language and culture 语言与文化

The Relation between Language and Culture Abstract: Different countries have different cultures, and also different language. Language and culture are interdependent and interactional. Language is one of the most important carriers of culture. On the other hand, culture have a great impact on language, that is culture conditioning. Knowing the language and cultural backgrounds can help our communication. Instead, it will cause many communicative barriers. In this paper, we summarize the relationship between language and culture. And example to explain it’s impact on cross-culture communication.摘要：不同的国家有不同的语言和文化，语言和文化是相互依赖、相互影响的，语言是文化的重要载体，另一方面，文化对语言也有制约作用。

了解语言文化知识有助于我们的交际。

相反地，缺乏语言文化背景知识必然会导致交际障碍。

本文列举了语言与文化的关系，并举例说明了这种关系对跨文化交际的影响。

key words: language, cultures, relationship, communication关键词：语言，文化，关系，交际1. IntroductionAs we all know that different countries have different cultures, and also different language. Language and culture are interdependent and interactional. Language is one of the most important carriers of culture. On the other hand, culture have a great impact on language, that is culture conditioning.Language plays a very important role in all human activity. It’s one of the indispensable part of the social life of human. You can not imagine the world would be without language. Nevertheless, the phenomenon of human language is so mystical that people do not acquaint it entirely so far.Culture is the product of social life and national spirit. In other words, culture is the genetic code of difference among the various nation, country and region. Every country has its own culture formation and individuality. This special culture is one of the most important source of affinity and cohesion of a country. For this reason, we must protect and develop the culture of the various nation, country and region, keep variety of our global culture.2. Relationship between language and cultureRelationship between language and culture can be summarized as the following: (1). Language is part of culture. Like other cultural phenomenon, language is also a social phenomenon, it occurred with the production of society, and develops with the development of society. The language is with nationality, different nationalities often have different languages; Language is also human creation. It is the most important spiritual wealth of human society .We can say that language has all the attributes of culture, so language is also a kind of culture, one of the many cultural phenomenons. The human language is not only an integral part of culture, and also the most important part.(2).Language is the main carrier of culture. Although language is part of culture, other cultural phenomenon generally can't exist being independent from language. Only through language, culture can be preserved, extended and spread.(3).Language is the foundation of the development of culture. When we said the cultural development, it's pointing to the development on the original basis which is preserved and spread by language. The development of culture cannot do without thinking, and thinking activity cannot do without the language: the development of culture must rely on the collective of creation of social members. Only by using language which is a good communication tool, can social members communicate and achieve mutual understanding. Different culture should learn from each other through language. Above all, culture must use language as tools to develop. So, the language is the foundation of the development of culture.Above all, we can conclude that language and culture not only in close relationship, but also the special relationship.3. Culture and language in the language communicationBecause language is part of culture, also the carrier of culture and foundation of cultural development, it can reflect the characteristics of national culture and the cultural differences between different nationalities to a maximum extent. From different nationalities' languages, we can find the evidences of different nationality's values, is or not standard, customs, and religious beliefs, social system, and so on. These cultural factors have restriction on language and language communication. But his own people are not always easy to detect that. Only through the comparison of the different nationality's language and language communication, it can be revealed. The so-called "language communication culture", is a special cultural factor implied in the language system which reflects a nation's mental state, values, life style, moral standards, non standard, aesthetic taste, and the customs and habits etc .This cultural factors mainly reflects in the words system , grammar system and pragmatic system of language.We will illustrate some examples of culture in the language communication through comparison between China and Western Countries.3.1 greetingDue to the differences between Chinese and western culture tradition and customs, the way of greeting is, of course, not the same. Because China is a long period of farming community, there’s lot of ‘food’ in t he daily expression. When people meet with each other, they will say ‘have you eaten? ’ for greeting. This way of greeting is just the same as ‘hi’ or ‘hello’ in western country. In China, it is a common way to say ‘hello’, but the western people don’t thi nk so. They may think this greeting seems to be saying: ‘I have nothing to eat. Come on. Let’s go to eat something.’ Or ‘ I was going to ask you to go to my house for a dinner.’ All in all, this means that say ‘hello’ invitation to dinner sometimes. Anothe r way of greeting in china is ‘where are you going?’ or ‘where have you been?’. In china, this greeting is just polite formula. But if you use these sentences to greet to western people, they will feel unhappy. Their reaction is likely to be: it’s none of your business! Western people always talk about the weather when they meet. Such as’ the weather is fine. They respect the privacy of others, and will not ask others privacy issues.In short, when people make a greeting, they should pay attention on different cultures. They should consider the time, place, object, cultural background, social customs andother factors. The use of appropriate greetings can make communication more smooth and natural.3.2 farewellsBetween the social and cultural customs between china and western country are different, the farewells are different, too. For instance, Chinese people go to other people’s homes. When it is the time to say goodbye, they often say: I’d better be going now. You must be very tired or you will have to go to work tomorrow, I should go now. But the American people, by contrast, most of them will find out their reasons to say good-bye. For example, I must say good-bye, my wife is waiting for me or I think I’d better to leave now. Chinese people are always more politely, while westerners are always somewhat straightforward.3.3 taboosIn cross-cultural communication, taboo is the most sensitive topic. Cultural taboos research therefore becomes an important content of cross-cultural communication. The so-ca lled taboos are the words that people can’t say in daily life or their work. Taboo is almost everywhere, from daily life to the political and economic aspects. We here just talk some about common taboos. In the conversation, western people are unwilling to say their age, income, marriage, love, property, fat, and so on. But in china, it is very normal to talk about marriage, income, love, age and so on. In addition, western people should not talk loud in public places, they always speak in quiet. But Chinese people always talk loud in public places. There are lot of this kind of taboos, taboos language reflects different countries’ culture.4. ConclusionIn short, language is one of the most important carriers of culture and culture has a great impact on language in conditioning. They both cannot survive with each other. On the other hand, the difference of language and culture may arouse inconvenience and misunderstanding. Therefore, learning the difference of cultures between different countries is very important. Realizing the difference of cultures between different nations is good for us to communicate with different languages.（1312words）5 bibliography[1]胡文仲著.英美文化辞典.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1995[2]邓炎昌,刘润清著.语言与文化.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1989[3]贾玉新著.跨文化交际学.上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997[4]论文化语言学中的语言与文化[J].中国学术期刊网。

Chapter 9 Language and CultureIntroduction语言和文化之间有密切的联系，这是一条不证自明的公理。

如果我们简要回顾一下过去一个世纪中语言学领域发生的事情，就可以找到更多的证据支持这个观点。

必须承认，18世纪初以来，对语言的探究从本质上说要么是历史比较的，要么是结构形式化的；然而，一些新的变化在20世纪开始的时候出现了。

无论是在英国还是在北美，语言研究都开始了人类学转向这种新传统的特征就是将语言研究置于社会文化的语境之中。

在英国，马林诺夫斯基和弗斯是这一运动的先驱，而在与之平行却有着独立传统的北美，鲍阿斯，萨丕尔和沃尔夫自然是其代表。

由于他们的创新和不懈努力，在语言和文化关系的研究领域中，许多重要而有创造性的工作得以完成。

尤为重要的是，这些研究建立了一种范式。

在此后多年中，这一学科范式引发了对这个问题的各种研究。

早在20世纪20年代，一个人类语言学学派在英国产生。

人类学家马林诺夫斯基在新几内亚东岸的Trobriand岛进行田野调查时，观察到这这种原始文化中，一个词的意义在很大程度上依赖于它所出现的语境，或者说依赖于生活中真实的语言环境。

比如wood一词，在本地文化中，它既有英语中相当的用法，即指树的坚固的物质成分，也可以更具体地指独木舟。

独木舟是这些岛屿居民的一种重要交通工具，在这个言语社会的日常生活中具有十分重要的功用。

然而这个词的第二种释义有着极强的环境色彩和文化意味，对一个来自不同文化环境的外来者而言，可能不那么容易掌握。

文化在语言研究中占什么地位？从20世纪70年代初开始，随着向水门(Watergate)事件这样的政治丑闻不断被揭露，一连串的衍生词语涌进了英语。

如―Billygate (比利门)‖，―Cattlegate (牲畜门)‖都是这样的复合形式。

在这种情形下人们感到在―(gate)‖构成的组合形式和衍生形式进行社会语言学研究时，有必要考察这些新词涉及的语义，结构以及功能的发展情况，同时在进行构词研究时需要更多了解这些相关因素之间的相互关系。

nida, e. a. (2001). language and culture的主要内容1. 引言1.1 概述本文将探讨Nida, E.A. (2001)的著作《Language and Culture》中关于语言和文化之间相互影响的观点和理论。

语言和文化是人类社会中不可分割的两个要素，它们相互交织、相互影响，并共同塑造着我们的社会生活和认知方式。

通过深入研究Nida的论述，本文将展示语言如何塑造文化，以及文化又如何影响着语言使用。

1.2 文章结构本文主要分为四个部分：引言、Nida, E.A. (2001). Language and Culture背景介绍、语言与文化的关系以及Nida的观点和理论、正文（包括语言对文化的影响、文化对语言的影响以及跨文化交流中的挑战和解决途径）和结论。

每一部分都将详细阐述相关内容，并根据作者的观点进行阐释和探讨。

1.3 目的本文旨在通过研究Nida, E.A. (2001)所提出的有关语言和文化之间相互关系的理论，增进我们对这一领域认识的理解。

通过实证研究和案例分析，本文将探索语言如何塑造文化，以及文化对语言的影响，并讨论跨文化交流中的挑战以及可能的解决途径。

通过深入理解语言和文化之间的互动关系，我们可以更好地理解多样性、发展跨文化教育方法并促进更有效的跨文化交流。

综上所述，本篇文章旨在探讨语言与文化之间的紧密联系并阐述Nida, E.A. (2001)在此领域的观点和理论。

以下部分将详细介绍Nida, E.A. (2001). Language and Culture的背景、语言与文化之间的关系以及相关问题。

2. Nida, E.A. (2001). Language and Culture:2.1 背景介绍:Nida, E.A.是一位著名的语言学家和翻译家，他对多种语言及其文化之间的关系进行了深入研究。

在他的著作《Language and Culture》中，他探讨了语言与文化之间的紧密联系，并提出了一些重要观点和理论。

十四、社会文化礼仪 (Society, Culture & Manners)【考纲要求】1、语言与文化（Language and culture）2、故事与诗歌（Stories and poems）（1）故事（Stories）（2）诗歌（Poems）（3）短剧（Short plays）（4）作家（Writers）【学习目标】1．掌握关于社会、文化和礼仪的基本词汇。

2．了解中西文化的一些差异。

3．掌握两个基本句型：(1) be(not) supposed to do sth.；(2) It's (not) polite to do…4．听：能听懂有关文化、文明礼仪的对话。

5．说：简单说说中西文化的一些差别。

6．读写综合：能读懂介绍不同国家文化礼仪的区别的文章，并且能运用所学的词汇和句型写一篇80个词左右的英语短文。

重点词汇社会society, 文化culture, 行为，举止behavior, 筷子chopsticks, 叉子fork, 汤勺spoon, 小刀knife, 节日festival, 外国的foreign, 传统的traditional, 邀请invite, 庆祝celebrate,礼物present/gift, 礼貌的polite, 国家的national, 指着，指向point to/at, 举行聚会have a party, 把……插在……里面stick into, 习惯于做某事be/get used to doing sth., 聚会get together, 与某人共度时光spend time with sb., 社会活动social activities, 餐桌礼仪table manners, 传统的节日traditional festival, 与…… 不同be different from, 对……友好be friendly to sb., 在公共场合in public 重点句型1．…have…不同国家有不同的餐桌礼仪。

第7章Language, Culture and Society第一部分Language and culture一、Language and culture 语言与文化的关系In a broad sense, culture means the total way of a people, including the patterns of beliefs, language, institutions, techniques, customs, and objects that shape the life of the human community. In a narrow sense, culture may mean local or specific practice, beliefs or customs, which can be found in folk culture, enterprise culture or food culture etc.The relationships are as follows:(1) Culture is a wider system that includes language as a subsystem. The relation of language to culture is that of part to whole.(2) Culture affects language. Culture universals and biological universals lead to linguistic universals. E.g. the seven days of a week. In addition, different cultural features produce different linguistic features. E.g. “24 jie qi” in Chinese.(3) Language both expresses and embodies cultural reality. A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s beliefs, attitudes and world outlooks etc.(4) Language plays an important role in perpetuating culture over time, especially, in print form. Therefore, on the one hand, language as an integral part of human beings, runs through his thinking and way of viewing the world. On the other hand, language, as a product of culture, helps perpetuate the culture.二、The Sapir-Whorf hypothesisThis hypothesis suggests that our language helps mould our way of thinking and, consequently, different languages may probably express speaker’s unique ways of understanding the world.Following this argument, there are two important points in this theory. On the one hand, language may determine our thinking patterns; on the other hand, similarity between languages is relative. And this hypothesis has alternatively been referred to as linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity.Consequently, two versions of the hypothesis have been developed, a strong and a weak version. The strong version of the theory refers to the claim the original hypothesis makes, emphasizing the decisive role of language as the shaper of our thinking patterns. The weak version is a modified type of its original theory, suggesting that there is a correlation between language, culture, and thought, but the cross-cultural differences thus produced in our ways of thinking are relative, rather than categorical.三、Culture in language teaching classroom? 怎样实现；两者关系There are at least three objectives for us to teach culture in our class:(1)To get the students familiar with cultural differences;(2)To help the students transcend their own culture and see things as the members of the target culture will;(3)To emphasize the inseparability of understanding language and understanding culture through various classroom practices.Therefore, successful mastery of a given language has much to do with an understanding of that culture, because language and culture are correlated with each other at different levels of linguistic structure.四、Firth 语境说的观点Firth tried to set up a model to illustrate the close relationships between language use and its co-occurrent factors. He developed the theory of context of situation:第二部分Language and society一、Language and society 关系Language is regarded as a mirror of society, through which we can understand social activities of a certain society better. Functionally, society provides language with a suitable context of use, in which we can enjoy aspects of language vividly and truthfully. However, language is not always used to exchange information as is generally assumed, it is sometimes used to fulfill an important social function, that is, to maintain social relationship between people. And users of the same language in a sense all speak differently. What each of them chooses to use is partly determined by one’s social background. Besides, when we speak we cannot avoid giving listener clues about our origin and our background. The social environment can also be reflected in language, and can often have an effect on the structure and the vocabulary.二、A situationally and socially variationist perspective 社会语境中的文体变异7个因素An appropriate language use in any social interaction not only has something to do with structural rules, but also involves some socially institutionalized norms in usage. The choice of one form over another is both stylistically and socially governed. The following social factors are believed to influence our language behaviors in a social context:(1)Age;(2)Class;(3)Gender;(4)Ethnic identity;(5)Education background;(6)Occupation;(7)Religious belief.三、What implications can we get from sociolinguistics? 应用First, sociolinguistics is believed to have made some important contributions in language classroom: sociolinguistics has contributed to a change of emphasis in the content of language teaching;it has also contributed to innovations in materials and activities for the classroom;it has contributed to a fresh look at the nature of language development and use;it has contributed to a more fruitful research in this field.Second, in law courts:The analysis of language data gathered as evidenceThe preparation of some legal documentsEnrich our understanding of the relationship between the concept of power and language use.Third, in clinic settings:The analysis of the dialogue between doctors and patients四、在跨文化交际的Case study中学到什么；由语言和社会得到的启示(1) When in Rome do as the Romans do.(2) Put yourself in other’s shoes.(3) One culture’s meat is another culture’s poison.(4) Honesty and sincerity are key points to mutual understanding.。

Language and CultureI firmly believe that language and culture are familiar with everyone on earth. Nevertheless, I don’t think everyone is clear about the real meaning of language and culture. On this basis, this essay will explain some basic information about language and culture, including what is language, what is culture and the relationship between language and culture. What’s more, quite a number of examples will be cited to help you have a better understanding of language and culture.Let’s begin with the concept of language. When we put a key word “language”into the online Wikipedia(维基百科)，which is a free encyclopedia to people all over the world, we find that language is defined as the human capacity for acquiring and using complex system of communications , and a language is any specific example of such a system. From this definition, we have a clear consciousness towards language. When we look into the Oxford English-Chinese Dictionary, Language is divided into several meanings as follow：1. use of words in an agreed way as a method of human communications 2. system of words of a particular community or country etc. 3. faculty of speech 4. system of symbols and rules for writing computer programs 5. any method of communication.6. professional or specialized vocabulary. Besides, I have also learned the definition of language from my linguistics class. In the book A New Concise Course in Linguistics for Students of English(新编简明英语语言学教程). Langue is thought to be a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication. Short as it is, this definition has captured the main features of language. First of all, language is a system, that is, elements of language are combined according to rules. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that theme is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for. This conventional nature of language is well illustrated by a famous quotation: A rose by any other name would smell as sweet. This quotation means rose is still rose even it is called by another name.For my part, the definition of language is varied. Generally speaking, it is a series code that facilitates human communication. And beyond a specific context, language has no intrinsic meaning.After finishing talking about what is language, let’s know more about culture. Similarly, in the Wikipedia, culture is defined as fallowing meanings, Firstly, culture is deemed as a modern concept based on a term first used in classical antiquity by the roman orator Cicero: Cultura animi ( cultiration of the soul). Secondly, the term “culture”in American anthropology had two meanings: the evolved human capacity to classify and represent experiences with symbol, and to act imaginatively and creatively. Thirdly, Hoebel describes culture as an integrated system of learned behavior patterns and which are not a result of biological inheritance. Besides, we learn the meaning of culture from theIntercultural Communication course. Culture is defined as the group of people who share the same ancestry. There are also many renowned socialists give culture several definitions. For example, E.sapir once said that culture may be defined as what a societu does and thinks.Shortly, culture is involved in so many aspects that it is hard to give it an accurate definition. Put in another way, for different people, culture has very different meaning, according to their own value, education background, social status and so forth. So there is nothing to criticize when other’s understanding of culture is different from yours.Having known so much basic information about language and culture, we will have look at the relationship between language and culture. In the book Intercultural communication in English(新编跨文化交际英语)，there is a description of the relationship between language and culture. It goes like this: culture and language are intertwined and shape each other. Language is not a matter of neutral codes and grammatical rules. Each time we select words form sentences, and send a message, either oral or written. We also make cultural choices. We all agree that language helps in communication with people from different backgrounds. However, we may be less aware that cultural literary is necessary to understand the language being used. Personally speaking, language and culture is not two totally different subjects with no relevance. On the contrary, they are tightly related. That is to say, onlywhen language is put into a specific environment of cultural context does it have some real meaning.To have a better understanding of language and culture, several typical examples of the language and cultural difference between China and the western countries will be cited. We all know that the Chinese culture is both profound and extensive which leads to numerous idioms, allusions, proverbs and sayings, which is hard for foreigners to understand. Take some of them for instances. Firstly, take “过着牛郎织女的生活” for example, it can be literally translated as the Herd-boy and the spinning maid(mythical lovers separated by the Milky Way). But a foreigner may feel puzzled when look at this allusion, for they do not have the cultural background of the allusion. Actually, it is a folk tale of ancient China which means husband and wife living apart. If you want a foreigner fully understand this allusion, you’d better to tell him the whole tale, which also help him to know more about Chinese culture.There are also other four-character allusions in Chinese. Such as 三顾茅庐—make three calls at the thatched cottage(as Liu Bei did when he sought the aid of Zhuge Liang, a master straight then living in seclusion)—repeatedly request someone to take up a responsible post.完璧归赵——return the jade intact to the state of Zhao—return something to its owner in perfect condition.拔苗助长—stand by a stump waiting for hares to come and dash themselves against it—trust to chance and waiting forgains without pains.对牛弹琴—play music to an ox—cast pearls before swine.Most of the allusions come into being according to china’s long history. That’s why many foreigners find it hard to know comprehensively about Chinese language and culture. Nevertheless, there are some equivalents between these two different cultures. For example, in Chinese , there is an allusion called “画蛇添足” , in English, there is a similar proverb called gilding the lily. What’s more, it takes two to make a quarrel can be found in Chinese 一个巴掌拍不响. Hopefully, these make it easier to understand each other’s culture.In short, language in different cultures is hard to understand to most foreigners. The only thing to do is try one’s best to know more about each other’s culture, including all walks of life.。

The Relationship between Language and CultureLanguage Phenomenon：Due to the differences between Chinese and western culture tradition and customs，the way of greeting is, of course，not the same. Because China is a long period of farming community, there is lot of ‘food' in the daily expression。

When people meet with each other，they will say ‘have you eaten？’ for greeting. This way of greeting is just the same as 'hi’ or ‘hello’ in western country. In China，it is a common way to say ‘hello’，but the western people do not think so。

They may think this greeting seems to be saying:' I have nothing to eat。

Come on. Let’s go to eat something.’ Or ‘I was going to ask you to my house for a dinner.’ All in all，this means that say ‘hello' invitation to dinner sometimes。

Another way of greeting in china is’ where are you going?'or ‘where have you been?' In China, this greeting is just polite formula。

跨文化交际英语知识点归纳1. 礼仪（Etiquette）礼仪是不同文化交往中最基本的要素之一。

在跨文化交际中，礼仪的重要性不言而喻。

例如，不同国家、不同文化的人在相互交往时，他们的相互礼仪的表达方式都是有所不同的。

2. 规范和价值观（Norms and Values）规范是一种文化内部形成的行为结构，是一种文化共同遵守的行为方式。

在跨文化交际中，了解对方所遵循的规范是非常重要的，这有助于避免在交流中出现不必要的误解和冲突。

3. 语言和文化（Language and Culture）语言是人类进行交流的最基本手段。

语言和文化是紧密相关的。

例如，美国英语和英国英语在用词和发音上有所不同，这也反映出两个国家的文化差异。

4. 非语言交际（Non-Verbal Communication）除了语言外，身体语言、肢体动作、面部表情、姿势等非语言交际也是跨文化交际中不可忽视的因素。

这些非语言交际动作在不同文化间也存在差异。

5. 社会组织形态和社会关系（Social Organization and Relationships）不同文化的社会组织形态和社会关系也是非常不同的。

例如，中国传统文化中注重家庭、亲情和社会关系，而西方文化则注重个性、自由和独立性。

6. 时间观念（Time）不同国家和文化对时间观念的重视程度也存在差异。

例如，在日本文化中，迟到被看作是不尊重别人的行为，而在西方文化中，稍微迟到几分钟不会被认为是什么大问题。

7. 社会礼仪和礼节（Social Etiquette and Formalities）在跨文化交际中，了解对方的社会礼仪和礼节也是非常重要的。

例如，上司和下属之间的交往在不同文化中有着不同的礼节和规范。

8. 语言表达方式和文化复杂性（Language Expression and Cultural Complexity）语言表达方式和文化的复杂性也是跨文化交际中重要的要素之一。

不同文化的语言表达方式有着不同的复杂度和难度，了解这些差异有助于更好地理解对方文化的复杂度。

戴炜栋语言学-Language and Culture●9.1Introduction●9.2 What is culture?●Culture, in a broad sense, means integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, andbehavior that is both a result of and integral to the human capacity for learning andtransmitting knowledge tosucceeding generations.●In narrow sense, culture may refer to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs,whichcan be manifested in folk culture, enterprise culture or food culture, etc.●from the content: 2 types of culture: material and spiritual●9.3 The relationship between language and culture语言和文化的关系●In a word, language expresses culturalreality.● the language he uses embodies his cultural identity and background. To dig it further, alanguage, as asystem of signs with their own cultural substances and values, maybeviewed as a symbol of social identity.●To sum up, since the knowledge and beliefs that constitute a people's culture areimperceptibly encoded and transmitted in the language of the people, it is extremelydifficult to separate the two. On the one hand, language as an integral part of human being permeates his thinking and way of viewing the world. It both expresses and embodiescultural reality. On the other, language, as a system of spoken or written symbols used by people in a shared culture to communicate with each other, reflects and affects a culture's way of thinking and helps perpetuate and change the culture and its influence, which also facilitates the development of this language at the same time.●两个术语：话语社区discourse community 话语口音discourse accents● People in a local community identify themselves asmembers of a social group andhave acquired common ways of viewingthe world through their interactions with other members within thegroup. Such commonness is constantly reinforced mainly throughtheirlanguages used in various activities and forms of socialization in theirlife. Theyspeak of discourse communities●The uniqueness of each group'slanguage uses in grammatical, lexical andphonological aspects, the waysthey talk and the style with which they talk, etc.constitute differentdiscourse accents.●9.4 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说●Sapir and Whorf believe that language filters people’s perception and the way theycategorize their experiences. This interdependence of language and thought is now known as Sapir- Whorf Hypothesis(SWH).●a strong vision and a weak vision:the strong version believes that language patternsdetermine people's thinking and behavior, the weak one holds that the former influences the later.●2 important insights:●1. There is nowadays recognition that language, as code, reflectsculturalpreoccupations and constrains the way people think.●2.More than in Whors days,however, we recognize how important contextis incomplementing the meanings encoded in the language.●9.5 Linguistic evidence of cultural differences文化差异的语言证据●Any linguistic sign may simultaneously have a denotative, connotative, or iconic kind ofmeanings.●9.5.1 Greetings and terms of address●English:●greet new people: How do you do?●old friends: How are you?●Chinese:●您好●吃过了吗？你去哪里啊？●terms of address: Chinese同志；English:Mr. Mrs. Miss. Ms.●kinship terms亲戚术语：such as uncle, aunt, grandpa, granny,; respectful titles--Chairman Jiang, Premier Zhou;Director Ma●9.5.2 Gratitude and compliments● It is noted that people in the West tend to verbalize their gratitude and complimentsmore often than Chinese speakers do and that they tend to accept thanks andcompliments more directly and frankly than Chinese do.●when express gratitude●Chinese: no, no●English: I'm glad to hear it./I'm glad to be of help./Not at all. /It's nothing.●when hear compliments:●Chinese: no●English:thank you●9.5.3 Colour words●people speaking different languages divide the colour spectrum in the different wayor use different terms that designate the same range of hue.● diferent languages provide different colour related associations. For example, inEnglish "green" is associated with envy or jealousy like “green with envy" or “gren-eyes",and “greenhor"refers to a person without training or experiences." Blue"suggests sentimental or unhappy feelings as in "blue, blue is my love", or "he is in ablue mood".Meanwhile “blue" is also associated with high social position or beingaristocratic as in “He's a real blue blood." Another example is that people call a bookwith well-known names blue book in America.●9.5.4 Privacy and taboos● As the saying goes "A man's home is his castle".western people place a high value onprivacy. It is not appropriate to ask questions about personal information like age,family background, salary,or questions on personal activities when we converse withEnglishspeaking people.●Don't ask these questions:●How old are you? What are your wages?How much do you earn?You make a lotof money, don't you?What's your name? (Better say "May I know yourname?")How much did that pair of shoes cost you?●9.5.5 Rounding off numbers●American prefer to round number to 4●Frenchman would sound of to 5●state ages●Chinese: 虚岁 part of the year●English: …years old;or "I'm four and a half years old."or " The baby girl will bethirteen months old by next Friday●9.5.6 Words and cultural-specific connotation●A term in one language that does not have a counterpart in another language●b) Words or terms in both languages that appear to refer to the sameo eobject orconcept on the surface, but which actually refer to quiteDowodifferent hings. F oexample, " weekend" may stir uap different connotations in Chinese and English●c) Things or concepts that are represented by one or perhaps two termsots wodguteqeo"in one language but by more terms in another language, that is,finerdistinctions exist in another language●d) Terms that have more or less the same primary meaning, but whichblohaveconsiderably different secondary or additional meanings●9.5.7 Cultural-related idioms, proverbs and metaphors●English view dogs as human's best friends●a lucky dog: a lucky person●a clever dog: a clever boy or smart lad●a dumb dog: a silent person or a person who keeps. secrets●lead a dog's lifeto live an exhausted and unhappy life● put on (the) dog: put on airs●Every dog has his day.●Dog does not cal dog.●Give a dog an ill name and hang him.●Barking dogs seldom bite.●Let sleeping dogs lie.●Love me, love my dog.爱乌及乌●anger●English: heat, fire●Chinese: steam,fire●9.6 Culture contact, cultural overlap and diffusion●Acculturation涵化●Assimilation 同化●Amalgamation 融合●cultural overlap.文化重叠●cultural diffusion●cultural imperialism 语言帝国主义● 9.7 The significance of cultural teaching and learning ●9.8 Intercultural communication。

Language and Culture语言和文化Languages are marvelously complex语言是极其复杂and wonderfully complicated organs of culture:难解的文化工具：they embody the quickest and the most efficientmeans of communicating 它们是最快捷最有效的交流思想的方法within their respective culture.在各文化中。

To learn a foreign language is to learn another culture.学习外语就等于学习另一种文化。

In a words of a poet and philosopher,一位诗人兼哲学家曾经这样说过："As many languages as one speaks, so many lives one lives.""你懂几种外语，你就过着几种不同的生活。

"A culture and its language are as inseparable as brain and body;文化及其语言正像人脑与人体一样不可分割。

while one is a part of the other,neither can function without the other. 虽然其中一个是另一个的部分，但是失去一部分，另一部分就不能运作。

In learning a foreign language, the best beginning学习外语最好的开始是is with the non- verbal linguistic elements of the language,从这种语言的非语言的语言成分开始，its gestures,its body language.即从手势，体语开始。

文化教学的方法Language and culture（语言与文化）是密不可分的。

语言的学习不可能离开文化，外语教学从某种程度上来讲就是文化教学。

国家《英语课程标准》明确提出：要拓宽学生的文化的视野，发展跨文化交际意识和基本的跨文化交际能力。

文化意识已被列入英语教学的内容标准和目标要求。

为此，如何在英语教学中进行文化教学，加深学生对中英文化的差异的理解，从而提高学生在实践中的跨文化交际能力已成为新课改下教师的一项重要任务。

我们高中英语教师应该将就英语课程标准中有关文化意识和跨文化交际能力的一些基本理念以及文化教学的必要性、可行性和文化教学的内涵等问题进行学习和思考。

文化教学的方法是多种多样的，教师的首要任务是运用各种途径，提高学生对文化的敏感性，培养文化意识。

1．中外风俗对比比较英语国家和本民族文化的异同。

可以从称呼、招呼语、告别、作客、谦虚、道歉、赞扬、表示关心、谈话题材和价值观念等方面进行比较。

2．请专家做专题报告lectures：有条件的话可以邀请中外有关专家以及曾经留学或访问过英语国家的人士作这方面的专题报告等。

教师发动学生搜集一些有关英语国家文化方面的资料，如广告，画报、报纸杂志、图片等，观察不同国家人的服饰等，了解不同的文化、风俗习惯、审美标准，较直观地了解外国艺术、雕刻、建筑风格和风土人情。

利用互联网，电影和电视引导学生注意观察英语国家的社会文化等各方面情况，各阶层人们吃什么、穿什么（不同场合）、住什么房子（与父母在一起还是分开住），如何与朋友交往，进行什么娱乐活动，体育活动（有何规则），有什么节日，怎样庆祝节日（如圣诞节，感恩节，复活节），以及说话的表情、手势等，有何禁忌（如在西方不准用中指对准别人）。

3．广泛阅读英美文学作品文学作品是社会的一面镜子。

由于文学作品反映不同的文化背景，因此，要想了解英语国家的文化，阅读一定量的英语文学作品能了解西方人的思维，从中可以找到有关的文化背景知识和信息。

language和culture关系名人名言1、语言就是一个文化的指路标，它告诉你人从哪里来，他们又要去哪里。

——丽塔·麦·布朗Language is the road map of a culture.It tells you where its people come from and where they are going.--Rita Mae Brown2、语言和文化是相互联系的。

语言与文化之间有着密切的关系，因为没有语言就不可能理解一种文化，而且是落后的。

生活在某个地区的人们分享他们共同的信仰，文化价值观和语言，即使它是一种次要的方言。

Language and culture are connected.There is a close relationship between language and culture because it is impossible to understand a culture without language,and backward.People who live in a certain area share their common set of beliefs,cultural values,and language,even if it is a minor dialect.3、语言是人类所使用的最有效果的药方。

——吉普林4、语言是赐于人类表达思想的工具。

——莫里哀5、语言的准确性，是优良风格的基础。

——亚里士多德The clearest style is formed by ordinarylanguage.--Aristotle6、语言属于一个时代，思想属于许多时代。

——卡拉姆辛7、语言作为工具，对于我们来说，正如骏马对骑士的重要。

最好的骏马适合最好的骑士，最好的语言适合最好的思想。

——但丁8、学习另一种语言不仅是学会用另一种文字去表达一个意思，而是用另一种思维方式去思考事情。