allusion 修辞.ppt

● 1. Alliteration 头韵● 2. Allusion 引喻● 3. Anaphora 首语重复法● 4. antithesis对偶● 5. Antonomasia 换称，代称● 6. Chiasmus 交错法●7. Hyperbole 夸张●8. Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻●9. metonymy借喻,转喻●10. oxymoron 反意法,逆喻●11. Repetition 重复，反复●12. Paradox 隽语●13. Parallelism 排比, 平行●14. Pun 双关●15. Simile 明喻●16. Syllepsis 一语双叙法，兼用法●17. Synecdoche 提喻●18. transferred epithet移就●19. Irony反语Where do we go from hereAntithesis●Ossie Davis has suggested that maybe the English language should bereconstructed so that teachers will not be forced to teach the Negro child 60 ways to despise himself, and thereby perpetuate his false sense of inferiority, and the white child 134 ways to adore himself, and thereby perpetuate his false sense of superiority. (para4)●As long as the mind is enslaved, the body can never be free. (para5)●Psychological freedom ......physical slavery (para5)●And one of the great problems of history is that the concepts of love and powerhave usually been contrasted as opposites - polar opposites--so that love isidentified with a resignation of power, and power with a denial of love. (para7) ●For through violence you may murder a murderer but you can't murder.(para19) ●The dark yesterdays of segregated schools will be transformed into brighttomorrows of quality, integrated education. (para. 25)●There will be those moments when the buoyancy of hope will be transformed intothe fatigue of despair.(para26)●......and transform dark yesterdays into bright tomorrows. (para. 27)Metaphor●To upset this cultural homicide, the Negro must rise up with an affirmation of hisown Olympian manhood.(para5)●Psychological freedom, a firm sense of self-esteem, is the most powerful weaponagainst the long night of physical slavery.(para5)●The Negro will only be free when he reaches down to the inner depths of his ownbeing and signs with the pen and ink of assertive manhood his own Emancipation Proclamation.(para5)●Negroes who have a double disability will have a greater effect on discriminationwhen they have the additional weapon of cash to use in their struggle. (para13) Personal conflicts among husbands, wives and children will diminish when the unjust measurement of human worth on the scale of dollars is eliminated .(para14)●He who hates does not know God, but he who has love has the key that unlocksthe door to the meaning of ultimate reality. (para20)●We are called upon to help the discouraged beggars in life's market place.(para21) ●America will no longer have a high blood pressure of creeds and an anemia ofdeeds. (para. 25)●Let us be dissatisfied until the tragic walls that ……(para. 25)●……shall be crushed by the battering rams of the forces of justice. (para. 25)●……slums are cast into the junk heaps of history. (para. 25)●There will still be rocky places of frustration and meandering points ofbewilderment.(para26)●When our days become dreary with low-hovering clouds of despair, ...... (para.27)●......working to pull down the gigantic mountains of evil (para. 27) Chiasmas●What is needed is a realization that power without love is reckless and abusive,and love without power is sentimental and anemic. Power at its best is loveimplementing the demands of justice, and justice at its best is power correcting everything that stands against love.(para8)It is precisely this collision of immoral power with powerless morality which constitutes the major crisis of our times.(para9)Simile●It is something like improving the food in the prison while the people remainsecurely incarcerated behind bars.(para17)●......justice will roll down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream.(para. 25)Parallel struture●Without recognizing this we will end up with solutions that don't solve, answersthat don't answer and explanations that don't explain. (para18)●For through violence you may murder a murderer but you can't murder.(para19) ●And I have seen too much hate. I've seen too much hate on the faces of sheriffs inthe South. I've seen hate on the faces of too many Klansmen and too many White Citizens Councilors in the South to want to hate myself, because every time I see it, I know that it does something to their faces and their personalities and I say to myself that hate is too great a burden to bear.(para20)Paradox●Without recognizing this we will end up with solutions that don't solve, answersthat don't answer and explanations that don't explain. (para18)●......a power that is able to make a way out of no way. (para 27)Anaphora●And the other thing is that I am concerned about a better world. I'm concernedabout justice. I'm concerned about brotherhood. I'm concerned about truth. And when one is concerned about these, he can never advocate violence.(para19)●So, I conclude by saying again today that we have a task and let us go out with a"divine dissatisfaction." Let us be dissatisfied until America will no longer have a high blood pressure of creeds and an anemia of deeds. Let us be dissatisfied until the tragic walls that separate the outer city of wealth and comfort and the inner city of poverty and despair shall be crushed by the battering rams of the forces of justice. Let us be dissatisfied until those that live on the outskirts of hope arebrought into the metropolis of daily security. Let us be dissatisfied until slums are cast into the junk heaps of history, and every family is living in a decent sanitary home. Let us be dissatisfied until the dark yesterdays of segregated schools will be transformed into bright tomorrows of quality, integrated education. Let us be dissatisfied until integration is not seen as a problem but as an opportunity toparticipate in the beauty of diversity. Let us be dissatisfied until men and women, however black they may be, will be judged on the basis of the content of their character and not on the basis of the color of their skin.●Anaphora transferred epithet metaphor●Antithesis allusion metonymy simile●Alliteration●Let us be dissatisfied. Let us be dissatisfied until every state capitol houses agovernor who will do justly, who will love mercy and who will walk humbly with his God. Let us be dissatisfied until from every city hall, justice will roll down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream. Let us be dissatisfied until that day when the lion and the lamb shall lie down together. and every man will sit under his own vine and fig tree and none shall be afraid. Let us be dissatisfied.And men will recognize that out of one blood God made all men to dwell upon the face of the earth. Let us be dissatisfied until that day when nobody will shout "White Power!" - when nobody will shout "Black Power!" - but everybody will talk about God's power and human power.●Anaphora transferred epithet metaphor●Antithesis allusion metonymy simile●Alliteration allusion●When our days become dreary with low hovering clouds of despair, and when ournights become darker than a thousand midnights, let us remember that there is a creative force in this universe, working to pull down the gigantic mountains of evil, a power that is able to make a way out of no way and transform darkyesterdays into bright tomorrows.●Metaphor●paradox●antithesisTwo kinds●Simile1.It was like a stiff embraceless dance between her and the TV set. (para21 )2.So that the fluffy skirt of her white dress cascaded slowly to the floor like the petals of a large carnation. (para24 )3.I would play after him, the simple scale, the simple chord, and then I just played some nonsense that sounded like a cat running up and down on top of garbage cans. (para 38 )4.He marched stiffly to show me how to make each finger dance up and down, staccato like an obedient little soldier. (para 39 )5.I felt the same way, and it seemed as if everybody were now coming up, like gawkers at the scene of an accident. (para 60 )6. It felt like worms and toads and slimy things crawling out of my chest. (para 73)7.Her face went blank, her mouth closed, her arms went slack, and she backed out the room, stunned, as if she were blowing away like a small brown leaf, thin, brittle, lifeless. (para 76)●8. …… as if she were blowing away like a sm all brown leaf, thin, brittle, lifeless.(para 76)Oxymoron1.She was proudly modest like a proper Chinese child. (para 24 )2.I heard a little boy whisper loudly to his mother. (para 53)●Alliteration.Chinatown’s Littlest Chinese Chess Champion. (para 42 )Irony1.You lucky you don’t have this problems, said Auntie Lindo with a sign to my mother. (para 44 )Hyperbole1.And now I realized how many people were in the audience, the whole world it seemed. (para 54)Metaphor1.We could have escaped during intermission. Pride and some strange sense of honor must have anchored my parents to their chairs. (para 55 )Ridicule1.She took me to a beauty training school in the Mission district and put me in the hands of a student who could barely hold the scissors without shaking. (para 6 ) SyllepsisThe lid of piano was closed, shutting out the dust, my misery, and her dreams. (para 81)Allusion●I was like the Christ child lifted out of the straw manger. (para 9)Metaphor●Telegraph, telephone, radio, and television tied together and more intricate knotsbetween …… (para 2)●…. will flatten every cultural crease. (para 4)●Metaphor●Apparently westernization is not a straight road to hell, or to paradise either. (para7)●We borrowed an American box. (para 8)●Earl y on I realized……some type of compass to guide me through the wilds ofglobal culture.Metonymy●……and suggesting that Hollywood be burned. (para 5)●…… to live in a museum while we will have shower that work. (para 6)●Antonomasia●……at country clubs in Beverly Hills and in apartments on Manhattan’s UpperWest Side. (para 14)Professions for Women●Synecdoche● 1.I have to admit that instead of spending that sum upon bread and butter, rent,shoes, and stocking, or butcher’s bills. (para 2 )Metonymy● 1.No demand was made upon the family purse. (para 1 )2. I have to admit that instead of spending that sum upon bread and butter, rent, shoes, and stocking, or butcher’s bills. (para 2)Metaphor● 1.The image that comes to my mind when I think of this girl is the image of afisherman lying sunk in dreams on the verge of a deep lake with a rod held out over the water. (para 5 )2.You have won rooms of you own in the house hitherto exclusively owned by men. (para 7 )Lesson Seven Invisible ManMetaphor● 1.It took me……and much painful boomeranging of my expectations to…….(p1)● 2. A sea of faces, some hostile, some amused, ringed around us…… (para 7)● 3. ……I had suddenly found myself in a dark room filled with poisonouscottonmouths. (para 11)Simile●It was as though I had rolled through a bed of hot coals. (para 44)● 1.About eighty-five years……separate like the fingers of the hand.(p1)● 2.The young children……on the wick like the old man’s breathing.(p2)● 3.The hair was yellow like that of a circus kewpie doll.(p7)● 4. ……firm and round as the domes of East Indian temples. (para 7)● 5. ……and beads of pearly perspiration glistening like dew …… (para 7)6. the smoke of a hundred cigar clinging to her like the thinnest of veils. (para 8)●7.In my mind……as bright as flame.(para10)●8.For in those days……like a crisp ginger cookie.(para16)●9. But the blindfold was tight as a thick skin-puckering scab. (para 17)10.My saliva became like hot bitter glue.(p20)●11.The boys groped about like blind, cautious crabs……(p21)●12. ……testing the smoke-filled air like the knobbed feelers of hypersensitivesnails. (para. 21)13. A blow to my head……like a jack-in-the-box……(p27)●14. A hot, violent force……like a wet rat.(p38)●15. some called like a bass-voiced parrot. (para 39)●16. glistening like a ci rcus seal,……(para 40)●17.Suddenly I saw……twitching like the flesh of a horse stung by manyflies.(p40)●18.I was careful……like a cloud of foul air……(p42)●19.Seeing their fingers……as a fumbled football……(p45)●20.I was limp as a dish rag.(p46)●21.But still……a s though deaf with cotton in dirty ears.(p55)●22. The laugher hung smoke……like in the sudden stillness.(p70)● 3. Alliteration● 1. I want you……to death and destruction……(p2)● 2. Some of the other……slipping and sliding……(p9)4.Transferred epithet● 1.We were a small……with anticipatory sweat……(p6)● 2.But now I……of blind terror.(p10)● 3.He kept coming, bring the rank sharp violence of……(p25)5. Irony● 1.What powers of endurance……! What enthusiasm!(p55)Simile● 1. Grasshoppers are everywhere in the tall grass, popping up like corn to sting theflesh. (para.1 line 7)● 2. The land was like iron. (para.8 line 1)● 3. Her long, black hair, always drawn and…, lay upon her shoulders and againsther breast like a shawl. (para. 10 line 10)● 4. Houses are like sentinels in the plain, old keepers of the weather watch.(para.11 line 1)● 5. My line of vision was such that the creature filled the moon like a fossil. (para14)Lesson 9 Metaphor● 1. Winter brings blizzards, hot tornadic winds arise in the spring, and in summerthe prairi e is an anvil’s edge.(para1 line4)● 2. The skyline in all directions is close at hand, the high wall of the woods anddeep cleavages of shade. (para.6 line 3)● 3. Descending eastward, the highland meadows are a stairway to the plain.(Para 7 line 1)● 4. The great billowing clouds that sail upon it are shadows that move upon thegrain like water, dividing light. (para.7 line5)● 5. Not yet would they veer southward to the caldron of the land that lay below;● 6. They must wean their blood from……..(para 7 )●Alliteration1. The grass turns brittle and brown.(para.1 line 6)● 2. There are green belts along the rivers and creeks, linear groves of hickory andpecan, willow and witch hazel.(para1.line7)● 3. Great green-and-yellow grasshoppers are everywhere in the ………(p ara1line9)● 4. …but it belongs to the eagle and the elk, the badger and the bear. (para6 line5)● 5. There to beg and barter for an animal from the Goodninght herd.(para 9 line 9)6. So exclusive were they of all mere custom and company. (para10 line 8)●7. But there was something inherently sad in the sound, some merest hesitationupon the syllables of sorrow. (para10 line 14)●8. The aged visitors who came to my grandmother’s home when I was a childwere made of lean and leather. (para.12 line 6)●9. Full of jest and gesture , fright and false alarm. They went abroad in fringedand flowered shawls. ( para 12 4)Pun●It was a long journey toward the dawn. (para 4)●……for indeed they emerged from a sunless world. (para 4)。

一.相似或关联修辞格（figures of resemblance or relationship）（一）allegory ['ælɪg(ə)rɪ]（讽喻；寓言）（二）allusion [ə'luːʒ(ə)n; -'ljuː-]（引喻）（三）analogy [ə'nælədʒɪ（类比；比拟）（四）animism ['ænɪmɪz(ə)m]（比拟；卡通法；动画法）（五）antonomasia [,æntənə'meɪzɪə; æn,tɒnə-] （借代；换称）（六）conceit [kən'siːt]（比附比喻）（七）dysphemism ['disfimizəm]（贬损；贬抑）（八）enallage [en'ælədʒɪ]（替换）（九）euphemism ['juːfəmɪz(ə)m]（委婉）（十）fable ['feɪb(ə)l]（寓言）（十一）homericsimile（荷马风格式明喻）（十二）kenning ['kenɪŋ]（迂说）（十三）metalepsis [,metə'lepsɪs]（借代；转义）（十四）metaphor（隐喻）（十五）metaphor（1）deadmetaphor（融合隐喻终休隐喻）（十六）metaphor（2），alivemetaphor（鲜活隐喻）（十七）metaphor（3），extendedmetaphor（延展隐喻）（十八）metaphor（4），mixedmetaphor（矛盾隐喻）（十九）metaphor（5），metaphorofsuccessionwithoutconfusion（协调隐喻）（二十）metaphor（6），personal（anthropomorphic）metaphor（拟人隐喻）（二十一）metaphor（7），submergedmetaphor（潜性隐喻）（二十二）metaphor（8），organicmetaphor（象征隐喻）（二十三）metaphor（9），telescopedmetaphor（联珠隐喻）（二十四）metaphor（10），sustainedmetaphor（强进隐喻）（二十五）metaphor（11），diminishingmetaphor（玄学派隐喻）（二十六）metonymy（借代；换喻）（二十七）parable（比喻；寓言）（二十八）personification（拟人）（二十九）personification（1）prosopopoeia（拟人）（三十）personification（2）patheticfallacy（拟人）（三十一）personification（3），apostrophe（呼语）（三十二）personification（4）invocation（呼求；乞灵；祈求）（三十三）phanopoeia（示现）（三十四）simile（明喻）（三十五）simile（1），epicsimile（史诗明喻）（三十六）simile（2），homericsimile（荷马风格式明喻）（三十七）synecdoche（借代；提喻）（三十八）trope（比喻）强调或含蓄修辞格（figuresofemphasisorunder－statement）（一）adynation（玄乎夸张）（二）asyndeton（连词省略）（三）adversativeasyndeton（反意连词省略）（四）amplification（渲染夸张）（五）anastrophe（倒装）（六）anticlimax（突降）（七）antiphrasis（倒词）（八）antistoichon（对照）（九）antithesis（对照）（十）aphorism（格言；警句）（十一）apophasis（阳舍阴取；欲取姑舍）（十二）apostrophe（呼语）（十三）invocation（呼求；乞灵）（十四）autoclesis（阳舍阴取；欲取姑舍）（十五）auxesis（夸张）（十六）bathos（突降；弄巧成拙）（十七）climax（阶升）（十八）contrast（比较；反衬）（十九）correction（补充）（二十）pairingsynonym（同义词配搭）（二十一）epanorthosis（补充；补证）（二十二）epigram（隽语）（二十三）jeud’esprit（隽语）（二十四）euphuism（尤菲绮斯体；绮丽体）（二十五）exaggeration（夸张）（二十六）exergasia（尤菲绮斯体；绮丽体）（二十七）hyperbaton（倒装）（二十八）hyperbole（夸张）（二十九）innuendo（暗贬；暗讽）（三十）inversion（倒装）（三十一）irony（悖反）（三十二）irony（1），verbalirony（措辞悖反反语）（三十三）irony（2），situationalirony（情况悖反）（三十四）irony（3），dramaticirony（戏剧性悖反）（三十五）irony（4），tragicirony（悲剧性悖反）（三十六）irony（5），comicirony（喜剧性悖反）（三十七）irony（6），cosmicirony（命运悖反）（三十八）irony（7），theironyoffate（命运悖反）（三十九）irony（8），worldirony（命运悖反）（四十）irony（9），philosophicalirony（命运悖反）（四十一）irony（10），romanticirony（浪漫性悖反）（四十二）irony（11）socraticirony（苏格拉底式悖反）（四十三）irony（12），rhetoricalirony（措词悖反；反语）（四十四）irony（13），dialecticalirony（辩证悖反）（四十五）litotes（含蓄肯定；含蓄悖反）（四十六）meiosis（含蓄陈述）（四十七）negation（含蓄肯定）（四十八）oxymoron（矛盾修饰；精警）（四十九）paradox（矛盾隽语；警策）（五十）paraleipsis（假省略真强调）（五十一）paralepsis（假省略真强调）（五十二）paralipsis（假省略真强调）（五十三）preterition（假省略真强调）（五十四）sarcasm（讽刺）（五十五）satire（讽刺；嘲讽）（五十六）satire（1）horatiansatire（贺拉斯式讽刺）（五十七）satire（2）juvenaliansatire（朱维诺尔式讽刺）（五十八）satire（3）indirectsatire（间接讽刺）（五十九）syncrisis（比较；对照）（六十）syneciosis（对照；反衬）（六十一）systrophe（定义堆累）（六十二）tapinosis（明夸暗损）（六十三）understatement（含蓄陈述）（六十四）vision（示现）三.语音修辞格（figuresofsound）（一）alliteration（头韵）（二）assonance（准押韵）（三）consonance（谐音）（四）dissonance（噪音）（五）repetition（重复）（六）repetition（1），anadiplosis（尾首重复；联珠；顶针）（七）repetition（2）anaphora（首语重复）（八）repetition（3），antanaclasis（原词多义）（九）repetition（4），catchwordrepetition（尾首重复；联珠；顶针）（十）repetition（5），chiasmus（颠倒重复）（十一）repetition（6），correction（矫正重复）（十二）repetition（7），cumulation（同意重复）（十三）repetition（8），echo（回声重复）（十四）repetition（9），epanadiplosis（首词尾复）（十五）repetition（10），epanalepsi（嵌插重复）（十六）repetition（11），epanaphora（首语重复）（十七）repetition（12），epanastrophe（尾首重复）（十八）repetition（13），epanodos（逆转重复）（十九）repetition（14），epanorthosis（矫正重复）（二十）repetition（15），epidiplosis（首词尾复）（二十一）repetition（16），epiphora（尾语重复）（二十二）repetition（17），epistrophe（尾语重复）（二十三）repetition（18），epizeuxis（紧接重复）（二十四）repetition（19），gemination（紧接重复）（二十五）repetition（20）gradation（尾首重复；层递重复）（二十六）repetition（21）identicalrhyme（原词押韵）（二十七）repetition（22），incrementalrepetition（歌谣重复；悬念重复）（二十八）repetition（23），ploce（原词多义；同语新义）（二十九）repetition（24），palilogy（紧接重复；嵌插重复）（三十）repetition（25），paregmenon（同源重复）（三十一）repetition（26），regression（逆转重复）（三十二）repetition（27），symploce（首语、尾语合并重复）（三十三）repetition（28），polyoptoton（转化重复）（三十四）repetition（29），tautology（累赘重复）（三十五）repetition（30），refrain（叠句重复）（三十六）onomatopoeia（摹声）（三十七）melopoeia（音响辅义）四.文字游戏修辞格（verbalgame andgymnas－tics ）（一）ambiguity（意中寓意；双关）（二）anagram （拆词命意）（三）antistrophe（同语颠倒重复）（四）doubleentendre（黄色双关）（五）hendiadys（双词单意）（六）hypallage（移就）（七）palindrome（回文）（八）parody（仿拟）（九）paronomasia（双关）（十）portmanteauword（熔合词）（十一）prolepsis（预言示现）（十二）pun（双关）（十三）quibble（双关）（十四）quip（双关）（十五）reverse（易位）（十六）syllepsis（1）（一词多叙）（十七）syllepsis92）（兼顾）（十八）transferredepithet（移就）（十九）zeugma（拈连）五误用收效修辞格（rhetoricalexploitationoferrors）（一）anachronism（超前夸张）（二）bull（言辞矛盾）（三）catachresis（滥用比喻）（四）circumlocution（迂曲）（五）malapropism（误换）（六）metathesis（音位转换）（七）mimesis（模仿）（八）periphrasis（迂曲）（九）spoonerism（字母误换）六.描绘性词语（descriptivewords）（一）bulk（体积描摹）（二）characteristicapposition（特征性同位语）（三）descriptivewords（描写性词语）（四）epexegesis（诠注）（五）epithet（属性词语）（六）homericepithets（荷马式属性词语）英语同源修辞格是一种特殊的重复修辞手法。

Allusion 典故，引喻，暗引Allusion is an indirect reference to people or things outside the text in which it occurs, without mentioning them explicitly. Allusions require common reading and cultural experiences shared by the writer and the reader.●Allusion is the figure of speech based on resemblance which as areference of work of literature to another work of literature or to a well-known person, place or event outside of literature.Allusion is used to explain or clarify a complex problem. Note that allusion works best if you keep it short and refer to something the reader / audience is familiar with, e.g.:Famous peopleHistory(Greek) mythologyLiteratureThe bible●If the audience is familiar with the event or person, they will alsoknow the background and context. Thus, just a few words are enough to create a certain picture (or scene) in the readers’ minds. Theadvantages are as follows:We don’t need lengthy explanations to clarify the problem.The reader becomes active by reflecting on the analogy.The message will stick in the reader's mind.Examples:1.Mythological allusion: Magnus is the 'Adonis' of the class.（>>Greek Mythology ：Adonis is a mythical character who is the most handsome, strikingly beautiful youth loved by Aphrodite, who is the goddess of love and beauty.）2. Literary allusion: Political 'Pied Pipers' try everything.(After The Pied Piper of Hamelin , title and hero of a poem by Robert Browning , referring to:1.A person who offers others strong yet delusive enticements.2. One, such as a leader, who makes irresponsible promises.)3. Historical allusion: Some call Marcos a modern Hitler.(Marcos: Philippine president (1965-1986) who maintained close ties with the United States and exercised dictatorial control over his country. ) Biblical allusion: "She's had the life of Job," (Job, in the Old Testament, an upright man whose faith in God survived the test of repeated calamities.) is much more colorful and interesting than, "She's had a hard life." Plus, it brings to mind the Bible which adds a sense of religion and maybe even something of Providence( divine direction) behind whateverhas happened to her.Allusions can be used to be polite. "She's a regular Moll Flanders" (a novel written by Daniel Defoe) is a nicer way of saying that she's promiscuous.And power! If someone takes advantage of your trust, and you tell him, "Et tu, Brute?" ("Even you, Brutus?"), that's an allusion to Caesar's assassination by those who opposed his dictatorship, one of whom pretended to be his friend; Shakespeare wrote a play about it. Said in the right tone, it's less likely to provoke a violent reaction from your former friend than a more direct statement. And by alluding to a well-known historical act, and to such treachery to a friendship, it adds power to what you say. You have the combined force of murder, politics, treason, ancient Rome, Latin, and Shakespeare behind your words."Et tu, Brute?" (Pronounced and occasionally spelled "Et tu, Bruté?") ("You too, Brutus?", or "And you, Brutus?" or "Even you, Brutus?") is a Latin phrase often used poetically to represent the last words of Roman dictator Julius Caesar. Immortalized by Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, the quotation is widely used in Western culture as an epitome of betrayal. While the words are usually understood as an expression of shock and betrayal towards Brutus, it has recently been argued that the phrase was instead uttered as a curse and threat. One theory states Caesar adapted the words of a Greek sentence which to the Romans had long since becomeproverbial. The complete phrase is said to have been "You too my son, will have a taste of power," of which Caesar only needed to invoke the opening words to foreshadow Brutus' own violent death, in response to his assassination. In a similar vein, Caesar's words have been interpreted to mean "Your turn next."Allusion is anytime you reference another writing, story, or idea in general within your own writing.It can be as simple as using a characters name from another story to make a stronger point in your story.The 3 most commonly alluded to things are the bible, ancient Greek mythology, and Shakespeare.The old man and the computer (allusion to The Old man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway)The software included a Trojan Horse. (allusion to the Trojan horse from Greek mythology)Plan ahead. It was not raining when Noah built the Ark. (Richard Cushing) (allusion to the biblical Ark of Noah)●Many allusions on historic events, mythology or the bible havebecome famous idioms.Examples:to meet one’s Waterloo (allusion to Napoleons defeat in the Battle of Waterloo)to wash one’s hands of it. (Allusion to Pontius Pilate, who sentenced Jesus to death, but washed his hands afterwards to demonstrate that he was not to blame for it.)t o be as old as Methuselah(allusion to Joseph’s grandfather, who was 969 years old according to the Old Testament)To guard sth. with Argus’s eyes (allusion to the giant Argus from Greek mythology, who watched over Zeus’ lover Io，who wastransformed by Hera into a heifer.)Effect: Allusions can add humor, or color, imagery, power, or a sense of any number of things depending on what allusion is used.●emphasis, to give credibility, to show off one’s education Assignment:please make use of the materials given here or maybe some other materials you'll find yourself to write an essay on allusion, which should give the readers a clear view about allusion, including definition, examples and explanation, analysis of the effects, etc).。

精品文档Lesson 1 Pub Talk and the King's English1. Alliterationthe King's English slips and slides (Para. 18)2. Allusions 暗指，引喻--musketeers of Dumas (Para. 3)--descendants of convicts (Para. 7)--Saxon churls (Para. 8)--Norman conquerors (Para. 8)3. ExaggerationPerhaps it is because of my upbringing in English pubs that I think bar conversation has a charmof its own. (Para. 3)4. Metaphor1. No one has any idea where it will go as it meanders or leaps and sparkles or just glows. (Para.2)2. They got out of bed on the wrong side is simply not a concern. (Para. 3)3. Suddenly the alchemy of conversation took place (Para. 4)4. The glow of the conversation burst into flames. (Para. 6)5. The conversation was on wings. (Para. 8)6. We ought to think ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasant. (Para. 11)7. The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock, and its seeds multiplied, and floated to theends of the earth. (Para. 14)8. I have an unending love affair with dictionaries. (Para. 17)9. Even with the most educated and the most literate, the King's English slips and slides inconversation. (Para. 18)10. “the sinister corridor of our age…”(Para. 18)11. Otherwise one will bind the conversation, one will not let it flow freely here and there. (Para.20)12. We would never have gone to Australia, or leaped back in time to the Norman Conquest. (Para.20)5. Simile1. They are like the musketeers of Dumas who, although they lived side by side with each other, did not delve into each other's…(Para. 3)2. The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock,…(Para. 14)Lesson 2 MarrakechSimile1. The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelict building-lot. (Para. 2)2. ,…sore-eyed children cluster everywhere in unbelievable numbers, like clouds of flies. (Para. 8)3. …where the soil is exactly like broken-up brick. (Para. 18)4. Long lines of women, bent double like inverted capital Ls (Para. 18)5. …their feet squashed into boots that looked like blocks of wood…(Para. 23)6. ,…glittering like scraps of paper. (Para. 26)Metaphor精品文档．精品文档1. They rise out of the earth, …(Para. 3)2. Down the center of the street there is generally running a little river of urine. (Para. 8)Alliterationsweat and starve (Para. 3)Transferred Epithet--there was a frenzied rush of Jews (Para. 10)Onomatopoeia, winding up the road with a clumping of boots and a clatter of iron wheels (Para. 22)Synecdoche1. a white skin is always fairly conspicuous (Para. 16)2. , actually has feelings of reverence before a white skin. (Para. 24)Rhetorical Question1. Are they really the same flesh as your self? Do they even have names? Or are they merely a kind of differentiated brown stuff, about as individual as bees or coral insects? (Para. 3)2. How much longer can we go one kidding these people? How long before they turn their guns in the other direction? (Para. 25)UnderstatementI am not commenting, merely pointing to a fact. (Para. 21)Lesson 3 Inaugural Address (January 20, 1961) Parallelism…, symbolizing an end as well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change. (Para. 1)Paras. 6, 7, 8, 10, 11Alliteration1. …friend and foe alike…(Para. 3)2. to assure the survival and the success of liberty. (Para. 4)3. steady spread (Para. 13)4. …bear the burden…(Para. 22)5. …strength and sacrifice…(Para.26)Metaphor1.…those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside. (Para. 7)2. But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers. (Para. 9)3. this hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house. (Para. 9)4. to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak…(Para. 10)5. And if a beachhead of cooperation may push back the jungle of suspicion…(Para. 19)6. The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and allwho serve it, and the glow from that fire can truly light the world. (Para. 24)Consonance…, whether it wishes us well or ill,…(Para. 4)Synecdoche…both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom….(Para. 13)Antithesis1. United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided, there is little wecan do, for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder. (Para. 6)精品文档．精品文档2. If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich. (Para.8)3. And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. (Para. 25)Repetitionall forms of (Para. 2)the belief (Para. 2)Regression1. Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate. (Para. 14)2. And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. (Para. 25)Allusionone hundred days (Para. 20)ClimaxAll this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. Nor will it be finished in the first one this on perhaps in our lifetime the nor in life of this Administration, nor even thousand days,planet. (Para. 20)Hyperbolehour of maximum danger (Para. 24)Lesson 4 Love is a FallacyMetaphorthe informal essay with.... “Dream's Children”. (Author's Note) 1. Charles Lamb, unfettered. (Author's Note) 2. There follows an informal essay....frontier beauty, thing, full of pedantic discipline, is a living, breathing 3. Logic, far from being a dry,passion, and trauma. (Author's Note)4. My brain, that precision instrument, slipped into high gear. (Para. 17)5. In other words, if you were out of the picture, the field would be open. (Para. 31)6. I fought off a wave of despair. (Para. 76)Maybe smoldered. a few embers still the Maybe somewhere in extinct crater of her mind, 7.somehow I could fan them into flame. (Para. 95)8. The next fallacy is called Poisoning the Well. (Para. 112)poisoned the well before anybody could drink from it. He has hamstrung his 9.”The first man hasopponent before he could even start.”(Para. 116)10. The rat! (Para. 148)Similea as penetrating as chemist's as powerful as as a dynamo, precise as a scale, was My 1. brainscalpel. (Para. 1)2. Same age, same background, but dumb as an ox. (Para. 2)3. First he looked at the coat with the expression of a waif at a bakery window. (Para. 47)4. He looked like a mound of dead raccoons. (Para. 54)5. ...the raccoon coat huddled like a great hairy beast at his feet. (Para. 94)6. It was like digging a tunnel. (Para. 120)7. I leaped to my feet, bellowing like a bull. (Para. 144)精品文档．精品文档Antithesis1. “It is, after all, easier to make a beautiful dumb girl smart than to make an ugly smart girlbeautiful.”(Para. 24)2. “Back and forth his head swiveled，desire waxing, resolution waning.”(Para. 47)3. If there is an irresistible force, there can be no immovable object. If there is an immovableobject, there can be no irresistible force. (Para. 91)4. “Look at me--a brilliant ing from.”(Para. 150)Hyperbole1. Logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty,passion, and trauma. (Author's Note)2. My brain was as powerful as a dynamo, as precise as a chemist's scale, as penetrating as a scalpel. (Para. 1)3. It's not often that one so young has such a giant intellect. (Para. 2)4. Finally he didn't turn away at all; he just stood and stared with mad lust at the coat. (Para. 47)5. You are the whole world…of outer space (Para. 132)6. “I will wander the face of the earth, a shambling, hollow-eyed hulk.”(Para. 132) Metonymy1. But I was not one to let my heart rule my head. (Para. 20)2. Otherwise you have committed a Dicto Simpliciter. (Para. 70)3. You are guilty of Post Hoc if you blame Eula Becker. (Para. 79)LitotesThis loomed as a project of no small dimensions. (Para. 58)SynecdocheThere is a limit to what flesh and blood can bear. (Para. 112)AnalogyJust as Pygmalion loved the perfect woman he had fashioned, so I loved mine. (Para. 122)Transferred EpithetI said with a mysterious wink and closed my bag and left. (Para. 37)Rhetorical QuestionCould Carlyle do more? Could Ruskin? (Authors' Note)“Really?”said Polly, amazed. “Nobody?”(Para. 73)Who knew? (Para. 95)Lesson 5 The Sad Y oung MenMetaphor:1. …we had reached an international stature that would forever prevent us from retreating behind the artificial walls of a provincial morality…(Para. 2)2. battle for success (Para. 3)3. And like most escapist sprees, this one lasted until the money ran out, until the crash of the world economic structure at the end of the decade called the party to a halt and forced the revelersto sober up and face the problems of the new age. (Para. 4)4. …once the young men had received a good taste of twentieth-century warfare. (Para. 6)5. …they had outgrown town and families (Para. 6)6. …in sleepy Gopher Prairies all over the country (Para. 6)精品文档．精品文档7. …to add their own little matchsticks to the conflagration of “flaming youth”(Para. 8)8. …now began to imitate the manners of their elders and play with the toys of vulgar rebellion.(Para. 8)9. …was the rallying point of sensitive persons disgusted with America. (Para. 9)10. …but since the country was blind and deaf to everything save the glint and ring of thedollar,…(Para. 9)Personification:…the country was blind and deaf to everything…dollar…. (Para. 9)Metonymy:1. …our young men began to enlist under foreign flags. (Para. 5)2. Greenwich Village set the pattern. (Para. 7)3. …their minds and pens inflamed against war,…(Para. 7)4. …to add their own little matchsticks to the conflagration of “flaming youth”(Para. 8)5. Before long the movement had become officially recognized by the pulpit…(Para. 8)6. …but since the country was blind and deaf to everything save the glint and ring of thedollar,…(Para. 9)Transferred epithet:The slightest mention of the decade brings nostalgic recollections to the middle-aged and curiousquestionings by the young…(Para. 11)Simile:The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian social structure…(Para. 3)精品文档．。

高级英语2修辞总结(总5页) -本页仅作为预览文档封面，使用时请删除本页-Lesson 1 Pub Talk and the King’s English1. Alliterationthe King’s English slips and slides (Para. 18)2. Allusions 暗指，引喻--musketeers of Dumas (Para. 3)--descendants of convicts (Para. 7)--Saxon churls (Para. 8)--Norman conquerors (Para. 8)3. ExaggerationPerhaps it is because of my upbringing in English pubs that I think bar conversation has a charm of its own. (Para. 3)4. Metaphor1. No one has any idea where it will go as it meanders or leaps and sparkles or just glows. (Para. 2)2. They got out of bed on the wrong side is simply not a concern. (Para. 3)3. Suddenly the alchemy of conversation took place (Para. 4)4. The glow of the conversation burst into flames. (Para. 6)5. The conversation was on wings. (Para. 8)6. We ought to think ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasant. (Para. 11)7. The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock, and its seeds multiplied, and floated to the ends of the earth. (Para. 14)8. I have an unending love affair with dictionaries. (Para. 17)9. Even with the most educated and the most literate, the King’s English slips and slides in conversation. (Para. 18)10. “the sinister corridor of our age…” (Para. 18)11. Otherwise one will bind the conversation, one will not let it flow freely here and there. (Para. 20)12. We would never have gone to Australia, or leaped back in time to the Norman Conquest. (Para. 20)5. Simile1. They are like the musketeers of Dumas who, although they lived side by side with each other, did not delve in to each other’s… (Para. 3)2. The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock,…(Para. 14)Lesson 2 MarrakechSimile1. The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelict building-lot. (Para. 2)2. ,…sore-eyed children cluster everywhere in unbelievable numbers, like clouds of flies. (Para. 8)3. …where the soil is exactly like broken-up brick. (Para. 18)4. Long lines of women, bent double like inverted capital Ls (Para. 18)5. …their feet squashed into boots that looked like blocks of wood… (Para. 23)6. ,…glittering like scraps of paper. (Para. 26)Metaphor1. They rise out of the earth, …(Para. 3)2. Down the center of the street there is generally running a little river of urine. (Para. 8)Alliterationsweat and starve (Para. 3)Transferred Epithet--there was a frenzied rush of Jews (Para. 10)Onomatopoeia, winding up the road with a clumping of boots and a clatter of iron wheels (Para. 22) Synecdoche1. a white skin is always fairly conspicuous (Para. 16)2. , actually has feelings of reverence before a white skin. (Para. 24)Rhetorical Question1. Are they really the same flesh as your self Do they even have names Or are they merely a kind of differentiated brown stuff, about as individual as bees or coral insects (Para. 3)2. How much longer can we go one kidding these people How long before they turn their guns in the other direction (Para. 25)UnderstatementI am not commenting, merely pointing to a fact. (Para. 21)Lesson 3 Inaugural Address (January 20, 1961)Parallelism…, symbolizing an end as well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change. (Para. 1)Paras. 6, 7, 8, 10, 11Alliteration1. …friend and foe alike… (Para. 3)2. to assure the survival and the success of liberty. (Para. 4)3. steady spread (Para. 13)4. …bear the burden… (Para. 22)5. …strength and sacrifice…Metaphor1.…those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside. (Para. 7)2. But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers. (Para. 9)3. this hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house. (Para. 9)4. to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak… (Para. 10)5. And if a beachhead of cooperation may push back the jungle of suspicion… (Para.19)6. The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it, and the glow from that fire can truly light the world. (Para. 24)Consonance…, whether it wishes us well or ill,… (Para. 4)Synecdoche…both rightly alarme d by the steady spread of the deadly atom….(Para. 13) Antithesis1. United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided, there is little we can do, for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder. (Para. 6)2. If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich. (Para. 8)3. And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. (Para. 25)Repetitionall forms of (Para. 2)the belief (Para. 2)Regression1. Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate. (Para. 14)2. And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. (Para. 25)Allusionone hundred days (Para. 20)ClimaxAll this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet. (Para. 20)Hyperbolehour of maximum danger (Para. 24)Lesson 4 Love is a FallacyMetaphor1. Charles Lamb, unfettered the informal essay with.... “Dream’s Children”. (Author’s Note)2. There follows an informal essay....frontier. (Author’s Note)3. Logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma. (Author’s Note)4. My brain, that precision instrument, slipped into high gear. (Para. 17)5. In other words, if you were out of the picture, the field would be open. (Para. 31)6. I fought off a wave of despair. (Para. 76)7. Maybe somewhere in the extinct crater of her mind, a few embers still smoldered. Maybe somehow I could fan them into flame. (Para. 95)8. The next fallacy is called Poisoning the Well. (Para. 112)9.”The first man has poisoned the well before anybody could drink from it. He has hamstrung his opponent before he could even start.” (Para. 116)10. The rat! (Para. 148)Simile1. My brain was as powerful as a dynamo, as precise as a chemist’s sc ale, as penetrating as a scalpel. (Para. 1)2. Same age, same background, but dumb as an ox. (Para. 2)3. First he looked at the coat with the expression of a waif at a bakery window. (Para.47)4. He looked like a mound of dead raccoons. (Para. 54)5. ...the raccoon coat huddled like a great hairy beast at his feet. (Para. 94)6. It was like digging a tunnel. (Para. 120)7. I leaped to my feet, bellowing like a bull. (Para. 144)Antithesis1. “It is, after all, easier to make a beautiful dumb girl smart than to make an ugly smart girl beautiful.” (Para. 24)2. “Back and forth his head swiveled，desire waxing, resolution waning.” (Para. 47)3. If there is an irresistible force, there can be no immovable object. If there is an immovable object, there can be no irresistible force. (Para. 91)4. “Look at me--a brilliant student..ing from.” (Para. 150)Hyperbole1. Logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma. (Author’s Note)2. My brain was as powerful as a dynamo, as precise as a chemist’s scale, as penetrating as a scalpel. (Para. 1)3. It’s not often that one so young has such a giant intellect. (Para. 2)4. Finally he didn’t turn away at all; he just stood and stared with mad lust at the coat. (Para. 47)5. You are the whole world…of outer space (Para. 132)6. “I will wander the face of the earth, a shambling, hollow-eyed hulk.” (Para. 132) Metonymy1. But I was not one to let my heart rule my head. (Para. 20)2. Otherwise you have committed a Dicto Simpliciter. (Para. 70)3. You are guilty of Post Hoc if you blame Eula Becker. (Para. 79)LitotesThis loomed as a project of no small dimensions. (Para. 58)SynecdocheThere is a limit to what flesh and blood can bear. (Para. 112)AnalogyJust as Pygmalion loved the perfect woman he had fashioned, so I loved mine. (Para. 122)Transferred EpithetI said with a mysterious wink and closed my bag and left. (Para. 37)Rhetorical QuestionCould Carlyle do more Could Ruskin (Authors’ Note)“Really” said Polly, amazed. “Nobody” (Para. 73)Who knew (Para. 95)Lesson 5 The Sad Young MenMetaphor:1. …we had reached an international stature that would forever prevent us from retreating behind the artificial walls of a provincial morality… (Para. 2)2. battle for success (Para. 3)3. And like most escapist sprees, this one lasted until the money ran out, until the crash of the world economic structure at the end of the decade called the party to a halt and forced the revelers to sober up and face the problems of the new age. (Para. 4)4. …once the young men had received a good taste of twentieth-century warfare. (Para. 6)5. …they had outgrown town and families (Para. 6)6. …in sleepy Gopher Prairies all over the country (Para. 6)7. …to add their own little matchsticks to the conflagration of “flaming youth” (Para. 8)8. …now began to imitate the manners of their elders and play with the toys of vulgar rebellion. (Para. 8)9. …was the rallying point of sensitive persons disgusted with America. (Para. 9)10. …b ut since the country was blind and deaf to everything save the glint and ring of the dollar,…(Para. 9)Personification:…the country was blind and deaf to everything…dollar…. (Para. 9)Metonymy:1. …our young men began to enlist under foreign flags. (Para. 5)2. Greenwich Village set the pattern. (Para. 7)3. …their minds and pens inflamed against war,…(Para. 7)4. …to add their own little matchsticks to the conflagration of “flaming youth” (Para. 8)5. Before long the movement had become officially recognized by the pulpit…(Para. 8)6. …but since the country was blind and deaf to everything save the glint and ring of the dollar,…(Para. 9)Transferred epithet:The slightest mention of the decade brings nostalgic recollections to the middle-aged and curious questionings by the young…(Para. 11)Simile:The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian social structure… (Para. 3)。