The different between Chinese gardens and French gardens

中国的园林的英语作文高中Chinese Gardens。

Chinese gardens are known for their unique design and exquisite beauty. They are not only a place for people to relax and enjoy nature, but also a reflection of Chinese culture and philosophy.The history of Chinese gardens can be traced back tothe Shang Dynasty (16th century BC 11th century BC). During the Tang Dynasty (618-907), the art of garden designreached its peak, with the creation of famous gardens such as the Imperial Garden in Luoyang and the Garden of the Peaceful Heart in Chang'an. In the Song Dynasty (960-1279), the concept of "yin and yang" and the five elements (wood, fire, earth, metal, and water) were introduced into garden design, which made the gardens more harmonious and balanced.The design of a Chinese garden usually follows the principles of "borrowed scenery" and "hidden scenery"."Borrowed scenery" means that the surrounding landscape, such as mountains, rivers, and buildings, are incorporated into the garden design to create a sense of continuity between the garden and its surroundings. "Hidden scenery" means that the garden is designed in such a way that it reveals different views and perspectives as one moves through it.The elements of a Chinese garden are carefully selected and arranged to create a sense of balance and harmony.Water is an essential element, as it represents life and movement. Rocks and stones are also important, as they symbolize stability and permanence. Trees and plants are chosen for their beauty and symbolism, such as the pine tree, which represents longevity, and the bamboo, which represents flexibility and resilience.Chinese gardens are not only a visual experience, but also a sensory one. The sound of water flowing, the fragrance of flowers, and the touch of different texturesall contribute to the overall experience. The design of a Chinese garden also takes into account the changing seasons,with different plants and elements being highlighted at different times of the year.In conclusion, Chinese gardens are a unique and important part of Chinese culture and history. They are not only beautiful, but also reflect the philosophy and values of the Chinese people. A visit to a Chinese garden is not just a sightseeing experience, but also a journey into the heart of Chinese culture.。

中英园林对比英语作文初中Chinese and English Gardens: A Comparison。

Gardens are an integral part of the natural beauty that surrounds us. They are not only a place of relaxation and tranquility but also a reflection of a country's culture and history. In this essay, we will compare and contrast the Chinese and English gardens, two of the most famous and influential garden styles in the world.Chinese gardens are known for their harmonious blend of natural and man-made elements. They are designed to create a sense of balance and tranquility, with an emphasis on symmetry and simplicity. The traditional Chinese garden typically features a combination of rocks, water, plants, and architecture, such as pavilions, bridges, and walkways. The goal of a Chinese garden is to evoke a sense ofserenity and peace, allowing visitors to escape from the hustle and bustle of everyday life.In contrast, English gardens are characterized by their informal and naturalistic design. They are often sprawling and picturesque, with an emphasis on natural beauty and the celebration of the changing seasons. English gardens typically feature a wide variety of plants, flowers, and trees, arranged in a seemingly haphazard manner to create a sense of wildness and freedom. The goal of an English garden is to create a sense of abundance and joy, inviting visitors to explore and immerse themselves in the beauty of nature.One of the key differences between Chinese and English gardens lies in their underlying philosophies. Chinese gardens are deeply rooted in the principles of Taoism and Confucianism, emphasizing the harmony between man and nature. They are designed to be a microcosm of the natural world, with every element carefully chosen and arranged to create a sense of balance and unity. In contrast, English gardens are influenced by the Romantic movement, which sought to celebrate the beauty and power of nature. They are designed to evoke a sense of wonder and awe, with an emphasis on the untamed and unpredictable aspects of thenatural world.Another difference between Chinese and English gardensis their use of water. In Chinese gardens, water is often used to create a sense of tranquility and reflection. It is carefully integrated into the landscape, with ponds, streams, and waterfalls strategically placed to enhance the overall sense of harmony and balance. In English gardens, water is often used to create a sense of movement and vitality. It is often incorporated in the form of fountains, lakes, and meandering streams, adding a sense of drama and energy to the landscape.Despite these differences, Chinese and English gardens also share some common elements. Both styles emphasize the use of natural materials, such as stone, wood, and plants,to create a sense of authenticity and timelessness. They also both seek to create a sense of escape and tranquility, providing visitors with a place to relax and rejuvenatetheir spirits.In conclusion, Chinese and English gardens are twodistinct styles that reflect the unique cultural and philosophical traditions of their respective countries. While Chinese gardens emphasize harmony and balance, English gardens celebrate the untamed beauty of nature. Despite their differences, both styles share a common goal of creating a place of beauty and tranquility for visitors to enjoy. Whether it's the serene elegance of a Chinese garden or the wild beauty of an English garden, both styles offer a unique and enriching experience for anyone who visits them.。

中国文人园林英文好句摘抄Chinese Literati Gardens: Exquisite Phrases and QuotationsChinese literati gardens are renowned for their artistic elegance, serene atmosphere, and harmonious integration with nature. These gardens, meticulously designed by scholars and artists, encapsulate the profound philosophical and aesthetic values of Chinese culture. In this article, we will explore some exquisite phrases and quotations that encapsulate the essence of Chinese literati gardens.1. "A small garden, poetic and picturesque, is a microcosm of the universe."This phrase emphasizes the significance of a Chinese literati garden as a condensed representation of the vast natural world. In a limited space, these gardens encapsulate the beauty of mountains, rivers, and forests, creating a serene environment that evokes a sense of tranquility and harmony.2. "A garden without flowers is like a body without a soul."This quotation highlights the importance of flowers in Chinese literati gardens. Flowers, with their vibrant colors and delicate fragrance, bring life and vitality to the garden. They symbolize the ephemeral nature of existence and remind us to appreciate the beauty of the present moment.3. "In the garden, every rock has a story to tell."Rocks are fundamental elements in Chinese literati gardens. They are carefully selected and arranged to resemble natural landscapes, such as mountains, waterfalls, and caves. Each rock is believed to possess a unique character and history, and their arrangement allows visitors to embark on a poetic journey, exploring the stories they tell.4. "Water is the soul of the garden, flowing with the rhythm of life."Water, whether in the form of a tranquil pond, a meandering stream, or a cascading waterfall, plays a vital role in Chinese literati gardens. It symbolizes the flow of life, thepassage of time, and the continuous cycle of nature. The gentle sound of water creates a calming ambience, inviting visitors to reflect and meditate.5. "The art of borrowing scenery, a dialogue between nature and man."The concept of borrowing scenery, or "shanzhai," is a unique feature of Chinese literati gardens. By strategically framing distant landscapes, such as mountains, lakes, or pagodas, the garden becomes an extension of the surrounding natural environment. This technique not only enhances the visual aesthetics but also fosters a harmonious dialogue between the garden and its surroundings.6. "A garden is a painting that can be walked into, a poem that can be touched."Chinese literati gardens are often described as living artworks. With their meticulous design, precise layout, and careful selection of plants and ornaments, these gardens resemble a three-dimensional painting or a poem brought to life. Visitors can immerse themselves in this artistic realm, experiencing the beauty with all their senses.7. "The scent of incense lingers, the spirit of the literati endures."Incense burning in Chinese literati gardens carries symbolic significance. Its fragrance not only purifies the air but also evokes a sense of tranquility and spirituality. It is believed that the lingering scent of incense captures the spirit of the literati, inspiring contemplation, and fostering a connection between the physical and the metaphysical.8. "A garden is a mirror reflecting the heart of the owner."Chinese literati gardens are deeply personal and reflect the tastes, interests, and philosophies of their owners. Every element, from the arrangement of rocks and plants to the choice of pavilions and bridges, mirrors the owner's personality and artistic sensibility. It is through the garden that the owner's inner world is revealed and communicated to others.In conclusion, Chinese literati gardens embody the artistic and philosophical heritage of Chinese culture. These gardens, through their meticulous design, delicate arrangement, and profound symbolism, offer a glimpse into the rich world of Chinese aesthetics andthe spiritual pursuits of the literati. By exploring the exquisite phrases and quotations associated with these gardens, we gain a deeper appreciation for their beauty and the wisdom they convey.。

第1篇一、面试题目1. 请简述您对风景园林专业的理解，以及您选择该专业的原因。

2. 您在本科学习过程中，有哪些课程或项目让您对风景园林设计有了更深入的认识？3. 请结合具体案例，谈谈您在风景园林设计中对生态、人文、美学等方面的考虑。

4. 在您参与的风景园林项目中，有哪些环节让您印象深刻？请简要描述您在该环节中的角色和贡献。

5. 风景园林设计在现代社会中扮演着怎样的角色？您认为未来风景园林设计将面临哪些挑战？6. 请分析一下我国当前风景园林行业的发展现状，以及您认为如何提高我国风景园林设计的水平。

7. 在风景园林设计中，如何处理好生态保护与景观建设之间的关系？8. 请谈谈您在团队协作中遇到的问题及解决方法，以及您在团队中的角色。

9. 在风景园林设计中，如何结合地方特色和历史文化，打造具有独特魅力的景观？10. 请结合实际案例，分析一下您在风景园林设计中如何运用现代科技手段。

11. 在风景园林设计中，如何平衡经济效益、社会效益和环境效益？12. 请谈谈您在风景园林设计中对可持续发展的理解，以及如何在设计中体现可持续发展理念。

13. 在风景园林设计中，如何处理与当地政府、居民、企业等利益相关方的沟通与合作？14. 请分析一下您在风景园林设计中所学到的专业知识在实际工作中的应用。

15. 在您未来的职业生涯中，您希望在风景园林设计领域取得怎样的成就？二、解析1. 这道题目考察考生对风景园林专业的理解程度，以及对选择该专业的原因的思考。

考生可以从专业内涵、就业前景、个人兴趣等方面进行回答。

2. 这道题目考察考生在本科阶段对风景园林专业的学习成果。

考生可以结合具体课程或项目，展示自己在专业领域的知识储备和实践能力。

3. 这道题目考察考生在风景园林设计中对生态、人文、美学等方面的综合考虑。

考生可以结合具体案例，阐述自己在设计过程中的思考和实践。

4. 这道题目考察考生在团队协作中的角色和贡献。

考生可以简要描述自己在项目中的角色，以及如何与其他成员合作，共同完成任务。

Chinese garden1.Garden is an artifact, made by someone. At the same time its elements are independent of man (they have a life of their own, which may take a different course beyond the designers’ intention, if not attended). The garden is created and received within a framework of conventions, but it can exist, although in deteriorated way, even if there is no gardener to keep it. Many Chinese gardens were in a state of deterioration when Siren visited them. The garden is designed to be perceived aesthetica lly, for the “production of aesthetic pleasure.” This pleasure is the joint result of all the values of the object, of the connoisseur’s contemplation and communion with the mysterious forces present in the garden and its design.1、园林是由人创造的。

同时它的组成元素又是独立于人的意志之外（他们有自己的生命，如果不是刻意照管，他们会超出设计者的意图，按另外的方式发展）。

Walking into a Chinese garden, one cannot help but be enchanted by its unique oriental flavor. In contrast with natural scenery, the beauty of Chinese gardens lies in their combining culture and art into one.走进中国园林，你会不由自主地被其独特的东方韵味施以魔法。

在与自然景观的对比中，中国园林的美在于其以文化和艺术融为一体。

In ancient china, from the emperor down to any of the rich, they without exception all took pride in the ownership of a garden in their living space. In the garden one could hold court, entertain guests, hunt, play games, read, play chess, drink tea, chant verses, recite poetry or paint, and over the years a rich garden culture was gradually formed.在中国古代，从皇帝到任何的富人，他们无一例外都以他们的生活空间园林的所有权而自豪。

在花园里可以开庭，招待客人，打猎，玩游戏，看书，下棋，喝茶，唱诗，朗诵诗歌或绘画，多年以来丰富的园林文化逐渐形成。

The art of the Chinese garden emphasizes the portrayal of a mood, so that the hills, waters, plants, and buildings as well as their spatial relationship are not just a mere materialistic environment but also evoke a spiritual atmosphere. The builder of the garden, through symbolism and allegories, the search for a poetic mood, the gathering of relics from all over, and the building of temples, streets and even taverns, strives to reach a realm that is natural yet elegant, combining the art of the garden with classical Chinese literature, painting and theater, where in the true essence of traditional culture lies.中国园林的艺术强调一种心情的写照，所以山，水，植物，建筑以及它们的空间关系不仅仅是物质环境，也唤醒了一种精神氛围。

Talk on the differences between Chinese and Japanese Classical GardenAbstract: China and Japan are different from the classical gardens of Europe and western Asia with the East garden system, the Japanese garden by the great influence of Chinese gardens, there are many similarities between the two. But after Japan’s long history of filtration and digestion, and gradually formed the character traits of Japanese culture with garden art. And the Chinese gardens in many ways they have differences. In this paper, the distinct characteristics between the two to compare the differences and the underlying causes of their differences in an analysis.Keywords:: day-type landscape garden; man-landscape garden; pond spring garden; people-and God-; migration;boat tour; Heart tour; interior consciousness and Chonghai ComplexAbstract: The Chinese and Japanese classical gardens belong to the East Garden system, different from the gardens of Europe and Western Asia. Japanese garden strongly influenced by Chinese garden, between the two, there are many similarities. However, after Japan’s long-term historical filter and digestion, and gradually form the character traits of Japanese culture of garden art, different from the Chinese garden in many areas. In this paper, I try to compare the difference between their distinctive characteristics, and to analyze the underlying causes.Keywords:: natural landscape garden, human-landscapegarden; pond and spring water gardon; God and the people of nature; return tour; boat tour; heart tour; inland consciousness and sea consciousnessClassical gardens in China and Japan belong to the world’s three garden system (with China as the representative of the Oriental garden, West Asia, Europe) Oriental garden system. Oriental attitude to nature is to make friends with nature, to recognize and understand the natural basis to obtain a natural. Japanese garden in China directly under the influence of gardens developed, to some extent can be said that it is the ancient Chinese civilization, embodied in the Japanese Garden area. Japan, however, he argued in a long time by Chinese culture and infiltration in the process of constantly through the filter and digest its own history, and gradually formed the character traits of Japanese culture with art of the garden.Between the two countries following the formation and development of classical gardens to compare the main features and analysis, and to explore its causes.First of all, the Chinese and Japanese gardens, by type of belonging, can be divided into royal gardens, private gardens, and religious landscape. China’s emphasis on the royal and private gardens, religious garden weakest; The Japanese emphasis on the temples and private gardens. Chinese royal garden, such as the existing Xiyuan, Summer Palace (Figure 1) and the Chengde Summer Resort, generally located in the Central Plains, or the north, how high, appear dignified and elegant, luxurious and generous. Area is large in scale, towering mountains, open water, the axis obviously, architectural rendering northern style, corner Qiqiao small, multi-glazed tile roof, timber-framed painting more. Private gardens are characterized by small size, civilian means strong, the mountain short, narrow surface of the water, building body mass is small, upturned corners of Qi Qiao large (Figure 2). China’s religious landscape character of the most obvious,mostly Buddhist monastery gardens and Taoist Taoist garden. Of expression, the less reflect the religious significance, more to do with Confucianism, forming with Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism and combines characteristics. South of the temple garden more poetic performance of the literati, but by religious architecture, incense, pilgrims and religious activities to highlight the nature of their religion. Japan’s religious landscape is independent of royal and private gardens, style, obviously, pay attention to Chansi dry Italian, Italian Buddha strong.Garden itself is shaped by the image and atmosphere of religious garden is different from China’s religious landscape.Secondly, from the layout of the form view, the Chinese and Japanese gardens are a natural landscape garden. However, the Chinese emphasis on mountain landscape, whereas the Japanese gardens tend to water. Chinese garden must have mountains, parks can be no islands, but there must park island of Japan. Composition from the garden view, the Sino-Japanese gardens are mainly made to the heart-type composition and the Western-style garden in contrast to the rules. However, there are also differences between the two: Chinese gardens axis apparent strong visual center, the axis of the Japanese garden is weak, a strong sense of graphic centers. Chinese imperial garden and the temple gardens heavily influenced by the axis of the private gardens by the central idea was less affected. The Royal Garden subject to the Town Planning axis, in the city palace area north node, usually in the rear axis. The garden itself has shown the relationship between the axis, the axis of the Summer Palace gardens such as the Royal North palace, after the sale of Lake Street, Xumi lingjing, International Buddhist House, Porcelain Tower of Nanjing, South Lake Island, Phoenix Tun (Figure 3). Japanese garden axis of the early days of the ideological influence of the deep, post-heavily influenced by the central idea. Early axis-stylegarden, known as the Qin Dian-made gardens and Pure Land garden. Axis from south to north, followed by heap Hill - Garden Pond - the bridge - Nakajima - Bridge - Nakajima - Bridge - Hironiwa - Qin Dian - after the tribunal. (Fig. 4,) in the World after the weak axis of the axis or no garden, such as Saihoji Park, Tianlong Si Park, Miao-Xin Temple Garden, and some even the axis of the bit had nothing to do, and such as the Royal’s Katsura Imperial Villa. (Figure 5)Third, look at the relationship from the Heaven, the Sino-Japanese co-located in the landscape garden park, but there are differen ces between the two, China’s landscape garden bias “people-type”, and Japanese gardens tend to “space-type.” The so-called human-shaped landscape garden landscape garden refers to the constituent elements, in Heaven emphasis on human relations and human two kinds of human factors.Japanese classical gardens, to landscape as the backbone ofthe pond throughout the spring garden has been the Royal gardens and private gardens, the performance of heaven and earth elements of the mountain, water, forest, rock garden has been a priority. Amount of trees far exceed the Chinese garden, Japanese garden showing the natural rustic charm of making. In the set stone, multi-purpose bukuishi that submit to-day thinking. Building multi-purpose grass roof logs, without carving, his best a natural conflict. (Figure 6)From the garden features elements and layout point of view, the Chinese garden landscape architecture more density, body mass larger, more decorative and ornate, indicating that the great manpower; Japanese garden, landscape architecture less, lower density, indicating that weak human resources. In the landscape, the Chinese garden of artificial rockery tall, broad man-made lake, artificial flavor strong (Figure 7,8,9); Japanese garden rockery low, artificial surface of small, artificial tasteless, natural Sauvignon (Figure 10). As the gardening circles master Mr. Chen Congzhou said: “China is a man among the gardens, see nature, see the Japanese garden is a natural human being.”Fourth, from the garden mood to see a Chinese garden, “Norman,” and Japanese garden “warrior.”Early as the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties in China, Chinese scholars have been involved in the garden. Sung to the Sui and Tang dynasties, Chinese scholars to further their talent in the garden, in the garden engraved imprint deeper and deeper level literati, men of letters freehand landscape garden in this era to become the mainstream. Scholars directly involved in the garden creating a universal phenomenon, literati landscape painting, landscape poetry, landscape gardening art of three reached the realm of integration. To the Yuan, Ming and Qing, the garden to the literati in the direction of the development of more and further. Jiangnan literati forth in large numbers during this period, coupled with exceptional climatic conditions, water for its garden achievements have laid a firm material foundation. (Figure 11)The Japanese garden is filled with force and murderous. Since the Kamakura shogunate, the Japanese entered the rule of almost a thousand warriors. During this period the birth of rock garden area is limited, often summary report on white sand, a non-biological, so exposure to one person is always taut nerves, such as the body near the battlefield in general. (Figure 12) and the Daimyo garden is the Japanese Garden Lin Shangwu people to feel the atmosphere. The most prominent manifestation is generally daimyo garden architecture in the Racecourse and archery field, a trained martial arts, martial arts show venue.Finally, methods of travel of view, the Chinese and Japanese gardens have a fixed view and wait and see. Chinese gardens in order to move the main view, observing secondary. Chen Cong-Zhou “said Park,” in said Pa rk, a dynamic concept and the sounding of the points, a small park to wait and see the main dynamic view of auxiliary; large garden Zeyi dynamic view of the main observing secondary. Landscape Park inorder to move the Japanese concept of true mainly dry landscape garden and tea court Zeyi wait and see the main garden is three-pronged combination of static and dynamic. Reposted elsewhere in the paper for free downloadChinese gardens, the main migratory type, the Japanese garden is the boat trips. Chinese gardens or small, from ancient times have to migrate mainly use either only in the large garden tour boat, even a huge lake, such as the Summer Palace, Kunming Lake, tour boats still use migration and integration approach. The Japanese gardens from ancient times to boat trips, only to the Kamakura era, the development of a migration approach. Like the Katsura Imperial Villa, all the islands and land connected with road and bridge to facilitate migration; on land and on the island there are many tea available for sit down; boat into the lake can also be boat tour (Figure 5).Chinese garden architecture and attractions and more suitable for series or parallel with Park Road, suitable for migratory form. The Japanese garden spots small, and the main island pool, suitable for boat travel style. More concern is the heart of Japan’s unique garden tour (fugue) mode, the Japanese dry landscape to the Muromachi period was a smash hit, enjoy the scenery without the body move, think twice as long as the sit-in can be landscaped into the hearts of the world, the so-called “heart Tour. “More than simply talked about classical Chinese and Japanese gardens similarities and differences, then, the formation of two different reasons, what is it?First of all, from the two geographical point of view, China is located in the world’s largest land - the eastern part of Eurasia. In ancient times, China has a natural barrier around,while in the mainland constitutes a complete system of geogra phical units. China’s vast interior, for national survival, development and creation, provides a broad space for the creation of Chinese culture provided a wide arena of activities. East Asia Pacific, Japan is an archipelago country, surrounded by the sea, an area of only China’s 1/26. Harsh climate, the “volcano country” and “earthquake country,” said.Geographical environment of the world of difference between the two countries formed the China’s “interior consciousness” and Japan’s “Chonghai” complex. Although China has a long coastline and many sea areas, but China, after all, is a big agricultural civilization, dominated by fear of the ocean has always been a kind of psychological and even the psychological fear of the sea. Therefore, the Chinese gardens also show a number of psychological fear of the sea. Chinese garden has a strong vitality of the sea the three magic mountains, in fact, these “sea” is the actual lake. Even if the performance of “sea” complex, and its performance has not th e wishes of the sea, and to show their “Chi” and some fun.The Japanese garden is has a special affection for the sea, the sea is an integral part of Japanese life. The Japanese will be materialized in the garden with deep emotion the sea, the sea has been a Japanese garden modeled one of the themes. This also explains why the Japanese gardens are mostly spring garden pond, where there must park island to boat trips, characteristics. Dry landscape garden, an alternative spring-style garden, pool in the pool of spring, a direct symbol of the vast sea.Secondly, from day socio-political structure, China is a unified centralized state, as the core of the ancient cultural traditions of philosophy and to construct a profound impact on the Chinese people, especially the literati way of thinking, values, ethics and so on. China since ancient times to adopt a “paper system”, emphasis on “ritual” and influenced by indoctrination and emotional expression. As a garden subject of literati culture and high cu lture, to “culture” were admitted, making it a “poetry” of the nation have “painted throughout the text of Heart”, and to accommodate acomplete system of literati culture and the arts. Landscape artists tend to poems the form of summary, and then carefully weighed landscapes, pavilions, flowers and other scenic spots of each specific arrangement of their pursuit of the “borders if the relative harmony with the poetry.” Because it is trying to figure out poetic structure park, so the scenic garden also has a mood of profound poetry allegorical mood, and embraced each other with the garden theme. Chinese garden like landscape poetry, landscape painting, contains a deep and poetic.Japanese emperor in Kamakura ago, is a political power, military power, financial power in a dictator, Kamakura era, the emperor and nobility to their bodyguards power changed hands the hands of Japan from becoming a society dominated by Takeo. In the Kamakura after the warrior is always in power, culture, marked with a distinctive Takeie color, known as “martial rule”, while Japan since the Ashikaga shogunate Kamakura General open to the general establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo demise went through almost athousand years samurai rule. By conquest, born in close fight the regime advocated by the ancient warriors Wu family culture on the formation and development of Japanese culture had a profound impact. If this period produced by rock garden and the daimyo garden is the case, put on a strong martial colors, and even rage on the air. This also explains the previously described in Chinese and Japanese gardens embody the mood, “Norman” and “warrior.”In religious belief, in fact, in China there is no real sense of religion, are increasingly to reproduce the material world of materialism and his own doctrine. Religion in China’s political system is always in a subordinate position of imperial power, its role is in the affirmative imperial power is reasonable. Therefore, the Chinese temple garden shaped like a private garden. And Buddhism in Japan has a clear political overtones and a special social status in the period up to over a thousand years, Buddhism was influenced by the royal family and dignitaries, respected, and always in a state religion’s special status, access to a broad and in-depth development. Japan Ancient temples and temple gardens, even a developedcountry related to a particular cultural status. In ancient Japan, the temple is the introduction of mainland culture, display, distribution center, is also important to the construction of a base of Japanese culture.Third, from the two countries to treat the relationship between God and human perspective, a Chinese garden reflects a strong human spirit, emphasizing the integration of man and nature to create the best environment. While Japan is the “God”, the Japanese garden reflects the Japanese reverence for nature devout appreciation of the psychological and aesthetic distance habit, in the face of nature, showing a strong “sense of small-I”, this psychological barrier, which will separated with nature, and thus dilute the equality between man and nature, the pro-and relationships. For the traditional “man of the” spirit of Chinese classical garden created a beautiful environment and comfortable living environment. To pursue the park with nature and strive to show pure natural beauty of heaven and realize a true sense of the “Heaven and Man.” As mentioned above, one is ahuman-type landscape garden, one-day-type landscape garden.In summary, although the classical gardens of China and Japan have many similarities, because, after all, born of the same root; but a number of seemingly the same in this place, they have countless differences, because, after all, the two geographical , philosophy, outlook on life and all have very different world view.Differences between Chinese and Japanese gardens, there are many, this paper because of space reasons, the talk about the above points, hope and understanding.References:[1] Cao Lindi, Xu Jin-sheng. Sino-Japanese Cultural Comparison of classical gardens. .2004.9 China Building Industry Press.[2] Ting-wind. Sino-Japanese comparison classical gardens. .2003.7 Tianjin University Press.[3] Jin Xue-Zhi. Chinese garden aesthetics. .2000.2 China Building Industry Press.[4] Chen from the week. Said Park. Tongji University Press, .2007.4.Reposted elsewhere in the paper for free download 。

Garden building is considered a chief component of Chineseculture.The Chinesegardens have a long history.It firstly appeared as early as the 11th century BC during the Zhou Dynasty in the form of a hunting preserve for emperors and nobles.During the Qin and Han Dynasties,those natural preserves were made more beautiful and became places of recreation for imperial families.Garden building had its heyday during the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the imperial garden Yuanming Yuan was regarded as the master work of this period.Different from the classical European gardens,in which geometric patterns dominate,Chinese gardens are made to resemble natural landscapes on a smaller scale.Traditional Chinese gardens fall into categories:imperial,private,and landscape gardens.Most imperial gardens are located in north china:Beihai Park;the Summer Palace;the Imperial Garden of the Forbidden City in Beijing;the Imperial Summer Resort in Chengde,Hebei Province;and Huaqing Palace in Xi’an,Shanxi Province.Imperial gardens occupy large areas.The Summer Palace,for example,has an area of 290 hectares while the Imperial Summer Resort in Chengde,which covers more than 560 hectares,is the largest imperial garden in China.Most of those gardens have three sections which serve administrative,residential,and recreational purposes.In large imperial gardens,the main buildings are connected by animaginary line in the middle of the garden on a north-south axis.Other scattered among hills and waters are linked by subordinate lines,forming a well-designed symmetry and adding more beauty to the chief architectural complex.Colored by paintings,manmade hills and lakes,and ingeniously-designed buildings,screen walls,stone tablets,and decorated archways.Most private gardens are found in the south,especially in cities south of the Yangtze River.A landscape of artistically arranged cockeries,ponds,pavilions,dridges,trees,and flowers.Surrounding are small open areas partitioned by corridors or walls with latticed windows or beautifully shaped doors.Buildings in the gardens are used for receiving guests,holding banquets,reading,or writing poetry. Suzhou,known as the home of gardens,displays the most and the best Chinese traditional,private gardens.Among them,the Pavilion of the Surging Waves is known for its rustic charm,Lion Grove for its strange rockeries,the Humble Administrator’s Garden for its tranquil waters and elegant buildings and the Garden for Lingering for its ancient architectural art and arrangement of hills,waters,and plants.They are the examples of the garden styles of the Song,Yuan,Ming and Qing Dynasties respectively.Landscape gardens are different and are places for public recreation.It mainly contains natural scenes,so it looks more natural thanartificial.Good examples include the 10 Wes Lake scenes in Hangzhou,the 24 Slim West scenes in Yangzhou and the 8 Daming Lake scenes in Jinan. Many famous poets and painters contributed greatly to the development of landscape gardens.They either left poetic inscriptions for those gardens,or designed many of the gardens themselves.In order to commemorate those poets and painters,later generations had their poems and inscriptions engraved on tablets,pavilions,or pagodas,thus inspiring visitors.。

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文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!In terms of architecture, there are distinct differences between China and Europe. Chinese architecture is known for its rich history and cultural significance, while European architecture is renowned for its diversity and innovation.Chinese architecture is deeply rooted in tradition and reflects the country's long history and cultural heritage. Traditional Chinese buildings, such as the Forbidden City and the Great Wall, are characterized by their intricate designs, vibrant colors, and emphasis on harmony with nature. These buildings often feature traditional elements such as curved roofs, ornate carvings, and symbolic motifs. Chinese architecture also places great importance on feng shui, the belief in harmonizing with the surrounding environment.European architecture, on the other hand, is characterized by its diversity and innovation. From theGothic cathedrals of France to the Renaissance palaces of Italy, European architecture has been influenced by various historical periods and artistic movements. European buildings are often grand and imposing, with intricate details and elaborate decorations. They showcase the creativity and craftsmanship of European architects throughout history.In terms of materials used, Chinese architecture often utilizes wood, brick, and stone. Traditional Chinese buildings are built with wooden frames and featureintricate wooden carvings. In contrast, European architecture makes use of a wide range of materials such as stone, marble, and glass. European buildings are often constructed with stone or brick walls and adorned with sculptures and reliefs.Another difference between Chinese and European architecture lies in their spatial organization. Chinese architecture tends to focus on creating a harmonious relationship between the building and its surroundings. Traditional Chinese buildings are often designed withcourtyards, gardens, and open spaces, which are considered essential for promoting good feng shui. European architecture, on the other hand, emphasizes the internal layout and functionality of the building. Europeanbuildings often have multiple floors and rooms, with a clear separation between public and private spaces.In terms of architectural styles, Chinese architecture is characterized by its distinct regional variations. The different regions of China have their own unique architectural styles, such as the traditional courtyard houses in Beijing and the Hakka tulou in Fujian. European architecture, on the other hand, is known for its architectural styles that have influenced the world, such as Gothic, Renaissance, and Baroque.In conclusion, Chinese and European architecture have their own unique characteristics and styles. Chinese architecture is deeply rooted in tradition and reflects the country's rich history and cultural heritage. European architecture, on the other hand, is diverse and innovative, showcasing the creativity and craftsmanship of Europeanarchitects throughout history. Both styles have made significant contributions to the world of architecture.。

中国和西方文化礼仪的差距摘要礼仪是人与人之间交流的规则是一种语言也是一种工具由于形成礼仪的重要根源――宗教信仰的不同使得世界上信仰不同宗教的人们遵守着各不相同的礼仪由于各国的历史和文化底蕴不同各国人民在进行礼尚交往时的习惯也有不少差异特别是中西方之间礼仪上的差异很大为了达到这种语言的共鸣中西方礼仪应该得到重视由此可见了解中西方交往的习惯差异是很有必要的往大处来说一个国家无论是在政治上还是在经济贸易中了解对方国家的礼仪习惯将有利于各国之间的交往随着中西方文化的不断发展中西方的礼仪正在相互融合西方人逐渐接受了中国文化中重情感等合理因素中国人也逐渐接受了西方文化中先进文明的礼仪和交往方式我们得承认当今国际通行的礼仪基本上是西方礼仪为此本文探讨研究了中西方礼仪的差异为了减少中西方文化礼仪上的差距使中西方人们之间的交往更加容易本文通过对中西方各个方面文化礼仪的不同展开讨论差距是有取其精华进行中外文化礼仪上的上的交流和沟通学习关键词：礼仪差异中国的礼仪西方的礼仪AbstractEtiquette is the rules of communication between people and it is a language but also a tool Since the formation of a major source of ritual –the difference of religious beliefs what making the world believe in different religions that people follow a different liturgical As different countries with different historical and cultural heritage Needless to say there are many differences in habits when people of all countries dealing during the ceremony Particularly in the etiquette between Western and Chinese is very large in order to achieve the resonance of the language the differences should be taken seriouslyThis shows that the habit of understanding between Chinese and Western communication is necessary Look at the big run a country both in politics or in economy and trade to understand the ritual habits of the other country it will be conducive to the exchanges between the countries With the continuous development of Chinese and western culture the Chinese and western etiquette is mutual confluence and westerners gradually accepted in Chinese culture such as heavy emotion and reasonable factors and the Chinese also gradually accepted the western culture advanced civilization etiquette and communication mode We must admit that todays international etiquette is basically the etiquette of western therefore this paper studied the differences between Chinese and western etiquette In order to reduce the gap between the Chinese andwestern culture etiquette make the interaction between Chinese and western people more easily This article discusses on various aspects of differences between Chinese and western culture etiquette Athough there are many differences and we should extrct its essence we can take a tall on chinese and wester cultural ceremonial exchanges and communication and learningKey words：Etiquette Differences Chinese etiquette Western etiquetteChapter one IntroductionEtiquette is people in social interactions as it is due to historical tradition customsreligious beliefs and the trend of The Times that the formation of the influence of such factors Both for people identity and for the people had to follow For the purpose of establishing harmonious relationsand the sum of the various line with the spirit and requirements of ritual code of conduct First we must understand the different etiquette is based on their cultural roots The Concept of Etiquette and the Reasons for Studying Etiquette Etiquette is the process and means to show waht respect to each other in interpersonal relationship Etiquette can be said to be a persons external appearance of inward cultivation and quality From the aspect of communication interpersonal etiquette can be regarded as a kind of art and a method of communication It is a common respect for person and a friendly practice in interpersonal relationshipsFrom the respect of transmitting interpersonal rituals can be roughly divided into chief etiquette business etiquette service etiquette social etiquette foreign etiquette and several other major branchesAn important reason that different countries have different histories and cultures there are a lot of differences in the habit of conducts and the ceremony especially between China and the West the jokes and the mistakes caused by misunderstanding is not unusual This shows that theunderstanding of the different etiquettes between Chinese and the Westerners is absolutely necessary In the office to understand each others customer will be conductive to the exchanges between the countries A person who understands others rituals and folk customs can be seen as respecting for others and can be easier to make a good impression on the other side Along with the constant development of Chinese culture and the Western culture Chinese ritual and the Western ritual are fusions The Westerners have accepted the reasonable factors in Chinese culture and other important feelings Chinese people have gradually accepted the advanced civilization of the Western culture and etiquette style However in real life the etiquettes impact due to cultural differences between China and the West still exists The paper explores the differences between Chinese etiquette and the Western etiquette to make Chinese communicate with the Westerners more easilyThe Origin of Chinese EtiquetteIn China etiquette is equal to courtesy and ceremony The essence of etiquette is the method of dealing with people and the belief in ghosts and spirits People consider that all things are controlled by the ghosts which can not be seen Therefore the etiquette is originated from the belief in ghosts and spirits as well as a special form of belief in ghosts and spirits China is a state of ceremonies Back to five thousand years ago etiquette used to be the core of traditional culture Up to now the etiquette has been really reformed Thusit becomes rituals of modern civilization Chinese etiquette in Chinese culture plays a quasi-legal role Etiquettes origins can be traced back to the early time of human beings It should be said that at the very beginning of the history of the Chinese nation etiquette was generated along with the human activities and with a primitive religion Etiquette is the system to deal with the three relationships among the people God and the ghosts It is said that there were five ceremonies in ancient China In fact etiquette can be divided into two main parts one is politics and the other is life Chinese legal system was bred during the establishment and implementation of the protocol The essence of etiquette is the way how to deal with people and the belief in ghosts and spiritsOur group culture attaches great importance to the family friends relationship regard it as of society cells But in western countries advocating independence self-improvement and self-reliance Chinese people value their traditional favorable king-subject honestly seniority hierarchical while in Anglo-American countries elders and junior dont dispute between equal status with young boundaries friends Chinese traditional ideas always advocating "four generations" "family reunion" has a "parents not in the words ancient preceptIn the Western countries the word etiquette used to mean keep off the grass Louis XIVs 路易十四gardener noticed that the aristocrats were walking through his gardens and then he put up signs etiquetteto warn them off The dukes and duchesses walked right past these signs Due to this blatant disregard the king of Versailles decreed that no individual was to go beyond the bounds of the etiquettes The meaning of etiquette would later include the ticket to court functions that lists the instructions on which a person would stand and what was to be done Etiquette like language has evolved but it still means literally keep off the grass Until the 1960s the importance of good manners was taught without question but with the liberated 70s it came a decline in the popularity of teaching proper etiquette In 2004 a new emphasis has been placed on returning to traditional values Proper etiquette and protocol have given children and adults a vital tool that provides not only a competitive edge but a sense of confidenceTravel" While in Anglo-American countries 18 children still lives at home depend on their parents life is incredible things they must rely on our own hands to live independently Similarly older parents even lost self-care ability general wont drag childrenThe Integration between Chinese and the Western EthicsIn modern society it seems that the world is getting smaller and smaller people are very active in frequent exchanges Human decency plays the basic role of social ethics It is the part which is the most straightforward and the easiest to operate during the process of globalization It has become a code of conduct guidelines and the ceremony together with the goal of establishing a harmoniousrelationship in social intercourse The international etiquette combines ritual characteristics of various countries and people and can be understood by the people of different countries and nations International etiquette can be shared by more and more different cultures and customs because etiquette itself is a cultural phenomenon Culture includes both ideas and customs and both spiritual habits and physical habits The etiquette obviously has the cultural identity which combines ideas and customs habits of mind and bodies It reflects the sense of the organic unity of moral and ethical behaviors Therefore many countries are paying great attention to combining international etiquette with national etiquette creatively Individual Freedom and TeamworkThe Westerners cherish individual freedom and independence They are not willing to be subjected to any limitation Chinese culture mostly emphasizes on collective interests They subordinate their personal interests to advocate collective interests They advocate unity cooperation and unisonThis means that etiquette in the Western and Chinese society is in a more appropriate locationChapter two Differences in several aspectThe differences of daily communicationDaily to greet Chinese people mostly used to say Did you eat " "Where are you going "etc It reflects the interpersonal kindness But for westerners this greeting will make them feel suddenly embarrassed even unhappy because westernerswill put this friendly greeting that just for Chinese to understand the "questioned" it means they are questioned because something and they feel others in their private lives In a word the behaviour make them feel uncomfortableIn the west daily to greet they only say "Hello" or due to the time saying "good morning" "Good afternoon" and"Good night" it is ok The Englishman meet you and he would say "it is a fine day today"If you are not very busy when you meet the people who are strangeryou can say "hello" and the answer to you should also be "hello" If someone want to shake hands with you of course you should shake hands with him and the same time you must remember to refuse to shake hands is very impolite Usually by older or the woman first give the hand On the appellation in Chinese only between several best friend and very closed people can directly call " first names" But in the west the rang of people directly call" first names" is wider than it in China In the west commonly used "sir" and "madam" represent the people who is a stranger you dont know the name You can call ten or twenties woman "young lady"and married women could be called "lady" etc Between family members it can absolutely regardless of degress generally can call the name each othe In the homethey can directly call father and mothers names For all the male elders they can call "uncle"and to all female elders they can call "aunt" It is in China is no good Chinese people mustdistinguish degress young and old otherwise they will be thinked of impoliteGenerally speaking you really cant accept the invitation you can politely declined to say you cant go and explain the reason Just say "I cant go to" or "I dont go to" is not polite Say "sorry" is not enough Just say "thank you" it can make the person puzzlinghe dont know you exactly mean wether you accept the invitation or decline the invitationWhen you meet people firstly you usually shake hands In addition long-lost friends when we meet and we usually shake hands However when they met and dont shake hands with a bow slightly bow and a smileit is also very politeChinese and western languages have many different farewell laguages If you farewell to patients Chinese people will say the word of"drink more water" "put on more clothes"and "sleep early" and so on to express the carefullness to patient But westerners never say that words such as "drink more water" because this words will be thought the backseat driver For example they will say "take care" or "I hope you will soon recover" etcDining etiquette differenceChinese people have a words that called "People regard food as their heave "民以食为天thus diet in the Chinese idea ia very important so Chinese people look the daily diet as their top thing Chinese dishes are exquisitely prepared deliciousChinese peoplepay more attation to food color smell taste shape meaning sometimes more than on nutrition to pay attention toBoth we think of foods delicious and beautifuland the nutrition is always be ignored Western diet attach importance to rang in food nutritions and absorptionit is a science diet idea Westerners pay more attention to the foods nutrition and neglect of the food color fragrance taste shape meaningTheir diet is to survive and health it seems does not important to tasteIn the dining atmosphereall of the Chinese like lively mood while their have a dinner Many people sit together to eat and drinkthey are talking and laughing Everybody together to build a kind of a warmly lively dining atmosphereExpect it is in a very formal banquets Chinese people have not very special etiquette on the table While the westerners in the dinner all of them like quiet and gracful environment They think they must pay attention to manners when they are on the table and not to lose courtesy For instance when they have a meal and can not with a very unpleasant soundWhen Chinese and western host a dinner it also has its own characteristics In China most of them base on the left for honour throughout the ages When fete guests we will firstly arrange the honorest guest seat on the left positionand arrange others in turn In the west right is for honour men and women seat interval and the couple also separatly seat Female guests seats is slightly more honour than male guests seatsfor the man he ready for the chair to the woman in his right is to show his respect In addition westerners have meal must sit upright they think bend down with the mouth gather to food is very rude but this is exactly the way Chinese people usually to eat Eatting western-style food owners do not advocate drink the more alcohol in Chinas table wine is essential thing With the wine drinking sometimes in order to show respect for each other and drinking the wine upChinese table is lively western table is quiet Chinese people want to use words and deeds to advised friends to drink and eat westerners just using the words to advise In the Chinese history Wine culture is regarded as business make friends and so on the social occasions essentials In the westpeople usually drink beer wine and they dont like urge others to drink In China the banquet demands to have dishes in a tablewhile westerners think it is not health practicing separate eating When Chinese banquetsthey toast each other and dance and sing Westerner requires less noise and less action and there is many dining programsDress etiquette differenceWestern man usually wear a conservative style suit in formal social occasions they wear white shirt and tie inside They like black so they usually wear black leather shoes Western lady usually wear a dress suits in formal occasions Another custom is woman wear earrings when they go out Western countries especially in the United States people like to wear leisure clothes at ordinary times such asT-shirts with jeansTodays Chinese dress increasingly westernized more and more people change their ideasjust as traditional qipao 旗袍and ZhongShanZhuang中山装and so on have withdrawn from the stage of history Formal occasions men and womens dressing have noting difference with the west In the usual civic lifeyou can see many people wear vest shorts and slipperswhich are not keep up with etiquette In all ages dress represents a kind of social culture which embodies a persons knowledge and aesthetics it is a persons identity temperament and the inherent quality wordless recommendation In a sense the dress is an art dress can convey emotion and meaning that isnt even use words can replace In different situations dressing oneself appropriately and moderately people give a person a favourable impression and dressing inappropriately then lower the ones identity and damage his own image In a social situation appropriate dress is a polite behavior to a certain extent it directly influences the interpersonal harmonyInflunce factors of the dressing effects the important one is to have a culture and elegant aesthetic ability the so-called "Knowledge makes a gentleman"腹有诗书气自华Second it has a sports bodybuilding quality Strong and handsome body is natural condition for dressing beauty Third is to grasp ordinary knowledge of dressing dress principle and dress etiquette knowledge this is indispensable conditions that reaching the inside and outsideharmonious and unified beautyWesterners pay attention to identity they ragard the clothes as the symbolwhile Chinese pay attention to lasting appeal 韵味If the western dress culture painstakingly pursue to performance beauty and totally ignore the dress ethics so China dress culture retains some moral systems more or less because it was affected by the traditional ethical values But the most representative dress is our countrys ZhongShanZhuang and western representative outfit is suitWearing the Maosuits 中山装not only we must buckle on all the buttons but also must be fastened collar button and rolling up sleeves is not allowed When wearing the double platoon suit you must buckle on all the buttons Wear single side three tablets buckle suit only can buckle up one button or two buttons that medium and first clasp Wear single side two claps suit only buckle up one button and dont allow to buckle on single-breasted suits all the button When wearing a suit the proper wear is white shirts and a tie the standard length of the tie is its foot arrive the straps bottomGenerally speaking Clothes makes the manand saddle makes a horse 人靠衣装马靠鞍Although judging a man only by his appearance is not pleasant 以貌取人不可取but in the modern life dress become an more and more important part of etiquette and dress properly or not not only is the embodiment of the individual grade more it can become the scale ofthe consideration that people to each other a of The great British author Shakespeare had said "A mans dress which is the most true portraiture of his upbringing grade and the status" 一个人的衣着是他的教养地位品味的最真实写照So in daily work and interactions especially in the formal occasions and dress is a problem that is more and more important and we are modern people pay more attentionBackground difference between China and WesternThe eastern civilization and western civilization is boring and developing in certain social historical conditions without which is excellent or worse The history of the west it is only 200 yearsa very short history and its people from various places and they came here to immigrateso many different nationalities and races got togetherThey embrace the oath "As long as what we can dream of what we will be able to realize 只要是我们能够梦想的我们都能实现" This is the western spirit which was built by the foundation of heroism and devotion With it just 200 years history could creat the splendid civilization in humans history the productive forces it have created highly more than all the productivity that all the past generation had created this is western charm What makes different of etiquette between Chinese and western is the eastern and western culture different environment and it is the root cause It makes the people of all countries have a totally different moral standards system and valuesThe difference between Chinese and western ideasEastern culture value collective and teamly spirit peoples dependence is very strong While western culture advocating independence and individual freedom For example China focus on cultivating individual moral characterrunning the family unisonmanage the nation in orderand peace will prevail throughout the universe 修身齐家治国平天下The personality is vital and this kind of personality is built on caring about the country love the collective harmonious family interpersonal harmony and so on basic thingsWhile people in the west their concept of legal system is stronger In this premise they advocate personal freedom and dont wish to be disturb from the government the church or other organizations they all like persist themselves old ways 我行我素In the family children were taught by concept that a infusion of self-reliance Young people are always hoped themselves can independent early and try to get rid of parents bundle they dont want to rely on family and parents otherwise they will lose freedom and lose others respect for them On this point Chinese culture is differentFamily is the most attentional collective life in China Parents cherish their children more than themselves lives and extremely want to ready everything and whatever they thought of for the children When children grew up and married parents would held a big wedding feast for theirchildren when the child has their own baby who is their grandson they will sacrifice their old ages to take care of her grandson namely they give all hope on their childrenand take care of the children over care is proved their children self-dependence ability is poor even in todays China which a planned economy to a market economy In the transition state-owned company worker extremely unwilling to loss the so called "iron rice bowl" 铁饭碗the dependence is the heritage of traditional Chinese culture The cultural differences between Chinese and western ideas which result in great difference between Chinese and western etiquette and there is a big foundamental differenceChinese and western to privacy different viewsIn the conversations remembering not to talk about personal business such as age marriage income religion etc Seeing that others buy things cannot ask its price If you see others return also cannot ask where he gone or where he is from otherwise they will disgust at you usually western use the sentence of "nose come into the somebodys private life " to express their disparagement to the people who askedWhile in China people take littal attention to boundaries of privacy people would not care about others in their own lives and not take any behavior to people who want to get a general understanding But between Chinese and American people Chinese always take very common words to ask each other familys life Americans might think you violated hisprivacy having a hidden purpose and a business would probably have be killedWhen Chinese people meet we often like noding heads and shaking hands or to salute with the hands folded 拱手致礼or slightly take a bow欠身then shake hands while the Westerners think the bow seemed inferior In the West especially in European and American countries hugging ritual is very common manners when you meet and leave kissing faces and kiss the hand ritual are also very common manners among westerners Shake hands date from western human half-barbaric half civilized period Today this habit gradually is regarded as meet and leaves shaking riyual and it have been accepted by most countries in the word In our country the handshake ritual not only it is often used when people meet and leave but also it is as a common behavior in congratulations and appreciate or encourage each other and so on some occasions So it is the most widely used etiquette in social communication The etiquette of meeting and leaving grandually evolve to today is "hello" and "goodbye" two phrases If we want to give more polite behavior we will shake hands again with each other In the disease popular today this habits of shaking hands which shows to us is more concise health and decent However in western countries meet will first touch the face kissing ritual and kiss the hand ritual this let us very uncomfortable and also cannot accept itDifferences in educationEtiquette education in China is deeply influenced by cultural and moral decency in the prominent position etiquette education in China emphasizes the moral law of etiquette education and the integration of practice etiquette education in China shows characteristics of a strong state intervention While in the west the combination of Etiquette Education and Moral Education of School Ceremonies can be found in moral education of the Western countries that etiquette is the major subject of moral education On the moral lesson in many countries people often teach students the etiquette knowledge in direct way The Western countries pay attention to comprehensive permeability of moral education rather than forcefully indoctrinate Etiquette education is not accepted They are generally not allowed to insist on instilling certain values They think the values of education can not be limited to a few hours teaching in a day but they pay attention to diversifying the form of moral education in schoolsIn educational culture there are many differences in various educational level between Chinese and western developed countries and responesd in different forms Untill today higher education of the differences between two countries is more and more wide In American universities according to the individual elective subjects the students can imply credit system 学分制Different subjects its credits is different as long as a student fufill enough credits who can graduate and get diplomasand degrees Previously we can see from relevant newspapers in the United States the student obtained several degrees this is normal Now we can understand American university system is very flexible college students studying at the college can learns a few professional course and just take enough credits they would be able to obtain the professional degreeWhile in Chinese universities where just confirmed professional direction a persons life his only lifetime is engaged in a profession it is possible to ignore his potentials in other respects And some aspects of language in Chinese education also different with westerns In China there are "差学生" but in America it is not this word they think it is considered bad mannersthis is a form of discriminationIn the thinking mode the Chinese thinking are abstract westerners is more specific The Chinese way of thinking from is from large to small such as address from a national provincial municipal and county township and village etc which embodies the overall thinking of the Chinese orders namely nature and human in a whole coexsitence of human and nature 天人合一world On the contrary westerners are from small to large from point to surface they think the whole is made up by parts The same way but not the same content and results which allows us to ponder Different of religionBuddhism佛教was introduced into China for more than a thousand years people believe in that there is "the Lord Buddha" 佛祖in the world and this related to many languages suchas 借花献佛"平时不烧香急来抱佛脚" etc The influence of religion in the western society is profound it involves in political economic social and all aspects of life especially of Christian cultures influence on English countries is more deep and rooted In in many western countries especially in Britain people believe in Christianity 基督教and they always says"God help me" They always get marrige in church Chapter three Theoritical Foundations1 Important Symbol of Human CivilizationProtocol is the product of the historical development of social etiquette It has distinctive characteristics of the times People have different understanding of the content of the protocol in different ages for different ethnic awareness The definition which is the origin of the earliest civilization culture is generally not in doubt Etiquette is the standard of human civilization It is also an important part of the community A nation which has a good quality of the nation is a polite and compliant one The formation of educational attainments is a gradual process Therefore every country in the world considers doing things properly as a symbol of civilization2 The Immortal Essence of the Western CivilizationModern etiquette is evolved from the traditional rituals The ceremony combines with criteria and become immoral essence of the Western civilization Along with the development of the times the nations and the。

中西方建筑的差异英语作文When it comes to the differences between Chinese and Western architecture, they're like two unique stories told in different languages. Chinese buildings often speak of history, tradition, and harmony with nature. You can see that in the intricate carvings, the curved roofs, and the use of natural materials like wood and stone. They blend in with the surroundings, almost like they're a part of the landscape.On the other hand, Western architecture tends to shout out loud and proud. It's more about standing out, making a statement. Tall buildings, sharp edges, and lots of glass – they're designed to catch your eye and leave a lasting impression. You can see this in the skyscrapers of New York or the cathedrals of Europe.Chinese architecture also focuses a lot on symmetry and balance. There's a sense of order and harmony in the way buildings are laid out. You'll often find things likecourtyards and gardens that create a sense of serenity and peace. It's like stepping into a different world, away from the hustle and bustle of the city.But Western architecture is more about drama and excitement. It's about pushing boundaries, trying new things. You can see this in the innovative designs and the use of new materials. Western buildings often have a more modern, futuristic feel to them.And of course, let's not forget about the interior design. Chinese interiors are often filled with art, calligraphy, and traditional.。

东西方园林区别英语作文In the East, traditional gardens are often designed with a focus on creating a sense of harmony and balance. The use of natural elements such as rocks, water, and plants is carefully planned to create a peaceful and tranquil atmosphere.In contrast, Western gardens tend to be more formal and structured, with a focus on symmetry and order. The use of geometric shapes and manicured lawns is common, creating a sense of control and precision in the design.In Eastern gardens, the concept of "borrowed scenery" is often utilized, where the surrounding natural landscape is incorporated into the garden design to create a seamless connection with the environment.On the other hand, Western gardens often feature distinct boundaries and borders, with an emphasis on creating a separate and enclosed space that is distinctfrom the surrounding environment.In terms of plant selection, Eastern gardens often prioritize the use of native and symbolic plants, with an emphasis on creating a naturalistic and organic feel.In Western gardens, a wider variety of plant species from different regions and climates may be incorporated,with an emphasis on creating a visually diverse andcolorful display.Overall, the differences between Eastern and Western gardens reflect deeper cultural and philosophical contrasts, with the former emphasizing harmony with nature and thelatter emphasizing human control and manipulation of the environment.。

中英园林对比英语作文初中English Answer：Chinese and English gardens have a long and rich history, and both have had a profound influence on the development of landscape architecture. However, there are also some key differences between the two styles.One of the most obvious differences is in the use of space. Chinese gardens are typically designed to beintimate and enclosed, with winding paths and secluded courtyards. English gardens, on the other hand, are often more open and expansive, with sweeping lawns and majestic trees.Another difference lies in the use of plants. Chinese gardens often feature a wide variety of plants, including flowers, trees, and shrubs. English gardens, on the other hand, tend to focus on a smaller number of species, such as roses, lilies, and daisies.Finally, Chinese and English gardens differ in theiruse of water. Chinese gardens often incorporate water features, such as ponds, streams, and waterfalls. English gardens, on the other hand, typically have fewer water features, and those that are present are often more formalin design.中文回答：中国园林与英国园林对比。

Title: The Allure of Chinese GardeningThe art of Chinese gardening is an exquisite blend of nature, philosophy, and aesthetics, reflecting the profound wisdom and harmonious spirit of Chinese culture. Unlike Western gardens, which often emphasize symmetry and geometric patterns, Chinese gardens embrace asymmetry, complexity, and a profound connection with the natural world.At the heart of Chinese gardening lies the concept of "harmony with nature." Gardens are designed to replicate the beauty of nature while also incorporating elements that promote tranquility and reflection. Paths are often curved and irregular, encouraging a leisurely stroll and unexpected discoveries. Water features, such as ponds and streams, are incorporated to mimic the flow of nature and bring a sense of dynamism to the static landscape.One of the most distinctive features of Chinese gardens is the use of rocks and stones. These are carefully selected and placed to create a sense of balance and dynamism within the garden. Rocks are often arranged to form scenery or abstract representations of natural landscapes, such as mountains or islands. This practice, known as rockery, is a testament to the artistry and patience required to create a truly exceptionalChinese garden.Plants play a crucial role in Chinese gardens, not only for their aesthetic value but also for their symbolic meanings. Bamboo, for instance, is a popular choice due to its resilience and graceful form, symbolizing strength and elegance. Other plants, such as lotus and chrysanthemum, are also favoured for their cultural significance and beauty. These plants are often arranged in groups or clusters, creating a lush and vibrant atmosphere.Another notable aspect of Chinese gardens is the use of architecture as a focal point or framing device. Pagodas, bridges, and temples are often integrated into the garden layout, providing not only visual interest but also a sense of scale and depth. These structures are often designed to harmonize with the natural elements of the garden, creating a seamless blend of manmade and natural beauty.The art of Chinese gardening is also deeply influenced by traditional Chinese philosophy, particularly Taoism and Confucianism. Taoism emphasizes the importance of following the natural flow of things, while Confucianism promotes harmony and respect for hierarchy. These philosophical principles are reflected in the layout and design of Chinesegardens, which often strive to achieve a balance between the opposing forces of yin and yang.Over the centuries, Chinese gardening has evolved and diversified, reflecting the changing tastes and cultural trends of different eras. From the grandeur of imperial gardens to the intimate spaces of private gardens, each era has left its unique mark on the art of Chinese gardening.In modern times, Chinese gardens have become popular not only in China but also around the world. Many cities have replicated the essence of Chinese gardens in their parks and public spaces, providing a peaceful oasis for people to escape the hustle and bustle of daily life.In conclusion, the art of Chinese gardening is a testament to the rich cultural heritage and profound wisdom of the Chinese people. It offers a unique perspective on the relationship between man and nature, promoting harmony, tranquility, and reflection. Whether one is strolling through the lush landscapes of a traditional Chinese garden or admiring the intricate details of a modern replica, the beauty and wisdom of Chinese gardening are sure to leave a lasting impression.。

河南科技Journal of Henan Science and Technology总568期第7期2015年7月Vol.568，No.7Jul ，2015收稿日期：2015-06-18作者简介：罗利华（1975-），女，本科，助理政工师，研究方向：植物保护。

通信作者：康红霞（1990-），女，本科，助理工程师，研究方向：园林花卉。

蒙艳赵滑肖宁摘要：欧洲所代表的西方在传统园林设计的形式和思想上与中国所代表的东方相比存在较大的差异，是构成园林及景观艺术的两大主要流派，既相互排斥，又相互融合。

为表达不同的情调和审美意识，在建造园林时就会采用不同的建筑材料和布局形式，而造成中西方园林建筑差异的主要因素有自然环境、社会形态和文化氛围。

关键词：中西园林；建筑；园林史中图分类号：S68文献标识码：A文章编号：1003-5168（2015）07-0060-2The Similarities and Differences between Chinese and WesternLandscape ArchitectureLuo Lihua Kang Hongxia Meng Yan Zhao Hua Xiao Ning(Weidu State-owned Forest of Guangxi,Laibin Guangxi 546100)Abstract：There is a big difference between Western countries (Europe as the representative)and Eastern countries (China as the representative)in the form and concept of traditional garden design ，constituting two major schools of garden and landscape art,both mutually exclusive and merging.In order to express different mood and aesthetic sense ，gardens will be constructed with different building materials and different form of layout.The main factorscausing the differences between Western and Eastern landscape architecture include:different natural environment,social patterns,and cultural atmosphere.Keywords：Western and Eastern Architecture ；Landscape ；Garden history 18世纪以前，东方园林秉承着“重自然”的理念延续着，而西方园林所表现出来的信条是“守规则”，似乎没有交集。

中式园林英语作文Title: The Essence of Chinese Gardens。

Chinese gardens, with their profound cultural heritage and aesthetic charm, have captivated people's hearts for centuries. These meticulously designed landscapes serve not only as places of beauty but also as repositories of philosophy, history, and artistic expression. Let's delve into the essence of Chinese gardens and explore their significance in both traditional and contemporary contexts.First and foremost, Chinese gardens are imbued withrich symbolism and philosophical concepts. They are often designed to emulate natural landscapes in miniature, incorporating elements such as rocks, water, plants, and architectural structures to evoke harmony between human beings and nature. The concept of yin and yang, representing the balance and harmony of opposing forces, is central to Chinese garden design. Every aspect, from the arrangement of rocks to the flow of water, reflects thisharmonious interplay.Moreover, Chinese gardens are steeped in history, reflecting the cultural and artistic achievements of past dynasties. Each garden tells a story, echoing the aspirations, beliefs, and lifestyles of its creators. For example, the classical gardens of Suzhou, dating back to the Ming and Qing dynasties, showcase the refinement and elegance of traditional Chinese aesthetics. These gardens served as retreats for scholars and officials, offering a space for contemplation and leisure amidst the bustling urban landscape.Furthermore, Chinese gardens serve as living museums of horticulture and craftsmanship. The meticulous arrangement of plants, including bonsai trees, flowering shrubs, and rare species, demonstrates the Chinese people's deep reverence for nature. Meanwhile, architectural features such as pavilions, bridges, and moon gates showcase exquisite craftsmanship and attention to detail. Each element is carefully selected and arranged to create a harmonious composition that delights the senses andnourishes the soul.In the contemporary context, Chinese gardens continue to inspire and influence designers, architects, and landscape artists worldwide. Their timeless beauty and universal appeal transcend cultural boundaries, serving as a source of inspiration for garden enthusiasts and scholars alike. In today's fast-paced world, Chinese gardens offer a sanctuary of tranquility and reflection, reminding us of the importance of reconnecting with nature and preserving our cultural heritage.In conclusion, Chinese gardens represent the pinnacle of artistic expression and philosophical contemplation. They are not merely places of beauty but also repositories of wisdom, history, and cultural identity. As we admire their serene beauty and intricate design, let us also reflect on the timeless lessons they impart about harmony, balance, and the enduring bond between humanity and nature.。

中英园林对比英语作文Chinese and English Gardens: A Comparison。

Introduction:Gardens have always been an integral part of human civilization, providing solace, beauty, and a connection to nature. Chinese and English gardens, in particular, have gained worldwide recognition for their unique styles and design principles. In this essay, we will explore the characteristics and differences between Chinese and English gardens, highlighting their historical backgrounds, design elements, and cultural significance.Historical Background:Chinese Gardens:Chinese gardens have a history dating back over 3,000 years. They were initially created as private retreats foremperors and nobles, reflecting their power and wealth. Chinese gardens were influenced by Taoist and Buddhist philosophies, aiming to create a harmonious balance between humans and nature. The most famous Chinese garden is the Garden of the Master of the Nets in Suzhou, which was built during the Song Dynasty.English Gardens:English gardens, on the other hand, emerged during the 18th century and were heavily influenced by the Renaissance and Romanticism. They were initially designed for the wealthy landowners and aristocrats, serving as symbols of their status and wealth. English gardens aimed to create a picturesque landscape, inspired by the natural beauty of the English countryside. The most renowned English gardenis the Stourhead Garden in Wiltshire, which was designed in the 18th century.Design Elements:Chinese Gardens:Chinese gardens are characterized by their intricate design elements and symbolism. They often feature pavilions, bridges, and water bodies such as ponds or lakes. The useof rocks and stones is also prominent, symbolizing mountains and creating a sense of tranquility. Chinese gardens also incorporate various plants and flowers, carefully selected to represent different seasons and evoke specific emotions.English Gardens:English gardens, in contrast, focus on creating anatural and informal landscape. They often include rolling lawns, meandering paths, and a variety of plant species. English gardens also feature architectural structures such as gazebos, follies, and ornate gates. They are known for their colorful flower beds, meticulously arranged to create a vibrant and picturesque scene.Cultural Significance:Chinese Gardens:Chinese gardens hold deep cultural significance and are considered an art form. They reflect the Chinese philosophy of harmony between humans and nature, emphasizing the importance of balance and tranquility. Chinese gardens are also associated with poetry, calligraphy, and painting, as they often serve as inspiration for artists. Additionally, they are considered a place for meditation and spiritual contemplation.English Gardens:English gardens, on the other hand, are closely tied to the English cultural identity. They represent the love for nature and the countryside, as well as the romantic ideals of the Romanticism movement. English gardens have also influenced literature and art, with many famous writers and painters drawing inspiration from their beauty. They are often seen as a place for leisurely walks, picnics, and social gatherings.Conclusion:In conclusion, Chinese and English gardens showcase distinct design elements and cultural significance. While Chinese gardens emphasize symbolism, harmony, and tranquility, English gardens focus on natural beauty, informality, and the romantic ideals of the English countryside. Both types of gardens have left a lasting impact on the world, serving as sources of inspiration and admiration for people from all walks of life.。

IntroductionTraditional Chinese gardens stand as exquisite testaments to the profound cultural heritage and aesthetic sensibilities of China. These meticulously designed landscapes embody a unique fusion of art, nature, and philosophy, transcending mere recreational spaces to become immersive microcosms that reflect the harmony sought in human existence. This essay delves into the multifaceted aspects of these horticultural masterpieces, exploring their historical origins, design principles, symbolic elements, and the profound philosophical underpinnings that render them enduringly captivating.Historical Origins and EvolutionThe roots of Chinese garden design can be traced back over 3000 years to the Shang Dynasty (c.1600-1046 BCE), where enclosed royal hunting parks known as "Yuan" were established. Over time, these evolved into more ornamental gardens during the Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BCE) and reached a zenith during the Tang (618-907 CE), Song (960-1279 CE), Ming (1368-1644 CE), and Qing (1644-1911 CE) Dynasties. Each period contributed distinctive elements, techniques, and styles, reflecting societal changes, artistic trends, and the prevailing philosophical thought of the time.Design Principles: Yin-Yang, Feng Shui, and the Five ElementsAt the core of traditional Chinese garden design lies the harmonious interplay of fundamental Taoist and Confucian principles. Chief among these is the concept of Yin-Yang, which posits the complementary duality of opposing forces in the universe. In the garden context, this translates into the balanced juxtaposition of light and shade, water and rock, movement and stillness, openness and seclusion.Feng Shui, the ancient Chinese practice of geomancy, further guides garden layout, ensuring the flow of auspicious 'Qi' energy. Key considerations include the orientation of buildings, water features, and pathways, as well as the use of strategic barriers or screens to deflect negative energies.The Five Elements theory (Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, Water) provides aframework for selecting materials, colors, and plant species, each representing a specific element and its associated attributes. These elements interact and transform, symbolizing the cyclical nature of life and fostering an environment of vitality and balance.Spatial Organization and the Principle of Borrowed SceneryTraditional Chinese gardens are characterized by a highly nuanced spatial organization that encourages exploration and discovery. They often comprise several distinct yet interconnected zones, such as the entrance court, the central lake, the scholar's studio, and the bamboo grove, each with its unique mood and function.A key design technique employed is "Jing Tuo Shanshui," or "borrowed scenery." This involves strategically situating openings, windows, or pavilions to frame external views, integrating distant landscapes into the garden as if they were part of the composition. This not only expands the visual boundaries of the garden but also creates a sense of continuity between the man-made and natural worlds, echoing the Taoist principle of unity between humanity and nature.Symbolic Elements: Water, Rock, Plants, and ArchitectureWater is a vital element in Chinese gardens, symbolizing life, purification, and renewal. It is often featured in various forms – tranquil ponds, meandering streams, cascading waterfalls, or reflective pools – and serves both aesthetic and functional purposes, providing habitats for aquatic life and cooling the surrounding environment.Rockeries, crafted from limestone or granite, represent the immutable strength and endurance of nature. Their shapes, textures, and placements are carefully chosen to evoke mountains, caves, or islands, creating miniature landscapes within the garden. The juxtaposition of rugged rocks and delicate flora underscores the concept of Yin-Yang.Plants play a crucial role in evoking seasonal change, poetic allusions, and moral virtues. Bamboo, for instance, symbolizes resilience and integrity;plum blossoms, perseverance in adversity; and lotus, purity amidst turmoil. Trees, flowers, and herbs are selected for their fragrance, color, and medicinal properties, enriching the sensory experience and fostering a connection with nature.Architecture in Chinese gardens is characterized by elegant simplicity, blending seamlessly with the surrounding landscape. Pavilions, bridges, pagodas, and verandas serve as vantage points, resting spots, or venues for cultural activities. Their designs often incorporate intricate latticework, calligraphy, and paintings, adding layers of meaning and cultural reference.Philosophical Underpinnings: Taoism, Confucianism, and BuddhismThe essence of traditional Chinese gardens lies in their embodiment of profound philosophical and spiritual concepts. Taoism's emphasis on naturalness, spontaneity, and the unity of opposites finds expression in the garden's organic forms, asymmetrical layouts, and the interplay of contrasting elements. The garden becomes a tangible manifestation of the Tao, inviting contemplation and inspiring a return to one's innate harmony with the cosmos.Confucian ideals of order, propriety, and self-cultivation are reflected in the structured spatial arrangements, the integration of scholarly pursuits such as poetry, painting, and calligraphy, and the use of symbolic elements that evoke moral virtues. Gardens often feature the "Scholar's Studio," a serene retreat for intellectual and artistic endeavors, reinforcing the connection between nature and wisdom.Buddhist influences, particularly Zen Buddhism, are evident in the emphasis on meditation, mindfulness, and the appreciation of transience. The garden's carefully choreographed vistas, the soothing sounds of water, and the changing seasonal flora encourage visitors to slow down, reflect, and cultivate inner peace.ConclusionTraditional Chinese gardens are not mere green spaces but living expressions of China's rich cultural heritage, philosophical depth, and artistic genius.Through their masterful integration of natural elements, architectural features, and symbolic motifs, they transcend physical boundaries, offering visitors a transcendent journey through time, space, and the human spirit. These verdant sanctuaries continue to inspire awe and contemplation, serving as timeless reminders of our innate connection to nature and the eternal quest for harmony and enlightenment.(Word Count: 1494)。