毕业设计英文

Compensation of Control System1．Multiple Constrains in DesignThe performance of a feedback control system is of primary importance.We have found that a suitable control system should have some of the following properties.1)It should be stable and present acceptable response to inputcommand,i.e,the controlled variable should follow the changes in the input at a suitable speed without unduly large oscillations or overshoots.2)It should operate with as little error as possible.3)It should be able to mitigate the effect of undesirabledisturbances.A feedback control system that provided an optimum perfprmance without any necessary adjustments is rare ually it is necessary to compromise among the many conflicting and demanding specifications and to adjust the system parameters to provide a suitable and acceptable performance when it is not possible to obtain all the desired optimum specifications.The preceding chapters have showen that it is often possible to adjust the system parameters in order to provide the desired system response.When the achievement of a simple performance requirement may be met by selecting a particular value of K, the process is called gain compensation.However,we often find that it is not sufficient to adjust a system parameter and thus obtain the desired performance.Rather we are required to reconsider the structure of the system and redesign the system in order to obtain a suitable one.That is ,we must examine scheme of the system and obtain a new design that results in a suitable system.Thus the design of a control system is concerned with the arrangement of the systemstructure and the selection of suitable components and parameters.When we are not able to relax several perfprmance requirements,we must alter the system in some way.The alteration or adjustment of a control system in oreder to provider a suitable performance is called compensation.In redesigning a control system to alter the system response,an additional component or device is inserted within the structure of the feedback system to compensate for the performance deficiency.The compensating device may be electric,mechanical,hydraulic,pneumatic,or some other type of devices or networks and is often called a monly an electric network serves as a compensator in many control systems.Quite often,in practice,the best and simplest way to improve the performance of a control system is to alter,if possible,the plant itself.That is,if the system designer is able to specify and alter the design of the plant,then the performance of the system may be readily improved.For example,to improve the transient behavior of a servomechanism position controller,we often can choose a better motor for the system.Thus a control system designer should recognize that an alteration of the plant maybe result in an improved system.However,often the plant is unalterable or has been altered as much as possible and still result in unsatisfactory performance.Then the addition of compensator becomes useful for improving the performance of the system.2．Types of CompensationThe compensator is placed in a suitable location within the system,and can be done in several ways .An additional component may be interested in the forward path.This is called the cascade or serial compensation.The transfer function of the compensator is designated as Gc(s),whereas that of the original plant(or process)is denoted by Gp(s).Alternatively,the compensator may be placed in the feedbackpath .This is called the feedback compensation. A combination of these two schemes.The selection of the compensation scheme depends upon a consideration of the specifications, the power levels at various signal nodes in the system,and the compensators available for us.3.Cascade CompensationAlthough many different types of compensators can be used,the simplest among them are cascade phase-lead,phase-lag,and phase-lag-lead networks.Each of these can be realized by using an operational amplifier network.The Bode diagram is used to determine a suitable cascade compensator in preference to other frequence plots.The frequence response of the cascade compensator is added to the frequency response of the uncompensated system.It is assumed, in below discussion, that the compensator Gc(s),is used with an uncompensated system so that the overall open-loop gain can be set to satisfy the steady-state error requirement,then Gc(s) is used to adjust the system dynamics favorably without affecting the steady-stste error.For convenience,the open-loop transfer function of the uncompensated system,Gp(s)H(s),is denoted by Go(s).At first,consider a system described by the open-loop transfer functionGo(s)=k/s(0.2s+1)Suppose we wish the closed-loop system to meet the following performance requirements:a)The steady-state error for a unit ramp is to be no more than 0.00316.b)The phase margin is to be no less than 45.For the first requirement,the static velocity error constant can be cocalculated from equationεss=1/Kv=1/K≦0.00316and thus the required open-loop gain is K=Kv=3.16It may also be seen that the phase margin will be about 45.at w=5 rad/s;therefore,to meet the second requirement,the magnitude must be zero at this frequency.Obviously,it is not possible to satisfy both system performance requirements with a singular value of gain.The system needs to be modified in some way,i.e,the shape of the Bode diagram has to be altered in some way to allow it to achieve both perfprmance requirements. The system perfprmance requirements stated in the example are typical of those found in many design cases;a steady-state error determines one value of gain while a desired transient response determines anthor.Note how each requirement relates to a different region of frequency acxis in the Bode diagram.(1)The steady-state error relates to the slope and magnitude at lowfrequency.(2)The phase margin relates to the gain crossover frequency,which usuallyoccurs at higher frequency.4．Approaches to System DesignThe performance of a control system can be specified by requirement of certain maximum overshoot and setting time for a step input. Furthermore it is usually necessary to specify the maximum allowable steady-state error for several test signal inputs and disturbances .These performance specifications are related to the location of the poles and zeros of the closed-loop transfer function.Thus the location of the closed-loop poles and zeros can be specified.As we found in chapter4,the locus of the roots of the closed-loop system can be readily obtained for the variation of one system parameter.However,when the locus of roots does not result in a suitable root configuration,we must add a compensator to alter the locus of the roots as parameter is varied.Therefore we can use the root locus method and determine a suitsble compensator transfer function so that the resultant root ;ocus yields the desired closed-looproot configuration.Alternatively,the performance of a control system can be specified in terms of the relative resonant peak,resonant frequency,and bandwidth of the closed-loop frequency response,or in terms of the phase margin, gain margin and gain crossover frequency of the open-loop frequency response.We can add a suitable compensator,if necessary,in order to satisfy the system perfprmancr.The design of the compensator is developed in terms of the frequency response as portrayed on the polar plot,the Bode diagram,or the Nichols chart.Because a cascade transfer function is readily accounted for on a Bode diagram by adding the frequency response of the compensator,we usually prefer to approach the frequency response method by utilizing the Bode diagram.5．Phase-Lead Compensation1. Phase-Lead CompensationThe phase-lead compensator is a form of high-pass filter,through which the signals at high frequencies are amplified relatively than that at low frequencies.It introduces a gain at high frequencies,which in general is destabilizing.However,its positive phase angle is stablilzing .Hence,we must carefully choose two break frequencies so that the stabilizing effect of the positive phase angle is dominant.ments on the Applicability and ResultsPhase-lead compensation has some distinct advantages over other forms of compensation,wherease it may also be difficult to use .Some observations from the example just analyzed allow a few generalizations to be made regarding phase lead compensation.1)The phase-lead compensation method provides an additional phaselead to limit the system’s overshoot to a required value.2)The open-loop(and usually the closed-loop)bandwidths isincreased.This is usually beneficial since the inclusion ofhigher frequencies in the response results in a faster response.Itmay cause problem,however,if noise exists at the higherfrequencies.3)Problem may occur when the uncompensated phase plot has a steeoslope in the vicinity of φm.This occurs because,as the new gaincrossover point moves to the right ,larger and larger phase leadis required from the compensator,demanding very large value ofα.This is difficult to achieve when the compensator is realizedwith physical components.For this reason ,value of α>15 shouldbe avoided,and methods to compensate the system using othertechniques,such as phaselag,should be investigated.6．Phase-Lag Compensation1.Phase-Lag Compensation ProcessIn phase-lag compensation,the magnitude part of the uncompensated Bode diagram is attenuated in order to reduce the gain crossover frequency,thereby allowing the uncompensated phase plot to produce the necessary phase margin.The phase-lag compensator is used to provide an attenuation and therefore to lower the crossover frequency of the system.Furthermore,at lower crossover frequency,we usually find that the phase margin of the system is increased,and the specifications can be satisfied.Of cause,the influence of the phase lag caused by the compensator should be taken into ually,the lag phase is about 5~12 if the break frequency corresponding to the zero of the compensator is wz=(0.1~0.2)wc.ments on the Applicability and Results1)The phase-lag method provides the necessary damping ratio in orderto limit the overshoot to the required value.2)The compensation process is somewhat simpler than the phase-leadcompensation in that the selection of the break frequencies is not too critical.3)As can be seen from the compensated system,the phase-lag techniquereduces the open and hence the closed-loop bandwith,which results ina slower response.4)Unlike phase-lead compensation,theoretically,phase lag compensationmay change the phase margin by more than 90.7．Phase Lag-Lead CompensationIn the compensator design it is usual to assume that the two break frequencies of the lag portion are lower than the two break frequencies of the lead portion.Further features of the Bode diagram include the following.1)The magnitude at lower frequencies is 0 db while the magnitude athigher frequencies is 20lg(αβ)ually,the compensator provides attenuation only and no gain.2)The phase angle first lags and then leads ,but the high-andlow-frequency phases are both zeros.3)The maximum phase-lag and the maximum phase-lead occur between theirrespective break frequencies.The phase lag-lead compensator utilizes the best feature of the individual lag and lead portions,usually without their disadvantages.For example,the lag-lead compensation allows the introduction of phase lead to stabilize a system,while providing attenuation at higher frequencies to filter out noise.8．Feedback CompensationIn order to improve the system performances,besides the cascade compensation,the feedback compensation is often used as another scheme.By using local feedback compensation,almost same effect,as that of cascade compensation,can be obtained.Morever ,additional specific functions forimproving system perfprmance are obtained.。

英文The road (highway)The road is one kind of linear construction used for travel。

It is made of the roadbed，the road surface, the bridge, the culvert and the tunnel. In addition, it also has the crossing of lines, the protective project and the traffic engineering and the route facility。

The roadbed is the base of road surface, road shoulder，side slope, side ditch foundations. It is stone material structure, which is designed according to route's plane position .The roadbed, as the base of travel, must guarantee that it has the enough intensity and the stability that can prevent the water and other natural disaster from corroding.The road surface is the surface of road. It is single or complex structure built with mixture。

The road surface require being smooth，having enough intensity，good stability and anti—slippery function. The quality of road surface directly affects the safe, comfort and the traffic。

翻译部分英文原文SELF-ADVANCING HYDRAULIC POWERED SUPPORTSModern longwall mining employs hydraulic powered supports at the face area . The support not only holds up the roof , pushes the face chain conveyor , and advances itself , but also provides a safe environment for all associated mining activities . Therefore its successful selection and application are the prerequisite for successful longwall mining . Furthermore , due to the large number of units required , the capital invested for the powered support usually accounts for more than half of the initial capital for a longwall face . Therefore both from technical and economic points of view , the powered support is a very important piece of equipment in a longwall face .The application of modern powered supports can be traced back to the early 1950’s . Since then , following its adoption in every part of the world , there have been countless models designed and manufactured in various countries . But unfortunately , there still is no uniform system of classification .A simplified classification is used in this section . since a powered support consists of four major components(i. e. , canopy , caving shield , hydraulic legs or props , and base plate ) , the ways by which they are interrelated are used for classification . In this respect , two factors are most important : (1) presence or absence of a caving shield - if a caving shield is included , the support is a “ shield ”type , otherwise , a frame or a chock ; (2) number and type of arranging the hydraulic legs - since support capacity is generally proportional to the number of hydraulic legs , it is important to specify the number of hydraulic legs that a support has . Furthermore , the way the hydraulic legs are installed is important ; for example , a vertical installation between the base and the canopy has the highest efficiency of application whereas an inclined installation between the base and the caving shield has the least efficiency in supporting the roof .Based on this concept , there are four types of powered support , that is , the frame , chock , shield , and chock shield , in order of evolution of their development . However , it must be noted that the trend of development in each type is such that it becomes less distinguishable in terms of application .The four types of roof supports can be obtained for either longwall retreating or advancing systems , and they are available in standard , one-web-back , and immediate forward support ( IFS ) versions .With the standard system , the winning machine takes a cut or a slice , and the armored face conveyor is pushed over by the hydraulic rams that are fixed to the support units . The support units then are advanced sequentially to the conveyor . With the one-web-back system , a support is set back from the conveyor by a device that automatically keeps the leading edge of the support at a fixed distance from the conveyor .This allows easy access through the face and employs the standard method of advancing ; i. e. , pushing the conveyor first , and then advancing the support .With the IFS system , the support unit is advanced to the conveyor immediately after the cutting machine has passed , and the forward canopy of the support unit is long enough to support both the recently and newly exposed roof sections . After the supports have been advanced , the conveyor is pushed over .FRAMEThe frame support is an extension of the single hydraulic props conventionally used underground . Thus it is the first type developed in modern self-advancing hydraulic powered supports .It involves setting up two hydraulic props or legs vertically in tandem that are connected at the top by a single or two segmented canopies .The two segmented canopies can be hinge-jointed at any point between the legs or in front of the front leg .The base of the two hydraulic legs may be a circular steel shoe welded at bottom of each leg or a solid base connecting both legs (Fig .8.8) .Generally , a frame support consists of two or three sets of hydraulic legs . The set moving first is the secondary set , the set moving later is the primary set .There is a double-acting ram installed between each set . The piston of the ram is connected to the secondary set and the cylinder to the primary set . During support advance ( Fig. 8.9) , the primary set is set against the roof while the secondary set is lowered and pushed forward by the piston . Having reached the new position , the secondary set is set against the roof while the primary set is lowered and pulled forward by the cylinder . The distance of each advance ranges from 20 to 36 in. (0.50~0.91m) .Fig . 8.8 Frame supporta-primary set b-secondary setA B CFig . 8.9 Method of advancing the frame supportThe frame support is very simple , but more flexible or less stable structurally . There are considerable uncovered spaces between the two pieces of canopy which allows broken roof rock to fall through . Consequently , the frame support is not suitable for a weak roof . Frames have become seldom used because they are less stable and require frequent maintenance .CHOCKIn a chock support , the canopy is a solid piece and the base may be either a solid piece or two separate parts connected by steel bars at the rear and / or the front ends . In both cases a large open space is left at the center for locating the double-acting hydraulic ram which is used to push and pull the chain conveyor and the chock in a whole unit ,respectively , a distinctive difference from the frame support . This setupdesigned for thin seams with two legs in the front and four legs in the rear , separated by awalkwa is also used in the shields and chock shields .Again , all hydraulic legs are installed vertically between the base and the canopy (Fig. 8. 10) . The number of legs ranges from three to six , but the four-leg chocks are by far the most popular ones . The six-leg chocks are y (Fig. 8.10c) . For the six-leg chocks , the canopy is generally hinge-jointed above the walkway . Most chock are also equipped with a gob window hanging at the rear end of the canopy . The gob window consists of several rectangular steel plates connected horizontally at both ends.A B CFig . 8.10 Schematics of various chock supportIn most chock supports , there are hinge joint connections between the legs and the canopy and between the legs and the base . But in order to increase the longitudinal stability , it is reinforced mostly with a box-shaped steel frame between the base and each leg . A leg restoring device is installed around each leg at the top of the box-shaped steel frame .The chocks are suitable for medium to hard roof . When the roof overhangs well into the gob and requires induced caving , the chocks can provide access to the gob .SHIELDShields , a new entry in the early seventies , are characterized by the addition of a caving shield at the rear end between the base and the canopy . The caving shields , which in general are inclined , are hinge-jointed to the canopy and the base making the shield a kinematically stable support , a major advantage over the frames and the chocks . It also completely seals off the gob and prevents rock debris from getting into the face side of the support . Thus the shield-supported face is generally clean .The hydraulic legs in the shields are generally inclined to provide more open space for traffic . Because the canopy , caving shield , and base are interconnected , it can well resist the horizontal force without bending the legs . Thus , unlike the solid constraint in the frame/ chock supports , the pin connections between the legs and the canopy ,and between the legs and the base in a shield support make it possible that the angle of inclination of the hydraulic legs varies with the mining heights . Since only the vertical component of hydraulic leg pressure is available for supporting theroof ,the actual loading capacity of the shield also varies with the mining heights .There are many variations of the shield supports . In the following ,six items areused to classify the shields , which enables a unified terminology to be developed for all kinds of shields . The types of motional traces of the canopy tip , leg positions and orientation , number of legs , canopy geometry , and other optional designs and devices can be clearly specified by the terminology .TYPES OF MOTIONAL TRACES FOR THE LEADING EDGE OF THE CANOPY.This is the most commonly recognized way of classifying the shield . Based on this criterion , there are three types , lemniscate , caliper , and ellipse (Fig. 8. 11) .A . Lemniscate.LB . Caliper.C C . Ellipse.EFig . 8.11 Three types of motional traces for leading edge of the shield canopyA . Lemniscate . This is the most popular type . The caving shield and the base are jointed by two lemniscate bars which have a total of four hinges . As the hydraulic legs are raised and lowered , the dimentions of the lemniscate bars are selected such that the leading edge of the canopy moves up and down nearly vertically , thus maintaining a nearly constant unsupported distance between the face-line and the leading edge of the canopy .This is a feature that is widely considered most desirable for good roof control . There are clear limits of mining height within which the leading edge of the canopy moves nearly vertically . These limits are strictly controlled by the dimentional and positional arrangements of the canopy , caving shield , lemniscate bars , and the base . Beyond these limits , the edges will move rapidly away from the face-line creating a large unsupported area .B . Caliper . In a caliper shield , the caving shield and the base are connected by a single hinge .When the hydraulic legs are raised , the leading edge of the canopy moves in an arc away from the face , thus increasing the unsupported area This is considered by most users the least desirable feature of the caliper shield But in practice if the seam thickness varies little , the dimentional and positional arrangement of canopy , caving shield , and the base can be so designed that the distance change of unsupported area will not be significant . On the other hand , when the legs are lowered , it reduces the unsupported area .C . Ellipse . In this type the caving shield and the base are so connected that when the hydraulic legs are moved up and down , the leading edge of the canopy follows an elliptical trace . This type is seldom used .CHOCK SHIELDThe chock shield combines the features of the chocks and the shields . As such it possesses the advantages of both .If all of the four or six legs are installed between the canopy and the base , it is called a chock shield . There are regular four or six-leg chock shields in which all legs are vertical and parallel . Others form V or X shapes . Some canopies are a single piece and some are two pieces with a hydraulic ram at the hinge joint . The chock shield has the highest supporting efficiency . They are suitable for hard roof .中文译文自移式液压支架液压支架广泛应用于现代长臂采煤工作面上。

Comprehensive understanding overseas vanguard technology superiority, advanced degree, with our country national condition compatibility.
Understood on the international present mainstream the technology, the application system as well as our country transform the technological strength and the hardware facility as well as the expenditure which needs.
Construct Enviroment & Equioment
一．The background of research:
Our country heating area are general, the heating time is long, is day by day intense to the energy demand and is urgent, but by the tradition fossil energy primarily our country, the resources dries up day by day, the consumption is big, the pollution serious also cannot regenerate, the energy tense situation aggravating, this requests us to have to improve the heating way unceasingly, the technical method, uses the least energy to produce the greatest quantity of heat in order to.But concentrates heats is not high in our country's popular degree, the centralism heats the production technology is not extremely advanced, this requests us studies the use to this kind of technology and the form, our country's centralism heats only distributes in the city and developed cities, also only is uses the winter various each household bunker coal regarding not the developed area and the general countrysides to warm up, this is to the energy huge waste and the environmental pollution, is the transformation key point.Even if already uses the area which the centralism heated, also was the level is uneven, does things their own way, could not form the unified system, did the heat energy assignment to be uneven, the hot heat, cold cold, affected the efficiency seriously, thus it can be seen, carried on the transformation to the obsolete pipe network, carried on the promotion to the existing equipment, established widespread also the unified big centralism heating pipe network system imperative.

Chip STC12C5204AD I/O port configuration STC12C5204AD series microcontroller its all I/O ports are controlled by the software configuration into 4 kinds of work type 4 types are respectively: quasi two-way mouth (standard the 8051 output mode), push-pull output, only for input (high resistance) or open-drain output functions. Every mouth consists of two control register the relevant position control each pin type of work. STC12C5204AD series microcontroller to electricity reattachment shall prevail two-way mouth (standard the 8051 output mode) mode: 2V above high level, 0.8 V for low level below.1. Quasi two-way mouth output configurationQuasi two-way mouth output type can be used as output and input function but don't need to reconfigure mouth lines output state. This is because juncture lines output is 1 drive ability is very weak, allowing external devices will its down. When pins for low, it output driving ability, can absorb the considerable current. Quasi two-way mouth have 3 pull_up transistor adapted to different needs.In the three and one transistor, pull up transistor called weak on pull ", for 1 and paternal line registers itself pins for 1 open. This pull_up provides basic drive current make prospective two-way mouth for 1 output. If a pin for 1 and output by external devices to drop down to low, pull up close and weak "very weak pull_up" maintain open position, in order to put this pin for low, strong to pull the external devices must have enough power to make pin infused current threshold voltage of a voltage to the following.Article 2 pull_up transistors, called "extremely weak on pull", 1 latch paternal line when open. When pin, the very weak suspended the pull_up source generates very weak and current will pin and high level.Article 3 pull_up transistor called "powerful pull". Juncture line latches from 0 to 1, the jumping to accelerate must pull up by logic 0 to two-way mouth logic 1 conversion. When this happened, powerful pull open about 2 machine cycle to make pins can quickly pull to the earth high level.Quasi two-way mouth output shown below.STC12C520 series microcontroller 3V device, if the user is in pins plus 5V voltage, there will be a current flow from pins, this has caused additional VDD power consumption. Accordingly, the proposal is not in quasi two-way mouth mode 3V microcontroller pins to exert 5V voltage, such as the use of words, will add current limiting resistor, or using diode do input isolation, or use triode do output segregation.Quasi two-way mouth with a schmidt trigger input and a interference suppression circuit.2. The push-pull output configurationThe drop-down push-pull output configuration open-drain output and the structure and the prospective two-way mouth down same structure, but when latches is 1 provides continuous strong pull up. The push-pull model need more commonly used for driving current situation.The push-pull pins configuration are shown below.3. Only for input (high resistance) configurationInput port configuration are shown below.Input port with a schmidt trigger input and a interference suppression circuit.4. Open-drain output configurationJuncture line latches is 0, the open-drain output close all pull_up transistors. When, as a logical output, this configuration mode must have externally pull, usually by resistance receiving V D D outside. This style of drop-down and quasi two-way mouth the same. The jammer line configuration are shown below.Open-drain port with a schmidt trigger input and a interference suppression circuit.A typical transistor control circuitIf use weak pull_up control, suggestion plus pull-up resistors R1 (3.3 K ~ 10K), if not add pull-up resistors R 1 (3.3 K ~ 10K), suggest R2 value in the 15K above, or use a strong push-pull output.STC12C5204AD series microcontroller programmable counter array(PCA)PCA contains a special 16 timer, has four 16 bits of capture/comparison of module and connected. Each module programmable workIn four mode: increase/decrease along the capture, software timer, high-speed output or could be modulated pulse output. Modules connected to P3.7 (0 CEX0 / PCA0 / PWM0), module 1 connected to P3.5 (CEX1 / PCA1 / PWM1), modules connected to P2.0 (2 CEX2 / PCA2 / PWM2), modules connected to P2.4 (3 CEX3 / PCA3 / PWM3). Register the content of CH and CL is free of 16 PCA increasing count the value of the timer. PCA timer is four modules, the public time benchmark by programming work .Programmable Counter ArrayPCA Timer/CounterCMOD SFR there are 2 bytes and PCA related. They were: CIDL, idle mode allows stop PCA; ECF, buy a, enabling PCA interrupt, when PCA timer spillover will PCA counting overflow marks CCON SFR (CF) buy bits.CCON SFR contains PCA operating control bits (CR) and PCA timer mark (CF) and symbol of each module CCF3 / CCF2 (CCF0). CCF1 / / Through the software for a CR bits (CCON. 6) to run PCA. CR bit is reset when PCA closed. When PCA counteroverflow, CF patients (CCON. 7) buy a, if CMOD register, it produces ECF position a disruption. CF bits can only through software cleared. CCON register a 0 ~ 3 is PCA modules logo (a 0 0, a corresponding module 1 corresponding module 1, bits 2 corresponding module 2, a 3 corresponding module 3), when there is a match or by hardware buy a comparisons. These signals are the only through software cleared.PCA capture of patterningIf CCON SFR bits of the throne of CCFn and CCAPMn SFR ECCFn bit is set position, will produce the interruption.A software timer modeThrough the CCAPMn registers for a ECOM and MA T bits, can make the PCA module used for software timer (below). PCA timer values and module of the register compared to capture, when both values equal, if a CCON SFR in CCFn (in) and a ECCFn CCAPMn SFR) in all buy bits, will produce the interruption.PCA Software Timer Mode/Software Timer model/PCA comparative ModePCA Software Timer Mode/Software Timer model/PCA comparative ModeHigh-speed output modelThis model (below), when PCA counter plan of the numerical and module capture registers matching, PCA value CEXn output will happen module of the flip. To activate the high-speed output modes of CCAPMn TOG SFR, modules, MAT and ECOM bit must buy bits.PCA High - Speed, Output Mode/PCA high-speed Output ModeIn use PCA high-speed output mode special application note:If a certain PCA module working in high speed pulse output mode, want to use software output change the same group of other common I/O port state, need to do first, whether CCAPnH judge CH is equal to abide, can freely modify, if equal, and determineCCAPnL circumstances > CL is allowed to change the same group of other common I/O port state. If use P3.7 / PCA0 / PWM0 do PCA high-speed pulse output, and the program inside and with software output change when the state P3.4 mouth, you need to do judgment.When one has the PCA high-speed pulse output function of I/O mouth working in high speed pulse output mode, if the software for the same group of other I/O port operation, if meet PCA comparator matching, this operation can change the pulse output function with PCA high-speed mouth of the I/O.PCA PWM mode/modulation pulse width output modeSince all share only PCA timer modules, all their output frequency is same. The output of each module 390v is independent of the changes, and using EPCnL, captured CCAPnL}} {of registers concerned. When CL SFR value is less than CCAPnL}} {EPCnL, when output is low, and the value of SFR when PCA CL is equal to or greater than EPCnL, CCAPnL}} {, the output as high. When the value of the CL by FF into EPCnH, 00 overflow, CCAPnH}} {the contents of EPCnL, loaded into the CCAPnL}} {. In this way, can realize update PWM without interference. To make CCAPMn PWM mode, module can PWMn and ECOMn bits of the register to buy bits.译文芯片STC12C5204AD的I/O口配置STC12C5204AD系列单片机其所有I/O口均可由软件配置成4 种工作类型4 种类型分别为：准双向口（标准8051输出模式）、推挽输出、仅为输入（高阻）或开漏输出功能。

毕业设计英文作文范文Title: The Importance of the Graduation Project in Academic Development。

The graduation project holds a pivotal role in the academic journey of students. It serves as a culmination of years of learning, a platform to showcase acquired skills, and an opportunity to delve deep into a specific subject matter. In this essay, I will elaborate on the significance of the graduation project and its impact on academic development.Firstly, the graduation project fosters independent learning and critical thinking skills. Unlike regular coursework where the parameters are often well-defined, the graduation project requires students to identify a research question or a problem statement independently. This process necessitates thorough literature review, data collection, and analysis, thereby honing research and analytical abilities. Moreover, formulating hypotheses, designingexperiments, or proposing solutions demand creativethinking and problem-solving skills, which are essentialfor academic and professional success.Secondly, the graduation project encourages interdisciplinary learning and collaboration. Many projects involve aspects from various fields, prompting students to integrate knowledge acquired from different courses. This interdisciplinary approach not only enriches the project but also broadens students' perspectives, enabling them to appreciate the interconnectedness of different subjects. Furthermore, collaboration with peers, mentors, or industry professionals enhances teamwork, communication, and project management skills, which are indispensable in any academic or professional setting.Additionally, the graduation project cultivates resilience and perseverance. Research, by its nature, is fraught with challenges, setbacks, and uncertainties. Students encounter obstacles ranging from experimental failures to data inconsistencies, requiring them to adapt, troubleshoot, and persist in the face of adversity.Overcoming these hurdles instills resilience and fortitude, attributes that are invaluable not only in academia but also in life.Moreover, the graduation project offers a platform for personal and intellectual growth. It provides students with the autonomy to explore topics of their interest, delveinto uncharted territories, and push the boundaries of knowledge. This journey of self-discovery not only enhances academic curiosity but also fosters a sense of ownership and accomplishment. Furthermore, presenting findings, defending arguments, and receiving feedback during project evaluations contribute to the development of presentation, communication, and critical evaluation skills, which are essential for academic and professional success.In conclusion, the graduation project is a cornerstone of academic development, offering students a unique opportunity to apply theoretical knowledge to real-world problems, fostering independent learning, interdisciplinary collaboration, resilience, and personal growth. By engaging in this endeavor, students not only demonstrate theiracademic prowess but also equip themselves with essential skills and attributes for future endeavors. Therefore, the graduation project stands as a testament to the culmination of academic journey and the beginning of a new chapter in students' intellectual and professional pursuits.。

毕业设计作品英文Graduation ProjectThe completion of a graduation project is a significant milestone in the academic journey of a student. It represents the culmination of years of hard work, dedication, and the acquisition of knowledge and skills. The graduation project serves as a platform for students to demonstrate their mastery of a particular subject or field, and to showcase their ability to conduct independent research, analyze data, and present their findings in a coherent and compelling manner.The process of undertaking a graduation project is often a challenging and rewarding experience. It requires students to delve deeply into a topic of their choice, to critically analyze existing research and theories, and to develop their own unique perspectives and solutions. Throughout this process, students are expected to work closely with faculty advisors, who provide guidance, support, and feedback to ensure the success of the project.One of the key aspects of a graduation project is the ability toconduct thorough and rigorous research. This involves reviewing relevant literature, identifying gaps in existing knowledge, and formulating a research question or hypothesis that can be explored through empirical investigation. Students must then design and implement a research methodology that is appropriate for their topic, and collect and analyze data using a variety of qualitative and quantitative techniques.In addition to research skills, the graduation project also requires strong writing and communication abilities. Students must be able to articulate their ideas clearly and concisely, and to present their findings in a well-organized and coherent manner. This often involves the creation of a written thesis or dissertation, as well as the development of visual aids and presentations that can be used to effectively communicate their work to a wider audience.Throughout the graduation project process, students are also expected to demonstrate their ability to think critically and to solve complex problems. This may involve the development of innovative solutions to real-world challenges, or the application of theoretical concepts to practical scenarios. By engaging in this process, students gain valuable experience in problem-solving, decision-making, and critical thinking, all of which are essential skills for success in their future careers.One of the most rewarding aspects of the graduation project is the opportunity for students to make a meaningful contribution to their field of study. Through their research and analysis, students may uncover new insights or develop novel approaches that can be applied to address pressing social, economic, or environmental issues. This sense of making a difference can be a powerful motivator for students, and can inspire them to continue pursuing their passions and interests long after the completion of their graduation project.Despite the challenges and demands of the graduation project, many students find the experience to be deeply fulfilling and transformative. The process of conducting independent research, developing new skills, and presenting their work to a wider audience can be a source of immense pride and accomplishment. Moreover, the skills and knowledge gained through the graduation project can serve as a foundation for future academic and professional pursuits, and can open up a world of new opportunities for students as they embark on the next chapter of their lives.In conclusion, the graduation project is a crucial component of the academic experience, one that challenges students to push the boundaries of their knowledge and capabilities. Through this process, students develop a deeper understanding of their chosen field, hone their critical thinking and problem-solving skills, and make ameaningful contribution to the broader academic and professional community. For those who embrace the challenges and opportunities of the graduation project, the rewards can be truly transformative, shaping their future trajectories and opening up new avenues for personal and professional growth.。

毕业设计英文Graduation ProjectIntroduction:The graduation project is an essential part of completing our education. It is a significant milestone in our academic journey and an opportunity to showcase our skills and knowledge in a particular field. In this project, I will outline the details of my chosen graduation project.Objective:The main objective of my graduation project is to design and develop a mobile application that will assist users in managing their personal finance effectively. This application will provide a range of features and tools that will enable users to track their expenses, create budgets, and set savings goals.Project Description:The mobile application will be developed for both iOS and Android platforms, ensuring compatibility with a wide range of devices. The user interface will be intuitive and user-friendly, allowing users to easily navigate through the app's features. The application will require users to create an account to access its functionalities securely.Features:1. Expense Tracking: Users will be able to add their daily expenses and categorize them based on different predefined categories, such as food, transportation, entertainment, etc. The app will display the total expenses, along with a breakdown of expenses by category,enabling users to identify areas for potential cost-cutting.2. Budget Creation: The application will allow users to set monthly budgets for different expense categories. Users will receive notifications when they exceed their budget limits, reminding them to manage their spending efficiently.3. Savings Goals: Users can set savings goals based on their financial targets. The app will track their progress towards achieving these goals, providing visual representations of their savings growth and estimating the time required to reach their objectives.4. Transaction History: Users will have access to a transaction history that will allow them to review their past expenses and monitor their financial activities over time. This feature will provide users with a comprehensive overview of their spending habits.Conclusion:The development of this mobile application will provide users with a useful tool for managing their personal finance. In an increasingly digital world, it is crucial to leverage technology to streamline and optimize our financial management processes. This graduation project will not only enhance my technical skills but also contribute to society by providing a practical solution for individuals to improve their financial well-being.。

毕业设计的英文毕业设计的英文是"Graduation Project"，它是大学生在毕业前完成的一个重要学术项目。

毕业设计是对所学专业知识的综合应用和实践，旨在培养学生的独立思考、创新能力和解决问题的能力。

本文将从毕业设计的重要性、选择合适的毕业设计题目、开展毕业设计的步骤以及毕业设计的意义等方面进行论述。

首先，毕业设计在学生的大学生涯中具有重要的意义。

它是学生在校期间所学知识的综合运用，对学生的专业素养和实践能力有很大的考验。

通过毕业设计，学生可以更好地理解和掌握所学专业知识，并将其应用于实际问题的解决中。

同时，毕业设计也是学生展示自己学术能力和研究成果的机会，对于进一步深造或就业都具有积极的影响。

其次，选择一个合适的毕业设计题目至关重要。

一个好的毕业设计题目应该具备以下几个特点：首先，题目应该与学生所学专业相关，能够充分发挥学生专业知识的应用和创新能力。

其次，题目应该具备一定的研究性和创新性，能够对现有问题进行深入的探索和解决方案的提出。

最后，题目应该具备可行性，学生在规定的时间内能够完成，并且有足够的资源和数据支持。

开展毕业设计需要经过一系列的步骤。

首先，学生需要明确自己的研究目标和研究方法，制定详细的研究计划。

其次，学生需要进行相关文献的查阅和资料的收集，了解已有的研究成果和理论基础。

接下来，学生需要进行实验设计和数据采集，并进行数据分析和结果展示。

最后，学生需要撰写毕业设计论文，并进行答辩和评审。

整个过程需要学生具备良好的时间管理和组织能力，以及扎实的研究和写作能力。

毕业设计的意义不仅在于学生个人的成长和发展，也对学校和社会具有重要的价值。

对于学校而言，毕业设计是对教学质量和培养目标的一种检验和评估，学校可以通过毕业设计的质量和成果来评估自身的教学效果和培养质量。

对于社会而言，毕业设计是对学生实际能力和解决问题能力的一种考核，也是对学生未来就业的重要参考。

优秀的毕业设计成果可以为学生争取更好的就业机会和职业发展空间。

毕业设计英文怎么说毕业设计英文怎么说？在大学生活中，毕业设计是一个重要的环节，它是学生通过独立研究和实践，展示自己所学知识和技能的机会。

但是，对于一些同学来说，他们可能会遇到一个问题：毕业设计英文怎么说呢？首先，我们可以从整体上来看待这个问题。

毕业设计在英文中可以被称为"graduation project"或者"final year project"。

这两个短语都可以用来表达毕业设计的含义。

"Graduation project"更加强调这是一个与毕业相关的项目，而"final year project"则更加突出了它是在大学最后一年完成的。

接下来，我们可以进一步探讨毕业设计的具体内容。

毕业设计的内容通常是根据学生所学专业的要求来确定的。

例如，对于计算机科学专业的学生来说，他们的毕业设计可能涉及软件开发、数据分析或者人工智能等方面。

而对于艺术设计专业的学生来说，他们的毕业设计可能会涉及绘画、雕塑或者摄影等方面。

因此，在选择毕业设计的英文表达时，我们可以根据具体的专业内容来进行描述。

除了上述的短语之外，我们还可以使用一些动词来描述毕业设计。

例如，我们可以使用"conduct"来表示进行毕业设计的过程，使用"complete"来表示完成毕业设计的过程，使用"present"来表示展示毕业设计的过程。

这些动词可以帮助我们更加准确地描述毕业设计的各个阶段。

此外，我们还可以通过描述毕业设计的目的和意义来进一步丰富我们的英文表达。

毕业设计不仅仅是一个学术项目，它也是一个展示学生能力和才华的机会。

通过毕业设计，学生可以将所学的理论知识应用到实际项目中，提升自己的实践能力和解决问题的能力。

因此，我们可以使用一些形容词来描述毕业设计的目的和意义，例如"meaningful"、"challenging"、"rewarding"等。

Southwest Petroleum UniversityGraduation ThesisSynthesis and Evaluation of a Highly Absorbent CompositeGrade: 2008Name:Speciality: Petroleum EngineeringInstructor:School of Petroleum Engineering2007-6附：我校设置的专业中英文对照（摘自《普通高等学校本科专业目录和专业介绍》）1、石油工程学院080102石油工程Petroleum Engineering081203油气储运工程Oil/ Gas Storage and Transportation Engineering2、资源与环境学院080105资源勘查工程Natural Resources Prospecting Engineering080104勘查技术与工程Prospecting Techniques and Engineering070702资源环境与城乡规划管理Urban and Rural Planning & Resource Management070703地理信息系统Geographical Information System3、机电工程学院080305Y机械工程及自动化Mechanical Engineering and Automation080304过程装备与控制工程Process Equipment and Control080303工业设计Industrial Design4、化学化工学院081101化学工程与工艺Chemical Engineering and Technology070302应用化学Applied Chemistry081001环境工程Environmental Engineering081801生物工程Bioengineering070301化学Chemistry5、材料科学与工程学院080204高分子材料与工程Macromolecular Materials and Engineering080205Y材料科学与工程Material Science and Engineering6、计算机科学学院080605计算机科学与技术Computer science and Technology080611W软件工程Software Engineering080613W网络工程Network Engineering7、电信工程学院080401测控技术与仪器Measuring & Control Technology and Instrumentations 080602自动化Automation080603电子信息工程Electronic and Information Engineering080601电气工程及其自动化Electrical Engineering and Automation080604通信工程Telecommunications Engineering8、建筑工程学院080703土木工程Civil Engineering080704建筑环境与设备工程Building Environment and Equipment Engineering 080901测绘工程Surveying & Mapping Engineering110104工程管理Project Management9、理学院070102信息与计算科学Information and Computing Science070101数学与应用数学Mathematics and Applied Mathematics071201电子信息科学与技术Electronic and Information Science and Technology 070202应用物理学Applied Physics10、经济管理学院110201工商管理Business Administration110202市场营销Marketing110102信息管理与信息系统Information Management & Information System 020101经济学Economics110209W电子商务Electronic Business020102国际经济与贸易International Economics & Trade11、人文社会科学学院030302社会工作Social Work110309W公共管理Public Administration12、法学院030101法学Law13、外语系050201英语English14、体育系。

9 Continuous-Time DynamicNeural Networks9 连续时间动态神经网络9.1 Dynamic Neural Network Structures: An Introduction9.2 Hopfield Dynamic Neural Network (DNN) and Its Implementation 9.3 Hopfield Dynamic Neural Networks (DNNs) as Gradient-like Systems9.4 Modifications of Hopfield Dynamic Neural Networks9.5 Other DNN Models9.6 Conditions for Equilibrium Points in DNN9.7 Concluding RemarksProblems9.1动态神经网络结构导论9.2动态的Hopfield神经网络（DNN）及其实现9.3动态的Hopfield神经网络（DNNS）为梯度样系统9.4修改动态的Hopfield神经网络9.5其他DNN模型9.6条件平衡点在DNN9.7结语问题As seen in the previous chapters, a neural network consists of many interconnected simple processing units, called neurons, which form the layered configurations. An individual neuron aggregates its weighed inputs and yields an output through a nonlinear activation function with a threshold. In artificial neural networks there are three types of connections: intralayer, interlayer, and recurrent connections. The intralayer connections, which are also called lateral connections or cross-layer connections, are links between neurons in the same layer of the network. The interlayer connections are links between neurons in different layers. The recurrent connections provide self-feedback links to the neurons. In interlayer connections, the signals are transformed in one of the two ways: either feedforward or feedback.就像在前面的章节中，神经网络由许多互连简单处理单元，称为神经元，形成层状结构。

I. IntroductionThe graduation design is an essential part of the undergraduate education process, providing students with an opportunity to apply the knowledge and skills acquired during their studies to real-world problems. This teaching plan outlines the structure, objectives, and methodology for conducting a successful graduation design project.II. Course OverviewCourse Title: Graduation Design (Undergraduate)Course Code: [Insert Course Code]Credit Hours: [Insert Credit Hours]Course Duration: [Insert Duration, e.g., 16 weeks]III. Course ObjectivesUpon completion of this course, students will be able to:1. Identify and define a specific research problem or design challenge.2. Conduct comprehensive literature reviews and analyze existing research or solutions.3. Develop a research plan or design proposal, including methodology, data collection, and analysis techniques.4. Implement the research plan or design project, adhering to ethical guidelines and professional standards.5. Present and defend their research findings or design solutions in a professional manner.6. Reflect on the project experience and articulate the learned lessons and personal growth.IV. Course Content1. Introduction to Graduation Design- Importance of graduation design in undergraduate education- Overview of the graduation design process- Role of the supervisor in the graduation design project2. Problem Identification and Definition- Techniques for identifying and defining research problems- Importance of clear and concise problem statements3. Literature Review- Conducting a comprehensive literature review- Analyzing and synthesizing existing research- Identifying gaps in the current literature4. Research Plan and Design Proposal- Developing a research plan or design proposal- Methodology, including data collection and analysis techniques - Ethical considerations and professional standards5. Implementation of the Project- Time management and project planning- Implementation of research methods or design solutions- Documentation and progress reporting6. Presentation and Defense- Preparing for the final presentation- Guidelines for effective presentations- Preparing for the defense of the project7. Reflection and Conclusion- Reflecting on the project experience- Articulating learned lessons and personal growth- Final project submission and evaluationV. Teaching MethodologyThe course will employ a combination of lectures, seminars, individual work, and group discussions to facilitate learning. The following methods will be used:1. Lectures: To provide an overview of the concepts, methodologies, and ethical considerations involved in graduation design.2. Seminars: To facilitate in-depth discussions on specific topics, allowing students to share their progress and receive feedback frompeers and instructors.3. Individual Work: To enable students to develop their research plansor design proposals independently.4. Group Discussions: To encourage collaborative learning and the exchange of ideas among students.5. Supervision: Regular meetings with the supervisor to provide guidance, feedback, and support throughout the project.VI. AssessmentThe assessment of the graduation design project will be based on the following criteria:1. Problem Identification and Definition (10%): Clarity and relevance of the research problem or design challenge.2. Literature Review (20%): Depth and breadth of the literature review, identification of research gaps.3. Research Plan and Design Proposal (30%): Soundness of the research plan or design proposal, adherence to ethical guidelines.4. Implementation of the Project (20%): Quality of the research or design implementation, adherence to the project plan.5. Presentation and Defense (10%): Clarity, coherence, and persuasiveness of the presentation, defense of the project.VII. ConclusionThis teaching plan aims to provide a comprehensive。

毕业设计展英文Graduation Design ExhibitionThe graduation design exhibition is an important event that showcases the culmination of years of hard work and creativity by graduating students. It provides a platform for students to present their innovative ideas and projects to the public, industry professionals, and potential employers. In this article, we will explore the significance of the graduation design exhibition and its impact on the future careers of these talented individuals.The graduation design exhibition serves as a bridge between academia and the professional world. It allows students to demonstrate their ability to apply theoretical knowledge to real-world problems. Through their projects, students showcase their problem-solving skills, creativity, and technical expertise. This exhibition not only provides an opportunity for students to gain recognition for their work but also enables them to receive valuable feedback and suggestions from industry experts.One of the key benefits of the graduation design exhibition is the exposure it provides to students. It allows them to network with professionals from various industries who attend the event. This networking opportunity can open doors to internships, job offers, and collaborations. The exhibition also serves as a platform for students to build their professional portfolios, which are essential for securing employment after graduation. The recognition received at the exhibition can significantly enhance their chances of finding a job in their desiredfield.Furthermore, the graduation design exhibition fosters a sense of pride and accomplishment among the graduating students. It is a moment of celebration and validation for their hard work and dedication throughout their academic journey. The exhibition not only showcases their individual projects but also highlights their growth and development as designers. It serves as a reminder of their achievements and acts as a motivation for future endeavors.The impact of the graduation design exhibition extends beyond the individual students. It also benefits the educational institutions hosting the event. The exhibition serves as a testament to the quality of education and training provided by the institution. It showcases the institution's ability to nurture and produce talented individuals who are ready to make a significant contribution to their respective industries. The success of the exhibition reflects positively on the reputation of the institution and attracts potential students and sponsors.In conclusion, the graduation design exhibition is a significant event that plays a crucial role in the professional development of graduating students. It provides them with a platform to showcase their skills, gain exposure, and network with industry professionals. The exhibition also instills a sense of pride and accomplishment among the students and acts as a validation of their hard work. Moreover, it benefits the educational institutions by enhancing their reputation and attracting potential students and sponsors. Overall, the graduation design exhibition is a valuable opportunity for students to kickstart their careers andmake a mark in the professional world.。

Feasibility assessment of a leading-edge-flutter wind power generator前缘颤振风力发电机的可行性评估Luca Caracoglia卢卡卡拉克格里亚Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, 400 Snell Engineering Center, 360 Huntington A venue, Boston, MA 02115, USA美国东北大学土木与环境工程斯内尔工程中心400，亨廷顿大道360，波士顿02115This study addresses the preliminary technical feasibility assessment of a mechanical apparatus for conversion of wind energy. 这项研究涉及的是风能转换的机械设备的初步技术可行性评估。

The proposed device, designated as ‘‘leading-edge-fl utter wind power generator’’, employs aeroelastic dynamic instability of a blade airfoil, torsionally rotating about its leading edge. 这种被推荐的定义为“前缘颤振风力发电机”的设备，采用的气动弹性动态不稳定叶片翼型，通过尖端旋转产生扭矩。

Although the exploitation of aeroelastic phenomena has been proposed by the research community for energy harvesting, this apparatus is compact, simple and marginally susceptible to turbulence and wake effects.虽然气动弹性现象的开发已经有研究界提出可以通过能量采集。

Three-Day Quality Tour From Zhengzhou To Luoyang Slogans: Visiting mountain，Playing water，Appreciating flowers，Feeling culture，Let’s go！I.ItineraryDay OneGathering time: the traveling day at seven in the morningAssembly point：Zhengzhou two seven square (Note: remember the information about the meeting place and gathering time and the bus license which the guide told you a day before your travel day between18 and 20. Please keep the guests in touch. Please choose riding according to their own short distance, and arrive on time. )Morning: Longmen Grottoes. We will arrive in Longmen by G2007 at about eight forty .Then we will get all things ready and have a three-hour travel.. Longmen Grottoes is one of three big stone art treasures in china. after .It has been excavated for more than 400 years from the Northern Wei to the Northern Song Dynasty. Nowdays there are more than 2300 caves and niches , and also 100000 statues, more than 3600 pieces of inscriptions, most of which locate in the West Bank. The number of Chinese stone cave located in the first. Afternoon: Luoyang Peony Garden. We will stay here for about 150 mimutes.Let’s go to experience the meaning of” Peony Flower in Luoyang, Finest under heaven”Night:we will have dinner in the four star hotel and stay there for one night. Day TowMorning: We will meet at 6:30after breakfast.When everything is ok.We will have a tour of the famous landscape—chongdugou.We plan to view the Millennium banyan tree, rainbow falls, Golden Valley, bamboo sea，falls, Suojiao cliff and so on.Noon: Lunch at scenic spotsAfternoon: We will travel green river scenic area, and have a view of water curtain falls, and have free farming activities.Night: Dinner and rest in the Peasant at night.Day ThreeMorning: We will meet at 6:30 after breakfast and set to the culture of Taoism sacred Laojun Mountain. Then get to Zhongtian gate by the high-speed cablecar and have a view of the Funiu Jinding, the Millennium Temple -- Laojunmiao, Liang Po, Yuhuangding, South Gate, the world 's largest granite Fenglin attractions.Noon: having dining within scenic spots.Afternoon: We visit the Laozi Cultural Park, where we will see the 59 meters high bronze statue of Laozi . We can feel Laozi’s opinions about morality and civilization.Next,we should visit the Pingyang Plaza, Laojun Mountain Screen Wall, Bell Tower and Drum Tower,Laozi Relief Wall and so on.Evening: We will return to Zhengzhou by the traveling bus. Lodging: Your warm home.II.Characteristics Of The Tour" If you want to know the prosperity in the ancient and modern time, just look at Luoyang city ". Luoyang, the Millennium Royal Park, the ancient cultural city , which is full of solemn atmosphere Longmen Grottoes, the rich handsome of Luoyang Peony,three characteristics of Chongdugou,the special and beauty of Laojun Mountain.III.AvailabilityFor every April or May to tour.IV.Each Scenic Spot Typical Featuresi.Longmen Grottoes:The Longmen Grottoes are located in the south of Luoyang City. They are between Mount Xiang and Mount Longmen and face Yi River. Longmen Grottoes, Y ungang Caves and Mogao Caves are regarded as the three most famous treasure houses of stone inscriptions in China.The grottoes were started around the year 493 when Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534) moved the capital to Luoyang and were continuously built during the 400 years until the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127). The scenery measures 1,000 meters from north to south where there are over 2,300 holes and niches, 2,800 steles, 40 dagobas, 1,300 caves and 100,000 statues. Most of them are the works of the Northern Wei Dynasty and the flourishing age of the Tang Dynasty (618-907). Lots of historical materials concerning art, music, religion, calligraphy, medicine, costume and architecture are kept in Longmen Grottoes.ii. Luoyang peony：peony is a kind of deciduous sub-shrub of common peony genes, buttercup family. Since it looked similar to “shaoyao”, a kind ofherbaceous plant of peony genus, it started to be called “shrubby shaoyao”. According to historical records, in Luoyang, peonies were beginning to be grown in the Sui, and became popular in the Tang and their flowers were known as “the finest of their kind on earth” in the Song Dynasty. Since 1983, Luoyang has held the Peony-fair-festival in April, every year. During decades, the varieties of peony have grown from 30 in the 1950’s to more than 700 now. Commonly, we can see peony of 9 colors: red, white, yellow, pink, purple, green, lilac, black-purple and so on. After a while when we get to the greenhouse, we can see white Bai xueta, yellow Y aohuang, blackish-purpleY an rongzi and the 2 rare varieties green Doulv and Er-qiao with 2 colors in one petal. I’m sure you will get your eyes feasted in the garden but do not enter in the flowering shrubs in case of hurting the branches.iii.Chongdugou:Chongdugou is located in Luoyang City, it is named to the Eastern Han Dynasty emperor Liu Xiu . The mystery of the historical legends and the three characteristics of Chongdugou make it from fresh is well-known not authoritative in one fell swoop to famous landscape, become the most vigorous ten hot spots . The authority person—— Mr. Wei Xiaoan praised Chongfugou as "China's first village farmhouse hotel ".iv.Mount Laojunshan: Henan Mount Laojunshan ecological tourist area is located in Luoyang city Luanchuan county .It is the World Geological Park Central Park, the national 4A grade scenic spot, the national level nature protection area, the provincial scenic area, a provincial heritage conservation units.Mount Laojunshan is named for LIEr whom live here.Mount Laojunshan is 2217 meters above sea level,It is the main peak of the eight hundred kilometer Funiu The temple has a long history on the summit. Taoism culture has a long history.V. Offers:i. Price·768 yuan per personii. Inclouding:·Tickets: Longmen Grottoes, Luoyang peony garden, re-channel ferry, first big ticket to Laojun Mountain..·Transportation fee: go to Luoyang high-speed rail travel and tour bus on the way back.·Meals: two breakfast and five dinner·Accommodation: four star hotels and farmhouse·Guide service: excellent tour guide service·Insurance: travel agency liability insurance, life accident insurance travel ·Souvenir: quality tourism capiii. Exclouding·Small car traffic, cable and guests own expense tickets in the scenic spots.·Due to force majeure causing additional expensesVI. Reminders·Please take good care of your valuables during the outside travel,.be sure to pay attention to personal safety.·Please " viewing don't walk, walk not viewing " during your tour.·We recommend wearing a light sports shoes, a little casual clothes. You’d better not wear high-heeled shoes and remember to bring sunscreen cream ·If you have motion sickness history, you should not eat too full before traveling, and you should take and carry carsick medicine in advance . If you have gastric disease, hypertension disease, please bring daily drug.·Due to objective reasons in some areas, if the food or defects in travelling is not very perfect to you, also please forgive me. Don't eat fruit and fungi, to prevent food poisoning.The Longmen GrottoesThe longmen grottoes Around 13 km south of Luoyang, there are two picturesque hills confronting each other with the Yi River flowing northward between them, connected by an arched stone bridge resembling a natural gate tower. This is the right place named Longmen, where the well-known Longmen Grottoes is located. The grottoes, which earns the fame of one of the Three Treasure Houses of Stone Sculpture in China, was created over 1500 years age. It was first known in the year 493 AD, when Emperor Xiaowen moved his capital to Luoyang from Datong, Shannxi Province, which marked the initiation of development and expanse of Buddhism in Central China. It prolongs for 1000 meters from north to south. According to the statistics conducted in recent years, there are 2300 caves and niches with over 100000 Buddhist figures. In addition, more than 2800 tablet inscriptions and some 40 Buddhist pagodas were preserved in or out of the caves.Now, we’ve got to the grottoes. In front of you, here is the Qianxi Temple. It was built in the early Tang Dynasty around 640 AD. It has altogether 7 Buddhist statues inside, of which, AmitabhaBuddha is sitting in the central part with 2 of his favorite disciples, 2 Bodhisattvas, and 2 Heavenly Kings. Please come with me.Now we are in front of the Bin yang Caves. The Bin yang Caves consist of 3 large caves, the North, the Middle and the South caves. The Mid and the South caves were built under Emperor Xuanwu for practicing the merits and virtues for his diseased parents, late Emperor Xiaowen and late Empress DowagerWenzhao. While the North Bin yang cave was added for the late Emperor Xuanwu by a eunuch in the palace. In the Western Hill of Longmen, there are several “the most” caves to feast your eyes. Just now, we visited the Ten-thousand Buddha Cave with 15000 Buddhist images, which has the most Buddha images, and the Lotus Cave with 2cm-high Buddha images, which are the tiniest Buddha images.N ow, we’ve come to another “most”, the Fengxian Temple. Fengxian Temple was built in the Tang Dynasty and it is the largest grotto in Longmen Temple with a width of 36 meters and a length of 41 meters. The most impressive figure is the statue of Vairocana Buddha sitting cross-legged on the eight-square lotus throne. It is 17.14 meters in total height with the head4meters in height and the ears 1.9 meters in length. At the sides of Vairocana there are two statues of Vairocana Buddha's disciples, Kasyapa and Ananda, wearing prudent and devout expressions,next are 2 Bodhisattvas, Heavenly Kings, and Great Men of Strength. Vairocana means illuminating all things in the sutra. The Buddha has a well-filled figure, a sacred and kindly expression and an elegant smile. The chief Buddha gives you an impression of dignified manner, magnificent looking, wise, farsighted and kind nature. The various appearances and delicate designs are the representations of Empire Tang's powerful material and spiritual strength as well as the high crystallization of people's wisdoms. Looking around the overall arrangement, we would rather say that the Fengxian Temple is a scene of a grand imperial court than a spot of Buddhism. Generally speaking, the Fengxian Temple is the most magnificent and artistic among all the shrines of the Tang Dynasty as well as an example of success in integrating politics with Buddhism in ancient China. Ok everyone, now you can take photos here. Or you can ask questions that you don’t understand. After 15 minutes we will gather right here. See you then.。

Graduation ProjectCourse Code： 82157600Couse Title： Graduation ProjectCredits：6 Semester Classes：The 11’s SemesterTeaching People：All undergraduate students of the School of Mathematical and StatisticsPre-Course：Mathematical ModelThe Charger of the Course：Qi Haitao，DoctorCourse Description：《 Graduation Project》 will play a significant role in assisting students to demonstrate their learned knowledge and skills through a 21st Century performance-based process. This process will involve students, schools, parents and communities. It is an opportunity for students to spend extended time delving into a topic for which they have a particular interest and passion, and serves as a summary and reflect ion of the student’s experience. Prior to graduation, students are given the opportunity to present what they have accomplished and learned to their project partners, school family, and members of the community. This culminating demonstration is a personal affirmation of a student’s individual achievement and a memorable experience to mark the conclusion of four years of undergraduate education.Practice Teaching：We will study some applications of Mathematical and Statistics.Course Assesement：The examination results will be decided by the papers that students finished.。