.Educators must adapt their teaching methods to take advantage of new tools while also being mindful of the need to foster a sense of community and support among students. By integrating both digital and traditional approaches, it’s possible to create a learning environment that leverages the strengths of each, ultimately enhancing the educational experience for all students.Questions:1、What is one of the main impacts of the digital revolution mentioned in the passage?•A) The reduction of social interactions•B) The increase in physical book sales•C) The transformation of communication methods•D) The decline of online learning platformsAnswer: C) The transformation of communication methods2、According to the passage, what is a challenge associated with digital learning?•A) The inability to provide any form of interaction•B) The potential to widen the gap between different socioeconomic groups •C) The lack of available content for online courses•D) The complete replacement of traditional classroomsAnswer: B) The potential to widen the gap between different socioeconomic groups3、Which of the following is NOT listed as a benefit of digital learning in the passage?•A) Cost-effectiveness•B) Flexibility•C) Increased social isolation•D) Wider reachAnswer: C) Increased social isolation4、The passage suggests that educators should do which of the following in response to the digital revolution?•A) Abandon all traditional teaching methods•B) Focus solely on improving students’ technical skills•C) Integrate digital and traditional teaching methods•D) Avoid using any digital tools in the classroomAnswer: C) Integrate digital and traditional teaching methods5、What is the author’s stance on the role of digital technologies ineducation?•A) They are unnecessary and should be avoided•B) They offer opportunities that should be embraced, but with caution •C) They are the only solution to current educational challenges•D) They have no real impact on the quality of educationAnswer: B) They offer opportunities that should be embraced, but with cautionThis reading comprehension exercise is designed to test your understanding of the text and your ability to identify key points and arguments within the passage.第三题Reading PassageWhen the French sociologist and philosopher Henri Lefebvre died in 1991, he left behind a body of work that has had a profound influence on the fields of sociology, philosophy, and cultural studies. Lefebvre’s theories focused on the relationship between space and society, particularly how space is produced, represented, and experienced. His work has been widely discussed and debated, with scholars and critics alike finding value in his insights.Lefebvre’s most famous work, “The Production of Space,” published in 1974, laid the foundation for his theoretical framework. In this book, he argues that space is not simply a container for human activities but rather an active agent in shaping social relationships and structures. Lefebvre introduces the concept of “three spaces” to describe the production of space: the perceived space,the lived space, and the representative space.1、According to Lefebvre, what is the primary focus of his theories?A. The development of urban planningB. The relationship between space and societyC. The history of architectural designD. The evolution of cultural practices2、What is the main argument presented in “The Production of Space”?A. Space is a passive entity that reflects social structures.B. Space is a fundamental building block of society.C. Space is an object that can be easily manipulated by humans.D. Space is irrelevant to the functioning of society.3、Lefebvre identifies three distinct spaces. Which of the following is NOT one of these spaces?A. Perceived spaceB. Lived spaceC. Representative spaceD. Economic space4、How does Lefebvre define the concept of “three spaces”?A. They are different types of architectural designs.B. They represent different stages of the production of space.C. They are different ways of perceiving and experiencing space.D. They are different social classes that occupy space.5、What is the significance of Lefebvre’s work in the fields of sociology and philosophy?A. It provides a new perspective on the role of space in social relationships.B. It offers a comprehensive guide to urban planning and development.C. It promotes the idea that space is an unimportant aspect of society.D. It focuses solely on the history of architectural movements.Answers:1、B2、B3、D4、C5、A第四题Reading Comprehension (Traditional)Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the options provided.Passage:In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the concept of “smart cities,” which are urban areas that u se different types of electronic data collection sensors to supply information which is used to manage assets and resources efficiently. This includes data collected from citizens, devices, andassets that is processed and analyzed to monitor and manage traffic and transportation systems, power plants, water supply networks, waste management, law enforcement, information systems, schools, libraries, hospitals, and other community services. The goal of building a smart city is to improve quality of life by using technology to enhance the performance and interactivity of urban services, to reduce costs and resource consumption, and to increase contact between citizens and government. Smart city applications are developed to address urban challenges such as environmental sustainability, mobility, and economic development.Critics argue, however, that while the idea of a smart city is appealing, it raises significant concerns about privacy and security. As more and more aspects of daily life become digitized, the amount of personal data being collected also increases, leading to potential misuse or unauthorized access. Moreover, the reliance on technology for critical infrastructure can create vulnerabilities if not properly secured against cyber-attacks. There is also a risk of widening the digital divide, as those without access to the necessary technologies may be left behind, further exacerbating social inequalities.Despite these concerns, many governments around the world are moving forward with plans to develop smart cities, seeing them as a key component of their future strategies. They believe that the benefits of improved efficiency and service delivery will outweigh the potential risks, provided that adequate safeguards are put in place to protect citizen s’ data and ensure the resilience of thecity’s technological framework.Questions:1、What is the primary purpose of developing a smart city?•A) To collect as much data as possible•B) To improve the quality of life through efficient use of technology •C) To replace all traditional forms of communication•D) To eliminate the need for human interaction in urban services2、According to the passage, what is one of the main concerns raised by critics regarding smart cities?•A) The lack of available technology•B) The high cost of implementing smart city solutions•C) Privacy and security issues related to data collection•D) The inability to provide essential services3、Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an area where smart city technology could be applied?•A) Traffic and transportation systems•B) Waste management•C) Educational institutions•D) Agricultural production4、How do some governments view the development of smart cities despite the criticisms?•A) As a risky endeavor that should be avoided•B) As a temporary trend that will soon pass•C) As a strategic move with long-term benefits•D) As an unnecessary investment in technology5、What does the term “digital divide” refer to in the context of smart cities?•A) The gap between the amount of data collected and the amount of data analyzed•B) The difference in technological advancement between urban and rural areas•C) The disparity in access to technology and its impact on social inequality•D) The separation of digital and non-digital methods of service delivery Answers:1、B) To improve the quality of life through efficient use of technology2、C) Privacy and security issues related to data collection3、D) Agricultural production4、C) As a strategic move with long-term benefits5、C) The disparity in access to technology and its impact on social inequality三、阅读理解新题型（10分）Reading Comprehension (New Type)Passage:The rise of e-commerce has transformed the way people shop and has had aprofound impact on traditional brick-and-mortar retailers. Online shopping offers convenience, a wide range of products, and competitive prices. However, it has also raised concerns about the future of physical stores. This passage examines the challenges and opportunities facing traditional retailers in the age of e-commerce.In recent years, the popularity of e-commerce has soared, thanks to advancements in technology and changing consumer behavior. According to a report by Statista, global e-commerce sales reached nearly$4.2 trillion in 2020. This upward trend is expected to continue, with projections showing that online sales will account for 25% of total retail sales by 2025. As a result, traditional retailers are facing fierce competition and must adapt to the digital landscape.One of the main challenges for brick-and-mortar retailers is the shift in consumer preferences. Many shoppers now prefer the convenience of online shopping, which allows them to compare prices, read reviews, and purchase products from the comfort of their homes. This has led to a decrease in foot traffic in physical stores, causing many retailers to struggle to attract customers. Additionally, the ability to offer a wide range of products at competitive prices has become a hallmark of e-commerce, making it difficult for traditional retailers to compete.Despite these challenges, there are opportunities for traditional retailers to thrive in the age of e-commerce. One approach is to leverage the unique strengths of physical stores, such as the ability to provide an immersiveshopping experience and personalized customer service. Retailers can also use technology to enhance the in-store experience, such as implementing augmented reality (AR) to allow customers to visualize products in their own homes before purchasing.Another strategy is to embrace the digital world and create a seamless shopping experience that integrates online and offline channels. For example, retailers can offer online returns to brick-and-mortar stores, allowing customers to shop online and return items in person. This not only provides convenience but also encourages customers to make additional purchases while they are in the store.Furthermore, traditional retailers can leverage their established brand loyalty and customer base to create a competitive advantage. By focusing on niche markets and offering unique products or services, retailers can differentiate themselves from e-commerce giants. Additionally, retailers can invest in marketing and promotions to drive traffic to their physical stores, even as more consumers turn to online shopping.In conclusion, the rise of e-commerce has presented traditional retailers with significant challenges. However, by embracing the digital landscape, leveraging their unique strengths, and focusing on customer satisfaction, traditional retailers can adapt and thrive in the age of e-commerce.Questions:1.What is the main concern raised about traditional retailers in the age of e-commerce?2.According to the passage, what is one of the main reasons for the decline in foot traffic in physical stores?3.How can traditional retailers leverage technology to enhance the in-store experience?4.What strategy is mentioned in the passage that involves integrating online and offline channels?5.How can traditional retailers create a competitive advantage in the age of e-commerce?Answers:1.The main concern is the fierce competition from e-commerce and the shift in consumer preferences towards online shopping.2.The main reason is the convenience and competitive prices offered by e-commerce, which make it difficult for traditional retailers to compete.3.Traditional retailers can leverage technology by implementing augmented reality (AR) and offering online returns to brick-and-mortar stores.4.The strategy mentioned is to create a seamless shopping experience that integrates online and offline channels, such as offering online returns to brick-and-mortar stores.5.Traditional retailers can create a competitive advantage by focusing on niche markets, offering unique products or services, and investing in marketing and promotions to drive traffic to their physical stores.四、翻译（本大题有5小题，每小题2分，共10分）First QuestionTranslate the following sentence into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.Original Sentence:“Although technology has brought about nume rous conveniences in our daily lives, it is also true that it has led to significant privacy concerns, especially with the rapid development of digital communication tools.”Answer:尽管技术在我们的日常生活中带来了诸多便利，但也不可否认它导致了重大的隐私问题，尤其是在数字通信工具快速发展的情况下。

2025年研究生考试考研英语(一201)复习试题与参考答案一、完型填空（10分）Part A: Cloze TestFor each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the given options. Read the passage carefully before making your choices.The internet has become an integral part of our daily lives, transforming the way we communicate, work, and access information. Its impact on society is immense, and it continues to evolve at a rapid pace. The following passage discusses some of the challenges and opportunities that arise from this digital revolution.1.The internet has revolutionized the way we communicate, making it possible to connect with people all around the world 1_____.a) within secondsb) through traditional mailc) with the help of telephonesd) by using ancient means2.Social media platforms have 2_____ the number of online interactions and have become a powerful tool for social networking.a) diminishedb) increasedc) remained stabled) decreased3.One of the primary challenges of the digital age is the 3_____ of information overload.a) abundanceb) scarcityc) diversityd) precisionpanies are using big data analytics to 4_____ customer preferences and improve their services.a) predictb) ignorec) eliminated) overlook5.The rise of e-commerce has 5_____ the way we shop, offering convenience and a wider variety of products.a) transformedb) complicatedc) simplifiedd) eliminated6.While the internet has brought numerous benefits, it has also given riseto issues such as 6_____.a) improved educationb) increased job opportunitiesc) cybersecurity threatsd) better healthcare7.Online learning platforms have made education more accessible, allowing students to 7_____ courses from the comfort of their homes.a) submitb) participate inc) purchased) donate8.The rapid development of artificial intelligence has sparked 8_____ about the future of work and the potential displacement of jobs.a) excitementb) optimismc) concernd) indifference9.Internet privacy is a growing concern, with many users feeling that their personal data is not 9_____.a) secureb) accessiblec) sharedernments around the world are working to 10_____ internet regulations to ensure a safe and secure online environment.a) establishb) dismantlec) modifyd) ignore11.The internet has 11_____ the way we consume news, with many people relying on social media for updates.a) enrichedb) diminishedc) diversifiedd) consolidated12.One of the biggest advantages of the internet is its 12_____ in terms of information sharing and collaboration.a) limitationsb) benefitsc) challengesd) costs13.Online communication can sometimes lead to misunderstandings due to a lack of 13_____.a) clarityc) privacyd) access14.Cybersecurity experts are constantly working to 14_____ new threats and vulnerabilities.a) addressb) createc) ignored) eliminate15.The internet has 15_____ the global economy, facilitating international trade and business operations.a) boostedb) weakenedc) stabilizedd) diversified16.One of the challenges of the digital age is the 16_____ of digital literacy skills.a) shortageb) abundancec) diversityd) uniformity17.The internet has 17_____ the boundaries of traditional education,allowing for more personalized learning experiences.a) expandedb) narrowedc) maintainedd) eliminated18.While the internet offers numerous benefits, it also presents 18_____ in terms of mental health and well-being.a) opportunitiesb) challengesc) distractionsd) advancements19.Many people argue that the internet has 19_____ our attention spans, making us more prone to multitasking and shorter attention spans.a) extendedb) decreasedc) maintainedd) diversified20.Despite its challenges, the internet remains a powerful tool that has the potential to 20_____ our lives in countless ways.a) enrichb) degradec) isolated) confineAnswers:1.a) within seconds2.b) increased3.a) abundance4.a) predict5.a) transformed二、传统阅读理解（本部分有4大题，每大题10分，共40分）First QuestionPassage:“The Evolution of the English Language”The history of the English language is typically divided into three periods: Old English (approximately 450 to 1100 AD), Middle English (1100 to 1500), and Modern English (from 1500 to the present day). The language spoken during the Old English period was very different from the English we use today; it was heavily influenced by Germanic languages due to the Anglo-Saxon invasions. After the Norman Conquest in 1066, French became the language of the royal court and the ruling classes, which led to a significant number of French words being incorporated into the English vocabulary.During the Middle English period, the language began to take on a more familiar form as the influence of Latin and French from the Church and the Normansblended with the existing Germanic base. This period also saw the Great Vowel Shift, a major change in pronunciation that started around the 15th century and continued through the 17th century, transforming the sound system of the English language.Modern English emerged as a result of various linguistic changes and innovations, including the invention of the printing press, which standardized spelling, and the Renaissance, which introduced many Greek and Latin terms into the language. Today, English continues to evolve, absorbing new words from cultures all over the world, reflecting the globalized nature of our society.1、What were the main influences on Old English?A) Latin and FrenchB) French and ItalianC) Germanic languages and LatinD) Germanic languages and French2、When did the English language begin to shift significantly towards its modern form?A) After the Norman ConquestB) Around the 15th centuryC) During the RenaissanceD) In the 18th century3、Which event is credited with standardizing English spelling?A) The Norman ConquestB) The Great Vowel ShiftC) The invention of the printing pressD) The Renaissance4、What does the passage suggest about the current state of the English language?A) It is no longer evolving.B) It has stopped borrowing words from other languages.C) It remains static and unchanged since the Middle English period.D) It is continuing to evolve and incorporate new words from various cultures.5、Which of the following best describes the impact of the Great Vowel Shift?A) It introduced French vocabulary into English.B) It led to changes in the pronunciation of English vowels.C) It standardized the spelling of English words.D) It marked the beginning of the Old English period.Answers:1、D2、B3、C4、D5、B第二题Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.The advent of the internet has revolutionized the way we access information and communicate with others. From the early days of dial-up modems to the lightning-fast speeds of today’s 5G n etworks, the internet has grown exponentially. This rapid expansion has not only brought about convenience but also raised concerns about privacy and security.1.The passage discusses the impact of the internet on:a)Educationb)Communicationc)Entertainmentd)Transportation2.The phrase “revolutions the way we access information” suggests that the internet has:a)Made information less accessibleb)Had no impact on information accessc)Made information more accessibled)Brought about confusion in information access3.The term “exponentially” implies that the growth of the internet has been:a)Slow and steadyb)Unpredictablec)Very fast and intensed)Gradual and consistent4.The passage mentions that the internet has brought about both convenience and concerns. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a concern?a)Privacy issuesb)Security breachesc)Increased traffic congestiond)Loss of face-to-face interactions5.The author’s tone towards the internet can be described as:a)Highly criticalb)Indifferentc)Positive and optimisticd)Negative and skepticalAnswers:1.b) Communication2.c) Made information more accessible3.c) Very fast and intense4.c) Increased traffic congestion5.c) Positive and optimisticThird QuestionPassage:In today’s fast-paced world, technology has become an indispensable part of our lives. It shapes how we communicate, learn, and even entertain ourselves. One area where technology has made significant strides is in education. The advent of e-learning platforms has revolutionized traditional classroom settings, making education more accessible and flexible than ever before.However, the integration of technology into education is not without its challenges. Critics argue that excessive reliance on technology could lead toa decrease in face-to-face interaction among students, potentially weakening their social skills. Moreover, there is concern about the digital divide, which refers to the gap between those who have ready access to digital technology and those who do not. This disparity can exacerbate existing educational inequalities if not properly addressed.Despite these concerns, proponents of educational technology believe that the benefits far outweigh the drawbacks. With the right policies in place to ensure equitable access and usage, technology can serve as a powerful tool to enhance learning experiences and outcomes.Questions:1、What is one major benefit of integrating technology into education according to the passage?Answer: The major benefit mentioned is that technology makes education more accessible and flexible through e-learning platforms.2、What potential drawback of technological integration into education is mentioned?Answer: A potential drawback is the decrease in face-to-face interactions among students, which might weaken their social skills.3、How does the passage define the term “digital divide”?Answer: The “digital divide” is defined as the gap between those who have ready access to digital technology and those who do not.4、What concern is raised regarding the digital divide in the context ofeducation?Answer: The concern is that the digital divide could exacerbate existing educational inequalities.5、According to the passage, what condition must be met to harness the full benefits of educational technology?Answer: The condition stated is that there need to be right policies in place to ensure equitable access and usage of technology.第四题Reading Passage:In the era of digital technology, the importance of traditional reading skills has often been overlooked. However, reading traditional books offers numerous benefits that cannot be replicated by digital devices. This passage discusses the advantages of reading traditional books over digital ones.The benefits of reading traditional books are multifaceted. Firstly, it enhances cognitive development. The physical act of turning pages and holding a book requires more engagement from the reader, which leads to better concentration and comprehension. Secondly, reading traditional books promotes relaxation and reduces stress. The tactile experience of holding a book and the soothing sound of pages turning create a calming atmosphere that is conducive to relaxation. Thirdly, traditional books offer a unique sense of ownership and connection. Collecting books and having them on a shelf creates a personal library that is a reflection of one’s personality and interests. Lastly,traditional books have a longer lifespan than digital devices, making them a more sustainable choice.Despite the numerous benefits of reading traditional books, the rise of digital technology has led to a decline in book reading. Many people now prefer to read on e-readers or smartphones, which are more convenient and portable. However, this convenience comes at a cost. E-readers and smartphones can be addictive, leading to shorter attention spans and reduced concentration. Additionally, the screen glare and blue light emitted by digital devices can be harmful to one’s eyes and overall health.The importance of traditional reading skills cannot be overstated. Reading traditional books offers numerous benefits that contribute to cognitive development, relaxation, personal connection, and sustainability. While digital technology has its advantages, it is crucial to maintain the habit of reading traditional books to reap these benefits.Questions:1、What is the main advantage of reading traditional books mentioned in the passage?A. They are more portable.B. They enhance cognitive development.C. They are more convenient.D. They are more sustainable.2、According to the passage, how does reading traditional books contributeto relaxation?A. It provides a soothing sound of pages turning.B. It enhances cognitive development.C. It promotes social interaction.D. It helps in reducing stress.3、What is one of the unique benefits of traditional books mentioned in the passage?A. They have a longer lifespan than digital devices.B. They can be easily shared with others.C. They are more durable than digital devices.D. They offer a personal sense of connection.4、Why does the passage mention the decline in book reading?A. Because digital technology is more convenient.B. Because traditional books are more expensive.C. Because people prefer to read on e-readers.D. Because traditional books are less accessible.5、What is the author’s main argument in the passage?A. Traditional books are better than digital devices.B. Digital technology is more beneficial for reading.C. Traditional reading skills are important to maintain.D. Digital devices are more sustainable than traditional books.Answers:1、B2、A3、D4、A5、C三、阅读理解新题型（10分）Section III Reading Comprehension (New Type)Part ADirections: There is a passage in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C), and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage:The rise of the Internet and the spread of social media have dramatically changed the way we communicate and interact with each other. One of the most significant impacts of these technologies is the transformation of traditional media, which has led to the emergence of new forms of media and communication. This shift has not only altered the way we consume information but also the way we create and share it.The traditional media landscape, dominated by newspapers, television, and radio, has been rapidly reshaped by the digital age. These platforms have adaptedto the digital environment, offering users more personalized and interactive experiences. However, the rise of digital media has also brought challenges, such as the spread of misinformation and the decline in the quality of content.One of the most notable developments in digital media is the rise of influencers. Influencers are individuals who have established a significant online presence and have gained a loyal following. They often use their platforms to promote products, services, or ideas, and their influence can be significant. The power of influencers lies in their ability to reach a large audience quickly and effectively.Despite the benefits, the influence of digital media and influencers raises important ethical and social questions. The spread of fake news, for instance, is a direct consequence of the rapid dissemination of information online. Moreover, the influence of influencers can sometimes lead to harmful behaviors, such as the promotion of unrealistic body image or the encouragement of materialism.The impact of digital media on society is multifaceted. It has democratized information, allowing individuals to access and share knowledge more easily than ever before. However, it has also created new forms of inequality, such as the digital divide, where individuals without access to the internet are left behind.Questions:1.What is the main topic of the passage?A) The rise of digital mediaB) The decline of traditional mediaC) The rise of influencersD) The impact of digital media on society2.According to the passage, what is one of the challenges brought by the rise of digital media?A) The increase in the quality of contentB) The spread of misinformationC) The decrease in the number of traditional media platformsD) The increase in the number of influencers3.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an ethical or social question raised by the influence of digital media?A) The spread of fake newsB) The promotion of unrealistic body imageC) The increase in the number of newspapersD) The encouragement of materialism4.What is the author’s attitude towards the democratization of information by digital media?A) SkepticalB) NeutralC) SupportiveD) Critical5.The passage suggests that the digital divide can result in:A) More people having access to informationB) Less people having access to informationC) No change in the access to informationD) A more equal distribution of informationAnswers:1.D) The impact of digital media on society2.B) The spread of misinformation3.C) The increase in the number of newspapers4.C) Supportive5.B) Less people having access to information四、翻译（本大题有5小题，每小题2分，共10分）第一题Translate the following Chinese paragraph into English.中文段落：“近年来，随着科技的飞速发展，人们的生活方式发生了翻天覆地的变化。

●(1)The web magazine From the Window contains poetry and literature from well-know writers across the global. There are thoughtful articles analyzing the state of the world we live in. There is even a piece from the Secretary General of the United States, Kofi Annan. It may come as some surprise to find out that the editor of the magazine is a 12-year-old girl, Joy Nightingale.From the window won Joy Nightingale the first prize in the 1999 childnet international and Cable and Wireless awards. These are given annually for the best use of the Internet by and for young people. And they highlight one of the most welcoming aspects of the virtual world. Children have taken to the Internet as though they are born surfing.Perhaps this is because adults have had to change their understanding of technology while children simply accept it as natural. Whatever the reason, children can be found building websites an E-mailing friends across the world while adults are still asking:” Tell me again-where exactly is cyberspace？”Of course there is growing concern about the fact that Children can travel far away from parental supervision in cyberspace. In response, many parents have installed software packages which pervert access to violent or pornographic websites. Childnet is taking a more positive line. The website is a gateway to a world of education and entertainment.The rapid growth in Internet culture has led analysts to speculate that society will soon be divided between the “information rich” and “information poor”. For Childnet it is especially important that children at the margins of society through poverty or disability have the chance to take their place as equal citizens in the virtual world.●(2)When you can e-mail your colleagues from the comfort of your garden, there is no need to suffer an uncomfortable journey just to speak to them. If you need an important document, it can be faxed via satellite to your mobile phone, and viewed on laptop computer. You can receive the document almost immediately, even from another continent. Since the price of technology gets lower every day, ownership of the means of production becomes a reality.Having bought the computer, mobile phone,fax machine, Internet connection and printerthat are their only material tools,telecommuters become true electricpeasants.Living and working in the sameenvironment like traditional peasant farmers,they do not till the soil with their hands butgrow services from fertile resources of theirminds.With no fancy office on the twenty-fifthfloor, however, the micro-entrepreneur canhave trouble proving his or her credentials.Rightly or wrongly, people respond to statussymbols like big offices in smart building.” Ifthe company can afford all this,” people think,“it must be doing pretty well.” But faced withone person doing business from a room athome, clients are tempted to think that theircontact is not such a big-shot after all. But isit necessarily true that a central location anda large office make a better worker?In fact, studies show that homeworkersare actually more disciplined aboutcompleting tasks and indeed work longerhours than their colleagues in the office. Likethe traditional peasant who owned his land,they feel that they own their work.Furthe rmore they aren’t tied to schedulebut work when it suits them. If that meanstaking an hour or two to play with thechildren and then staying up until midnight tofinish a presentation, the net result is ahappier worker who has completed the task.●(3)，when 1998 began, east africashould have been at its most beautiful:normally the short rainy season ends indecember, the rivers subside（褪去）, and thecountry sparkles; farmers raise crops,animals graze, tourists（旅行者）go onsafaris. But this year was different. The rainswere heavy and long. The water spread outfor miles in places in kenya and somalia,cutting off villages and forcing herders tocrowd with their livestock（畜生）onto a fewpatches of dry land. Things quickly turnedugly, camels ,cows, sheep, and goat allstarted dying of violent(强烈) fevers. Somepeople, too, began to get sick. Some wenttemporarily(暂时的) blind; others beganbleeding uncontrollably.The disease was rift valley fever, causedby an obscure mosquitoborns virus. It popsup every few years in africa when standingwater encourages mosquito eggs to hatch –this year`s huge floods brought a spectacularoutbreak（壮观的爆发）. According to officialestimates, at least 89000 people caught thedisease. Two hundred died, but then thedisease is not ususlly fatal（致命）to humans.Animal losses, however, were almostcertainly vast- owners reported losing up to90 percent of their herds.Yet catastrophic（灾难）as the eastafrican floods were, they had to jostle争夺for the world`s attention with other cases ofstrange weather – with unusual occurrencesof droughts, fires, rains, cold snaps, and heatwaves. Every year brings its own grab bag ofsuch anomalies（异常）, but this year manyof them could be link to a phenomenon in theempty expanses of the equatorial pacific – achange in the ocean currents and winds thatbegan in the early months of 1997 and thataltered weather patterns around the world.The change in the weather was, of course,the work of ei nino.By the end of 1997,ei nino had alreadybecome a celebrity of sorts. In 1998,however, ei nino`s on the world came intofull flower. It helped make the year thehottest ever recorded. In addition to（出什么之外）rifu balley fever, ei nino has beenlinked to an upsurge in diseases ranging fromcholera to malaria to denguefever ,in kenya,canmbodia, peru, and other countriesscattered around the globe.●(4)We may roughly classify thespeakers of English into two groups: one inwhich the speakers use English as theirnative language, the other in which thespeakers learn English as a second languagefor the purpose of education, commerce, andso on. In the former group we, obviously,would include England, Canada, the UnitedStates, Australia, and New Zealand. Naturally,not all people in these countries speakEnglish natively, but a large majority do. Inthe latter group, we would include, amongothers, India, Denmark, Kenya, Burma,Turkey, Ethiopia, and the Philippines. Not allthese countries use English for the samepurpose. Each of them uses English for important social and commercial activities.English also serves as an international second language. It is one of the important languages of commerce. Its use in international diplomacy is strengthened by its acceptance as one of the official languages of the United Nations. English is also the language of the majority of technical materials in the world; therefore, many people heavily rely on English to communicate with people of similar training and interests.Learning a second language extends one’s vision and expands the mind. Looking at the world or oneself through a different language system shows the limits of one’s own perception and adds new dimensions to familiar objects or events. A second language teaches us different ways of labeling and organizing our experiences. The history and literature of a second language record the real and fictional lives of a people and their culture; knowledge of them adds to our ability to understand and to feel as they feel. Learning English as a second language provides another means of communication through which the window of the entire English speech community becomes a part of your heritage.●(5)It is an astonishing fact that there are laws of nature, rules that summarize conveniently-not just qualitatively but quantitatively-how the world works. We might imagine a universe in which there are no such laws, in which the 1080 elementary particles that make up a universe like our own behave with utter and uncompromising abandon. To understand such a universe we would need a brain at least as massive as the universe. It seems unlikely that such a universe could have life and intelligence, because beings and brains require some degree of internal stability and order. But even if in a much more random universe there were such beings with an intelligence much greater than our own, there could not be much knowledge, passion or joy.Fortunately for us, we live in a universe that has at least important parts that are knowable. Our common-sense experience and our evolutionary history have prepared us to understand something of the workaday world.When we go into other realms, however,common sense and ordinary intuition turn outto be highly unreliable guides. It is stunningthat as we go close to the speed of light ourmass increases indefinitely, we shrink towardzero thickness in the direction of motion, andtime for us comes as near to stopping as wewould like. Many people think that this is silly,and every week or two I get a letter fromsomeone who complains to me about it. But itis virtually certain consequence not just ofexperiment but also of Albert Einstein’s brilliantanalysis of space and time called Theory ofRelativity. It does not matter that these effectsseem unreasonable to us. We are not in thehabit of traveling close to the speed of light.The testimony of our common sense is suspectat high velocities.The idea that the world placesrestrictions on what humans might do isfrustrating. Why shouldn’t we be able to haveintermediate rotational positions? Why can’twe travel faster than the speed of light? Butso far as we can tell, this is the way theuniverse is constructed. Such prohibitions notonly press us toward a little humility; theyalso make the world more knowable.●(6)Philip's father was reading, and hismother, with the marvellous serenity of olderpeople, was clearing the table. She hadfinished week's work, had bathed, and herlong, black hair, washed and combed, hungin a neat shining knot. Philip too was reading,but pages remained unturned. Philipsupposed it often happened that children hadno intimate knowledge of their parents. Hiswas also distant. That was because he didnot understand them; they were strange tohim and often even unreal. What had theybeen when they were my age, he wondered.Was it possible that they had been once boyand girl? What had their courtship beenwhen they were young? What could happenwhen the time came for them to die? It wasdifficulty to imagine that they had beenyoung once, or indeed that they had evenbeen other than as he saw them now.Yet there was an old picture of hismother, taken over thirty years ago. OftenPhilip gazed at his mother as she was yearsago, deeply impressed and wondering at theyoung, fine face with sad innocent eyes. Hecould never picture his mother as a girl, andhere she was, soft, feminine, and really lovely.At those times, too, Philip thought of earlierdays when he himself had been younger andwatched his mother in her bedroom brushher hair or powder her face. Once heexamined her box of face powder. The coverwas printed in soft grey-blue colours, and thedesign was of blossoms and leaves delicatelyintermingled, and the French words held amysterious charm. Pussy-willow, the box said.Fascinated, he used to say to himself,pussy-willow, pussy-willow, hardly knowingwhat exactly those silky syllables meant.Later, as often in such cases, walking or at atheatre, thinking of other matters, thechance scent of powder would bing back thememory of his mother in those days.While Philip might have had difficulty invisualizing his parents' younger days, theyhad had them, of course, and it was thisrealization, as he contemplated them over hisbook on that Friday evening, that saddenedhim. For their youth was gone, they were oldnow, and when something was gone it madeno difference whether you had ever had it ornot. It was truly as thougt it had never been.A memory was unsatisfying solace. Hismother, in speaking of herself, would oftensay with wry humour, "Downhill. We're goingdownhill now." They had been young, theywould soon come to die, and it would all befinished, a drop of water losing its identity inthe sea.●(7)I have always disliked being a man.The whole idea of manhood in america ispitiful, a little like having to wear an ill-fittingcoat for one`s entire life. Even theexpression be a man .strikes me as insulting无礼的and abusive粗鲁的. It means: bestupid愚蠢的, be unfeeling, obedient andsoldierly, and stop thinking. Man meansmanly –how can one think about menwithout considering the terrible ambition抱负of manliness男子汉? And yet it is part ofevery man`s life. It is a hideous丑恶的andcrippling lie; it not only insists on坚持difference and connives纵容at superiority, itis also by its very nature destructive-emotionally damaging and socially harmful.The youth who is subverted, as most are,into believing in the masculine男性的ideal is effectively separated from women – it is the most savage tribal logic – and he spends the rest of his life finding women a riddle and a nuisance. Of course, there is a female version 版本of this male affliction. It begins with mothers encouraging little girls to say (to other adults), “do you like my new dress?” In a sense从某种意义上讲, girls are traditionally urged to鼓励please adults with a kind of coquettishness, while boys are enjoined to behave like monkeys toward each other. The 9-year-old coquette proceeds to进行become womanish in a subtle power game in which she learns to be sexually indispensable, socially decorative and always alert to a man`s sense of inadequacy.Femininity-being ladylike- implies needing a man as witness and seducer; but masculinity celebrates the esclusive company of men. That is why it is so grotesque奇怪; and that is also why there is no manliness without inadequacy – becarse it denies 否决men the natural friendship of women.It is very hard to imagine any concept of manliness that dose not belittle women, and it begins very early. At an age when I wanted to meet girls –let`s say the treacherous years of 13 to 16 – I was told to take up a sport, get more fresh air, join the boy scouts, and I was urged not to read so much.(8)Late next century, when scholars are scripting the definitive history of the PC, these last few years of high-octane growth may actually be depicted as the Dark Ages. Historians will marvel at how we toiled in front of monolithic, beige BUBs (big ugly boxes), suffering under the oppressive glare of cathode-ray tubes while our legs scraped against the 30-pound towers beneath our desks.They may also mark 1999 as the start of the PC renaissance, when manufacturers finally started to get it: design matters. This holiday season, computer shoppers will enjoy unprecedented variety in shapes, sizes and colors-and not just in Apple’s groundbreaking line of translucent iMacs and iBooks. Nearly every major PC maker now has innovative desktop designs on the way to market, from hourglass-sculpted towers to flat-panel displays with all the processing innards packed into the base. Among industrial designers, who still think the PC has a long way before you’ll want to display it on your mantle, the only question is, what took so long?”the PC industry has ridiculed design for a long time,”says Hartmut Esslinger, founder of Frog Design. “They have not respected their customers and have underestimated their desires.”PC makers are finally catching on-and it’s partly out of desperation. Manufacturers used to sell computers by trumpeting their techno bells and whistles, like processor speed and memory. But since ever-faster chips have given us more power on the desktop than we could ever possible use, computer makers have been competing on price-astrategy that has dropped most units below $1,000 and slashed profits. Last week IBM limped from the battlefield, announcing it would pull its lagging Aptiva line from store shelves and sell it only on the Web. Competing only on proce”made an industry shakeout inevitable”,says Nick Donatiello, president of the marketing research firm Odyssey.。