杰克_伦敦小说研究述评

文学的研究将流于表面。

没有民间文学,则比较文学研究内容也将受到限制”。

两方面研究结合起来,就可以在学术上开辟出一个新天地。

3、佛经汉译在中印两国文学互相影响上占有十分重要位置,却尚未引起人们充分注意,应成为中国比较文学研究的重要课题。

4、中国作为一个多民族的大家庭,应当将国内各民族之间的文学包括民间文学、作家文学在内进行比较研究,纳入比较文学的正宗轨道。

5、在比较文学的影响研究、平行研究等多个学派中,季先生说“我赞成比较文学直接影响的一派”,因为它讲的是实打实的东西,是用艰苦搜寻所得的资料来说服读者。

但他并不反对平行研究,“我只是想说,搞平行研究,必须深入搜索,细致分析,瞻前顾后,明确因果,然后从中抽绎出结论,这样的理论才是可靠的,我是拥护的。

”季先生在这里虽然坦率地承认这是他个人的偏好,而他着力倡导的要实打实,要作细致深入的分析等要求,却是对所有从事比较文学研究者都完全适用的优良学风。

正是以上几点激励和启迪着我从事比较故事学研究长达20余年。

我先后承担的四项有关民间故事的教育部和国家课题,从《比较故事学》到《中国民间故事史》,从《中国民间故事类型研究》到《汉译佛经故事与中国民间故事演变》,大体上都可以归结到这个学科范围之内。

我愿以做好这项研究的实打实业绩,来实现季羡林先生的学术期待,并以此祝愿季老健康长寿。

注解【N o t e s】①季羡林:《比较文学和民间文学》(北京:北京大学出版社,1991年)。

本文所引凡未注明出处者均出自本书。

②钟敬文:《新的驿程》(北京:中国民间文艺出版社,1987年)252。

(刘守华,华中师范大学文学院教授,博士生导师)(责任编辑:陈富瑞)杰克·伦敦小说研究述评孙丰蕊内容提要:杰克·伦敦是19世纪末20世纪初著名的美国作家,对他的研究从他在世时即已开始,直到现在伦敦也是世界文学研究中的一个热点。

国内外关于伦敦的研究成果众多,观点驳杂。

为理清现有的研究成果,更好地把握今后的研究方向,有必要对已有的研究成果进行一番梳理。

野性的回归和张扬杰克伦敦及其《野性的呼唤》在中国的研究综述一、本文概述《野性的回归与张扬：杰克·伦敦及其《野性的呼唤》在中国的研究综述》旨在全面梳理和分析杰克·伦敦的经典小说《野性的呼唤》在中国的研究历程和现状。

杰克·伦敦，作为美国文学史上的一位重要作家，以其独特的边疆经历和深邃的哲学思考，创作出了《野性的呼唤》这部描绘动物本性与人类命运交织的传世之作。

自其问世以来，该作品便以其深刻的主题和生动的描绘引起了广泛的关注和讨论。

本文首先回顾了《野性的呼唤》在中国的翻译与传播历程，分析了不同译本对作品接受度的影响。

随后，通过对中国知网、万方等数据库中的相关文献进行梳理，本文总结了《野性的呼唤》在中国的研究现状，包括主题研究、文学手法分析、比较文学研究以及跨文化研究等多个方面。

在此基础上，本文进一步探讨了《野性的呼唤》在中国的研究趋势，包括研究方法的创新、跨学科研究的兴起以及文化研究的新视角等。

通过本文的研究综述，我们不仅可以深入了解《野性的呼唤》在中国的研究历程和现状，还可以发现中国学者在解读这部作品时所展现的独特视角和深刻洞见。

本文也希望能为未来的研究提供有益的参考和启示，推动《野性的呼唤》在中国的研究走向更加深入和广阔的领域。

二、杰克·伦敦在中国的传播与接受杰克·伦敦（Jack London）作为美国文学史上的一位重要作家，其作品自20世纪初就开始传入中国，并对中国的文学创作和文化产生了深远的影响。

他的代表作《野性的呼唤》（The Call of the Wild）更是在中国引起了广泛的关注和讨论。

早在20世纪20年代，杰克·伦敦的作品就开始通过翻译进入中国。

当时的中国正处于文学革命的浪潮中，对于外国文学的需求旺盛。

杰克·伦敦的冒险故事和独特的文学风格很快吸引了中国读者的目光。

《野性的呼唤》等作品在这一时期被译成中文，并开始在中国文学界引起关注。

浅析杰克伦敦短篇小说对资本主义的批判（作者:___________单位: ___________邮编: ___________）浅析杰克伦敦短篇小说对资本主义的批判对伦敦的研究主要集中在北方小说和太平洋岛故事，而且是从自然主义角度来分析的。

对其短篇小说的研究，也只是简单地分析写作特色。

虽然伦敦被称作美国无产阶级文学之父，但他的社会问题小说却没有受到应有的关注，因此有必要对其社会问题小说给予研究。

文章是对伦敦的两篇这类小说的分析，揭示了主人公认识到资本主义社会中存在的种种黑暗腐朽的现实后，采取的不同形式的反抗，这正是伦敦自己对资本主义社会反抗的体现。

一、《叛逆》中的强尼消极逃避《叛逆》中的强尼从七岁起就被生活所迫到工厂做童工，忍受资本家的剥削与监工的鞭打。

一方面，工厂的条件很恶劣，童工们的身体健康和安全没有任何保障。

强尼八岁在一家连阳光也照不进去的工厂工作时，只有一盏煤气灯在他头上闪闪发亮。

当他到棉花厂工作时，嘴里吸进了充满棉花絮的又热又潮的空气。

为了把肺里的棉花絮排泄出来...他总是咳嗽。

另一方面，人类发明了流水线生产方式，可是不得不连续地重复简单的机械动作，它把人变成了一台机器。

杰克伦敦这样描述强尼他已经从一个熟练的工人变成了一部完善的机器。

强尼甚至在晚上做梦时也在不断地重复在工厂工作的动作。

工厂摧命的劳作简直就是强尼的地狱，再强健的身体也会被糟蹋殆尽，更何况强尼那只剩下骨头的羸弱的身体，最终强尼的身体垮了。

杰克伦敦这样描述生病的强尼，两只胳膊松驰地垂着，弓肩膀，狭胸膛，就像一只生病的猿猴。

生病在家期间，强尼开始思考他的工作，一个月就是整整一百万个动作年就是一千二百万个动作。

进了织布车间之后，我的动作加快了一倍。

...我像这样动了将近一百万年似的。

他的自述说明他已经认识到在资本家的工厂中，自己每天只是不断重复简单相同的机械动作，几乎和机器没有区别。

他想要做出一些改变，于是强尼身体康复后，没有立刻回工厂工作，他觉得动作腻透了，再也不想做动作了。

从生态批评的角度分析杰克·伦敦的小说《野性的呼唤》杰克·伦敦是19世纪未、20世纪初美国最著名的自然主义和现实主义代表作家之一,也是在整个欧洲被翻译最多、读者最多的美国作家。

他的写作风格在一定程度上影响了美国后代作家的创作。

自然是他的创作主题之一。

对自然的热爱和对人类现代工业文明的失望时常在他的作品中得以体现。

《野性的呼唤》是杰克·伦敦的成名作,也是经受住时间考验,人类文学宝库中一部极具经典性的作品。

自问世一百多年来,《野性的呼唤》一直受到国内外文学研究者的关注,褒贬不一。

本文将从生态批评的角度解读《野性的呼唤》。

生态批评是生态思潮与文学研究相结合的产物。

与其说是一种方法,不如说是一种态度和视角。

生态整体主义哲学是其思想基础。

它通过探究人类思想、生产生活模式如何影响了人类对自然的恶劣态度,其目的在于揭示导致生态危机的思想文化根源。

本文从生态审美、精神生态和回归自然等维度对《野性的呼唤》进行分析,认为作者对现代文明人的丑恶及人类中心主义思想进行了尖锐的批判,对动物美德、动物内在价值给予了极高的赞誉,对人类生存方式、人与自然的关系做了哲学思考和探索,小说作者认为只有回归自然才是人类最后的归宿。

本论文共由五章、引言及结论组成。

论文引言部分简述了杰克·伦敦的文学生涯、国内外学者对《野性的呼唤》的研究及本论文的立足点。

第一章介绍了国内外生态批评的动态,及重要思想内容。

第二章讨论了小说作者在《野性的呼唤》中所体现的生态审美。

人类平等地对待自然中的生物和自然本身,必可达到人与自然和谐的局面;人类若施暴于自然,则必将遭到惩罚。

自然规律不以人的意志为转移。

荒野有其生态价值。

第三章探讨了小说所体现的社会生态和精神生态的异化。

人类中心主义和人类无限膨胀的欲望导致了人与人之间,人与自然之间关系的失衡。

小说中人类社会不仅黑暗肮脏,甚至连狗的世界(自然)也深受其害,再所难逃。

第四章分析了杰克·伦敦对理想的人与动物相处方式的关注。

收稿日期:2008-04-16作者简介:蔡乾(1985-),男,河南商丘人,硕士生,主要从事比较文学研究。

第25卷第1期2009年1月商丘师范学院学报JOURNAL OF SHANG Q I U TE ACHERS COLLEGE Vol .25　No .1January .2009野性的回归和张扬———杰克・伦敦及其《野性的呼唤》在中国的研究综述(1997—2007)蔡 乾(商丘师范学院,河南商丘476000) 摘　要:《野性的呼唤》是杰克・伦敦的成名作和代表作,在中国学者对《野性的呼唤》的研究中,经历了从研究方法到研究视角和不同侧重点的转变,留下了时代的烙印,也折射出蕴藏在国人心灵深处的文化特征。

当中国研究者根据自身的文化取向和情感习惯对之研究时,得出的结论往往是中国式的,并且这些结论还会随着中国的时代演变而改变。

关键词:野性的呼唤;中国;研究状况;梳理中图分类号:I 10914 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1672-3600(2009)01-0046-03 杰克・伦敦(Jack London,1876一1916),美国19世纪末20世纪初著名的文学家,勤奋多产,在短暂的18年创作生涯中给世人留下了丰富的文学遗产。

我国对杰克・伦敦及作品的介绍与翻译、研究工作起步于20世纪20年代的新文化运动,30年代达到高潮。

《野性的呼唤》是最先被翻译到中国的杰克・伦敦的作品之一[1],作为他的成名作和代表作在以后80余年的历史中被学者反复的翻译和研究,可见它的重要性。

一、研究背景在前人对杰克・伦敦的研究中不得不提到并应该加以仔细研究的已有成果是:11国外资料译介据笔者了解到的最早翻译到中国的有关杰克・伦敦的传记是美国欧文・斯通(Irving St one )著、董秋斯先生于1948年翻译的《杰克・伦敦传———马背上的水手》[2](P115)。

另外由天虹辑翻译、文化生活出版社于1937年出版的《杰克・伦敦短篇小说集》书末附有《杰克・伦敦自述》、辛克莱的《关于杰克・伦敦》以及译者后记,这两者是较早的权威性的参考资料。

杰克·伦敦作品中的自然主义思潮一、引言杰克·伦敦（Jack London）是美国著名作家，他在20世纪初期的文学领域占据重要地位。

伦敦的作品以描绘大自然和野外生活为特点，在其中融入了强烈的自然主义思潮。

本文将详细探讨杰克·伦敦作品中体现的自然主义思想，从其作品的题材、人物塑造等方面进行分析。

二、背景介绍自然主义是19世纪末到20世纪初欧美文学中的一股重要思潮，其核心理念是认为人类受到生物决定论和环境影响的支配。

这种思潮强调灵活运用科学手法来观察、分析并揭示客观真实。

三、杰克·伦敦作品中的题材1.自然环境描写：伦敦经常以壮丽而残酷的野外环境为背景，如雪山、森林等。

2.劳动者与环境关系：他深入探索劳动者与严酷环境之间的互动，揭示自然力量对人的影响。

3.人类与动物关系：伦敦关注人与动物之间的交互作用，通过他的作品呼吁保护自然界。

四、杰克·伦敦作品中的人物塑造1.劳动者形象：伦敦常塑造出坚毅而勇敢的劳动者形象，在面临困境时展现出顽强拼搏的精神。

2.动物角色：他灵活运用了许多动物角色来传递自己的观点和情感，这些角色常具有智慧、忠诚等特质。

五、对社会现实的反思杰克·伦敦通过揭示自然主义思想，深刻反映了社会现实。

他强调生存竞争和环境对个体发展和命运带来重大影响。

六、结论杰克·伦敦作品中的自然主义思潮在描述大自然环境和探索人类命运等方面起到了重要作用。

他以真实而残酷的方式描绘出生命在大自然面前脆弱而坚韧的一面，极限的环境挑战和生存竞争中所展现出的劳动者的高尚品质也深深触动着读者。

通过对杰克·伦敦作品中自然主义思潮的分析，我们不仅能够更好地理解他的文学成就，同时也能够更加深入地探讨自然主义在当代文学中的影响与意义。

杰克·伦敦研究视角分析一、作者简介杰克·伦敦(Jack London，1876年1月12日～1916年11月22日),原名为约翰·格利菲斯·伦敦(John Griffith London)，美国著名的现实主义作家。

他一生共创作了约50卷作品，其中最为著名的有《野性的呼唤》《海狼》《白牙》《马丁·伊登》和一系列优秀短篇小说《热爱生命》《老头子同盟》《北方的奥德赛》《马普希的房子》《沉寂的雪原》等。

二、写作风格杰克·伦敦，他的作品独树一帜，充满筋肉暴突的生活和阳刚之气，最受男子汉的欢迎。

有人说在他之前的美国小说大都是为姑娘们写的，而他的作品则属于全体读者，不但普通读者欢迎，就是大家闺秀们也喜欢放下窗帘关上大门偷偷去品味他那精力旺盛、气势逼人的作品。

火一样的性格——杰克·伦敦就是这样的性格。

他血管里有火，生气勃勃，一身丈夫气，喜欢粗犷强烈的生活，他喜欢叱咤风云，每每参加斗争常要斗争到极限。

他把冒险里的困难当做享受，把拓荒中的遭遇当作欢乐。

我们在《海狼》里看见了许多的令人荡气回肠的经历，尽管这些已经经过了艺术的折射。

三、作品分析㈠、《野性的呼唤》《野性的呼唤》，又名《荒野的呼唤》（The Call of the Wild）是作家杰克·伦敦于1903年发表的著名小说。

故事叙述一名叫巴克的狗历经磨难，最终回到了自然的野生环境。

整个故事以阿拉斯加淘金热为背景，讲述了在北方险恶的环境下，巴克为了生存，如何从一条驯化的南方狗发展到似狗非狗、似狼非狼的野蛮状态的过程。

巴克是一条硕大无比的杂交狗，它被人从南方主人家偷出来并卖掉，几经周折后开始踏上淘金的道路，成为一条拉雪橇的苦役犬。

在残酷的驯服过程中，它意识到了公正与自然的法则；恶劣的生存环境让它懂得了狡猾与欺诈，后来它自己将狡猾与欺诈发挥到了让人望尘莫及的地步。

经过残酷的、你死我活的斗争，它最后终于确立了领头狗的地位。

浅谈杰克.伦敦小说《野性的呼唤》的生态批评观的论文本文从网络收集而来，上传到平台为了帮到更多的人，如果您需要使用本文档，请点击下载按钮下载本文档（有偿下载），另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意！摘要：生态批评是随着人类文明程度的提高导致环境的恶化而产生的。

其主要任务就是探讨人与自然的关系，特别是关注人类发展对环境的负面影响。

笔者从目前学术界日益兴起并不断发展成熟的生态批评理论的视角对杰克·伦敦的动物小说《野性的呼唤》进行重新阐释，既是该理论不断发展的深化同时也有着很强的现实意义，对人们重新认识和解读杰克·伦敦有着积极的拓展价值。

关键词：生态危机；生态批评：人与动物；人与自然一、生态批评的缘起、发展与现状生态问题是现当代人类世界共同面临的最大的社会问题之一，这一问题已从未有过的急迫性和严重性被称为“生态危机”，这种生态危机对人类的威胁随着人类文明的矛盾进步而备受人们关注。

2003年肆虐全国的“非典”，前几年一直挥之不去的“禽流感”以及最近在全球范围内引起人们恐慌的“h1n1流感”，因其病毒产生的特鹜性和变异的人为性，更加加剧了人对当前环境的焦虑。

作为一种文学理论范式，生态批评是通过立足于文学发展的时代脉搏，以特定的角度研究文学创作和文学文本，探索并反思人们的生存方式和文明的发展模式。

生态批评置身于“ 现代之后”众声喧哗的文学话语之中，强调以关注自然生态的价值立场，来“指导”或“反驳”文学创作。

与种种生态主义思想诸如生态伦理、生态哲学相比，文学上的生态批评的兴起要晚得多。

它作为一种文学和文化批评倾向，其思想端倪出现在20世纪70年代。

世纪上半叶的生态伦理思想成为了生态批评最直接的精神资源，其中最主要的是史怀泽的“敬畏生命”伦理和利奥波德的“大地伦理”。

到20世纪90年代中期，伴随着对“现代性”及其带来的问题反省，生态批评在美国文学界初步形成，进而在其他各国迅速发展。

生态批评集中在对表达人与自然关系的作品中考察。

《杰克·伦敦小说全集》读后感《杰克·伦敦小说全集》是一部让人沉浸其中的经典之作。

这部小说集涵盖了伦敦的许多作品，包括《野性的呼唤》、《白牙》、《马丁·伊登》等等。

这些作品以其深刻的思想、生动的描写和引人入胜的故事情节而闻名于世。

在阅读《杰克·伦敦小说全集》的过程中，我深深感受到了作者对自然界的热爱和对人类命运的思考。

伦敦以其独特的视角描绘了人类与自然的关系，揭示了人类在自然面前的渺小和无力。

他通过对动物、自然环境和人类生活的描写，展现了自然法则的残酷和无情，同时也表达了对人类意志和勇气的赞美。

在《野性的呼唤》中，伦敦通过主人公白牙的成长历程，展现了人类与野兽之间的联系和斗争。

白牙在残酷的环境中艰难求生，最终在人类的帮助下找到了自己的归宿。

这个故事让我深刻地反思了人类对自然的依赖和对自然资源的滥用，也让我意识到了人类与自然应该和谐相处的重要性。

另外，《白牙》这部小说也是一部深刻揭示社会问题的作品。

通过描述白牙和其他狗的命运，伦敦揭示了社会等级制度和人类对动物的残酷对待。

这部小说让我深深地感受到了社会的不公和人类对弱者的欺凌，也让我思考人类应该如何对待动物和自然环境。

此外，《马丁·伊登》这部小说则是一部充满哲理的作品。

伦敦通过主人公马丁·伊登的成长历程，探讨了人类的自我认识和社会意识。

马丁·伊登在追求知识和真理的过程中，经历了许多挫折和磨难，最终找到了自己的人生价值。

这个故事让我深深地反思了人生的意义和价值，也让我明白了人类应该追求真理和正义的重要性。

总的来说，《杰克·伦敦小说全集》是一部让人感悟深刻的作品。

通过阅读这部小说集，我不仅享受到了作者优美的文字和精彩的故事情节，也深深地思考了人类与自然、人类与社会的关系。

这部小说集让我感受到了作者对生命和自然的热爱，也让我明白了人类应该如何对待自然和生命。

希望更多的人能够阅读这部经典之作，从中汲取智慧和力量，让我们共同建设一个更加美好的世界。

从《野性的呼唤》看杰克.伦敦的人生哲学杰克?伦敦是美国著名的现实主义作家，其笔锋刚劲有力，情节跌宕起伏，常于严酷之极、生死攸关的场景中展现人性中最真实、最崇高的品质，又于人与自然、人与人之间的残酷斗争中反映错综复杂的社会关系，具有强烈的震撼效果和启迪意义。

《野性的呼唤》是杰克?伦敦最著名的作品之一。

小说的主人公是一只叫做巴克的狗，它本是南方文明世界中尽享温暖阳光与安逸生活的宠物，却被人卖到了严寒而偏远的阿拉斯加。

在那里，它没有被种种虐待压垮，而是习得了适者生存的法则、养成了吃苦耐劳的意志，很快便在狗群中赢得了领袖地位。

后来，主人离世以后，巴克内心的野性力量不断膨胀，它终于决定奔向自然、回归狼群，并以其机智与勇猛再次夺得了统领地位。

巴克从狗到狼、从社会到自然的演进是它对自身的一种超越，这种从文明到荒蛮的选择并不是退化，而是一种信仰的胜利。

巴克凭借自身的努力成为了“超人”与强者，证实了“物竞天择、适者生存”的进化法则，抒发了对自由的热切渴望和对生命的崇高礼赞，还透过对主人的爱传达了强烈的人道主义精神。

而这些，正是作者杰克?伦敦意欲传达的人生哲学。

一物竞天择，适者生存19世纪末20世纪初，西方传统宗教思想和神学理论受到严重质疑，科学的哲学观、人文观、自然观逐渐形成并不断完善，物种进化论获得了极大的市场。

杰克?伦敦的生存观念主要来源于达尔文和斯宾塞。

一方面，达尔文在《物种起源》中指出，“物竞天择，适者生存”，为杰克?伦敦的思想理念指明了方向，奠定了其自然观的科学基础。

另一方面，斯宾塞将达尔文的理论应用到人类社会中去，在《生物原则》一书中总结提出了“社会达尔文主义”，为进化论打上了社会属性的烙印，使杰克?伦敦的自然观发展成为社会自然观，使其视野从环境对生物的影响及生物对环境的适应方面扩展到人类社会中强者生存的必然性之上，更为深刻也更为适用。

《野性的呼唤》正体现了杰克?伦敦的这种具有普适性的科学生存观念。

首先，杰克?伦敦的这种生存观表现为巴克对新环境的迅速适应。

内容摘要作为一种文学思潮自然主义在美国文学史上起过重要的作用根据自然主义理论人的行为是由环境遗传和机遇决定的自然主义承接了现实主义的写作特色同时又有所发展它又为文学现代主义做了铺垫作为伟大的美国作家杰克伦敦(Jack London,1876-1916)享有很高的国际声誉他的很多作品在国内外都广受欢迎在我国许多读者对伦敦的作品尤其是两部动物小说野性的呼唤1903和白牙1906都很熟悉到目前为止我国对于伦敦作品的研究大多是对其内容主题及写作方法的简单介绍和评议但伦敦不应该被看作是仅仅擅长于动物小说的作家要更好地了解伦敦我们有必要从更多的角度对其生平及作品进行研究从而给他一个更为客观公正的评价同时更好地认识他在美国乃至世界文学史上的地位作为伦敦著名的两部动物小说野性的呼唤和白牙为许多读者及批评家所喜爱这两个发生在荒原上的故事毫无疑问体现了丰富的自然主义元素而作为伦敦的代表作马丁伊登(1909)已经被很多评论家和读者所研读与评论并曾鼓舞了无数人努力奋斗以在学习或事业上取得成功但就我收集到的资料来看迄今为止还少有人从自然主义角度对其进行研究尽管并非所有伦敦的作品都表现自然主义但这几部主要作品还是体现了明显的自然主义倾向本文是对伦敦的几部主要作品如两部动物小说与其自传性作品马丁伊登中的自然主义元素的一次尝试性的研究意图通过分析这些元素来揭示自然主义的作品中遗传环境时机等是如何控制这些作品中人物的行动思想和命运的实际上伦敦唯一的一部海洋小说海狼1904也体现了自然主义倾向鉴于本论文的长度在此从略了我希望这份论文的研究结果能证明我们把伦敦看作是美国自然主义小说家的代表之一是完全有理的这将有助于我们全面正确地认识这位作家关键词自然主义美国自然主义自然主义小说杰克伦敦AbstractAs a literary trend, naturalism has played an important part in American literature. According to naturalistic theory, human beings are controlled by environment, heredity and chance. Naturalism has carried on and developed the writing features of realism, and at the same time it has helped lay the foundation of literary modernism. As a great American writer, Jack London (1876-1916) is well-known through the world and many of his works are very popular both at home and abroad. Many Chinese readers are familiar with London’s works especially his two animal novels The Call of the Wild (1903)and White Fang (1906). But up to now, the studies on London’s works are mainly introductory of t he contents, themes and writing skills. London should not be taken as a writer who is only good at depicting dogs and wolves. To know more about London, we must study his life and his works from more perspectives and then we can give him a comparatively e quitable and objective comment and recognize his proper status in the literary history of America and the world.The Call of the Wild and White Fang are loved by many readers and critics. As the stories take place in the wilderness, they obviously contain naturalistic elements in the narration. London’s masterpiece, Martin Eden (1909), has also been read and studied by many critics and common readers. It is a book which has encouraged many people to work hard to succeed in their study and their career. But as for the materials and comments I have collected about it, few have approached it from the naturalistic point of view. However, from these main works of London’s we can clearly see the naturalistic elements although not all his works show the naturalistic tendency.The present thesis is a tentative study of the naturalistic elements in London’s main works as mentioned above. It aims to analyze the naturalistic elements in these novels to illuminate how environment, heredity, and chance determine a person’s fate as London sees it. Actually, London’s only sea novel The Sea Wolf (1904) also demonstrates a naturalistic tendency. But due to the length of this thesis, I’d like to discuss it in another paper. From the result of my study, I hope we can have a better understanding of Jack London as one of the representatives of American naturalism.Key words: Naturalism; American naturalism; naturalistic novel; Jack LondonIntroductionLiterary criticism of Jack London has proliferated since the 1970s. Some critics appraise his works and some appraise his person; some analyze his works as realistic and some as naturalistic; some criticize him as a proletarian writer while the others praise him highly for this. London is a paradoxical figure and this is one of the many reasons why he and his works have been and are still been studied throughout the world besides his rich and colorful description, vivid characterization and accurate psychoanalysis of the characters in his works, especially of animals.Jack London has been in the forefront of the move toward naturalistic fiction and realism in America. He has been deeply influenced by Darwin’s ideas of constant struggle in nature and “the survival of the fittest”. His social fiction gives him credence as a spokesman for the working class because of his strong sympathy for the poor. As a folk hero, London has achieved a popularity which, along with Mark Twain, may make him a permanent figure in American mythology. London is also extremely popular abroad, especially in Europe and the former Soviet Union. London's reputation as a solid craftsman—especially of short stories—has now been established firmly, even among literary critics as more and more critics find London's works a subject worthy of discussion. London’s works are very popular in China and they have been praised and read by many Chinese people up to the present. Besides the vivid characterization and rich and colorful description in his works, his fame in China is also linked with his status as the spokesman of the working class and his sympathies towards the downtrodden in such works as The Iron Heel (1907) and The People of the Abyss (1903).Since the 1970s, more and more studies on London and his works have appeared and this gives us a great chance to read him, understand him and study him. Although there are many studies on London and his works in China, the studies are mainly introductory and commentarial without academic depth. There is only one page about London in the book A Survey of American Literature which is taken as a textbook for English majors in some universities and appointed as a reference book to those who pursue post-graduate studies in English language and literature. I especially feel unsatisfied because there are few systematic and detailed studies from the naturalistic perspective, because most critics and writers in China take London as a realisticnovelist. This gives us the opportunity to study his works from the naturalistic point of view, but at the same time it also makes it difficult to do so. In this thesis, I will attempt a detailed and systematic study of his main works from the naturalistic point of view.In general, naturalism is the literary movement that provides the best context for Jack London. The theme of naturalistic novels is often the escape from the civil society. A stock naturalistic device involves taking an “over-civilized” man from the normal society into a primitive environment where he must live by muscle and wit. London uses this device in The Sea-Wolf, The Call of the Wild and White Fang, although the hero in the two animal novels is a dog or a wolf.This thesis consists of three chapters: Chapter one is a general view of naturalism and American naturalism including two sections. Section one contains two parts. One is a brief introduction of the term “naturalism” and its social and philosophical backgrounds, and the other deals with the relation between naturalism and realism because these two trends have many similarities as well as differences. Some critics treat naturalism as one kind of realism or of an extremity of realism and some treat naturalism and realism as two separate literary trends. Section two is about naturalism in American literature which also consists of two parts. Part one is about the three traits of American naturalist writers and part two deals with difference between American naturalism and European naturalism. Chapter two is an introduction of London’s life and analysis of his two animal novels The Call of the Wild and White Fang. From this introduction we can know how London’s life experience provides him with a great deal of materials for writing and how this experience affects his character, his mind and hence his works. This can help to prove the theme of the naturalistic novels that environment plays an important part in controlling one’s behavior and thoughts. London is a prolific writer who has written about 50 novels and more than 150 stories, but those which show the naturalistic tendency are only his main works as the animal novels The Call of the Wild and White Fang, his autobiographical novel Martin Eden and also his sea novel The Sea Wolf. Section one of this chapter is a brief introduction of London’s life and section two is the analysis of the controlling power of environment in these two novels, while section three is about the significance of the two novels. Chapter three is a detailed analysis of the naturalistic elements in Martin Eden. The first three parts of this chapter are about the controlling power of environment, the controlling power of heredity and thecontrolling power of chance in this novel, while the last part is about the significance of this novel. By this analysis, we can see how environment, heredity and chance affect and control the thoughts, behavior and speech of the characters, especially Martin and Ruth. The last part of this thesis is the conclusion which discusses London’s contribution to literature and his status in the world now.Chapter 1A General View of Naturalism and American Naturalism1.1 Naturalism1.1.1 NaturalismIt seems that many can answer the question what naturalism is but few can give the term a precise definition acceptable to all. Webster’s Dictionary gives a concise definition:A made of thought (religious, moral or philosophical) glorifying nature and excludingsupernatural and spiritual elements/ close adherence to nature in art or literature, esp. (inliterature) the technique, chiefly associated with Zola, used to present a naturalisticphilosophy, esp. by emphasizing the effect of heredity and environment on humannature and action (p667).And in The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, we find a comparatively more detailed definition:Naturalism, late 19th- and early 20th- century aesthetic movement, inspired byadaptation of the principles and methods of natural science, especially the Darwinianview of nature, to literature and art. In literature it extended the tradition of Realism,aiming at an even more faithful, unselective representation of reality, a veritable “sliceof life”, presented without moral judgment. Naturalism differed from Realism in itsassumption of scientific determinism, which led naturalistic authors to emphasizeman’s accidental, physiological nature rather than his moral or rational equalities.Individual characters were seen as helpless products of heredity and environment,motivated by strong instinctual drives from within, and harassed by social andeconomic pressures from without. As such, they had little will or responsibility for theirfates, and the prognosis for their “cases” was pessimistic at the outset (p559).In the 19th century, the industrial revolution spread over the entire face of Western Europe and North America. In 1859, Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species was published and his theory of evolution was on everyone’s lips. The scientific discoveries gave people of that age a new way of viewing and understanding themselves. Darwin’s evolutionary theory gave naturalism its theoretical basis. Donald Pizer points out that Darwin’s evolutionary theory is the comparatively mostimportant theory to naturalism. “Darwin’s On the Origin of Species would prove more important for naturalism, though it came out as early as 1859” (Pizer, 2000:27).But before Darwin’s ideas were available in a literary form, they were first transformed by Emile Zola (1840-1902), the French writer and theorist, in his Le Roman experimental (1880). As it is, Zola is universally labeled as the founder of literary naturalism. In his early literary theory, Zola put great emphasis on trueness. He repeatedly said that trueness was the precondition of literary creation. “Trueness is the foremost important thing” and “All artists must study and present the true nature” (Liu Mingjiu, 1989:13-14). Zola beli eved that the nove list should function like a scientist, observing nature and social data, rejecting absolute standards of morality and free will, and depicting nature and human experience as a deterministic and mechanistic process. All reality could be explained by a biological understanding of matter subject to natural laws. Besides his emphasis on “trueness”, Z ola advocated the original creation of writers and this is another important trait of early naturalistic theory. Zola also called for the method of ob serving and analyzing the society from the biological and hereditary points of view. In his eyes, controlled by heredity and environment, man was the product of his temperament in a social context.So naturalism describes a type of literature that attempts to apply scientific principles of objectivity to its study of human beings. For naturalists, since human beings are, in Zola’s phrase, “human beasts”, characters can be studied through their relationships to their surroundings. Through this objective study of human beings, naturalistic writers believe that the laws behind the forces which control one’s behavior may be studied and understood. Naturalistic writers thus use a scientific method to write their novels by studying human beings governed by their instincts and passions as well as the ways in which the characters’ lives are governed by forces of heredity and environment. Although they use the techniques of accumulating detail advocated and practiced by the realists, the naturalists thus have a specific object in mind when they choose the aspect of reality that they wish to convey.Naturalism is closely related to determinism because it depicts characters who are driven not by personal will or moral principles but by natural forces that they do not fully understand or control. Human beings are living in a natural environment like animals. They can react toward the exterior and interior forces but they are helpless before these forces (Lin Xianghua, 1989:528). In contrast to other views of human experience, the naturalistic view makes no moral judgments on the lives of thecharacters. Their lives, often bleak or defeating, are determined by social, environmental, instinctive, and hereditary forces. “People in naturalistic works don’t act by their reason and thought. Their behavior is determined by their instincts, biological and hereditary elements” (Jiang Chengyong, 2002:193). Naturalism is in part a reaction by writers against the nineteenth century Romantic view of man as master of his own fate.1.1.2 Relation between naturalism and realismWhen discussing naturalism, we have to mention realism because these two literary trends have many similarities as well as differences. “Almost without exception critics have been in the habit of grouping the two terms together or at least of writing about both, irrespective of whether their work was supposed to be about Realism or about Naturalism” (Furst, 1971:5-6).Some critics take naturalism as an extension or continuation of realism with the addition of pessimistic determinism because naturalism has developed from realism and they have some similarities. “Both naturalism and realism emphasize the importance of writing about reality and truth and this is their most important similarity. The similarity of realism and naturalism is that both of them have a basic belief that the essence of art is the imitation and objective reproduction of reality (opposite to the imaginative, idealized and subjective method of romanticism)” (Xie Dongbing, 1999:1). While some take naturalism and realism as two separate literary trends. However, naturalism is a movement considered to be beyond realism. Pizer points out that “More specifically, though naturalism could have arisen only after absorbing the insights of realism, it insisted on subjects, attitudes, and techniques that bewildered and often offended its forerunners” (Pizer, 2000:21). Both movements try to portray real-life, but naturalism is based more on scientific studies. Realism is a manner and method of composition by which the author describes normal, average life, in an accurate, truthful way and it puts its emphasis on typical setting and typical characters. While naturalism is a manner and method of composition by which the author portrays “life as it is” without the writers’ personal feelings and comments.In his Responsibilities of the Novelist (1903), Norris points out that the real rival of naturalism is not romanticism but realism. Here he takes naturalism and realism as two completely opposite literary trends. Therefore naturalism is regarded as quitedifferent from realism. Mentioning the relation between naturalism and realism, Jiang Chengyong says “From the angle of understanding human beings, it is obvious that naturalism derived from realism, but what is more important is that it has its own development and enrichment” (Jiang Chengyong, 2002:9). In naturalism, the subject matter deals with those unpleasant experiences which reduce characters to “degrading” and “animalizing” behavior in their struggle to survive. These characters are mostly from the lower class and the environment is the commonplace. Realism usually depicts people who are living a happy life. It offers an optimistic picture of reality and although characters in such works will also have some trouble and difficulty, they will finally succeed and reach their goal. In contrast to a realist, a naturalist believes that a character is fundamentally an animal without free will. In naturalism, characters do not have free will; external and internal forces control their behavior. Both naturalism and realism emphasize the importance of reality but one reality is different from the other. In naturalism, reality is objective and scientific while in realism, this reality is subjective and typical. Naturalism aims to depict every detail of the reality to show life as it is, and this description is objective without any sentiment of the writers. Realism chooses the typical person and event to describe while neglecting some details for the convenience and aim of description.1.2 Naturalism in American literature1.2.1 American naturalism and its difference from European naturalismBesides Darwin, Spencer and Zola have influenced American naturalism literature.Spencerian philosophy pervaded in the late nineteenth-century America and his works became a bestseller second only to The Bible. His theory of Social Darwinism was very popular in temporal America at that time. Crane, Dreiser and London all earnestly read his First Principles and Synthetic Philosophy and they got the conclusion that “human beings are only some atoms and cosmic dust” (Zhang Hezhen, 42). Their former philosophical opinions fell apart and some naturalistic points of view took their place.In terms of literary theory and writing skill, Zola is the most influential figure on American naturalism. In the American literary field of that time, one would beseverely attacked as soon as he mentioned Zola, but he still had many readers and potential influence. Many writers, including the so-called American “founder of realist literature” Howells, all tried to get Zola’s works to read.Through the course of the 19th century America progressed from an agricultural economy to an industrialized nation and in the-post-civil war America, industry developed rather rapidly. Along with the industrialization came the rise of the towns, rapid increase of population in the city, the appearance of the numerous slums and the spread of crimes. The whole America was facing the threat of a series of problems such as unemployment and poverty. In the last ten years of the nineteenth century, the wide gap between the rich and the poor was amazingly great and this sharp contrast could be seen in every big city. The severe reality broke the “American dream” which was often boasted in the press so most people felt disillusioned and desperate. “The collapse of this predominantly agrarian myth brought Americans up against harsh realities with a very sharp shock” (Furst, 1971:34). In this term, the rise of naturalism in American literature is an inevitable result.Literature is the reflection of society. At the end of the nineteenth century the American literary field was disappointing because at that time the elegant European tradition pervaded in the field. That was h ypocritical tradition whic h aimed t o beautify the reality to meet the need of the bourgeois and upper c lass. It was evasive in disclosing the crime and philistinism in the society and it went farthe r and farther from the reality. This was the so-called realism at that time. Some sensitive correspondents such as Dreiser, Norris and London who often lived with the lower class felt this tradition disgusting when they saw the bleak side of the real life. They were eager to write what they saw and heard to tell the truth they knew. The actual need forced them to explore a literary method which could best express the reality, and these young writers took the task. They bravely disclosed the conflict with the biting style of writing and raised some social problems of importance. “That is why among the serious writers, not a few regarded naturalism superior to realism” (Zhang Hezhen, 43). In conclusion, in the time of abrupt change and severe comparison, the American life called on these young writers to describe the reality and to show the bleak sides of American society. From the above analysis, we can see clearly that the American naturalistic literature of the late nineteenth century developed from a realistic basis but was rather different from the former “elegant tradition”. Thenaissance of American naturalistic literature indicated the end of a time and also foretold the new turn of American literature.According to Furst and Skrine, although greatly influenced by European naturalism, American naturalism has its own characteristics. American naturalism grew in direct response to the native social and economic problems. Often the struggles of the poor with the capitalists are the theme of naturalist writing as, for instances, in the novels of Dreiser or the short stories of Stephen Crane. “In this way American Naturalism owes much to local factors than to outside influences, and it is worth recalling the so-called ‘local colour’ tendencies of the 1870s and 1880s which carried on into Naturalism, though with certain shifts of emphasis” (Furst, 1971:34). Another difference of American naturalism from European naturalism is that American naturalism was much less of a movement and there were no clear groups united by common aims and manifestos. Furst thought that this was its advantage because “Thus American Naturalism, extending from the mid-1880s well into the twentieth century, had a far longer life-span than its European counterparts which strangled themselves with their own theories” (ibid.36).1.2.2 Three traits of American naturalist writersAccording to Zhang Hezhen, American naturalists mainly have three traits in writing.(1) American naturalists usually take human beings as victims, first as the victims of heredity, that is, biological force, and they try to explain human beings and the society by natural laws especially biological laws (Zhang Hezhen, 44).For the naturalists, heredity refers to human’s instinct which is a kind of strong desire and impulse inherited from the ancestors such as hunger, fear and sexuality. These desires and impulses are the animal instincts which drive animals. One theme of the American naturalists is the description of the animal instincts of human beings. In their stories, human beings are only animals that when they meet with danger or pressure they will show their most original crude animal nature. The most appropriate representative of this theme is Frank Norris’ McTeague. Another novel expressing this theme is Crane’s The Red Badge of Courage. The author shows the biological force controlling the protagonist Fleming by describing his horror when he is in the battles.(2) American naturalists usually take human beings as the victims of environment.Almost all naturalists believe environment is a powerful force which is unmeasurable, mysterious and inevitable. Human beings in this environment are no more than some “cosmic dust”. Or as what Frank Norris describes in Octopus, are just some ephemeras which will be forgotten soon. To them, human life is a meaningless dream. These naturalists believe the mysterious and inevitable force of the environment is the result of society and economy. Crane’s Maggie, Girl of the Street is an outstanding example of this theme. The world in which Maggie finds herself is indifferent to people’s suffering and misery. In this novel, Crane does not care about the fate of such girls as Maggie. His aim is to show the naturalistic theme that human beings are the victims of environment by describing the power of this force.(3) American naturalists usually take human beings as the victims of fate or chance.Romantics believe nature is beneficent and virtuous. The relationship between nature and human beings is harmonious. Human beings are the masters of the world and they can control their fate and do whatever they like and want. Romanticists usually beautify nature and in their works, nature is the fascinating paradise. Naturalists regard nature as neither beneficent nor vicious. It is absolutely indifferent to human beings. Human beings can never make their own choice. They can not control but accept the arrangement of the mysterious fate. Mentioning Henry Adams, Frank Norris, Jack London and Theodore Dreiser as young writers, E. Ronald Martin points out th at they are keenly aware of the in difference of the universe. “In their works we get the first clear intimations of how depressing, amoral, and absurd the universe can appear to man in such nontraditional, nonanthropomorphic conceptual frameworks; they give us our first strong taste of naturalistic alienation” (Martin, 1981:xiv-xv).Crane’s fictional world is a naturalistic one in which man is deprived of free will and expects no help from others whatever. “It is a world in which ‘God is cold’ as is adumbrated vividly in some of his poems” (Zhang Hezhen, 45). “A Man Said to the Universe” is revealing enough: “A man said to the universe:/ ‘Sir, I exist!’ /‘However,’ replied the universe, / ‘The fact has not created in me/ A sense of obligation’” (Stephen Crane, 1895).The greatest achievement of American naturalism is t he exploration and innovation of the subject matter. Naturalists are conc erned about the suffering and misery of the lower class and they gre atly enlarge the sco pe of the subject matter in American novels. American naturalists make great efforts in exploring the writing skill. They emphasize the importance of being honest to describe the reality and they especially a ttach i mportance to details. Many naturalists were b orn in the poor so they are rather familiar with the life of the lower class and they show sympathy towards their sufferings and misery. “Actually, some naturalistic works describe the writers’ own experiences or the experiences of one of the family members so the description is authentic and trustful” (ibid.46). For example, Crane’s early works which describe the misery of the farmers are ba sed on his own miserable experience of youth and his impression of Boston slums; London’s Martin Eden is a description of his own experience; Crane’s Open Boat is the recall of his miserable experience of a boat wreck. That is why most American naturalistic works are so authentic and appealing.Chapter 2Jack London’s Life and Analysis of His Two Animal Novels2.1 LifeJohn Griffith London (1876-1916) was born in San Francisco of an unmarried mother Flora Wellman. Flora had been stricken by typhus in her girlhood, and afterwards she was unstable if not unbalanced. His father may have been William Chaney, a journalist, lawyer, and major figure in the development of American astrology. Chaney was very strong and had the experience of sailing for many years. He spent much time in writing and reading. Here we can see the influence of heredity on London. He also had a strong build and he loved reading very much. A thirst for knowledge snatched young London and he read every book he could get. London was very ambitious that when reading Ouida’s Signa, a story of an Italian peasant’s rise to glory as a musician, he had the thought that he could also reach his goal by working hard. London inherited the paradoxical characteristics from his mother while he inherited his adventurous nature from his father. He got great interest in adventure and he took any chance to sail and do some risky things. “In all the exciting and dangerous things, what Jack was mostly interested in was his desire to prove that he was the greatest wandering prince” (Chu Lüyuan, 1999: 50).London grew up in poverty and worked at various hard laboring jobs. Realizing that he could never become great by doing odd jobs and determined to prepare himself for better than common labor, he attended Oakland High School at age nineteen. There he got known of Mabel, sister of one of his classmates. Mabel became the prototype of Ruth in London’s masterpiece Martin Eden (1909). Always a prolific reader, London consciously chose to become a writer to escape from the horrific prospects of life as a factory worker. He studied other writers and began to submit stories, jokes, and poems to various publications, mostly without success. He also read many philosophical books and his philosophical thoughts were greatly influenced by the four great teachers of him: Darwin, Spencer, Marx and Nietzsche (ibid.99). Londo n believed in Da rwin’s evolutionary theory of “survival of the fittest” and also Nietzsche’s supermanism. These theories were presented in many of his novels.。

[收稿日期]2004-04-15 [作者简介]余立霞(1969-),女,河北蛟河人,硕士,讲师,主要从事大学英语教学与研究。

第25卷　第6期2004年6月 哈尔滨学院学报JOURNA L OF H AR BI N UNI VERSITY V ol.25　N o.6Jun.2004 [文章编号]1004—5856(2004)06—0074—04梦想的追求与幻灭———评杰克・伦敦及其代表作《马丁・伊登》余立霞(黑龙江大学外语教学研究部,黑龙江哈尔滨　150080)[摘　要]杰克・伦敦是美国文学史上一位重要的批判现实主义作家,《马丁・伊登》是他的代表作,揭示了美国20世纪人们狂热追求“美国梦”的失败。

小说的主人公马丁・伊登希望通过自己的努力跻身于上流社会,但进入上流社会后,他反而更加痛苦、精神更空虚,陷入无法自拔的境地,最后以自杀的方式结束自己悲惨的一生。

这是杰克・伦敦思想的真实写照,他以同样方式结束了自己的生命,可见,马丁的人生悲剧也是杰克・伦敦的人生悲剧。

[关键词]杰克・伦敦;《马丁・伊登》;美国梦;追求与幻灭[中图分类号]I106.4 [文献标识码]A 杰克・伦敦(Jack London ,1876—1916)是20世纪初美国著名的批判现实主义作家。

他继承和发扬了马克・吐温的批判现实主义传统,把美国现实主义文学推进到一个崭新阶段,在美国文学史中占有重要的地位。

杰克・伦敦在其短暂的一生里,仅有十六年时间从事文学创作,但他的作品却颇为丰富,一生共创作了19部长篇小说、150篇短篇小说及3个剧本,另外,他还有相当数量的报告文学和论文。

杰克・伦敦的身世充满了传奇色彩。

他生于旧金山,是一个私生子,生父是个星相学家。

杰克・伦敦的童年是很不幸的,他八个月时丧父,母亲嫁给已经有11个孩子的约翰・伦敦。

继父是一个流浪工人,境况也不好。

杰克・伦敦从小就在贫困的生活环境中挣扎,历尽沧桑。

与同龄人相比,他的经历本身就是一部内容丰富的传奇小说,10岁时,杰克・伦敦就开始外出打零工谋生;14岁到一家罐头厂做工,每天工作10小时,只得到1元钱;15岁时借了一些钱,买了一条小船,参加到偷袭私人牡蛎场的队伍中,希望用这种手段来改善穷困处境,偷袭中他被渔场巡逻队抓获,被罚做苦工;16岁做过缉私警官;17岁当了远洋水手去远东,航海生涯,增长了他的见识,扩大了他的眼界,遍地的贫困、剥削和暴力,深深地印入杰克・伦敦还没有完全成熟的心灵中;18岁杰克・伦敦失业,沦为流浪汉,浪迹美国大部分地区,因此曾被监禁30天;19岁靠做工续完高中;20岁在加利福尼亚大学读了一个学期后辍学;21岁做了洗衣店的学徒,后来又随同大批的淘金者一起去阿拉斯加淘金,“黄金梦”很快破灭,杰克・伦敦身染败血症回家,后又侥幸摆脱了疾病带来的死亡威胁,以顽强的毅力经阿拉斯加返回到加利福尼亚。

小议杰克·伦敦作品中的思想摘要杰克·伦敦是十九世纪末二十世纪初享誉世界的美国小说家,他生活在正值西方各种文艺思潮粉墨登场的浮华时代,加之其阅读面的广泛性,极易受到这些风靡西方的理论思潮的熏染,这对他文学创作产生了深远的影响。

其代表作之一的《海狼》就是这一特定社会历史背景下的产物,伦敦文学创作思想的复杂性从该小说中可窥见一斑。

关键词杰克·伦敦;西方理论思潮;创作思想;复杂性一、存在主义视角下的《海狼》存在主义作为一种哲学思想发端于十九世纪的欧洲,丹麦哲学家克尔凯郭尔被认为是这一理论思想的奠基人,他在那个时候就开始探讨人的存在问题,之后这一思想经由德国传到法国,并很快波及到世界许多国家。

在众多的存在主义者中,法国的让·保尔·萨特最具有代表性,他提出的存在主义三原则触及到这一理论的本质性问题,即存在先于本质,自由选择,世界是荒谬的,人生是痛苦的。

在这个与人为敌的世界上,人首先得要存在着,然后再去为自己定性,实现自身的价值。

就像一粒麦种,首先需要给它提供肥沃的土壤、充足的阳光和足够的水分,让它存活着,然后才能谈它怎样结出麦穗,磨成面粉,成为人的食粮。

萨特提出的世界是荒谬的,人生是痛苦的乍一看是非常消极的,但必须结合他所处的特定历史时期来看待这一命题。

他经历过两次世界大战,非理性的战争使整个世界陷入混沌状态,从而改变了他乃至整个西方世界固有的精神信仰,呈现在世人面前的是一个充满战争、暴力、死亡、绝望的荒谬世界。

然而存在主义的积极意义在于人处逆境中的自由选择。

存在主义者认为自然界和社会是人的自由意志的两大敌对力量,大自然是冷酷的,充满敌意的,是不能征服的。

社会中的人与人之间也存在着一种异化关系,为了自身的存在,人与人之间必然进行相互争斗。

但人无论面对多么残酷的生存环境,都必须做出自己的人生选择,为了存在,终生攀搏不息,奋斗不止。

在《海狼》中,伦敦为我们描绘出一个自然主义的世界,它同时也是一个存在主义的世界,二者的共同点就是都强调人类生存环境的艰险,都强调外力对人的命运的影响,都把外部世界描绘成异己的世界。

内容提要：“北疆传奇”系列是杰克·伦敦早期创作的优秀作品，它是根据其在克朗代克的亲身经历而创作的。

不管在风格上还是主题上，这些短篇最能代表杰克·伦敦的创作特点。

我们可以从《生命的法则》、《生火》和《热爱生命》这三部作品中，找到许多重要的共同点，并且透过这三个具体的“样品”，更直接、更真实地了解“北疆传奇”所隐含的杰克·伦敦对世界、对社会、对生命的思考。

关键词：杰克·伦敦　《生命的法则》　《生火》《热爱生命》 一、引言 杰克·伦敦是一位有世界影响的美国作家。

近一年的北疆生活影响了他的一生，成为他创作的源泉。

其早期的“北疆传奇”小说都是以阿拉斯加和克朗代克的冰雪荒原为背景，在鲜明、自然的特征衬托下，让充满激情的人物在那里演绎惊心动魄的故事。

但“伦敦的作品并不停留在叙述表层，它们触及了人生的根本方面，故事背后潜藏着很多发人深省的思考”。

二、三部“北疆传奇”小说——《生命的法则》、《生火》、《热爱生命》 《生命的法则》（The Law of Life）中故事发生在北极圈内克朗代克地区一个营地。

天寒地冻，部落所有人都忙着拆卸帐篷，准备到能找到驯鹿的地方过冬。

年迈的考斯库希希望当酋长的儿子能带他走，但心里明白部落的生存不允许他拖累。

儿子给他留下一小堆取暖的木柴，他不禁回忆起自己的一生：他当酋长时，也曾不得不把年长体弱的父亲留下。

这时他听到了狼群的声音，狼群步步逼近，老人抄起一根烧红的木棍左右挥舞，但狼群退而不离。

恐惧过后，老人心想：我为什么非得死守着性命？于是他把木棍扔到了雪地上。

老人垂下头，自言自语道：有什么大不了？难道这不是生命的法则？ 《生火》（To Build a Fire）是“北疆小说”中最著名的短篇之一。

故事发生在气温在50度下的阿拉斯加，无名行路人带着一条爱斯基摩犬急急赶路，却不小心踩到泉眼，进水的靴子很快就结冰了。

他脱下手套捡了些枯树枝，在树下生起火。

March forward among Contradictions： An Analysis of the Creation of Novels by Jack London 作者： 赵谦
作者机构： 安徽商贸职业技术学院外语系,安徽芜湖241003
出版物刊名： 凯里学院学报
页码： 119-121页
年卷期： 2013年 第2期
主题词： 杰克·伦敦 经典名作 矛盾现象 巅峰
摘要：杰克·伦敦是美国现实主义文学中的代表作家之一，他一生共创作了多部家喻户晓的
经典名作。

在这些作品中，蕴含着诸多的矛盾现象，包括理想与现实之间的矛盾、激情的憧憬
与失落的感伤之间的反差、矛盾的生命伦理与生存哲学以及“双性同体”视域下人物性别的矛
盾等。

正是在对这些矛盾问题的探索与总结中，杰克·伦敦的人生与创作一步步地走向成熟，最
终达到了其写作生涯的巅峰。

杰克伦敦热爱生命赏析杰克伦敦的热爱生命想要表达怎样的思想感情呢？以下是店铺收集的相关信息，仅供大家阅读参考!一、整体把握这篇课文节选自美国著名小说家杰克·伦敦同名小说中的后半部分(结尾除外)。

作者以雄健、粗犷的笔触，细腻、逼真地叙述了一个身处绝境、濒临死亡的人，在顽强的求生意识和钢铁般的意志作用下，经过艰苦卓绝的搏斗，终于战胜了饥饿、伤病、寒冷以及野兽的威胁而起死回生的传奇故事。

小说中的主人公“这个人”是一个美国西部的淘金者，他在返回途中被朋友所抛弃，只好独自一人跋涉在渺无人烟的荒原上，不久他就陷入到了弹尽粮绝的困境中。

更不幸的是他的腿脚先后受伤，只能踉踉跄跄地行走在布满沼泽、丘陵与溪流，随时有野兽出没的荒原上。

在极度虚弱中，他发现有一匹病狼循着他的血迹紧紧跟随着他，显然是要把他作为猎物。

于是，这两个濒临死亡的“生物”在荒原上展开了一场互相猎取对方生命的生死搏斗。

最终他咬死了狼，吞咽下狼的血，让生命重新放射出光彩。

课文可以分为三部分：从文章开始到“它们之间的联系已经非常微弱”为第一部分。

叙述“这个人”在遭遇到棕熊并凭着自己的勇气与智慧得以逃脱之后，又重新振作起来继续前进。

但恐惧与危险仍然紧紧伴随着他。

长期的饥饿与疲惫，已差不多将他的心智与活力吞噬殆尽，他只能在半清醒半昏迷的状态中凭借意志力艰难前行，依靠吮吸被狼咬死的一只驯鹿的碎骨维持生命。

第二部分从“有一天，他醒过来”到“而神志清醒的时候也愈来愈少，愈来愈短”。

这一部分主要写主人公在似真似幻之中发现一头病狼尾随着他，开始了漫长的人与狼的对峙。

其余段落为第三部分，也是全文乃至整篇小说的高潮部分。

主人公在半昏迷中感觉到了狼的进攻，他于是与那匹病狼进行了一场殊死搏斗并取得了胜利，同时也战胜了可怕的命运。

小说成功地刻画了“这个人”的坚忍顽强、不惧艰难险阻的硬汉性格。

他虽然身体衰弱无比，并且时常处于昏迷之中，却有着惊人的意志力。

作者通过“神志清楚”“很冷静，很沉着”等一系列词语，向读者展示了他充分运用理性克服危险与灾难、战胜恐惧与幻觉的心路历程。

评析杰克•伦敦的《海狼》杰克•伦敦是美国著名小说家。

他1876年出生于旧金山,来自于社会最底层。

杰克•伦敦在小小的年纪便出去做童工,后来漂泊在海上,跋涉在雪原,而后通过半工半读最终成功取得巨大成就的作家。

在美国作家中,杰?┛?•伦敦可谓是多产的,他在16年的创作生涯中写了150多篇短篇小说和19部长篇小说,加上其他文章,他的全集达49卷。

其中最为著名的有《野性的呼唤》《海狼》《白牙》和《马丁•伊登》。

这些作品使杰克•伦敦以自己的创作实力在美国文坛赢得了声望。

少年丰富的冒险经历使他的作品充斥着自然主义的色彩――人总是受到自然力和社会力的摆布,几乎没有自由意志,没有行为自由。

在欲望驱动和外部力量的作用下,人的身心备受践踏,从而暴露出粗暴、凶残阴暗的一面。

在他众多的作品中,《海狼》便是他自然主义思想的最好的诠释: 弱肉强食,强权便是公理。

二、故事梗概《海狼》被誉为是海上题材里的精品之作之一。

这个故事,不仅在文学上获得了很大的成功,而且也被后人搬到了银幕上,也受到了广泛的好评。

在《海狼》一书中,杰克•伦敦将社会舞台放到了一艘捕海豹的帆船“魔鬼号”上。

主人公凡•卫登是一位文学评论者,在与朋友周末度假返程的途中,遭遇大雾,他们的船被撞沉。

在冰冷的海水里垂死挣扎之际,幸运的卫登被“魔鬼号”船长拉尔森救起。

由于船上大副的死亡,拉尔森不同意将卫登送回旧金山,而是逼他随船出海,并做各种苦工。

在此期间,卫登目睹了拉尔森的冷酷无情以及他的暴力统治。

拉尔森绰号“海狼”,他比一般的水手强壮,力大无穷,坚信“大吞小,强食弱”。

他为了保住他的一条舢板不被巨浪冲走,竟白白搭上一个水手凯利的性命。

他不高兴时就拿厨子托马斯出气,让人抓住他,用绳子将他拴住扔到海里折磨他,结果被鲨鱼咬去一只脚。