当代英国社会与文化10

现代英国政治和社会文化的发展和变化从文艺复兴到现代化的英国政治和社会文化英国一度是一个东西方文化的交汇点。

在文艺复兴时期的英国，意大利文化、法国文化乃至于原始的英格兰文化混杂在一起，产生了一段奇妙的历史。

英国政治历经几百年的演变，英国的政治逐渐走向了现代化。

这一进程可以追溯到17世纪，“国王与议会”的冲突斗争上。

此后，英国国家层面上的权力和国会不断膨胀，国王的权力被削弱，并最终完全失去了权力。

18世纪英国工业革命的发展也为英国的政治创造了条件。

工业能源、金融资本的发展让英国的经济更加强大，而这种强大又反过来促进了英国政治变革的进程。

在这个过程中，英国经历了两次重要的政治变革：1832年和1884年议会法案。

1832年议会法案标志着英国从古老的绅士统治向民权改革的转变。

此外，伊丽莎白时代的女性亦在1780至1870年间逐渐普遍获得签署和执行遗嘱的权利、否决自己的丈夫决定易女权力和获得婚姻财产的所有权。

1884年议会法案为“大多数人”的选举产生开启，非富裕劳动阶层终于有了选举权，成为真正意义上的选民。

当时的英国政治环境相对平稳，但开始了大量的扩建活动以应对日益增长的人口规模。

二十世纪的英国政治变革由战争的影响和工党名称高峰之一的1945年大选引领。

该次选举标志着英国战后的重建和福利国家的奠基，这为未来的英国政治供给了一个新的范例和道路选择。

从那时起，英国工党和保守党轮流领导着国家，推动各种社会和政治改革，尤其是在普及健康保险、建立国民医疗体系和实行反对歧视的平等法律等方面迈出了关键性的步伐。

当代英国政治的发展和变化今天的英国政治已经进入了数字时代，一些新兴事物和新的政治问题也逐渐出现。

国内政治稳定，外交势头强劲砸外界注意到的是英国脱欧的影响。

尽管脱欧已经完成了，但它带来的社会变化还正在发生中。

脱欧后的英国经济并没有像人们预计的那样出现崩溃的局面，相反，它似乎已经得到了稳步发展。

但是，英国脱欧可能会对英国的社会地位产生重大影响。

chapter1Ageneralsurvey1、UK全称:Officialname---theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.----theUnitedKingdomoftheUK每个nation的capitalCapitalcity NationalEmblemEngland London roseScotland Edinburgh Thistle蓟花Wales Cardiff加的夫Daffodil水仙花NorthernIreland Belfast贝尔法斯特Shamrock三叶草2、NorthernIreland:LoughNeagh:thelargestlake inBritainwhichcoversanareaof396k㎡(内伊湖)3、Scotland:BenNevis:thehighestmountain inBritain（本尼维斯山）4、Edinburgh:1.thecapitalcityofScotland2.economiccenterofScotland3.atouristcitysecondonlytoLondoninUK(RoyalMiles&PrincesStreet)皇家英里大道&王子大街（1）Edinburghcastle(十字皇宫）:symbolofEdinburgh&situatedona moundofVol（2）Windsorcastle(温莎城堡）:largestoccupiedcastle（3）Holyroodpalace（荷里路德宫）：theofficialresidence（住处）oftheMonarch oftheUnitedKingdominScotland,locatedatthebottomoftheRoyalMileinEdinburgh,attheoppo siteendtoEdinburghCastleThestoneofdestiny命运之石Coronationstone加冕石==referredtoinEnglandReferendum苏格兰公投5、EnglandMountain-thePennines(北乃恩山脉)BackboneofthecentralNorthernEnglandLondonEast-poorWest-richimportantriverinLondon：Thames泰晤士河LondonEye：thelargestFerrisWheel摩天轮inEurope/BigBen=ElizabethTowerthelargestfour-facedchimingclockWestminsterAbbey威斯敏斯特教堂PalaceofWestminster威斯敏斯特宫HouseofParliament国会大厦BuckinghamPalace白金汉宫3、FurtherinformationNationalcurrency（本国货币）：GBP=GreatBritainPound（英镑）Nationalday：Queen’sBirthday2nd SaturdayofJunesince1952实际=April21,1926Nationalflag：UnionFlagadoptedonJan1st1801Nationalflower：roseLocation：WesternEurope6、Geography(Q:DescribethegeographicalpositionofBritain?).Location---LocatedoffthenorthwestcoastofEurope ---anislandcountrysurroundedbyfourseas.tothesouthbytheEnglishChannel,whichseparatesitfromcontinentalEurope .totheeastbytheNorthSea .tothewestbytheIrishsea.tothenorthbytheAtlanticOcean 7、Land&People.veryunevenlydistributed:90%urban10%rural.Britain multiracial societyand1in20peopleareof non-European ethnicity 8、Climate :a Favorable MaritimeClimate （海洋性气候） Q:.arainy,changeableandunpredictableweather .mild （温和的）wintersandcoolsummers.asteadyandreliable （稳定的）rainfallthroughouttheyear.asmallrangeoftemperature(4-6℃inthenorthinWinter,and12-17℃inthesouthinsummer) AndFactor 影响因素.Thesurroundingwaters Q:.south-westwinds.NorthAtlanticDrift （北大西洋漂流）9、TheBritishIsles,GreatBritain,England,theUnitedKingdomandtheBritishCommonwealth Officialname+TheBritishIsles-----GreatBritain(England,Wales,Scotland) -----NorthernIreland(alsoknownasUlster)-----TheRepublicofIreland(alsotheIrishRepublic,formerly Eire) -----Numerous smallerislandsernment1、政治体制--议会制君主立宪制ConstitutionalMonarchy 君主立宪制ParliamentaryDemocracy 议会民主制 2、Monarch 君主:QueenElizabeth Ⅱ Born:April21,1926QueensinceJune2,1952 Officiallytheheadofstate,thecountryisactuallyrun BythegovernmentandledbythePrimeMinister3、MagnaCarta(=GreatCharter)大宪章KingJohn(agreedin)1215 Q:WhatpowersdoestheQueenhave? -Shereignsbutdoesnotrule(临朝不理政)Theoretically,sheisthesourceofallgovernmentpowers: .anintegralpartofthelegislature.headoftheexecutive,legislativeandjudiciarybranches .thecommander-in-chiefofallarmedforcesoftheCrown .”supremegove rn or”oftheChurchofEnglan d4、Parliament :Legislativebody Locatedin WestminsterQ:Parliamentconsistsof theSovereign,theHouseofLords&theHouseofCommons Parliament （aFrenchwordforatalking-place) .Femalesallowedtovoteuntil1918 BritishIslesUnitedKingdomIreland RepublicNorthern OfIrelandIreland GreatBritainScotlandWalesEngland WalesEngland.Aby-electionisheldwhenaMemberofParliamentdies,retiresorresigns(递补选举)Q:MainFunctionofParliament:.tomakelaws.tocontrolandcriticizetheexecutivegovernment.tocontroltheraisingandthespendingofmoney.todebatethemajorissuesofthedayTheHouseofLords上议院ConsistsoftheLordsSpiritual(神职议员)andthelordsTemporal(世俗议员）withtheLord chancellor（大法官）asthePresidentoftheHouseTheheadoftheHouseofCommons--theSpeaker议长NextonlytothePrimeMinisterHouseofCommonsnumberofmembers6505.Executive行政Executivebody:theSovereign,PrimeMinister&CabinetNo.10DowningStreet唐宁街10号→Legislature-Parliament→HouseofLords(semi-political)→HouseofCommons(Political)Monarch(non-political)→Executive:PrimeMinister&Cabinet(Political)→Judiciary:HouseofLords(non-political)Chapter3GeneralElection&PoliticalParties1.GeneralElection(1)Theelectorate(选民，有选举权者):About99%ofthepopulation(excludingcriminals,insane(疯的）people,etc)intheUKhaverighttovote.(2)Constituencies(选区):about650(3)Thetermofaparliament:5years(4)Thepartywhichholdsa majority oftheseatsinparliamentformsagovernment,withitspartyleader asPrimeMi nster(5)InBritainthecitizensaged18orover havetherighttovote.(6)InBritainacandidatemustbeatleast21orover withthedeposit（押金）of500pounds.(7)TheUK’s First-Past-the-Post(简单多数票当选)electoralsystem.Q:Itwascoinedasananalogytohorseracing1).Thewinneroftheraceisthefirsttopassaparticularpointonthetrack.2).Allotherrunnersautomaticallyandcompletelylose.3).Itis“winner-takes-all”(赢者统吃)4).Thecandidatemustreceivethelargestnumberofvoteswins.UnitedKingdomgeneralelection,2010The ConservativeParty,ledbyDavidCameron,wonthelargestnumberofvotesandseatsbutstillfelltwentyseat sshort.Thisresultedina hungparliament（悬垂议会）wherenopartywasabletocommandamajorityintheHouseofCommons.Coalitiontalks（联合声明）beganimmediatelybetweentheConservativesandtheLiberalDemocratsandlastedforfivedays.OnTuesday11M ay,BrownannouncedhisresignationasPrimeMinister,makingtheendof13yearsofLabourgovernment.Thiswas acceptedbyQueenElizabethⅡ,whotheninvitedDavidCamerontoformagovernmentandbecomePrimeMiniste r2.PoliticalPartiesHistoryofPoliticalParties---Priortothemid-19th:TheTory(托利党)TheWhig(辉格党)---Betweenthemid19th centuryand1920s:TheTories--theConservativeParty(保守党)TheWhig--theLiberalParty(自由党)---Post1920s:TheConservativePartyTheLabourPartyQ:.relativelyrichandprivileged.thepartyofthecentral-right.opposedtogreatchangesinsociety.haveabeliefinprivateenterpriseandfreedomfromstatecontrol.maintenanceoftheexistinginstitutionsasitspolicyBigNames.WinstonChurchill:PM1940-1945&1951-1955.MargretThatcher:PM1979-1990.DavidCameron:PM2010-presentQ:.relativelypoorandunderprivileged.thepartyofcentral-left(thereformist,non-revolutionary).aimingatthenationalizationasthemeansofproductionanddistribution.fewresourcesandheavilydependentonthetradeunions.haveamajoreffectonUK’s NationalHealthServiceBigNamesTonyBlair1997-2007GordonBrown2007-2010EdwardMiliband2010-2015JeremyCorbyn2015-presentChapter4Economy Introduction:1.Factoryoftheworld2.BritishDisease---amockingtermQ:Whatis“BritishDisease”?(1)atermusedtocharacterizeBritain’s economicdecline afterthewars.(2)Britain’s slowgrowth ofproductivity,soaringinflation,and largeunemployment3.a majordeveloped capitalistcountry4.6th largesteconomyin20125.3periodsofBritain economicevolution.Steadydevelopmentinthe50sand60s;.Economicrecessioninthe70s;.Economicrecoveryinthe80s;.Bythe1880s,dominant intheworld,*onethirdof thewo rld’smanufacturedgoods*half itscoalandiron*half itscotton.By1900,overtakenby USandGermany6.ReasonsforRelativeDeclineQ:WhatcausestherelativedeclineofUKEconomy?(1).heavilyintodebtinordertofinancethewar.(2).theeraoftheBritishEmpirewasover-decolonization殖民地独立(lossesofrawmaterial&market).(3).militaryexpense(untiltheprocessofdecolonizationcompletedinthe1960s).$.lackedinvestmentinmodernequipmentandnewproducts.$.lowratesofdomesticindustrialinvestment$.highrateofoverseasinvestment$.lackofacloserelationshipbetweenindustryandbanks.Absolutedeclinea.Introductionandrelativedeclineb.ReasonsforrelativedeclineEconomyc.RecentHistoryThecurrent PrimaryIndustriesUKeconomy SecondaryIndustriesTertiaryIndustriesCasesAnalysisPositiveEffectsNegativeEffects7.Primaryindustries--EnergyProduction.5%ofnationalwealth.Coal.oilandgas:NorthSea(decline since1999).producerandexporter.offshoreoilindustry8.Secondaryindustries*manufacturing(20%ofnationalwealth)Pharmaceuticals(GlaxoSmithKline),chemicals(ICI)Aerospace航天(3rd largestintheworld)Electronicsindustry(4th largestintheworld)9.Tertiaryindustries.Serviceindustries(65ofnationalwealth).Domesticactivity:retailing,tourism.Internationalservices(10%~70%).Financialandbusinessservices10.LondonStockExchange(伦敦证券交易所)In2010,amarketcapitalization(资本总额)ofUS$2.63trillion,madeitthefourthlargeststockexchangeintheworldandthelargestin EuropeChapter5literature1.OldEnglishPeriod(449-1066)Background:TheAnglo-SaxonsfromNorthernEuropebroughttheirlanguage,thebasisofModernEnglish,asw ellasaspecific poetictradition.OldEnglishliteratureisalsocalledAnglo-SaxonLiterature.✓Beowulf《贝奥武夫》:thenationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxons北欧大陆盎人迁移英格兰的英雄史诗，杀死海怪(seamonsterGrendel)teMedieval(中世纪)EnglishLiterature(1066-14thcentury)difficultiesandcalamities(灾害),suchasfamine,plague,andwar,(darkage)theBlackDeathfolkliterature(民间文学)✓RobinHood《罗宾汉》*GeoffreyChaucer杰弗里.乔叟-thefatherofEnglishpoetry(wisdom,humor,humanity)✓TheCanterburyTales．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．《坎特伯雷故事集》(26stories) Itismadeupofaseriesofstoriestoldby pilgrims(朝圣者）toentertaineachotherontheirwaytotheChristianChurchatCanterbury3.EnglishRenaissancePeriod(15thcentury-early17th century)Staredin ItalyTheRenaissance-a Frenchword whichmeans rebirthorrevivalHumanism人文主义-theessence(本质)oftheRenaissance,thedignityofhumanbeing(人的尊严)&theimportanceofthepresentlife(珍惜当下).PeakofEnglishRenaissance:ElizabethanDrama英国文艺复兴时期的巅峰:伊丽莎白戏剧*WilliamShakespeare威廉·莎士比亚(1564-1616)✓Tragedies:RomeoandJuliet,Hamlet,Othello,KingLear李尔王,Macbeth麦克白✓HistoricalPlays:RichardⅢ,RichardⅡ,HenryⅣ,HenryⅤ✓Comedies:TheTamingoftheShrew悍妇,AMidsummerNight’sDream仲夏夜之梦,TwelfthNight,TheTempest,TheMerchantofVenice威尼斯商人Sonnet十四行诗(Afourteen-linelyricpoemwithasingletheme,usuallywritteniniambicpentameter)抑扬格五步格诗*ThomasMore托马斯.莫尔(1478-1535)✓Utopia《乌托邦》*JohnMilton约翰.弥尔顿(1608-1674)✓ParadiseLost《失乐园》*FrancisBacon弗兰西斯.培根✓Essays《随笔》4.TheNeoclassicalPeriod(新古典主义时期1660-1798)*AlexanderPope亚历山大.蒲伯(1688-1744)✓AnEssayonMan人论(=ParadiseLost)*SamuelJohnson塞缪尔.约翰逊✓TheDictionaryofEnglishLanguage/London(英语辞典)9年*JonathanSwift乔纳森.斯威夫特✓Gulliver'sTravels格列夫游记*DanielDefoe丹尼尔.笛福✓RobinsonCrusoe鲁宾逊漂流记*HenryFielding亨利.菲尔丁英国小说之父✓TheHistoryofTomJones,aFounding弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事5.TheRomanticPeriod浪漫主义时期(1798-1832).twomajornovelistsoftheRomanticperiodareJaneAusten(realistic)andWalterScott(romantic) *RobertBurns罗伯特.彭斯✓ARed,RedRose一朵红红的玫瑰/AuldLongSyne往昔时光*WilliamWordsworth威廉.华兹华斯(beganwith)LyricalBallads抒情歌谣集/IWanderedLonelyasaCloud✓“湖畔”派诗人:WilliamWordsworth威廉.华兹华斯SamuelTaylorColeridge塞缪尔.泰勒.柯勒律治RobertSouthey骚赛*SamuelTaylorColeridge塞缪尔.泰勒.柯勒律治TheRimeofAncientMariner古舟子咏*GeorgeGordonByron乔治.戈登.拜伦✓DonJuan唐.璜*JohnKeates约翰.济慈✓OdetotheWestWind西风颂*WilliamBlake威廉.布莱克✓SongsofInnocence天真之歌✓SongsofExperience经验之歌SirWalterScott沃尔特.斯科特爵士(endedin)✓Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》(12世纪英国”狮心王”查理)*JaneAusten简.奥斯丁upper-middle-class✓SenseandSensibility理智与情感✓PrideandPrejudice傲慢与偏见✓Emma爱玛6.TheVictorianPeriod(1837-1901)维多利亚时期*CharlesDickens查尔斯.狄更斯✓OliverTwist雾都孤儿✓ATaleofTwoCities双城记✓GreatExpectations远大前程TheBronteSisters*CharlotteBronte✓JaneEyre简爱*EmilyBronte✓WutheringHeights呼啸山庄*AnneBronte✓AgnesGrey安格尼斯.格雷*WilliamThackeray威廉.萨克雷✓VanityFair名利场*ThomasHardy托马斯.哈代✓TessoftheD’Urbervilles德伯家的苔丝*OscarWilde奥斯卡.王尔德✓TheHappyPrinceandOtherTales快乐王子故事集✓TheNightingaleandtheRose夜莺与玫瑰7.TheModernPeriod*GeorgeBernardShaw乔治.伯纳.萧✓SaintJoan圣女贞德✓Pygmalion卖花女(MyFairLady窈窕淑女)Chapter6EducationTheUKSchoolSystem:compulsory(义务)betweenagesof5and16years,totalof11years1、Co-educatedSchools:1).admit bothboysandgirls联合教育学校2).AcademicYear:dividedintothreeterms,withholidays atChristmas,Easter,andinthesummer3).followthe NationalCurriculumguide-lines setdownbygovernment2、StateSchool:totallyfundedbythe government andfree3、IndependentSchool:foundedbythefeeschargedtothe parents(publicschool公学)4、PrimaryEducation:Pre-schoolingwhichcalled NurserySchool5、SecondarySchools:1).GrammarSchools(文法中学3%)：“the11plus”examination,preparingstudentsforhighereducation.2).ComprehensiveSchools(综合中学83%):Noentranceexam,generaleducation.3).SecondaryModernSchool(现代中学7%)6、ThehighSchoolCurriculum:1)16years:GCSE Examination2)16-18years A-LevelCourse:3-4subjectsstudentschoosethesubjectstheywishtostudy.3)18years:A-LevelExaminationGCSE:GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation(中学生毕业证书)7、HigherEducation:receivefundsfromthe centralgovernment.Theamountoffundingisbasedon itssize,thenu mberofstudentsitteaches,andtheresearchitconducts8、EntranceProcedures:1).Studentscanapplytoamaximumof6universities/institutions.2).Admission--selectiononbasisof Alevelresults&aninterview9、FamousUniversities:1)TheUniversityofOxford:1.The oldestuniversity intheEnglishspeakingword.2.TeachingexistedatOxfordin1096anddevelopedrapidlyfrom1167.2)TheUniversityofCambridge:second-oldest (1281)---TwocharacteristicsofOxfordandCambridgeCollegesystem(学院制度)Tutorialsystem(导师制度)3)TheUniversityofLondon:1.Itwasfoundedin1836.(联邦制大学)2.a federation ofcolleges4)BuckinghamUniversity:theonly independent university5)OpenUniversity:UKlargestuniversityfor part-time higherChinese&BritishEducationSystemChineseHigherEducationEliteedu.VSMassedu.EnrollmentexpansionResourcesarestrainingEducationqualityissuffering IntensecompetitioninthejobmarketUnit7BritishForeignRelation1.---imperialhistory---geopoliticaltraits 地缘政治特点 2.HowForeignPolicyismade? ForeignPolicy→ThePM&Cabinet →Governmentdepartments3.Whenthesecondworldwarended,itwasstillthelargestmilitarypowerinwesternEurope.4.TheNuclearClubRussia,USA,France,Britain,Israel,China,India,Pakistan,NorthKorea 5.WhydoesBritainhaveitsnuclearnavalforce? ---Becauseit’satraditionalseapower. YearChina Age Britain Year5PrimarySchool1 1 Elementary School6 2 27 3 38 4 49 5 5 106 6 11 SecondarySchool7 7 JuniorMiddle School12 8 8 139 9 14 GCSECourseGCSEExaminations10 10 SeniorMiddleSchoo l15 11 11 16 A-LevelCourse A-LevelExaminations12 1217 136.MemberofUNSecurityCouncil联合国安理会---oneofthefivepermanentmembers(greatinfluence)---othermembers--Russia,China,theUS,France7.MemberoftheEuropeanUnionSince19738.MemberofNATO北约---NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization---asystemofcollectivedefense9.TheCommonwealthofNations英联邦国家---TheBritishcommonwealthisafreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.殖民地10.TheUKanditsrelationwiththeUSA.AlliedduringWWⅡ√.WorkedtogetheragainstUUSR√.The1956SuezCrisis×11.Conclusion.Britainisnolongerasuperpower,butitstillhasgreatinfluenceinmilitarypowerintheworld(navy,nuclear).Britainforeignpolicyinfluencedmainlybyitshistoryandgeopoliticaltraits..Britainsitsataveryimportantseatinmanyinternationalinstitutions,suchastheUN,theEU,NATO,Common wealth,etc.Chapter8TheBritishMedia1.Whatfunctionsdoyouthinkthemediahave?.providepeoplewithinformationaboutpoliticalandsocialissues.provideweatherreports.carryadvertising.usedforeducationalpurposes.provideaforumforpeopletoexpresstheirviews.seekadvice.givepeopleentertainment.serveforthepoliticalandeconomicsystem.workasamonitor2.Newspaper(types)(1)Thequalitypress(thebroadsheets)严肃类大版面报纸(2)Thetabloids(thegutterpress)通俗类小版面报纸3.SomequalitynewspaperinUK(1)Times《泰晤士报》oldestdailynewspaper(2)TheDailyTelegraph《每日电讯报》--工党右(3)TheGuardian《卫报》(4)TheObserver《观察家报》oldestSundaynewspaper4.SometabloidsinUK(1).TheDailyMail《每日邮报》--保守党(2)DailyMirror《每日镜报》--工党(3)TheSun《太阳报》Chapter9Sports1.Football1)FootballAssociation(FA)2)FootballHooligans流氓，恶棍Policepatrolthestreets,pubsnearthefootballgroundsareclosed,andshopslocktheirdoor.2.TennisWimbledon温布尔顿3.GolfByScottishatSt.Andrew’s圣安德鲁斯4.HorseRacingRoyalAscot英国皇家爱斯科赛马会5.Equestrianism马术Chapter10Festival1.Religionsholiday:Christmas/Easter2.Nationalholiday:Queen'sbirthday3.Regionalholiday:EnglandBonfireNight篝火之夜NorthernIreland:St.Patrick’sDay圣帕特里克节3.17Scotland:Hogmanay除夕12.31Wales:Eisteddfod诗歌音乐比赛会Chapter4.2作家作品时代作者作品OldEnglishPeriod Beowulf《贝奥武夫》LateMedieval(中世)EnglishLiterature( 1066-14thcentury)RobinHood《罗宾汉》GeoffreyChaucer杰弗里.乔叟thefatherofEnglishpoetryTheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》EnglishRenaissancePer iod(15thcentury-early 17thcentury) WilliamShakespeare莎士比亚Tragedies:RomeoandJulietHamletOthelloKingLear李尔王Macbeth麦克白HistoricalPlaysRichard3,Richard2Henry4,Henry5Comedies:TheTamingoftheShrew悍妇AMidsummerNight’sDream仲夏夜之梦TwelfthNightTheTempestTheMerchantofVenice威尼斯商人Sonnet十四行诗抑扬格五步格诗ThomasMore托马斯.莫尔(1478-1535)Utopia乌托邦JohnMilton约翰.弥尔顿(1608-1674)ParadiseLost失乐园FrancisBacon弗兰西斯.培根Essays《随笔》TheNeoclassical新古典主义Period(1660-1798) AlexanderPope亚历山大.蒲伯(1688-1744)AnEssayonMan人论，人性本恶SamuelJohnson塞缪尔.约翰逊TheDictionaryofEnglishLanguageLondonJonathanSwift乔纳森.斯威夫特Gulliver'sTravels格列夫游记DanielDefoe丹尼尔.笛福RobinsonCrusoe鲁宾逊漂流记HenryFielding亨利.菲尔丁英国小说之父TheHistoryofTomJones,aFounding弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事TheRomanticPeriod浪漫主义时期RobertBurns罗伯特.彭斯ARed,RedRose一朵红红的玫瑰AuldLongSyne往昔时光WilliamWordsworth威廉.华兹华斯LyricalBallads抒情歌谣集IWanderedLonelyasaCloudSamuelTaylorColeridgeTheRimeofAncientMariner古舟子咏GeorgeGordonByronDonJuan唐.璜JohnKeats约翰.济慈OdetoaNightingale夜莺颂PersyByssheShelley雪莱OdetotheWestWind西风颂WilliamBlake威廉.布莱克SongsofInnocence天真之歌SongofExperience经验之歌SirWalterScott斯科特爵士Ivanhoe艾凡赫JaneAusten简.奥斯丁SenseandSensibility理智与情感PrideandPrejudice傲慢与偏见Emma艾玛TheVictorianPeriod(18 37-1901) CharlesDickens查尔斯.狄更斯OliverTwist雾都孤儿ATaleofTwoCities双城记GreatExpectations远大前程CharlotteBronteJaneEyre简爱EmilyBronte WutheringHeights呼啸山庄AnneBronte AgnesGrey安格尼斯.格雷WilliamThackeray威廉.萨克雷VanityFair名利场ThomasHardy托马斯.哈代TessoftheD’Urbervilles德伯家的苔丝OscarWilde奥斯卡.王尔德TheHappyPrinceandOtherTales快乐王子故事集TheNightingaleandtheRose夜莺与玫瑰TheModernPeriod GeorgeBernardShaw萧伯纳SaintJoan圣女贞德Pygmalion卖花女(MyFairLady窈窕淑女)。

德国解释学派的创始人、思想家伽达默尔将媒介和社会、文化的关系比喻成鱼和水的关系，也就是说，我们生活在媒介之中，媒介它影响着我们，影响着我们对社会文化的建构。

社会文化从广义层面来说包括物质文化、精神文化丶行为文化和制度文化。

媒介与社会：•传递信息•认识社会•建构社会意义、反思和过滤社会现实•形成社会共享的文化意义英国式的“自由”造就了相对别的国家或地区较为理想的媒介环境：英国人在获得新闻自由之前几百年就有了国民自由，13世纪就《大宪章》和议会这现代英国宪政的两大基石；英国人的自由传统是一种其他国家所不具备的特有的传统，其自由传统是由贵族开创的，是贵族阶级为维护封建权利与国王进行斗争以保障自身的利益；他们的自由是实际的、历史的。

在现代大众媒介诞生之前，英国人已经有了相对比较多元的市民社会和话语社区了。

在英国，媒介也好，文化也好，传播也好，只是一个研究对象，可以用社会学、哲学、经济学、政治学、心理学等等方法介入，其先进性和普适性不言自明。

英国传播思想的独特性及其生成过程，值得研究。

近20年来，英国人所面临的大面积、大规模的广播产业化、私有化和全球化的过程，使他们发现，媒介的功能发生了极大的变化，媒介和政府以及受众的关系也发生了极大的变化。

媒介生态（环境）的种种变化，直接或间接地严重影响着英国媒介以及媒介研究的发展历程。

在英国留学生活，自然免不了与英国当地人交往。

那么英国人的性格特点是怎样的，留学生们该如何与他们和睦相处呢？由于地理、历史、文化等方面的原因，世界上的各个民族形成了不同于其他民族的性格特点。

英国人也不例外，经过了几千年的社会变迁，他们形成了自己独特的思维和行为方式，有着与其它国家人民不同的品质和特点。

概括起来，大致英国人的性格特点有以下六个方面：1.大部分英国人具有与他人格格不入的孤傲特质。

孤傲(exclusiveness)是英国人最明显的性格特征，他们不愿意和别人多说话，从来不谈论自己，感情不外露，更不会喜形于色。

英国概况：一、填空1.The full name of the United Kingdom is The United Kingdomof Great Britain and the Northern Ireland.2.The island of Great Britain is made up of England ,Scotland and Wales.3.The United Kingdom has a member of European Union since1973.4.Britain is now a Multiracial society which produce apopulation of which 1 of 20 are of non-Europeanethnicity.5.London plays a significant role in Britain’s’s notonly the financial center of the nation,but also one of the three major international financial centers in the world.6.The highest mountain in Britain is Ben Nevis.7.Thames river flows through central London and it is avery important river.8.Edinburg is the capital of Scotland.9.Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (George Ⅲ) currentUnion Flag adopted on Jan.1st ,1801.10.National Day of UK is officially celebrated in Britainon the 2nd Saturday of June each year since February 1952.11.The largest lake in Britain is the Longh Neagh inNorthern Ireland which covers an area of 396 km2.12.London Eye is the largest Ferris wheel(摩天轮〕in Europe.二、选择1.The location of UK is the Europe.A. EasternB. Western2.All the following cities are major deep-water ports ofUK , except .A. LondonB. LiverpoolC. BelfastD. Edinburgh3.The national flower of UK is .A.rose4.All of the following except for , were tribes fromthe north who moved into England in the 400s AD.A. AnglesB.SaxonsC.Jutes5.The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a .A. poem about a hero named BeowulfB.newspaperC. historical record6.Beowulf is .A. a long novelB.a long poem written by Geoffrey ChaucerC. a long poem by unknown storytellerD.a long novel written by W.William Shakespeare7.The Canterbury Tales was written by .A.Geoffrey ChaucerB. Thomas Becket8.The frame of The Canterbury Tales is .A. the pilgrims telling stories on their tripsB.the conflict between the friar and the summonerC. King Arthur’s courtD.the differences between the knight and the squire9.The Canterbury Tales is an unusual piece of literaturefrom the Middle Ages because .A. It describes the characters’ personalitiesB.it includes middle class charactersC. both A and BD.neither A and B10.There are stories in The Canterbury Tales.A. 5B. 26C. 15D. 6 BDADC CAACB三、简答1.What are the differences between Britain and the BritishIsles, Great Britain, England, the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth?2.Describe the geographical position of Britain?3.Does Britain have a favorable climate ? Why?4.What are the factors which influence the climate inBritain？Which part of Britain has he most rainfall andwhich part is the driest?英国教育填空1. State Schools are totally funded by the government and free to all British children.2.Schooling is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 16 years :total of 11 years in UK.3. Co-educated Schools admit both boys and girls.4.All British schools - State & Independent are requiredto follow the National Curriculum guide-lines set down by the government.5.The children begin secondary education at the age of11 .6. Grammar schools select the children who get high marksin the “Eleven Plus〞examination, or show academic potential.7.British universities receive funds from the central government .8.Two characteristics of University of Oxford and Cambridge is College system and Tutorial system .9. Open University is U.K.’s largest university for part-time higher education.10.University of London is a federation of colleges.单项选择1. A are funded by the fees charged to the parents.A.Independent SchoolsB.State SchoolsC.Co-educated SchoolsD.Public Schools2.Those wishing to gain entry to university must complete an additional two years of D studies.A.GCSEB.SATC.Eleven PLusD.A Level3.Before primary schooling some chidren have an opportunity to attend the few kingdergartens,which are called“ C 〞.A.Junior sectionB.Infant sectionC.Nursery SchoolsD.Secondary Schools4.Academic Year in UK begins in September, and is divided into three terms, with holidays at B .A.Christmas, Easter, and in the winter.B.Christmas, Easter, and in the summerC.Christmas, Halloween, and in the summerD.New Year, Easter, and in the summer5.After 5 years of secondary schooling, at about age 16, the students sit their C exams.A.GCEA(General Cetificate of Education-Advanced)B.GNVQ(General National Vocational Qualifications)C.GCSE(General Certificate of Secondary Education)D.A-Level6.After the students sit their GCSE exams, then they can concentrate on vocational training, and attend B exams.A.GCEA(General Cetificate of Education-Advanced)B.GNVQ(General National Vocational Qualifications)C.GCSE(General Certificate of Secondary Education)7.There is only one privately funded university in UK, thatis D .A.the University of ManchesterB.the University of CambridgeC.the University of OxfordD.the University of Buckingham8.Which one is the oldest university in the English-speaking world? CA.the University of ManchesterB.the University of CambridgeC.the University of OxfordD.the University of Buckingham9.The amount of funding each university receives is based on D .A.its sizeB.the number of students it teachesC.the research it conductsD.All of the above10.which university is not in Scotland? AA.the University of YorkB.the University of GlasgowC.the University of EdinburghD.the University of Aberdeen简答1.What is the purpose of the British education system?2.What is the difference between Chinese&British Education Systems?3.What is Open University?①UK’s largest university for part-time higher education.②It was founded in 1969 and began its first course in1970.③It is open to everybody.④Courses are taught through TV,radio,英国政党：I.填空1.In Britian, the citizens aged 18 or over have the right to vote.2.In Britain, a candidate must be at least 21 or over with the deposit of £ 500 .3.The Liberal Demorats is the combination of the Social Democratic Party and the Liberal Party .4.Currently the three dominant political parties in UK are the Conservative party , the Labor Party and the Liberal Democrat .5.The Party which holds a majority of the seats in parliament forms a government , with its party leader as Prime Minister .6.Churchill is the member of Conservative party .7.The current leader of liberal democratic party is Nick Clegg , who is the deputy PM.8.A Hung parliament refers to the condition where no party was able to command a majority in the House ofCommons .9.The class system does exist in British society , which includes Working-class , Middle-class , hereditary aristocracy .10.The majority of recent immigrants are from south Asia —— India , Pakistan and Sri Lanka and Caribbean coutries—— Jamaica and Trinidad .Ⅱ选择1.Who has the rights to vote for the Members of Parliament forming the House ofCommons of the parliament of UK. DA.lordB.criminalsC.the legally insameD.citizens over 182.On Tuesday 11 May , Gordon Brown announced his resignationas Prime Minister ,marking the end of 13 years of A government.A. LabourB. The Conservative partyC. The Liberal DemocratD.the LibaralParty3.In 2021 , Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ, who then invited B toform a government andbecome Prime Minister .A. Cordon BrownB. David CameronC. Nick CleggD.Tony Blair4.Coalition talks began immediately between the Conservatives and C andlasted for five days .A.the Liberal PartyB. Labour PartyC. the Liberal DemocratsD.The Tory5. A Refers to where no party was able to command a majority in the House ofCommons .A. hung parliamentB. shadow parliamentC. parliamentD. cabinet6.The Conservative party was foundedin 1834 out of the oldD , which itselfhad been found in 1678 .A. Labour PartyB. The LiberalC. WhigsD.Tony Party7.She advocated the idea of small government and free-maeket economics.During herterm as the Prime Minister , she carried out policies toB and to cut tax rates .A. nationalize the privateB. privatize the nationalized industryC. Establish the private industryD.invest the private industry8.In 1948 ,The Labour government set up the National Health Service to provide highquality A for all free .9.If the government loses a B in the House of Commons , that is , if a majority ofMPs agree , then it has effectively lost its ability to govern and is forced to resignand call a general election .A. First-Past-the-PostB. “vote of no confidence〞C. Winner-takes-allD.majority of support10.The ideal of the liberal Democrats is to C .A. Provide free welfaresB.cut the taxesC. giving “power to the people〞D.solve the unemplaymentⅢ.简答1.What are the effects of Immigramts ?2.What is the meaning of First-Past-the-Post in British election ?3.What are the main policies of the Conservative Party ?4.What are the main policies of the Labour Party ?英国政府：一、填空1.The UK still keeps an old fashioned government on thebasis of constitutional monarchy .2.Coronation is a ceremony of crowning a king or queen .3.Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ has crowned since 1952 .4.Elizabeth Ⅱ is the current monarch of UK . has a democratic government with electedrepresentatives in its parliament .6.King John of England agreed to sign The Magna Carta ,in 1215 , to the demands of his barons.7.The members of House of Lords consists of the LordsSpiritual and the Lords Temporal .8.Windsor Castle 32 kilometers (20 miles) west of Londonon the Thames , has been the residence of England’s royal family for 900 years .9.The House of Commons is a democratically elected chamberwith elections held at least every five years .10.Buckingham Palace in Westminster is the official Londonresidence of the British sovereign .11.The Cabinet meets regularly , usually once a week , inone of the rooms in the Prime Minister’s official residence No.10 Downing street .12.The House of Commons consists of 651 members elected fromthe country’s 651 constituencies with Mr. Speaker as the chairman in debates .二、选择1. In the United Kingdom , ministers are appointed by theQueen on the recommendation ofC .A.the Lord ChancellorB. the MonarchC.the Prime MinisterD.the King2.During World War Ⅱ,as a war leader , D receivedmassive popular support and led the country to final victory in 1945 .A.Harold WilsonB.Margaret ThatcherC.Franklin RooseveltD.Winston Churchill3.On accepting D , the age of constitutional monarchy ,of a monarchy with powers limited by Parliament , began.A.Constitutional LawB. The Declaration of IndependenceC.Civil LawD.Bill of Rights4.In Britain , a B is held when a Member of Parliamentdies , retires or resigns .A.civic electionB.by-electionC.popular electionD.general election5.All of the following , except for D were the mostimporant provisions of the Great Charter .A.No tax should be made without the approval of the council.B.No free man should be arrested or imprisoned unless convicted by a jury of his fellowcitizens.C.Merchants should be permitted to move about freely .D.The king renounced his crown .6.Females were allowed to vote in national elections untilA .7.The parliament was a B word for a talking-place .8.Joan of Arc lived during the B century .th B. 15ththth9.Joan lived and fought in B .10.As soon as William had been crowned , he began to organizethe government of England on the system that had been so successful in Normandy.This is called C system , and it was based on the ownership of land.三、简答pare the government system of UK with that of UA .2.Describe the power of the queen .3.What are the functions of parliament？4.Elaborate the composition of the parliament.简答题：概况1.What are the differences between Britain and the British Isles, Great Britain,England, the United Kingdom and the BritishCommonwealth?2.Describe the geographical position of Britain?(1)an island country surrounded by four seasto the south by the English Channel, which separates it from continental Europeto the east by the North Seato the west by the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean(2)located off the northwest coast of Europe ,looking west to America3.Does Britain have a favorable climate ? Why?Yes , it does .a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole yearthe temperature varies within a small range.4.What are the factors which influence the climate in Britain？Which part ofBritain has he most rainfall and which part is the driest?(1) The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating upthe land in winter and cooling it off in summer. The south-west winds blow over the country all the year round , bringingwarm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate .The North Atlantic Drift passes the western coast of the British isles andwarms them .(2)政府pare the government system of UK with that of UA . The System of Government in the UK(1)It is a monarchic 君主政体的 government with the Queen as the head of thestate (constitutional monarchy君主立宪制)(2)It is a democratic government with elected representatives in its parliament(Parliamentary Democracy)(3)It is a unitary government with a strong central governmentThe System of Govenment in the USA(1)The United States is federal country with a presidential government .(2) Federalism联邦制度——the division of the powers of government betweenthe nation and the state in the United States .(3)The Separation of Powers ——the separation of powers among the threedepartments of the Federal Government.2.Describe the power of the queen .The power of the queen is nowhere defined as Britain has no written constitutionand many of the rules that govern the system are customs or conventions .(1)Theoretically , the Queen has all the power :①She is the head of the executive branch of government and gives effect to alllaws.②She may pardon criminal offenses and cancel punishments .③She is the commander指挥官- in-chief of the armed forces .④She is the temporal head of the Church of England.⑤She also confers all titles of rank and appoints judges , officers of the armedforces , governors, bishops主教and diplomats .⑥She has the power to conclude treaties , to declarewar upon and make peacewith other nations .(2)In practice, the role of the monarchy(symbolic):①symbolise the tradition and unity of the British state ;②set standards of good citizenship and fimily life ;③ a confidante知己的女友to the Prime Minister .3.What are the functions of parliament?(1)passes laws;(2)provides the means of carrying on the work of government by voting fortaxation;(3)scrutinizes仔细检查，详审government policy , administration and expenditure;(4)debates the major issues of the day .4.Elaborate the composition of the parliament.(1)the Queen(2)the House of Lords(3)the House of Commons政党5.What are the effects of Immigrants ?Positive:increases the variety and interest withinEnglish culture; a varied cuisine;new forms of popular music; different religious beliefs/contributions to society;Relatively tolerant countryNegative:inequality and discrimination do exist ;depends on the attitude of some oftheir white neighbor;view the newcomers as a threat to their way of living/troublein the process of assimilating theimmigrants;economically poorer than the whitepopulation6.What is the meaning of First-Past-the-Post in British election ?First-Past-the-Post was coined as an analogy类比to house racing(1)The winner of the race is the first to pass a particular point on the track.(2)All other runners automatically and completely lose .(3)The payoff is “winner-takes-all〞赢者统吃(4)The candidate must receive the largest number of votes in their favour wins.7.What are the main policies of the Conservative Party ?4.What are the main policies of the Labour Party ?经济1.What is “British Disease〞?(1)a term used to characterize Britain’s economic decline after the wars(2)Britain’s slow growth of productivity, soaring inflation, and large unemployment2.What causes the relative decline of UK Economy?(1)heavily into dedt in order o finance the war(selling many accumulated overseasassest,borrowing large amounts from the US and Canada) (2)the era of the British Empire was over——decolonnization殖民地独立(lossesof raw material& market)(3)military expense (until the process of decolonization completed in the 1960s)文学4.What does “Byronic Hero〞 mean ?The “Byronic hero〞 is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.Withimmense superiority in his passions and powers , this Byronic hero would shoulderthe burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society , and would fight aloneagainst any type of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moralprinciples with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies. The conflict isusually one of rebellious individuals against outworn social systems andconventions.ment on Hamlet .Hamlet is the most popular and controversial tragedy.Shakespeare expresses hisgreat praise of the noble quality of Prince Hamlet as a representative of humanistthinkers and his disillusionment with the corrupt and degenerated society in whichhe lived.Hamlet’s revenge is not a personal matter. What troubles him most is the injustice,conspiracy and betrayal in the wicked society .Hamlet is tragedy of “blood and thunder〞.教育1.What is the purpose of the British education system?2.What is the difference between Chinese&British Education Systems?6.What is Open University?(1)UK’s largest university for part-time higher education.(2)It was founded in 1969 and began its first course in 1970.(3)It is open to everybody.(4)Courses are taught through TV,radio,videos and a network of study centers.。

英国社会与文化 An Introduction to British Society & Culture主编常俊跃 李莉莉 赵永青国家哲学社会科学项目“英语专业基础阶段内容依托式教学改革研究”项目组 编ContentsUnit 1 The English Character (1)Text A The English Character (I) (1)Text B The English Character (II) (7)Text C The English Spirit of Control (11)Unit 2 The Constitutional Monarchy (14)Text A The Constitutional Monarchy (15)Text B The Role of the Monarchy Today (23)Text C The Queen’ s Official Birthday (25)Text D Diana, the People’s Princess (27)Unit 3 The British Parliament (33)Text A The British Government Today (34)Text B Political Parties in the U.K (39)Text C Margaret Thatcher (41)Unit 4 Food and Drinks in the U.K (45)Text A Food and Drinks in the U.K (46)Text B British Meals (51)Text C Pub Etiquette (53)Text D Leisure Time for Britons (56)Unit 5 The British Ways & Manners (60)Text A Politeness in Britain (61)Text B What’s Typically British (66)Text C Social Customs in Britain (68)Text D Name Roots (71)Unit 6 Education System in the U.K (74)Text A Going to School: British Style (75)Text B Schools in the U.K (79)Text C Boarding School (81)Unit 7 The British Welfare System (85)Text A Welfare System in the U.K (86)Text B The Welfare State (90)Text C The National Health Service (92)Unit 8 The British Media (94)Text A The British Press (95)Text B The Broadcast Media (100)Text C Local Newspapers in Britain (102)Text B Jury System in the Dock (113)Text C The Police in Britain (115)Unit 10 Family Life in the U.K (118)Text A Family Life in the U.K (119)Text B Changing Values & Norms of the U.K. Family (124)Text D Marriage Customs (127)Unit 11 The British Sports & Games (129)Text A The British Sports (130)Text B Cricket—A Very English Game (136)Text C The Highland Games (137)Text D Traditional Games in Scotland (139)Unit 12 Theatre & Music in the U.K (142)Text A Theatre & Music in the U.K (143)Text B Pantomimes (150)Text C Cats, the Classic Musical (151)Text D The Beatles (152)Unit 13 The British Holidays& Festivals (156)Text A Holidays and Festivals in the U.K (157)Text B Holiday Life in England (164)Text C Valentine Customs (166)Unit 14 The British Literature (I) (168)Text A Overview of British Literature (I) (169)Text B William Shakespeare (176)Text C To be, or not to be (177)Text D Of Studies (179)Unit 15 The British Literature (II) (182)Text A Overview of British Literature (II) (183)Text B Pride and Prejudice (191)Text C Christmas Dinner (193)Text D Agatha Christie––Queen of Crime (196)Appendix: Key to the Exercises (200)重点参考的书目和网站 (214)Unit 1The English CharacterSuccess is the ability to go from one failure toanother with no loss of enthusiasm.——Winston ChurchillUnit Goalsz To understand character and personality of English people e To understand character and personality of English peopl z To get acquainted with some basic cultural concepts concerning English characterTo get acquainted with some basic cultural concepts concerning English character z To learn some useful words and expressions on English character To learn some useful words and expressions on English characterBefore You ReadWork with your partner and share ideas with each other.1) What are the first three things that come into your mind when you hear the words “Britain” or “Britons”?E.g. When I think of “the English” I think of…____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2) What do you think of the Britons?What are the three descriptivewords you associate the most withthe British people?E.g. _____, _____, _____Start to ReadText A The English Character (I)1. To other Europeans, the best known quality of the British, and inhe never tells you anything about himself, and you may work with him for years without even knowing where he lives, how many children he has, and what his interests are. English people tend to be like that.2. If they are making a journey by bus they will do their best to findan empty seat; if by train, anempty compartment. If theyhave to share the compartmentwith a stranger, they may travelmany miles without starting aconversation. If a conversationdoes start, personal questions like“How old are you?” or even“What is your name?” are noteasily asked.3. This reluctance to communicate with others is an unfortunate quality in some ways since it tends to give the impression of coldness, and it is true that the English (except perhaps in the North) are not noted for their generosity and hospitality. On the other hand, they are perfectly human behind their barrier of reserve, and may be quite pleased when a friendly stranger or foreigner succeeds for a time in breaking the barrier down. We may also mention at this point that the people of the North and West, especially the Welsh, are much less reserved than those of the South and East.4. Closely related to English reserve is English modesty. Within their hearts, the English are perhaps no less conceited than anybody else, but in their relations with others they value at least a show of modesty. Self-praise is felt to be impolite. If a person is, let us say, very good at tennis and someone asks him if he is a good player, he will seldom reply “Yes,” because people will think him conceited. He will probably give an answer like, “I’m not bad,” or “I think I’m very good,” or “Well, I’m very keen on tennis.” Even if he had managed to reach the finals in last year’s local championships, he would say it in such a way as to suggest that it was only due to a piece of good luck.faults, one’s own failure, even atone’s own ideals. The criticism ,“He has no sense of humor” isvery commonly heard in Britain,where humor is highly prized. Asense of humor is an attitude tolife rather than the mere abilityto laugh at jokes. This attitude isnever cruel or disrespectful ormalicious . The English do not laugh at a cripple or a madman, or a tragedy or an honorable failure.6. Since reserve, a show of modesty and a sense of humor are part of his own nature, the typical Englishman tends to expect them in others. He secretly looks down on more excitable nations, and likes to think of himself as more reliable than they. He doesn’t trust big promises and open shows of feelings, especially if they are expressed in flowery language. He doesn’t trust self-praise of any kind. This applies not only to what other people may tell him about themselves orally, but to the letters they may write to him. To those who are fond of flowery expressions, the Englishman may appear uncomfortably cold.7. Finally, sportsmanship . Like a sense of humor, this is an Englishin ideal which not all Englishmen live upto. It must be realized that sport in thismodern form is almost entirely aBritish invention. Boxing, rugby,football, hockey, tennis and cricketwere all first organized and given rulesin Britain. Rules are the essence ofsport, and sportsmanship is the abilityto practice a sport according to its rules,while also showing generosity to one’sdefeat. The high pressure of modern international sport makes these ideals difficult to keep, but they are atleast highly valued in Britain and are certainly achieved there more commonly than among more excitable peoples. Moreover, sportsmanship as an ideal is applied to life in general this is proved by opponent and good temperwell-aimed, strong criticism and “below the belt” is used to describe an unfair one. One of the most elementary rules of life is “never hit a man when he’s down”—in other words, never take advantage of a person’s misfortune. English schoolboys often show this sense of sportsmanship to a surprisingly high degree in their relations with each other.After You ReadKnowledge Focuspartner and share ideas with each other.1. Work with your W h a t w o u l d a n E n g l i s h m a n o r w o m a n u s u a l l y d o i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s i t u a t i o n s ?lishman makes a journey to somewhere by train… man’s skills inomething quite funny happening in public and annis match…rite T if the statement is true and F if it is false.emotional, and____ 2) t noted for their generosity and____ 3) are much less reserved than people of the____ 4) is an attitude to life rather than the mere____ 5) lder” and “below the belt” areAn Eng An acquaintance asks an English lady’s age…Someone pays compliments to an English tennis…There’s s Englishman happens to see it…An Englishman has just lost a ten2. W ____ 1) A reserved person is one who is quite tends gets excited easily.The British people are no hospitality.The Welsh,South and East.A sense of humor ability to laugh at jokes.“Straight from the shou sporting terms borrowed from rugby.Language Focusnings of the bold-faced words in this text and 1. Discuss the mea work with a partner to fill in the blanks with a proper word ormunicate with others, he usuallye guests are treated _______.as honeyis likely to. Fill in the blanks with the following expressions you have be noted for look down on be keen on2) If a person is reluctant to com __________ to start a conversation.3) The hostess is very hospitable , and th 4) Whenever anyone mentions the word “conceit ”, the image of Mr.Darcy comes into mind, he was thought to be_________.5) You’d better ____________those people who are sweet to your face and as malicious as hell behind your back.6) If you seek help from a friend known for generosity , he __________.2learned in this text.due to for a time live up totake advantage of apply to) This rule cannot be ________ any case.to speak English.ilty, but before longlong. I ________ outdooress is entirely ________ his hard work.nts.. Fill in the blanks with the proper forms of words in the1) (reserve) person is one who does not talk very much tosh (except perhaps in the North) are not 12) Students must ________ every opportunity 3) Conceited people always ________ others.4) _________ the police thought she might be gu they eliminated her from their list of suspects.5) This resort ________ its hot springs.6) It’s boring to stay at home all day sports.7) His succ 8) I hope I can ________ the expectations of my pare3brackets.A _____ strangers, does not show much emotion, and seldom gets excited.2) This _____ (reluctant) to communicate with others is an unfortunate quality in some ways since it tends to give the impression of coldness.3) It is true that the Englivery _____ hoolboys often show this sense of sportsmanship to a6)The _____ (criticize), “He has no sense of humor” is commonly heard in Britain, where humor is highly prized. 7)The typical Englishman secretly looks down on more (excite) nations, and likes to think of himself as more _____ (rely) than they. 8) English sc _____ (surprise) high degree in their relations with each other.Comprehensive WorkBritish sayings and try to use them to make 1) time saves nine.an’s poison.not make it drink.em.th.. Pair-work: work with your partner and share ideas with each re the English character with the American character. What 1. Study the following dialogues.A stitch in 2) One man’s meat is another m 3) You can lead a horse to water, but you can 4) The grass is always greener on the other side.5) Don’t cross your bridges before you come to th 6) The best advice is found on the pillow.7) Birds of a feather flock together.8) Don’t look a gift horse in the mou2other.Compa are the similarities and differences?Read Moregolden ”, “Empty vessels make the most noise ” andeirtuations isnot exclusively a sporting one. It describes the sort ofay appear fearless and calm on the surface, deepmanner.2) “Silence is “You are not put on to this earth to enjoy yourself ”. From the sayings above we can get the clue that the English parents want their children to be __________________________________.3) If there is one trait that absolutely singles out the English it is th shared dislike for anyone or anything that “________”.4) To the English the proper way to behave in almost all si to display a languid _____ to almost everything. Even in affairs of the heart, it is considered unseemly to show one’s feelings except ________.5) The term is behaviour both on and off the playing field that characterises everything the English really respect. The term refers to “________”.6) Whilst they m down the English suffer from agonising self-doubt, feeling that in many areas of human activity they just cannot cut the mustard. The underlined expression means __________.7) The English have a strong sense of history and they tend to fillul and inventive, but rarelyText B The English Character (II)S t i f f U p p e rL i p their homes with ______.8) The English are endlessly resourcef ________ their inventions.teristic English pose involveskeep The charac ing the head held high, the upper lip stiffand the best foot forward. In this position,conversation is difficult and intimacy of any kindalmost impossible. This in itself is a clue to theEnglish character.ting rather like the thre nd behaviour against all c od is also Eng in this certainty to the gen vessels make the most noise” and, most telling, “You are not put on to this earth to enjoy yourself”.Small wonder that they end up, as adults, ac e wise monkeys and emotionally in traction.But still the English defend their character a omers. Perhaps that is because Puritanism with its punishing work ethic assures them that their reward for all that restraint will come at a sort of school prize-giving ceremony in the world to come.If it is the latter, they are forgetting that since G lish—a firmly-held belief—any hedonism in the next world will probably be accompanied by mugs of bromide.Nevertheless, the English continue to bask eral astonishment of the rest of mankind.is one trait that absolutely singles out the English it is their shar an excess of emo English the proper way to behave in almost all situations is to d If there ed dislike for anyone or anything that “goes too far”.Going too far, as the English see it, covers displaying tion, getting drunk, discussing money in public or cracking off-colour jokes and then laughing at them noisily. Beyond the pale altogether is the man or woman who regales one with his or her titles or qualifications. The only acceptable place to air these is on an envelope.To the isplay a languid indifference to almost everything, though one may be seething underneath. Even in affairs of the heart, it is considered unseemly to show one’s feelings except behind closed doors.h man or woman refers to you as “a good sport”, you wil sively a sporting one. It describes the sort of beh If an Englis l know that you have really arrived. For to them it is a qualification normally never awarded to a foreigner and by no means within the grasp of all the English.The term is not exclu aviour both on and off the playing field that characterises everything the English really respect. In all physical trials, the goodIt goes without saying that the good sport will also be a good loser. The English are fiercely com S e l re will be no arguing with umpires or outward signs of disappointment. On the contrary, a remark such as “The best man won!” tossed airily to all and sundry, and never through clenched teeth, is obligatory even in the face of crushing defeat.This does not really fool anyone, for the petitive especially in matters sporting. They would rather be crossed in love than beaten on the tennis courts, but to let it be seen would be going too far.f -D o u b tapparent colossal self-confidence and moral certainty of the conquered and foreigners to be e helter-skelter slide from Empire to Commonwealth and S e n It is the English that is paradoxically one of their greatest stumbling blocks. For both qualities are, to a certain extent, only illusions. Whilst they may appear fearless and calm on the surface, deep down the English suffer from agonising self-doubt, feeling that in many areas of human activity they just cannot cut the mustard.All the time there were countries to be governed, the English could sublimate all their clamouring uncertainty. The scent of success served as incense at the altar of their self-assurance.But with th ever downwards, their doubts, like itches, have begun to plague them and it is considered bad form to scratch in public.t i m e n tglish have a strong sense of history. Because their past was so led with old thingsnot The En infinitely more glamorous than their present, they cling to it tenaciously. Mix this love of bygone ages with an unrivalled sentimentality and you have a heady mixture which can be sensed inevery aspect of the English life.Antique shops clutter upevery town and village. Englishhomes are fil only because please the eyebut because there is a feeling thatShi andfather/grandmother, it’s good eno niness is vulgar and the patina of age lends respectability. Thus they cling on to old furniture, old carpets, old chipped china, old kitchen gadgets and garden implements long after common sense dictates that they should be replaced.“If it was good enough for my gr ugh for me!”. The English cry goes up and each new invasion from the future is greeted with the indignant question: “What was wrong with the old one?”. And as far as the English are concerned, there is no answer to that.InventivenessThe English are endlessly resourceful and inventive, but rarely pro one unobserved by gh, he will come up with something with real pro 2. Read the following passage and finish the following exercises.sunny in English comedy shows,to tea drinking in England: The water musttrol is shown infit from their inventions. The inventor in his garden shed turning out gadgets and widgets tends to be almost exclusively male, lacking the more practical female genes in any great numbers.Often perceiving needs in daily life which have g the rest of his compatriots, he will beaver away 24 hours a day creating such indispensable items as the perfect egg boiler or the self-creasing trouser.Occasionally, thou mise like the hovercraft which will then be ignored by his countrymen and taken up by foreigners.1) The English national character is dualistic: One aspect i conservative, the other _____.2) Most Americans find nothing f since English humor is _____ oriented while American humor is more _____ oriented.3) There is a whole ritual be _____ rapidly, the teapot _____, the tea _____, then _____ at least 5 minutes in a teapot covered by a tea cosy.4) In the following passage, the English spirit of con the following aspects: English pubs, ______, pace of living and ______.The English national character is dualistic: One aspect is conservative, the other extroverted. The English people, like people of elsewhere, love to entertain themselves in some pleasure; however, their pleasure always know temperance.The pub is a fine example of the conservative aspect of English character. The pub, unlike the bar in the U.S., is a focal point for the “locals.” One goes to the pub for the same reasons one used to go to church: for fellowship and spiritual enlightenment. There is nothing flashy or plastic about most pubs. Many look like one’s living room, full of plush, soft chairs, couches, a fireplace, and bright lights. The pubs keep respectable hours, too—open from 10 A.M. to 2 P.M. and 5 P.M. to 10 P.M.; Friday and Saturday nights they stay open until 11 P.M. There are no all-night or 3 A.M. public bars. When the pubs close everyone goes home. The pub represents pleasure with control and in good taste.This control is also exemplified in English humor. Most Americans find nothing funny in English comedy shows, since English humor is word oriented while American humor is more action oriented.The same control that is found in English pubs and humor is also found in the English pace of living. Where else does one stand in line quietly for the bus or the taxi?barbarians drink tea by placinga tea bag in a cup of hot water.There is a whole ritual to teadrinking in England: The watermust be boiling rapidly, theteapot warm, the tea loose, thensteeped at least 5 minutes in ateapot covered by a tea cosy.Then and only then does onepour the tea into a cup and drink it. Not only old ladies in lace with Pekingese on their laps drink tea, but a whole nation of workers, entrepreneurs, and aristocrats have tea for breakfast, lunch, and, of course, all activity stops in the afternoon for thecustomary tea break.NotesWinston Churchill (1874–1965) was a Britishpolitician known chiefly for his leadership of theUnited Kingdom during World War II. He served asPrime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to from 1951 to 1955. A noted 1945 and again statesman and orator, Churchill was also an officer in the British Army, a historian, a Nobel Prize-winning writer, and an artist.For FunBooks to ReadJules Verne, Around the World in Eighty Days —Phileas Fogg bets half his fortune against other members of the Reform Club he can travel around the world in 80 days or less.Peter Mandler, The English National Character —a historian of modern Britain challenges long-held familiar stereotypes and proposes an entirely new perspective on what it means to think of oneself as being English.Movies to SeeMr. Bean—Life is a difficultchallenge for Mr. Bean, whohas trouble completing even thesimplest of tasks. Thankfully, his perseverance is usually rewarded, and he finds an ingenious way around the problem.。

英语国家社会与文化入门全文翻译ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom该国，我们正在研究的全称是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

这是一个什么在许多方面是一个复杂的国家复杂的名字。

大多数人都知道做些什么，因为它的庞大的海外帝国给它一个重要的国际作用，只是来到一个在未来数年年底，之后第二次世界大战。

然而，一些市民对英国知道（他们可能会呼吁干脆英国或错误，英格兰）可能不大如何最真实的英国人今天过自己的生活。

一方面，帝国的日子已经足够长的时间以前，只有老人记得他们的任何东西是生活中的重要性。

英国不再是一个帝国的国家，尽管其帝国的影响可能常常在遇到的各种方式，而不是在与50或更多曾是这个帝国的一部分，和国家之间的密切关系，至少它通过一个松散的维持（自愿）组织的联系称为英联邦国家。

但更重要的英国国际关系今天是欧洲联盟，其中英国1973年以来的成员，这是在考虑更有用现代英国强调它的作用作为一个欧洲国家，而不是其英联邦成员资格。

它仍然是一个相对富裕的国家，是7国集团成员的大型发达经济体。

另外一个旧帝国的作用明显成效在于弥补的英国人口本身。

从这些英联邦国家，这在20世纪50年代和60年代鼓励一些移民，已制作了其中1人在20个非欧洲种族。

他们自己或其父母或祖父母，出生在印度或巴基斯坦，加勒比国家，这些只是最常见的。

这将引入什么是对英国的章节关键主题：因为是大多数情况下，或所有，国家是不可能总结了一些简单的对话英国人民。

英国认为谁，很多人认为的英国绅士。

但是，这仅仅是一个旧有的从未适用于英国绝大多数人来说，没有什么真正的有效性今天。

英国是一个国家，一个单一的护照，和一个政府及对其所有的主权，但作为国家的大力顾名思义，它是由不同的元素组成。

它包括4一个国家内的部分国家：大不列颠岛是由英格兰，苏格兰和威尔士，北爱尔兰，一份关于爱尔兰邻近的岛屿省份，完成设置。

因此，在讨论英国和英国的一些考虑，必须使这些分歧，例如：一个来自苏格兰的女人不会高兴，如果我们打电话给她的英国绅士？她是苏格兰和女性，并认为她的身份从不同的男人和不同的英语。

Cash Benefits5）改革reformsIn the late 1990s a working-families tax credit（税务减免）replaced income support for low-paid working households with children; the government introduced a national minimum wage;the government also introduced a children’s tax credit toprovide additional support to low-and middle-income families.5）改革：在20世纪90年代后期，提出工薪家庭税收减免政策，来取代对低收入家庭孩子的收入支持，政府还出台了国家最低工资标准。

政府还出台了一个儿童税收减免，以向中低收入家庭提供更多的支持。

在20世纪中期1）在20世纪中期，英国地方政府营造了简易住宅（包括公共房产）1980年2）1980年“购买权”法律的出现，很多租户变成了业主居住者。

21世纪开端3）21世纪开端，当地政府对房屋的占有率几乎减半。

1）教育国务大臣全面负责英格兰的教育，并对议会、教育部和科学部负责2）在苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰，教育部门由部长领导，并对区议会负责。

初、中级教育是地方政府的责任。

地方教育机构雇佣教师，并提供教育经费。

少数的学校由自愿者经营，多具备宗教性质。

也有一小部分是私营的。

3）初级教育是免费的，从5岁到11岁是义务教育。

地方教育机构通过各种组织形式，为11到19岁的孩子提供中等教育，中等教育是免费的，义务教育到16岁。

1）除了公立学校，一小部分私立学校（常被称为“公学”）为1到20岁的孩子提供教育。

2）在英国，那些私立学校常被称为“公学”。

3）这些学校的教育资金来源于学费和私人募捐。

4）其中的大部分学生来自富裕家庭，并非常愿意继续到名牌大学深造。

A Brief Introduction to The United Kingdom我们正在研究的这个国家的全称是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

这也是一个复杂的名字，对于一个在许多方面都很复杂的国家。

大多数人都知道它，是因为它的庞大的海外帝国的称号使他在国家上扮演着重要的角色，但是在第二次世界大战之后的数年，这一切都结束了。

然而，人们知道的那些有关英国（他们可能称它为英国或者，错误的称为大不列颠）的事情，可能跟大多数真正的英国人是如果过自己的生活的事情没有多大的联系。

一方面，现在，帝国的时代已经过去很久了，只有老人们把帝国作为他们生活有一些意义的一件事留在记忆里。

英国不再是一个帝国，尽管其过去帝国的影响可能体现在各方各面;而不是仅仅体现在与曾经是这个帝国的一部分并且建立起一个松散（自愿）的称之为英联邦国家的组织保持联系的50或更多的国家之间的密切关系。

但是今天在英国国际关系中，更重要的是欧洲联盟。

自从1973年始，英国成为了它的成员。

考虑到当代的英国，强调它在欧盟中扮演的角色，比起英联邦的一部分，要有用得多了。

作为7国集团成员的大型发达经济体，它仍然是一个相对富裕的国家。

另外一个明显旧帝国的影响在于组成英国人口本身。

在20世纪50年代和60年代这段时间，受到鼓励来自这些英联邦国家的移民，导致了一个二十个人中就有一个非欧洲人的人口种族。

他们自己，其父母，或者祖父母，出生在印度或巴基斯坦，加勒比国家，仅举出这几个最有代表性的国家和地区。

这将引入什么是本章节关于英国的关键主题：因为是大多数，或所有的国家，是不可能用简单的话语来概括英国人民。

很多人想到了英国，就想到了英国的绅士。

但是，这仅仅是一种刻板印象，在当今，对于绝大多数英国人来说都是不适用的，而且并不具有正确性。

英国是一个国家，只有一种护照，和一个拥有主权的政府，但是像它的名字一样，它是由不同的元素组成的。

它包括一个单一民族国家内的四个部分：由大不列颠岛组成的英格兰，苏格兰，威尔士，和与大不列颠岛邻近的爱尔兰岛上的一个省，北爱尔兰，组成一个完整的国家。

英国社会与文化_英国教育制度
英国社会和文化的特征受英国宪法法律和经济状况的影响，它将文化和英国基础教育制度作为一种社会结构的基础。

英国的教育制度基于技术和职业技能、语言、历史和文化的研究，以及培养学生及其他人的思维和感情能力。

这也是英国人习惯于以自身文化和习俗为基础的原因之一英国教育系统的基本框架是模仿爱德华八世的家庭兴建的，他即使大多数英国家庭的教育制度，将英国排在欧洲良知。

在英国，教育分为三个层次：小学、中学和大学。

小学教育通常包括四个阶段，分别是幼儿园（4-5岁）、小学（5-11岁）、初中（11-14岁）和高中（14-16岁）。

学生根据自己的实力进行分班，也可以选择辅导课程。

小学教育的重点是基础理论和实践技能的锻炼，以便培养孩子的理解能力和解决问题的技能。

从国家制定的标准材料上看，中学教育的目的是为学生们的将来成功建桥梁，使他们能够发挥最大的潜能，以实现充分发展。

中学教育主要以提高学生综合素养、统筹能力、社会责任感和社会文化的能力为目标，并培养学生全面发展的技能与素养。

大学教育提供了更多的可能性，使学生能够深入探索他们的兴趣，以适应不断变化的世界。

Unit 11.The full name of Britain is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2.The UK is made up of England , Scotland ,Wales and Northern Ireland.Q: What are the three most descriptive words you associate most with British people?Reserved ，modest ，humorousUnit 2she is the supreme governor of Church of England 1. Queen Elizabeth Ⅱis “Defender of the faith”, becauseand defends the freedom of the faith.她是英国教会的最高统治者，扞卫信仰自由2. The executive power is in the hands of Prime Minister.3. Nicknames of the kings or queens: Mary Ⅰ, ElizabethⅠ, Richard Ⅰ, Edward Ⅰ, William ⅠMary Ⅰ--------- Bloody Mary （Because of the numbers of protestants executives）ElizabethⅠ----- Virgin Queen （Because she never married.）Richard Ⅰ-------the “lion heart”（Because he was famous for his exploits in the third Crusade.）Edward Ⅰ-------long shanks（because he had long legs）William Ⅰ-------the conqueror（he?was?the?victor?at?the?Battle?of?Hasting）Q: What are the queen’s state functions?①The Queen approves the appointment of Ministers and the formation of a cabinet.女王批准任命部长，并组建内阁②The Queen summons Parliament and introduces the session with a speech from the Throne in whichshe summarizes the government’s program.女王召唤议会并用一场演讲介绍政府计划③The Queen gives her assent to Bills before they become law.法案成为法律之前要得到女王的同意④The Queen concludes treaties and declares war , makes appointments to all offices of State andChurch , dismiss Parliament when the government has been defeated or has reached the end of itsterm , and chooses a new Prime Minister.宣布战争⑤The Queen is informed and consulted on every aspect of national life.关心国民生活⑥The Queen signs documents and receives ambassadors and important visitors from abroad.外交Unit 31.The constitution: statue laws, common laws and conventions.statue laws : passed by Parliamentcommon laws : be established through common practice in the courtsconventions : which are rules and practices which do not exist legally , but are nevertheless regarded asvital to the workings of government.2.The parliament today consist s of the Queen, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.3.Life peers: the Lords have been appointed by the sovereign , at the suggestion of the Prime Minister.上议院由君主任命,在总理的建议4.MP:the member of Parliament who is elected by and represents an electoral district of Britain known asa constituency.由选举产生的议会议员，代表英国的一个选区，被称为选区5.Political party: Conservative Party , Labor PartyConservative Party: Margaret Thatcher (the iron lady)Labor Party: Tony BlairUnit 6Q: How do students in Oxford and Cambridge study? What do you think of their method?Students at Oxford and Cambridge do not usually attend daily lectures and labs. Everyone studies either independently or in small groups guided by weekly sessions with a tutor. Tutors assign weekly essays orshort projects to track student progress. After three years, all students take exams and write researchpapers. A faculty committee decides if they have learned enough to graduate.在牛津和剑桥的学生通常不参加日常的讲座和实验室。

“文化”概说“文化”一词并非古已有之。

无论是古希腊文字，还是中国的甲骨文中也找不到它的痕迹。

虽然文字中无，但并不等于他就不存在，只不过是人类在其时尚不自觉，尚不认识。

要认识它，研究它也有几百年的历史，这期间也曾有过几次大论战，但至今尚无统一意见，统一定义。

　在汉语的工具书中，“文”和“化”是两个不同的词类。

前者为名词，而后者为动词。

“文”是一个原创个体字。

在汉代许慎所著的《说文解字》中解释为“错画也”。

《周易》里说：“物相杂，故曰文”。

而在其他典籍中又引申为“修饰”（《荀子･儒效》：“取是而文之也。

”）、“节奏”（《礼记·乐记》：“乐文同则上下和矣。

”）“美”、“善”（《礼记･乐记》：“礼减进，以进为文。

乐盈而反，以反为文愍。

”）在《周书･谥法》里更是说：“道德博闻曰文，勤学好问曰文，慈惠爱民曰文，民惠礼曰文，锡民爵位曰文。

”除“六艺”之外，尊卑序列均可“曰文”。

“化”字在《说文解字》被解释为“教行也”（“教行于上，则化成天下。

”）、“变也”（《庄子･逍遥游》：“鲲之大，不知其几千里也；化而为鸟，其名为鹏。

”《吕氏春秋･顺民》：“则汤达乎鬼神之化。

”）“习也”，言指风俗习惯也（《人物志》：“国有俗也。

”）归纳起来即是有演进变化之意，从而可以引申出教化、教行、迁善、感染、化育的意义。

“文”与“化”的搭配使用，最早见于《易･贲卦》中的《象传》：“观乎天文，以察时变；观乎人文，以化成天下。

”因天象有“文”（即条理）可循，而人伦也有“文”可循，观察此人文（人间条理），用以教化世人，也即可以平治天下大业。

这种“人文化成”的设想，便有别于“神文”倾向的“人文倾向”，也是先哲们对“文化”一词的诠释。

而将“文”与“化”二者合并而用，则始见于西汉末年刘向所著之《说苑･指武》。

其中说：“圣人之治天下也，先文德而后武力。

凡武之兴，为不服也，文化不改，然后加诛。

”这里显然将“文”和“武”相对应而有别。

《昭明文选》上载有晋束徵所作《补亡诗》：“文化内揖，武功外悠”。

《英国社会与文化》教学大纲辛衍君编写英语专业课程教学大纲798 目录前言 (799)一、概述 (799)二、课程教学目的和基本要求 (799)三、课程主要教学内容及学时分配 (799)四、相关教学环节 (799)五、考核方法 (799)六、教学方法和手段 (799)Unit One: A General Survey of the United Kingdom (800)Unit Two: The Government of the United Kingdom (801)Unit Three: Politics, Class, and Race (802)Unit Four: The UK Economy (803)Unit Five: British Literature (804)Unit Six: The Education System (805)Unit Seven: British Foreign Relations (806)Unit Eight: The British Media (807)Unit Nine: Sports in Britain (808)Unit Ten: Holidays and Festivals in Britain (809)英国社会与文化前言一、概述《英国社会与文化》是英语专业本科的一门选修课。

本课程的学习旨在使学生了解英国的历史、地理、社会、经济、文化、政治、教育、宗教等方面的情况及其文化传统，促进对英语语言的深层理解和应用，拓展学生的西方文化视野。

本大纲编写人员为辛衍君。

二、课程教学目的和基本要求本课程以社会、文化为纲，多方面系统地概括和介绍英国的社会与文化方面的种种特点。

通过该课程的学习，学生应对英国的历史和现状有一定的了解；对英国的社会与文化有一个总体的把握，从而能从广义的文化哲学层面去审视西方文明的精髓，提高学生对中西文化差异的敏感性、海纳百川的文化兼容性以及处理文化差异的灵活性，培养和提高学生的跨文化交际能力。

英语国家社会与文化入门全文翻译Revised by BLUE on the afternoon of December 12,2020.英语国家社会与文化入门全文翻译A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom该国，我们正在研究的全称是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

这是一个什么在许多方面是一个复杂的国家复杂的名字。

大多数人都知道做些什么，因为它的庞大的海外帝国给它一个重要的国际作用，只是来到一个在未来数年年底，之后第二次世界大战。

然而，一些市民对英国知道（他们可能会呼吁干脆英国或错误，英格兰）可能不大如何最真实的英国人今天过自己的生活。

一方面，帝国的日子已经足够长的时间以前，只有老人记得他们的任何东西是生活中的重要性。

英国不再是一个帝国的国家，尽管其帝国的影响可能常常在遇到的各种方式，而不是在与50或更多曾是这个帝国的一部分，和国家之间的密切关系，至少它通过一个松散的维持（自愿）组织的联系称为英联邦国家。

但更重要的英国国际关系今天是欧洲联盟，其中英国1973年以来的成员，这是在考虑更有用现代英国强调它的作用作为一个欧洲国家，而不是其英联邦成员资格。

它仍然是一个相对富裕的国家，是7国集团成员的大型发达经济体。

另外一个旧帝国的作用明显成效在于弥补的英国人口本身。

从这些英联邦国家，这在20世纪50年代和60年代鼓励一些移民，已制作了其中1人在20个非欧洲种族。

他们自己或其父母或祖父母，出生在印度或巴基斯坦，加勒比国家，这些只是最常见的。

这将引入什么是对英国的章节关键主题：因为是大多数情况下，或所有，国家是不可能总结了一些简单的对话英国人民。

英国认为谁，很多人认为的英国绅士。

但是，这仅仅是一个旧有的从未适用于英国绝大多数人来说，没有什么真正的有效性今天。

英国是一个国家，一个单一的护照，和一个政府及对其所有的主权，但作为国家的大力顾名思义，它是由不同的元素组成。

它包括4一个国家内的部分国家：大不列颠岛是由英格兰，苏格兰和威尔士，北爱尔兰，一份关于爱尔兰邻近的岛屿省份，完成设置。

四川大学外国语学院英语专业本科课程教学大纲一、课程基本信息课程名称：英语交流艺术The Art of Communication课程号：10557320课程类别：选修课学时：32 学分：2(一)教学目的及要求本课程为英语专业高年级实践技能课。

课程旨在提高学生的口头表达和交流能力，培养学生的语言交流运用技能。

通过对理论和实证的研讨学习，帮助学生理解、分析和应用在实际工作环境中的交流技能。

课程通过对社会、工作语境下的人际交流、团队合作，非正式场合和正式场合中的演讲技能，正式交流、演讲中多媒体辅助手段的应用，以及求职和求职面试等实用技能的探讨，帮助学生了解交流，特别是跨文化交流的相关理论，掌握一定的实际技能，提高学生在实际工作环境下的语言交流能力。

(二)教学内容教学以国外原版英文教材为主要内容，分别讨论交流艺术的理论，语言交流的基本原理和实际工作环境中的语言交流应用。

讨论如何适应不同工作环境，提高人际交流的效率，探讨如何做到高效率的听力理解和克服交流中可能出现的各种干扰，达到有效的交流目的；通过利用多媒体辅助手段进行演讲的实战训练和求职面试的模拟训练，强化学生的实际应用能力。

教学共分为十个章节，理论讨论与实践练习相结合。

四、教材Cheryl Hamilton and Cordell Parker. Communicating for Results (Fifth Edition).Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1997.五、主要参考资料鲁道夫. F. 维德伯著（蔡晓煦译）, 《讲话的艺术》，中信出版社，2003。

刘津编译，《克服人性的盲点：有效沟通的艺术》, 海潮出版社，2001。

六、成绩评定平时课堂讨论20%平时作业20%期末演讲实况录像60%四川大学外国语学院英语专业本科课程教学大纲课程名称：英语论辩艺术Arts of Practical Argumentation课程号：10556820课程类别：选修课学时：32 学分：2二、教学目的及要求本课程为英语专业高年级实践技能课。

英国社会与文化英国是一个历史悠久、文化繁荣的国家，拥有丰富多样的社会与文化景观。

本篇文档将介绍一些关于英国社会和文化的重要方面。

1. 英国的社会结构英国社会结构由四个主要的阶层组成：贵族阶层、上层中产阶级、下层中产阶级和工人阶级。

这种社会结构基于家庭背景、教育和就业等因素。

贵族阶层通常是由皇室成员和贵族血统的人组成，他们在政府和社会的各个领域发挥着重要作用。

上层中产阶级通常是财富和地位较高的人，他们在商务、金融和媒体等行业占据着重要地位。

下层中产阶级包括一些专业人士和中等收入家庭。

工人阶级是英国社会中最底层的人群，他们在服务业和制造业等行业从事体力劳动。

2. 英国的价值观和习俗英国人有着独特的价值观和习俗，其中最重要的是礼貌和谦逊。

英国人注重个人隐私和个人空间，尊重他人的意见和观点。

在社交场合，他们通常会排队、握手并进行适当的寒暄。

英国人喜欢喝茶，并且将其视为一种社交活动。

他们也喜欢观看足球比赛和参加音乐节或戏剧表演等文化活动。

3. 英国的语言和文学英语是英国的官方语言，也是全球使用最广泛的语言之一。

英国有着悠久的文学传统，从莎士比亚到狄更斯再到现代作家，英国文学一直占据着世界文学的重要地位。

一些著名的英国文学作品包括《哈利·波特》系列、《简·爱》和《1984》等。

4. 英国的节日和庆典英国有许多重要的节日和庆典，其中最著名的是圣诞节和复活节。

在圣诞节期间，家庭成员会相聚一起庆祝，并交换礼物。

复活节则是基督教的重要节日，人们会举行各种庆祝活动，如彩蛋砸碎和游行等。

在英国还有一些独特的庆典，如威斯敏斯特大礼拜仪式和爱丁堡国际艺术节等。

5. 英国的食物和饮料英国的食物和饮料具有自己的特色。

英国早餐以培根、鸡蛋、烤面包和熏肉为主要食材。

晚餐通常包括烤肉、蔬菜和煮土豆。

英国人喜欢喝茶和啤酒，并且有一些独特的饮料，如英式红茶和威士忌。

6. 英国的艺术和音乐英国是艺术和音乐的重要中心之一。

英国文化浅谈英国位于欧洲西部、大西洋的大不列颠群岛上，东濒北海，西临大西洋。

由于独特的地理环境，让英国的历史发展充满了传奇色彩也因此造就了英国富有特色的文化。

现选取政治、科技、教育、艺术几个方面概述。

一、政治文化英国是一个单一制、君主立宪的民主国家，它的政府体系（即所谓西敏制）直接影响了许多其他国家的政治体制，包括加拿大、印度、澳大利亚和牙买加等英联邦成员国。

英国没有成文的宪法，但宪法惯例（constitutional conventions）具有宪法的作用；各种成文法和普通法共同组成了所谓的英国宪法。

英吉利民族是一个理性的民族，他们重视经验，不惟书、不为理，只为实，相信实践的理性超越于抽象的理论，所以他们在不断的政治实践中发展、修正着自己的政治理论，譬如洛克，正是对实践精神的信奉，而不是像法国人那样迷恋于理想的世界，所以每一步都是脚踏实地。

加上英国人强大的传统——保守主义，独特的社会结构——贵族社会以及英国风度的贵族精神，所以，就注定了英国的政治发展是一个妥协、渐进的政治过程。

二、科技文化英国是近代工业革命的发祥地，并哺育出一大批世界著名的科学家，如牛顿、达尔文、麦克斯韦、瓦特和法拉第等以经典力学体系、进化论、电磁学、电力的使用和蒸汽机等方面的杰出成就，奠定了近代科学和现代科学坚实的基础，为世界科学技术众多领域的发展做出了举世瞩目的贡献。

直至今天，英国仍然是世界上最重要的科技强国之一。

英国的研究领域范围很宽，从对极地的研究，到热带病研究、全球气候变化研究等，都有英国人的研究工作和优势。

据英国研究报告表明，目前英国在生物科学、临床前研究、临床研究、环境科学领域的研究水平居世界第二位，数学研究、物理和工程研究居世界第四位。

总体上说，英国的科学研究，总体布局富有前瞻性，适应需要开展交叉学科研究，研究队伍精干，历史积累厚实，学术气氛浓郁开放。

按英国人自己的话说，就是以世界1%的人口，参与了世界5%的研究课题，贡献了世界9%的论文，并拥有12%的科学论文引用率。

英国社会与文化课后练习I. Multiple Choices: Choose one right answer from the four choices:1. The Norman Conquest happened in ____A. 55BCB.1066C.700D.9662. Which of the following is not true about London?A. it’s a political, economic and cultural center of the country.B. it has a larger population than all other cities in England.C. it is not only the largest city in the country, but also the largest in the world.D. it has played a significant role in the economic construction of the country.3. British Recorded history began with _____.A. Roman invasionB. the Norman ConquestC. the Viking and Danish invasionD. the Anglo-Saxons invasion4. The English Civil War is also called _____.A. the Glorious RevolutionB. the Bloody RevolutionC. the Catholic RevolutionD. the Puritan Revolution5. The Tower of London, a historical sight, located in the center of London, was built byA. King ArthurB. Robin HoodC. Oliver CromwellD. William the conqueror6. In the 18th century, there appeared ____ in England, which owed a great deal to the invention of machines.A. the Industrial RevolutionB. the Bourgeois RevolutionC. the Wars of the RosesD. the Religious Reformation7. _____ was famous for his abdication because of his marriage with a divorced American.A. Edward VIIIB. Edward VIIC. George VID. George VII8. The House of Lords is presided over by _____.A. the Lord ChancellorB. the QueenC. the Archbishop of CanterburyD. the Prime Minister9. The Prime Minister is appointed by _____ and he or she always sits in _____.A. the Archbishop of Canterbury, the House of CommonsB. the Archbishop of Canterbury, the House of LordsC. the Queen, the House of CommonsD. the Queen, the House of Lords10. Which of the following is Not a characteristic of British government?A. It offers the Queen high political status and supreme power.B. It is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.C. It is the oldest representative democracy in the world.D. It has no written form of Constitution.11. The ultimate authority for law-making resides in _____.A. the QueenB. the CabinetC. the House of LordsD. the House of Commons12. The sources of British law include _____.A. statutes, common law, equity law and European Community lawB. statutes, common law and equity lawC. statutes, common law and European Community lawD. a complete code and statutes13. The National Health Service was established in the UK in _____ and based at first on _____.A. 1948, Acts of ParliamentB. 1958, Acts of ParliamentC. 1948, the Bill of RightsD. 1958, the Bill of Rights14. Which of the following is Not related to the Constitution?A. It is a written document which lists out the basic principles for government.B. It is the foundation of British governance todayC. Conventions and Laws passed by Parliament are part of the Constitution.D. The common laws are part of the Constitution.15. Which of the following is NOT a true description of the Queen’s role?A. The Queen selects the Prime Minister and the Cabinet.B. The Queen symbolizes the tradation and the Cabinet.C. The Queen acts as a cofidante to the Prime Minister.D. The Queen is the temporal head of the Church of England.16. Which of the following is Not a feature of the House of Lords?A. Lords do not receive salaries and many do not attend Parliament sittings.B. It consists of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal.C. The Lords are expected to present the interests of the public.D. Most of the Lords in the House of Lords are male.17. Which of the following is NOT based on the fact?A. Members of Parliament elect the Prime Minister and the Cabinet.B. MPs receive salaries and some other allowances.C. MPs are expected to represent the interests of the public.D. Most MPs belong to the major political parties.18. In Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16 can _____ by law.A. receive completely free educationB. receive partly free educationC. receive no free education if their families are richD. receive no free education at all19. In Britain, the great majority of parents send their children to ___.A. private schoolsB. independent schoolsC. state schoolsD. public schools.20. Which of the following is a privately funded university in Britain?A. the University of Cambridge.B. the University of OxfordC. the University of EdinburghD. the University of Buckingham21. Which of the following is NOT true?• A. Parents send their children to public schools because they are rich.• B. Parents send their children to public schools because their children can get better jobs when they leave school.• C. Parents send their children to public schools because their children can have a better chance of getting into a good university. • D. Parents send their children to public schools because their children prefer to go to public schools.22. Which of the following is Not a characteristic of the open University?A. It’s open to everybodyB. It requires no formal education qualification.C. No university degree is awarded.D. University courses are followed through TV, radio, correspondence, etc.23. In the examination called “the 11 plus”, students with academic potential go to ___.A. grammar schoolsB. comprehensive schoolsC. public schoolsD. technical schools24. Which of the following is NOT included in the National Curriculum?A. Children must study the subjects like English, mathematics, science and so on.B. Children must sit in A-level exams.C. Children must pass national tests.D. Teachers must teach what they are told.25. Which of the following is NOT true about British education system?A. It’s run by the state.B. It’s funded by the state.C. It’s supervised by the state.D. It’s dominated by the state.26. Which of the following schools would admit children without reference to their academic abilities?A. Comprehensive schoolsB. Secondary schoolsC. Independent schoolsD. Grammar schoolsExplain the following terms.Norman Conquest----The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England.Alfred the Great----He was king of Wessex, one of the seven Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms. It was he who led the Anglo-Saxon to flight against the invading Danes and maintained peace for a long time. Alfred was not only a brave king at wartime, but also a wise king at peacetime. He encouraged education and introdu ced a legal system. He is known as “the father of the British navy”.Geoffrey Chaucer----He was an important English poet in the fourteenth century. His best known is The Canterbury Tales, which describes a group of pilgrims travelling to Canterbury to vi sit Thomas Becket’s tomb. Because he was the first important English poet to write in English. He has been known as the “Father of English Poetry”.The Black Death----It is a modern name given to the dearly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread through Europe in the fourteenth century particularly in 1348-1349. It came without warning, and without any cue. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far-reaching economic consequences.The Wars of Roses ----the name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put ht country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened.The Glorious Revolution of 1688 ---- (1) It refers to the event of 1688 in the English Revolution, when the Catholic king James II was forced to flee with his baby son to France. (2) The throne was offered to his Protestant daughter and her husband Dutch king William. (3) The bill of Rights was passed by Parliament to restrict the power of the Monarchy. (4) This was the beginning of the Constitutional Monarchy in Britain.The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 ----(1) It refers to the most famous of a number of Catholic conspiracies in English history which occurred in the reign of James I (2) It was the plot to blow up the King and Parliament, (3) in which a man called Guy Fawkes was caught in the cellars of the House of Commons in the very act of preparing the explosives. (4) "Guy Fawkes' Night" is still celebrated on November 5th each year.the Protestant Church - (1) It refers to the Christian church whose faith and practice originated with the principles of the Reformation. (2) As the Pope’s political power and religious authority declined in the sixteenth century, (3) Protestant churches sprang up in Northern Europe in opposition to the established Roman Catholic Church. (4) In Britain, Protestantism gradually became the dominant faith in the Elizabethan age.the Church of England - (1) Also called Anglican Church, it is one of the many "Protestant'' sects which broke away from Roman Catholic Church during the Religious Reformation. (2) It is an established Church, which means that it represents the official state religion, (3) having certain duties towards the state, and receiving certain privileges from it. (4) Its temporal head is the Queen, and twenty-six of its highest priests sit in the House of Lords.the Protestant Reformation - (1) A religious movement started in 1517, when the German monk Martin Luther posted for debate, (2) a series of theses that challenged Roman Catholic teaching. (3) Many Protestant sects broke away from the central organization of Roman Catholic Church.(4) Most of the Protestants stressed the Bible as the source and the norm of their teaching instead of the Pope as a Source of authority.Privy Council ---- (1) A consultative body of the British monarch. (2) Its origin can be traced back to the times of the Norman Kings. After the Glorious Revolution of 1688, its importance was gradually diminished and replaced by the Cabinet. (3) Today, it is still a consultation body of the British monarch. (4) Its membership is about 400, and includes al Cabinet ministers, the speaker of the House of Commons, the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, and senior British and Commonwealth statesmen.the English Civil War - (1) One of the most important events in the whole of British history. (2) It is a bitter power struggle (1642--1648) between the monarchy and Parliament. (3) The victory of the Parliament led to the execution (1649) of Charles I and the temporary overthrow of the monarchy, and (4) the country became for more than ten years a sort of republic founded by Oliver Cromwell.the Industrial Revolution - (1) It refers to the period in British history from 1750 to 1850. (2) Great changes took place with the invention of the steam engine. (3) More factories and big towns were built. (4) It made Britain stronger and richer, and at the same time it also created entirely new social class, the industrial workers.the Victorian age - (I) It refers to the monarch of Britain under the great Queen Victoria from 1837 to 1901, the longest reign in British history. (2) The Victorian age was an age of national development and national optimism. (3) The Victorians were very religious and conservative in family life.(4) It was also, in its later stages, an age of imperialism.Constitutional Monarchy - (1) The Constitutional Monarchy is one in which the Monarch respects the Constitution. (2) In law, the monarch is head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature: head of the judiciary; commander-in-chief of all the armed forces and head of the Church of England. In practice, the real power of monarchy has gradually been reduced and today the Queen acts solely on the advice of her ministers. (3) In the Glorious Revolution, William and Mary became the joint rulers of Britain, and the Constitutional Monarchy began. (4) The Bill of Rights which was passed in 1689 restricted the power of the monarchy.the British Constitution - (1) It is unwritten. (2) Its components include Acts of Parliament, the Prerogative of the Crown, Conventions of the Constitution, Common Law and Parliamentary Privilege. (3) It is more flexible than the written ones in other countries.the Bill of Rights in 1689 - (1) it was the Bill passed by the Parliament in 1689 after the Glorious Revolution. (2) It laid down a number of things that future monarchs could not do. (3) It marked a sharp decline in powers of the Monarch. (4) It marked the beginning of the British Constitutional Monarchy.General Election - (1) General Election is held at least every five years. (2) The country is divided into 635 constituencies, each of which returns one Member of Parliament. (3) The one who has the most votes in a constituency becomes a Member of Parliament. (4) The leader of the party with the largest number of members returned to the House of Commons becomes Prime Minister.British Parliament - (1) It includes three elements: the Crown, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. (2) It is the supreme law-making authority in Birtain. (3) The real centre of parliamentary power is in the House of Commons. (4) Other' functions include: to control and criticize the executive government; to control the raising and the spending of money.the House of Lords - (1) It is an important part of Parliament. (2) Its members are peers, most of whom are hereditary. (3) Its powers have been severely reduced by the Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949. (4)It must pass all financial legislation sent to it from the House of Commons, and can delay other Bills for only one year. (5) It has a special judicial function.the House of Commons - (1) It consists of 635 elected Members of Parliament. (2) MPs have a number of privileges, eg. the freedom of speech in Parliament. (3) It is by far the most powerful and important element in Parliament, therefore plays the key role in the activities of Parliament as a whole.English reserve - (1) English reserve is the best known quality of the British, and in particular, of the English, to other Europeans. (2) The English are on the whole reserved: they do not talk very much to strangers, (3) do not show much emotion, and seldom get excited. (4) This reluctance to communicate with others is an unfortunate quality in some ways, since it tends to give the impression of coldness.English modesty - (1) English modesty is a quality closely related to English reserve. (2) Within their heart, the English are perhaps no less conceited than anybody else, (3) but in their relations with others they value at least a show of modesty. (4) Self-praise is felt to be ill-bred, and the English are typical of self-deprecation.English sense of humour - (1) English Sense of humour is a quality that is similar to English modesty. Its starting point is self-deprecation, and its great enemy is conceit. (2) Its ideal is to laught at oneself--at one's own faults, one's own failures and embarrassments, even at one's own ideals.(3) It is an attitude to life rather than the mere ability to laugh at jokes. This attitude is never cruel or disrespectful or malicious.English sportsmanship - (1) Sportsmanship is an English ideal that is highly valued in Britain. (2) Sportsmanship is the ability to practise a sport in obedience to its rules, while also showing generosity to one's opponent and good temper in defeat. (3) Sportsmanship as an ideal is applied to life in general. This is proved by the number of sporting terms used in ordinary speech.English class system - (1) As a social convention, the English class system is much less rigid than it was, but it still exists below the surface. (2) Broadly speaking, it means there are two classes, the "middle class" and the "working class". The middle class consists chiefly of well-to-do business men and professional people of all kinds; the working class consists chiefly of manual and unskilled workers. (3) The most obvious difference between them is in their accent. The middle classes also tend to live a more formal life than working-class people, and are usually more cultured.The National Health Service---- (1) It is a very important part of the welfare system in Britain. (2) It is a nationwide organization based on Acts of Parliament. (3) It provides all kinds of free or nearly free medical treatment both in hospital and outside. (4) It is financed mainly by payments by the state out of general taxation. People are not obliged to use this service. The service is achieving its main objectives with outstanding success.Answer briefly the following questions.What were the consequences of the Norman Conquest?The Norman Conquest of 1066 is one of the best known events in English history. It brought about many consequences. William confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners, and architecture were been introduced. The church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.4. What were the contents and the significance of the Great Charter?The Great Charter, or the Magna Carta, was document signed in 1215 between the barons and king John. It had altogether 63 clauses, of which the most important contents were these: (1) no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council; (2) no freeman should be arrested, imprisoned, or deprived of his property except by the law of the land; (3) the church should possess all its rights and privileges; (4) London and other towns should retain their ancient rights and privileges; (5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. The Great Charter was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, but it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties.What do you know about the English Renaissance?Renaissance was the revival of classical literature and artistic styles in European history. It began in Italy in the early 14th century and spread toEngland in the late 15th century. The English Renaissance had 5 characteristics: (1) English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics; (2) England as an insular country followed a course of social and political history which was to a great extent independent of the course of history else where in Europe; (3) Owning to the great genius of the 14th century poet chaucer, the native literature was vigorous enough and experienced in assimilating foreign influences without being subjected by them; (4) English Renaissance literature is chiefly artistic, rather than philosophical and scholarly; (5) the Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England. The English Renaissance was largely literary, and achieved its finest expression in the so-called Elizabethan drama. Its finest exponents were Christopher Marlowe, Ben Jonson, and William Shakespeare.How did the “Glorious Revolution” break out? What was the significance of it?In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James, who was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic, He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious views. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, no any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution. William and his wife Mary were both protestants and became co-monarchs. They accepted the Bill of Rights. It’s the beginning of the age of constitutional monarchy.What is your comment on land enclosures in England?Agricultural enclosure became frequent in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It has good as well as bad results: (1) Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small; (2) more vegetables, more milk and more dairy produce were consumed, and diet became more varied; (3) enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures. They were forced to look for work in towns, which rapidly became hopelessly over crowded. It also lead to mass emigration, particularly to the New World; (4) a new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships. Concentration of land in fewer hands increased the price of land and dashed the labourers’ hopes of even owning his own l and. Many became wage labourers, earning low rates in spite of agriculture’s new prosperity.How did the English Industrial Revolution proceed?The Industrial Revolution began with the textile industry. It’s characterized by a series of inventions and im provements of machines, such as John Ray’s flying shuttle, James Hargreaves’ spinning Jenny, Richard Arkwright’s waterframe and Samuel Cropton’s mule. The Scottis h inventor James Watt produced a very efficient steam engine in 1765, which could be applied to textile and other machinery. The most important element in speeding industrialization was the breakthrough in smelting iron with coke instead of charcoal in 1709. Similar developments occurred in the forging side of the iron industry which enabled iron to replace wool and stone in many sectors of the economy. Improved transporation ran parallel with production. As a result of the industrial revolution, Britain was by 1830 the “workshop of the world”; no other country could compete with her in industrial production.What do you know about the Chartist Movement and the People’s Charter? What’s your comment on them?The Chartist Movement was an industrial working class movement that happened in England from 1836 to 1848. In 1836 a group of skilled workers an d small shopkeepers formed the London Working Men’s Association. They drew up a charter of political demands (known as the People’s Charter) in 1838, which had six points: (1) the vote for all adult males, (2) voting by secret ballot, (3) equal ele ctoral districts, (4) abolition of property qualifications for members of Parliament, (5) payment of members of Parliament, and (6) annual Parliament, with a General Election every June. Support for these six demands was loudly voiced all over the country. Other working men formed Chartist groups throughout the country to press Parliament to accept the 6 points. But Parliament rejected them for three times. In the end, the Chartist Movement failed. It failed because of its weak and divided leadership, and its lack of coordination with trade-unionism. The working class was still immature. The Chartist Movement, however, the first nation wide working class movement and drew attention to serious problems. The 6 points were achieved very gradually over the period of 1858-1918, although the sixth has never been practical.How did the Labour Party come into being?As the new working class became established in the industrial towns in the late 18th century, they became aware of the power which they could possess if they acted together instead of separately. So various working class organizations were formed which brought about the formation of the Labour Party. The Labour Party had its origins in the Independent Labour Party, which was formed in January, 1893 and Led by Keir Hardie, a Scottish miner. The foundation of an effective party for labour depended on the trade unions. In 1900, representatives of trade unions, the ILP, and a number of small societies set up the Labour Representation Committee (LRC). The LRC changed its name to be Labour Party in time for the general election which was called for 1906. The Labour Party remains one of the two major parties in Britain until today.What is a constitutional monarchy? When did it begin in Britain?A constitutional monarchy is a governmental system in which the head of State is a king or a queen who reigns but does not rule. The country is namely reigned by the Sovereign, but virtually by His or Her Majesty’s Government —a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office, and who are responsible to Parliament. The Constitutional Monarchy in Britain beganin 1689, when king William and Queen Mary jointly accepted the Bill of Rights, which guaranteed free speech within both the House of Lords and the House of Commons and constitutional monarchy, of a monarchy with power limited by Parliament began.What is the role of the Monarchy in the British government?The sovereign is the symbol of the whole nation. In law, he/she is head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces of the crown and the “supreme governor” of the established church of England.What are the main functions of Parliament?The main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation; (3) to examine government policy and administration, including proposals for expenditure; (4) to debate the major issues of the day.Why do the criminal convicts like to be tried first before the magistrates’ courts?A Magistrates’ court tries summary offences and “either way” offences. It is open to the public and the media and usually con sists of three unpaid “lay” magistrates. A magistrates’ court sits without a jury. The criminal law presumes the innocence of the accused until he has been proved guilty beyond reasonable doubt; every possible step is taken to deny to the prosecution any advantage over the defence. No accused person has to answer the questions of the police before trials; he is not compelled to give evidence or to submit to cross-examination in court.What does the civil courts system do?The civil courts system does the following jurisdiction: (1) actions founded upon contract and tort; (2) trust and mortgages cases; (3) actions for the recovery of land; (4) cases involving disputes between landlords and tenants; (5) admiralty cases and patent cases; and (7) divorce cases and other family matters.What is meant by the term “welfare state” in Britain?The welfare state is a system of government by which the state provides the economic and social security of its citizens through its organization of health services, pensions and other facilities. The system is funded out of national insurance contributions and taxation. In Britain the term applies mainly to National Health Service (NHS), national insurance and social security.What is the most important established Church in Britain? How is it related to the Crown and linked with the State?The most important established Church in Britain is the Church of England. It is uniquely related to the Crown in that the Sovereign must be a member of that church and, as “Defender of the Faith”, must p romise on his or her accession to uphold it. Church of England archbishops, bishops and deans of cathedrals are appointed by the Monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister. The Church is also linked with the State through the House of Lords, in which the two archbishops (of Canterbury and York), the bishops of London, Durham and Winchester, and 21 other senior bishops of London, Durham and Winchester, and 21 other senior bishops have seatsWhat distinguishes the Open University from all other British Universities?The Open University is non-residential university which is “open” to all to become students. It offers degree and other courses for adult students of all ages in Britain and other member countries of the EU. It was founded in 1969 and began its first courses in 1970. It was a combination of specially produced printed texts, correspondence tuition, television and radio broadcasts and audio/video cassettes. For some courses, there are residential schools. There is a network of study centers for contact with part-time tutors and counselors, and with fellow students.。