Complex ferromagnetic state and magnetocaloric effect in single crystalline Nd_{0.7}Sr_{0.3

IntroductionThe Kerr effect, also known as the magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE), is a phenomenon that manifests the interaction between light and magnetic fields in a material. It is named after its discoverer, John Kerr, who observed this effect in 1877. The radial Kerr effect, specifically, refers to the variation in polarization state of light upon reflection from a magnetized surface, where the change occurs radially with respect to the magnetization direction. This unique aspect of the Kerr effect has significant implications in various scientific disciplines, including condensed matter physics, materials science, and optoelectronics. This paper presents a comprehensive, multifaceted analysis of the radial Kerr effect, delving into its underlying principles, experimental techniques, applications, and ongoing research directions.I. Theoretical Foundations of the Radial Kerr EffectA. Basic PrinciplesThe radial Kerr effect arises due to the anisotropic nature of the refractive index of a ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic material when subjected to an external magnetic field. When linearly polarized light impinges on such a magnetized surface, the reflected beam experiences a change in its polarization state, which is characterized by a rotation of the plane of polarization and/or a change in ellipticity. This alteration is radially dependent on the orientation of the magnetization vector relative to the incident light's plane of incidence. The radial Kerr effect is fundamentally governed by the Faraday-Kerr law, which describes the relationship between the change in polarization angle (ΔθK) and the applied magnetic field (H):ΔθK = nHKVwhere n is the sample's refractive index, H is the magnetic field strength, K is the Kerr constant, and V is the Verdet constant, which depends on the wavelength of the incident light and the magnetic properties of the material.B. Microscopic MechanismsAt the microscopic level, the radial Kerr effect can be attributed to twoprimary mechanisms: the spin-orbit interaction and the exchange interaction. The spin-orbit interaction arises from the coupling between the electron's spin and its orbital motion in the presence of an electric field gradient, leading to a magnetic-field-dependent modification of the electron density distribution and, consequently, the refractive index. The exchange interaction, on the other hand, influences the Kerr effect through its role in determining the magnetic structure and the alignment of magnetic moments within the material.C. Material DependenceThe magnitude and sign of the radial Kerr effect are highly dependent on the magnetic and optical properties of the material under investigation. Ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials generally exhibit larger Kerr rotations due to their strong net magnetization. Additionally, the effect is sensitive to factors such as crystal structure, chemical composition, and doping levels, making it a valuable tool for studying the magnetic and electronic structure of complex materials.II. Experimental Techniques for Measuring the Radial Kerr EffectA. MOKE SetupA typical MOKE setup consists of a light source, polarizers, a magnetized sample, and a detector. In the case of radial Kerr measurements, the sample is usually magnetized along a radial direction, and the incident light is either p-polarized (electric field parallel to the plane of incidence) or s-polarized (electric field perpendicular to the plane of incidence). By monitoring the change in the polarization state of the reflected light as a function of the applied magnetic field, the radial Kerr effect can be quantified.B. Advanced MOKE TechniquesSeveral advanced MOKE techniques have been developed to enhance the sensitivity and specificity of radial Kerr effect measurements. These include polar MOKE, longitudinal MOKE, and polarizing neutron reflectometry, each tailored to probe different aspects of the magnetic structure and dynamics. Moreover, time-resolved MOKE setups enable the study of ultrafast magneticphenomena, such as spin dynamics and all-optical switching, by employing pulsed laser sources and high-speed detection systems.III. Applications of the Radial Kerr EffectA. Magnetic Domain Imaging and CharacterizationThe radial Kerr effect plays a crucial role in visualizing and analyzing magnetic domains in ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials. By raster-scanning a focused laser beam over the sample surface while monitoring the Kerr signal, high-resolution maps of domain patterns, domain wall structures, and magnetic domain evolution can be obtained. This information is vital for understanding the fundamental mechanisms governing magnetic behavior and optimizing the performance of magnetic devices.B. Magnetometry and SensingDue to its sensitivity to both the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field, the radial Kerr effect finds applications in magnetometry and sensing technologies. MOKE-based sensors offer high spatial resolution, non-destructive testing capabilities, and compatibility with various sample geometries, making them suitable for applications ranging from magnetic storage media characterization to biomedical imaging.C. Spintronics and MagnonicsThe radial Kerr effect is instrumental in investigating spintronic and magnonic phenomena, where the manipulation and control of spin degrees of freedom in solids are exploited for novel device concepts. For instance, it can be used to study spin-wave propagation, spin-transfer torque effects, and all-optical magnetic switching, which are key elements in the development of spintronic memory, logic devices, and magnonic circuits.IV. Current Research Directions and Future PerspectivesA. Advanced Materials and NanostructuresOngoing research in the field focuses on exploring the radial Kerr effect in novel magnetic materials, such as multiferroics, topological magnets, and magnetic thin films and nanostructures. These studies aim to uncover newmagnetooptical phenomena, understand the interplay between magnetic, electric, and structural order parameters, and develop materials with tailored Kerr responses for next-generation optoelectronic and spintronic applications.B. Ultrafast Magnetism and Spin DynamicsThe advent of femtosecond laser technology has enabled researchers to investigate the radial Kerr effect on ultrafast timescales, revealing fascinating insights into the fundamental processes governing magnetic relaxation, spin precession, and all-optical manipulation of magnetic order. Future work in this area promises to deepen our understanding of ultrafast magnetism and pave the way for the development of ultrafast magnetic switches and memories.C. Quantum Information ProcessingRecent studies have demonstrated the potential of the radial Kerr effect in quantum information processing applications. For example, the manipulation of single spins in solid-state systems using the radial Kerr effect could lead to the realization of scalable, robust quantum bits (qubits) and quantum communication protocols. Further exploration in this direction may open up new avenues for quantum computing and cryptography.ConclusionThe radial Kerr effect, a manifestation of the intricate interplay between light and magnetism, offers a powerful and versatile platform for probing the magnetic properties and dynamics of materials. Its profound impact on various scientific disciplines, coupled with ongoing advancements in experimental techniques and materials engineering, underscores the continued importance of this phenomenon in shaping our understanding of magnetism and driving technological innovations in optoelectronics, spintronics, and quantum information processing. As research in these fields progresses, the radial Kerr effect will undoubtedly continue to serve as a cornerstone for unraveling the mysteries of magnetic materials and harnessing their potential for transformative technologies.。

Problems for the 28th IYPT 20151. PackingThe fraction of space occupied by granular particles depends on their shape. Pour non-spherical particles such as rice, matches, or M&M’s candies into a box. How do characteristics like coordination number, orientational order, or the random close packing fraction depend on the relevant parameters?1.堆积(Packing)被颗粒状物体(particles)占据的小部分空间取决于它们的形状。

将例如米、火柴或M&M糖果的非球状物体倾倒进一个盒子里，相关参量如何影响配位数(coordination number)、秩序性排列(orientational order)和随机紧密堆积分数(random close packing fraction)这样的特征？2. Plume of SmokeIf a burning candle is covered by a transparent glass, the flame extinguishes and a steady upward stream of smoke is produced. Investigate the plume of smoke at various magnifications.2.羽状的烟/烟羽(Plume of smoke)如果一支燃烧着的蜡烛被一块透明玻璃板覆盖，火焰会熄灭，并且产生一缕稳定的向上流动的轻烟。

研究在各种放大倍数下的羽状的烟。

BSENISO17638-2016焊缝的⽆损检验.磁粒⼦检验EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPéENNE EUROP?ISCHE NORM EN ISO 17638 November 2016ICS 25.160.40 Supersedes EN ISO 17638:2009English VersionNon-destructive testing of welds - Magnetic particletesting (ISO 17638:2016)Contr?le non destructif des assemblages soudés - Magnétoscopie (ISO 17638:2016) Zerst?rungsfreie Prüfung von Schwei?verbindungen - Magnetpulverprüfung (ISO 17638:2016)This European Standard was approved by CEN on 2 October 2016.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONC O M I TéE UR O PéE N DE N O R M A L I SA T I O NE UR O P?I SC HE S KO M I T E E FüR N O R M UN GCEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN ISO 17638:2016 EBS EN ISO 17638:2016EN ISO 17638:2016 (E)3European forewordThis document (EN ISO 17638:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 44 “Welding and allied processes” in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 121 “Welding and allied processes” the secretariat of which is held by DIN.This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2017, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 2017.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.This document supersedes EN ISO 17638:2009.According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.Endorsement noticeThe text of ISO 17638:2016 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 17638:2016 without any modification.BS EN ISO 17638:2016ISO 17638:2016(E) Contents PageForeword (iv)1 Scope (1)2 Normative references (1)3 Terms and definitions (1)4 Safety precautions (1)5 General (1)5.1 Information required prior to testing (1)5.2 Additional pre-test information (2)5.3 Personnel qualification (2)5.4 Surface conditions and preparation (2)5.5 Magnetizing (2)5.5.1 Magnetizing equipment (2)5.5.2 Verification of magnetization (3)5.6 Application techniques (3)5.6.1 Field directions and testing area (3)5.6.2 Typical magnetic testing techniques (6)5.7 Detection media (9)5.7.1 General (9)5.7.2 Verification of detection media performance (9)5.8 Viewing conditions (10)5.9 Application of detection media (10)5.10 Overall performance test (10)5.11 False indications (10)5.12 Recording of indications (10)5.13 Demagnetization (11)5.14 Test report (11)Annex A (informative) Variables affecting the sensitivity of magnetic particle testing (13)Bibliography (15)ISO 2016 – All rights reserved iiiBS EN ISO 17638:2016ISO 17638:2016(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see /doc/b748db97f68a6529647d27284b73f242326c3101.html /directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see/doc/b748db97f68a6529647d27284b73f242326c3101.html /patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL:/doc/b748db97f68a6529647d27284b73f242326c3101.html /iso/foreword.html. The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 44, Welding and allied processes, Subcommittee 5, Testing and inspection of welds.This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 17638:2003), which has been technically revised.Requests for official interpretations of any aspect of this document should be directed to the Secretariat of ISO/TC 44/SC 5 via your national standards body. A complete listing of these bodies can be found at /doc/b748db97f68a6529647d27284b73f242326c3101.html .ISO 2016 – All rights reservedBS EN ISO 17638:2016 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17638:2016(E)Non-destructive testing of welds — Magnetic particle testing1 ScopeThis document specifies techniques for detection of surface imperfections in welds in ferromagnetic materials, including the heat affected zones, by means of magnetic particle testing. The techniques are suitable for most welding processes and joint configurations. Variations in the basic techniques that will provide a higher or lower test sensitivity are described in Annex A.This document does not specify acceptance levels of the indications. Further information on acceptance levels for indications may be found in ISO 23278 or in product or application standards.2 Normative referencesThe following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 3059, Non-destructive testing —Penetrant testing and magnetic particle testing — Viewing conditions ISO 9934-1:2015, Non-destructive testing — Magnetic particle testing — Part 1: General principles ISO 9934-2, Non-destructive testing — Magnetic particle testing — Part 2: Detection media ISO 9934-3, Non-destructive testing — Magnetic particle testing — Part 3: Equipment3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 12707 and ISO 17635 apply. ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:— IEC Electropedia: available at /doc/b748db97f68a6529647d27284b73f242326c3101.html /— ISO Online browsing platform: available at /doc/b748db97f68a6529647d27284b73f242326c3101.html /obp4 Safety precautionsSpecial consideration shall be given to toxic, inflammable and/or volatile materials, electrical safety and unfiltered UV radiation.Magnetic particle testing often creates high magnetic fields close to the object under test and the magnetising equipment. Items sensitive to these fields should be excluded from such areas.5 General5.1 Information required prior to testingPrior to testing, the following items shall be specified (where applicable):a)specific test procedure;b)certification requirements for NDT personnel;ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 1BS EN ISO 17638:2016ISO 17638:2016(E)extent of coverage;state of manufacture;testing techniques to be used;overall performance test;any demagnetization;acceptance level;action necessary for unacceptable indications.5.2 Additional pre-test informationPrior to testing, the following additional information can also be required:type and designation of the parent and weld materials;welding process;location and extent of welds to be tested;joint preparation and dimensions;location and extent of any repairs;post-weld treatment (if any);surface conditions.Operators may ask for further information that could be helpful in determining the nature of any indications detected.5.3 Personnel qualificationMagnetic particle testing of welds and the evaluation of results for final acceptance shall be performed by qualified and capable personnel. It is recommended that personnel be qualified in accordance with ISO 9712 or an equivalent standard at an appropriate level in the relevant industry sector.5.4 Surface conditions and preparationAreas to be tested shall be dry unless appropriate products for wet surfaces are used. It may be necessary to improve the surface condition, e.g. by use of abrasive paper or local grinding to permit accurate interpretation of indications.Any cleaning or surface preparation shall not be detrimental to the material, the surface finish or the magnetic testing media. Detection media shall be used within the temperature range limitations set by the manufacturer.5.5 Magnetizing5.5.1 Magnetizing equipmentGeneral magnetization requirements shall be in accordance with ISO 9934-1:2015, Clause 8. Unless otherwise specified, for example, in an application standard, the following types of alternating current-magnetizing equipment shall be used: electromagnetic yokes;ISO 2016 – All rights reservedBS EN ISO 17638:2016ISO 17638:2016(E)b)current flow equipment with prods;c)adjacent or threading conductors or coil techniques.DC electromagnets and permanent magnets may only be used by agreement at the time of enquiry and order.The magnetizing equipment shall conform to ISO 9934-3.Where prods are used, precautions shall be taken to minimize overheating, burning or arcing at the contact tips. Removal of arc burns shall be carried out where necessary. The affected area shall be tested by a suitable method to ensure the integrity of the surface.5.5.2 Verification of magnetizationFor the verification of magnetization, see ISO 9934-1:2015, 8.2.For structural steels in welds, a tangential field between 2 kA/m to 6 kA/m (r.m.s.) is recommended. The adequacy of the surface flux density shall be established by one or more of the following methods: a)by testing a representative component containing fine natural or artificial discontinuities in the least favourable locations;b)measurement of the tangential field strength as close as possible to the surface using a Hall effect probe; the appropriate tangential field strength can be difficult to measure close to abrupt changes in the shape of a component or where flux leaves the surface of a component;c)calculation of the approximate current value in order to achieve the recommended tangential field strength; the calculation can be based on the current values specified in Figure 5 and Figure 6;d)by the use of other methods based on established principles.Flux indicators (i.e. shim-type) placed in contact with the surface under test provide a guide to the magnitude and direction of the tangential field strength, but should not be used to verify that the tangential field strength is acceptable.NOTE Information on b) is given in ISO 9934-3.5.6 Application techniques5.6.1 Field directions and testing areaThe detectability of an imperfection depends on the angle of its major axis with respect to the direction of the magnetic field. This is explained for one direction of magnetization in Figure 1.ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 3BS EN ISO 17638:2016ISO 17638:2016(E)Keymagnetic field direction αangle between the magnetic field and the direction of the imperfection optimum sensitivity αmin minimum angle for imperfection detection reducing sensitivity αi example of imperfection orientationinsufficient sensitivityFigure 1 — Directions of detectable imperfectionsTo ensure detection of imperfections in all orientations, the welds shall be magnetized in two directionsapproximately perpendicular to each other with a maximum deviation of 30°. This can be achieved using one or more magnetization methods.Testing in only one field direction is not recommended but may be carried out if specified, for example, in an application standard.When using yokes or prods, there will be an area of the component in the vicinity of each pole piece or tip that will be impossible to test due to excessive magnetic field strength. This is usually seen as furring of particles.Care shall be taken to ensure adequate overlap of the testing areas as shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3.ISO 2016 – All rights reservedBS EN ISO 17638:2016ISO 17638:2016(E)Dimensions in millimetresKeyd separation between the poles (yoke/prod )Figure 2 — Examples of effective testing area (shaded) for magnetizing with yokes and prods ? ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 5BS EN ISO 17638:2016ISO 17638:2016(E)Keyeffective area overlapFigure 3 — Overlap of effective areas5.6.2 Typical magnetic testing techniquesMagnetic particle testing techniques for common weld joint configurations are shown in Figure 4, Figure 5 and Figure 6. Values are given for guidance purposes only. Where possible, the same directions of magnetization and field overlaps should be used for other weld geometries to be tested. The width of the flux current (in case of flux current technique) or of the magnetic flow (in case of magnetic flow technique) path in the material, d , shall be greater than or equal to the width of the weld and the heat affected zone +50 mm and in all cases, the weld and the heat affected zone shall be included in the effective area. The direction of magnetization with respect to the orientation of the weld shall be specified.ISO 2016 – All rights reservedBS EN ISO 17638:2016 ISO 17638:2016(E)Dimensions in millimetresd ≥ 75b ≤ d/2β≈ 90od1 ≥ 75b1 ≤ d1/2b2 ≤ d2 – 50d2≥ 75d1 ≥ 75d2 ≥ 75b1 ≤ d1/2b2 ≤ d2 ? 50d1 ≥ 75d2 > 75b1 ≤ d1/2b2 ≤ d2 ? 50Key1longitudinal cracks2transverse cracksFigure 4 — Typical magnetizing techniques for yokes ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 7BS EN ISO 17638:2016 ISO 17638:2016(E)Dimensions in millimetresd ≥ 75b ≤ d/2β≈ 90od ≥ 75b ≤ d/2d ≥ 75b ≤ d/2d ≥ 75b ≤ d/2Figure 5 — Typical magnetizing techniques for prods, using a magnetizing current prod spacing ISO 2016 – All rights reservedBS EN ISO 17638:2016ISO 17638:2016(E)Dimensions in millimetres20 ≤ a ≤ 50 N ·I ≥ 8D 20 ≤ a ≤ 50 N ·I ≥ 8D20 ≤ a ≤ 50 N ·I ≥ 8DKeyN number of turns I current (r.m.s)a distance between weld and coil or cableFigure 6 — Typical magnetizing techniques for flexible cables or coils (for longitudinal cracks)5.7 Detection media5.7.1 GeneralDetection media may be either in dry powder form or magnetic inks in accordance with ISO 9934-2.5.7.2 Verification of detection media performanceThe detection media used shall fulfil the requirements of ISO 9934-2.ISO 2016 – All rights reserved9BS EN ISO 17638:2016ISO 17638:2016(E)Indications obtained with the medium to be verified shall be compared against those obtained from a medium having a known and acceptable performance. For this purpose, the reference indications may be real imperfections,photograph(s), andreplica(s).5.8 Viewing conditionsThe viewing conditions shall be in accordance with ISO 3059.5.9 Application of detection mediaAfter the object has been prepared for testing, the detection medium shall be applied by spraying, flooding or dusting immediately prior to and during the magnetization. Following this, time shall be allowed for indications to form before removal of the magnetic field.When magnetic suspensions are used, the magnetic field shall be maintained within the object until the majority of the suspension carrier liquid has drained away from the test surface. This will prevent any indications being washed away.Depending on the material being tested, its surface condition and magnetic permeability, indications will normally remain on the surface even after removal of the magnetic field due to residual magnetism within the part (mainly at the location of the poles). However, the presence of residual magnetism shall not be presumed and post evaluation techniques after removal of the prime magnetic field source are only permitted when a component has been proven by an overall performance test to retain magnetic indications.5.10 Overall performance testWhen specified, an overall performance test of the system sensitivity for each procedure shall be carried out on site. The performance test shall be designed to ensure a proper functioning of the entire chain of parameters including the equipment, the magnetic field strength and direction, surface characteristics, detection media and illumination.The most reliable test is to use representative test pieces containing real imperfections of known type, location, size and size-distribution. Where these are not available, fabricated test pieces with artificial imperfections or flux shunting indicators of the cross or disc or shim-type may be used.The test pieces shall be demagnetized and free from indications resulting from previous tests.NOTE It can be necessary to perform an overall performance test of the system sensitivity for each specific procedure on site.5.11 False indicationsFalse indications which may mask relevant indications can arise for many reasons, such as changes in magnetic permeability, very important geometry variation in, for example, the heat affected zone. Where masking is suspected, the test surface shall be dressed or alternative test methods should be used.5.12 Recording of indicationsIndications can be recorded in one or more of the following ways by using: description in writing;sketches;10 ? ISO 2016 – All rights reservedBS EN ISO 17638:2016ISO 17638:2016(E)c)photography;d)transparent adhesive tape;e)transparent varnish for “freezing” the indication on the surface tested;f)peelable contrast coating;g)video recording;h)magnetic particle dispersion in an epoxy curable resin;i)magnetic tapes;j)electronic scanning.5.13 DemagnetizationAfter testing welds with alternating current, residual magnetization will normally be low and there will generally be no need for demagnetization of the object under test. If demagnetization is required, it shall be carried out using a defined method and to a predefined level. For metal cutting processes, a typical residual field strength value of H < 0,4 kA/m is recommended.5.14 Test reportA test report shall be prepared.The report should contain at least the following:a)name of the company carrying out the test;b)the object tested;c)date of testing;d)parent and weld materials;e)any post weld heat treatment;f)type of joint;g)material thickness;h)welding process(es);i)temperature of the test object and the detection media (when using media in circulation) throughout testing duration;j)identity of the test procedure and description of the parameters used, including the following:— type of magnetization;— type of current;— detection media;— viewing conditions;k)details and results of the overall performance test, where applicable;l)acceptance levels;ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 11BS EN ISO 17638:2016ISO 17638:2016(E)m)description and location of all recordable indications;test results with reference to acceptance levels;names, relevant qualification and signatures of personnel who carried out the test.12 ? ISO 2016 – All rights reservedBS EN ISO 17638:2016ISO 17638:2016(E)Annex A(informative)Variables affecting the sensitivity of magnetic particle testingA.1 Surface conditions and preparationThe maximum test sensitivity that can be achieved by any magnetic testing method is dependent on many variables but can be seriously affected by the surface roughness of the object and any irregularities present. In some cases, it can be necessary to— dress undercut and surface irregularities by grinding, and— remove or reduce the weld reinforcement.Surfaces covered with a thin non-ferromagnetic coatings up to 50 µm thickness may be tested provided the colour is contrasting with the colour of the detection medium used. Above this thickness, the sensitivity of the method decreases and may be demonstrated to be sufficiently sensitive before proceeding with the test.A.2 Magnetizing equipment characteristicsThe use of alternating current gives the best sensitivity for detecting surface imperfections. Yokes produce an adequate magnetic field in simple butt-welds but where the flux is reduced by gaps or the path is excessive through the object, as in T-joints a reduction of sensitivity can occur.For complex joint configurations, i.e. branch connections with an inclined angle of less than 90°, testing using yokes might be inadequate. Prods or cable wrapping with current flow will, in these cases, prove more suitable.A.3 Magnetic field strength and permeabilityThe field strength required to produce an indication strong enough to be detected during magnetic particle testing is dependent mainly on the magnetic permeability of the object. Generally, magnetic permeability is high in softer magnetic materials, for example, low alloy steels and low in harder magnetic materials, i.e. martensitic steels. Because permeability is a function of the magnetizing current, low permeability materials usually require application of a higher magnetization value than do softer alloys to produce the same flux density. It is essential, therefore, to establish that flux density values are adequate before beginning the magnetic particle testing.A.4 Detection mediaMagnetic particle suspensions will usually give a higher sensitivity for detecting surface imperfections than dry powders.Fluorescent magnetic detection media usually give a higher test sensitivity than colour contrast media, because of the higher contrast between the darkened background and the fluorescent indication. The sensitivity of the fluorescent method will, nevertheless, decrease in proportion to any increase in the roughness of the surface to which magnetic particles adhere and can cause a disturbing background fluorescence.ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 13BS EN ISO 17638:2016ISO 17638:2016(E)Where the background illumination cannot be adequately lowered or where background fluorescence is disturbing, coloured detection media in conjunction with the smoothing effect of a contrast aid will usually give better sensitivity.14 ? ISO 2016 – All rights reservedBS EN ISO 17638:2016ISO 17638:2016(E)Bibliography[1] ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of NDT personnel[2] ISO 12707, Non-destructive testing — Magnetic particle testing — Vocabulary[3] ISO 17635, Non-destructive testing of welds — General rules for metallic materials[4] ISO 23278, Non-destructive testing of welds — Magnetic particle testing — Acceptance levels ? ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 15。

激光器laser计算calculated 薄膜films衍射diffraction 等离子体plasma波长wavelength相互作用interaction 相位phase离子ion发射emission 噪声noise系数coefficient光谱spectra色散dispersion电荷charge/electric charge 共振resonance金属metal干涉interference混沌chaotic 晶格lattice金刚石diamond缺陷defects物理实验experiment 观察到observed经典classical 位相phase掺杂doped 量子力学quantum反射reflection量子阱well染料dye碰撞collision激发态excited state孤子soliton光源Optical source光子晶体photonic激光束laser光栅grating探测器detector超导体superconductor扫描scanning冷光luminescence能带band/energy band溅射sputtering多层multilayer干涉仪interferometer展开expansion装置Installation/device 带电charged 规范gauge谐振子/振荡器oscillator电磁波electromagnetic wave 电阻率resistivity格林green光学特性optical property放大器amplifier混频 mixing 谐振腔 resonator导体 conductor 一致 agreement铁磁 ferromagnetic 载流子carrier倍频Frequency doubling 调谐tuning氧化物oxide重复频率 Repeat frequency rate滤波器filter 极化子 polaron 器 synchrotron库仑 coulomb 卡罗carlo压强pressure守恒conservation 衬底上 substrate (基底，基片)自发辐射 spontaneous radiation简并degenerate场分布 field distribution 蓝宝石 sapphire万有引力 gravitational 激光等离子体 Laser plasma受激准分子激光器 Excimer laser吸收谱 absorption spectrum 条纹Stripe/stria 共轭 conjugate ?纠缠态 entangle state组态 configuration ?振子强度 oscillator strength势垒barrier 发散divergence腔内 Intra cavity ? 频谱 Frequency spectrum粗糙度 roughness金刚石薄diamondfilm非弹性 inelastic 焦距 focal 磁化强度 magnetization (intensity )结晶 crystal的infrared多层膜multilayer film自由电子Free electron沉积(物) deposition石英quartz散射dispersion耦合器coupler分数的fractional偏振光polarized light折射refraction叠加态superposition激光光束laser中文英文场论field正电子湮positron窗口window势能函数potential激光能量energy中文英文溶胶-凝胶sol-gel环形腔ring禁带band格林函数green ' s 中文英文普通物理physics核子nucleon掺yb yb离子注入ion反射镜mirror熔体melt相位共轭conjugation 热传导heat中文英文光吸收absorption真空态vacuum场发射emission红外光谱infrared 空位vacancy钙钛矿perovskite腔场cavity偏压bias中文英文磁性能magnetic非线性效nonlinear光子数photon无限infinite有序ordered爱因斯坦einstein演示demonstration 中文英文电弧arc激光作用laser自由能energy最大值maximum误差分析 error加速器 accelerator nd ：yag yag外差 heterodyne 中文英文透过率 transmission反铁磁 antiferromagnetic 分岔 bifurcation磁电阻效magnetoresistance发散角 divergence 宇宙线 cosmic法拉第 faraday 中文 英文 霍尔 hall红宝石 ruby 微扰理论 perturbation电场强度 field 时空 space-time约束 confinement 中文英文成像系统 imaging相互作用potential矩阵方法 matrix ktp 晶体 ktp胶子 gluon 激光泵浦 pumped电介质 dielectric中文 英文顺磁 paramagnetic高温超导 superconducting 穆斯堡尔 mossbauer非弹性散inelastic液态 liquid 中文英文激光波长 wavelength双原子分diatomic熔化 melting光纤通信 optical准分子激excimer衍射分析 diffraction 光谱研究spectra金刚石膜 diamond导率 conductivity 迭加 superposition 中文英文行波 wave原子力显afm反射系数 reflection 对比度contrast 表面粗糙roughness猝灭quenching规范场 gauge归一化 normalized 矩阵法 matrix 奇偶 even 中文 英文 天线antenna脉冲激光laser光电子能photoelectron势函数 potential 高温超导体 superconductors红光 red光声 photoacoustic抛物 parabolic 激光照射 laser对流convection抽运功率 pump 展开法 expansion 中文 英文狭义相对论relativity小信号增gain凝聚态 condensed 传输线 transmission本征 intrinsic 宝石激光器 sapphire曝光 exposure 波分复用 wavelength自由电子fel色散特性 dispersion光速 light荷电charged淀积 deposition近似方法 approximation 溅射法 sputtering受激喇曼raman能量损失 energy 红外吸收infrared换能器 transducer 康普顿compton皮秒 picosecond 总能量 energy基模 mode 价带 valence扫描电子scanning物理课程 physics 失配mismatchcarlo 方carlo固溶体 solid 光纤耦合couplingVibration 振动 Rotation 旋转 Translation 平动Infrared spectroscopy 红外光谱 Bending 弯曲 Dipole 偶Asymmetric 不对称 Stretch 拉伸Rocking 左右摇摆 Wagging 上下摇摆 Twisting 扭转Scissoring 剪刀式摇摆symmetric stretching 对称伸缩 Symmetric 对称Factor influencing 影响因子 Rayleigh 瑞利 Isotropy 各向同性 anisotropy 各向异性Incident electromagnetic wave 入射电磁波 Probing 探索Single molecules 单分子Single nanometer particle 单个纳米粒子Plasma 等离子体Power exhaust 功率损失Alpha particle transport 粒子输运 Excitation 激发 Ionization 电离Recombination 重组Radiant 辐射的,发光的，发热的 decay 腐烂 Impurities 杂质inelastic 非弹性的adjoint 伴随矩阵Gas doping 气体参杂。

电气自动化专业英语单词abbreviate 缩写，缩写为abscissa axis 横坐标absolute encoder 绝对编码器ac motor 交流环电动机ac squirrel cage induction motoracademic 纯理论的accelerometer 加速度测量仪accommodate 适应accutrol 控制器acoustic wave 声波active (passive) circuit elementsactive component 有功分量active filter 有源滤波器active in respect to 相对…呈阻性active region 动态区域active 有源的actuate 激励，驱动actuator 执行机构actuator 执行器adjacent 临近的,接近的adjacent 相邻的，邻近的Adjustable-voltage inverter 电压型逆变器admittance 导纳advent 出现air gap 气隙aircraft 飞机air-gap flux distribution 气隙磁通分布air-gap flux 气隙磁通air-gap line 气隙磁化线algebraic 代数的algebraic 代数的algebraical 代数的algorithm 算法algorithmic 算法的align 调整，校准allowable temperature rise 允许温升alloy 合金allude 暗指，直接提到alnico 铝镍钴合金alphabet 字母表alternating current, AC 交流aluminum 铝ambient 环境的ambiguity 模棱两可Ammeter 安培计电流表ammeter 电流表ampere-turns 安匝(数)amplidyne 微场扩流发电机amplification 扩大Amplitude Modulation(AM调幅analog electronics电力电子学analog-to-digital conversion, ADC 模数转换器analytical 分析的，分解的analytical 解析的angular 角的anode 阳极，正极antenna 天线aptly 适当地，适宜地arbitration 仲裁，公断arc welding 电弧焊armature circuit 电枢电路armature coil 电枢线圈armature mmf wave 电枢磁势波armature 电枢armature 电枢armature 衔铁arrangement 结构as a rule of thumb 根据经验asynchronous machine 异步电机attenuate 衰减audio 音频的automatic oscillograph 自动示波器automatic station 无人值守电站automatic Voltage regulator(AVR) automobile starter motor 汽车启动机automobile 汽车autonomic 自治的autonomous 匿名的autotransformer自耦变压器auxiliary motor 辅助电动机auxiliary 辅助的auxiliary 辅助的backlash 啮合间隙，齿隙ballast 镇流器bandwidth 带宽bar code reader 条码阅读器base 基极bearing 轴承bearing 轴承bellows 膜盒bilateral circuit 双向电路bimotored 双马达的binary 二进制binary-coded decimal,BCDbiphase 双相的bipolar junction transistor(BJT双极性晶体管blend 混合，调和，配料block diagram 方框图blow （保险丝）烧断bode plot 波特图bolt 螺栓boost 增压boost-buck 升压去磁boredom 讨厌，无趣braking 制动branch circuit 直路breakaway force 起步阻力breakdown torque 极限转矩breakdown 击穿bronze 青铜brush 电刷brute 僵化的buck 补偿bushing 高压套bushing 套管bypass 旁路by-product 副产品calibrate 校正calibration 标定，标准化calibration 校准，标定，刻度call for 需要cam 凸轮cantilever 悬臂capability 容量capacitance effect 电容效应capacitor 电容器capacitor 电容器capacity 容量capsule 封装carbon 碳carbon-filament lamp 碳丝灯泡carrier 载波Cartesian coordinates 笛卡儿坐标系cartridge 盒式保险丝cast-aluminum rotor铸铝转子cathode 阴极cease 停止，终了centimeter 厘米centrifugal force 离心力centrifugal 离心的，离心力ceramic 陶瓷的chamber 室，腔chao 混乱checksum 检查和circuit branch 支路circuit components 电路元件circuit diagram 电路图circuit parameters 电路参数circuitry 电路，线路circumference 圆周circumnavigate 饶过clamp 夹，钳clamp 夹住，夹紧classic 古典的，经典的，传统的clearance 间隙client-server model 客户服务器模型client-server 客户-服务器clinker-cooler 熟料冷却器closed-loop 闭环■coast 跟踪惯性coaxial 共轴的,同轴的cogging 齿槽效应coil winding 线圈绕组coils 线圈绕组coincide in phase with 与…同相coincidence 一致，相等collector 集电极collector 集电极]commutation condition 换向状况commutation 换向commutator 换向器commutator 换向器commutator-brush combination compatible 兼容的complement 补码complex impedance 复数阻抗complex number 复数compound generator 复励发电机compound 紧密结合compounded 复励compound-wound 复励condominium （国际）共官conductance 电导conductor 导体conduit 导线，导线管cone pulley 塔轮，快慢轮configuration 组态connection 接线端constraint 强制，约束contact 触点contactor 接触器contiguous 邻近的conveyance 运输工具conveyor 传送机copper bar 铜导条copper end rings 铜端环core 铁心corona 电晕,放电corridor 通道，走廊corridor 通路corrosion 腐蚀cost-effective 花费大的counter electromotive force ，CEMF反电势counter emf 反电势counteract 抵抗，抵消，消除counterclockwise 逆时针counterpart 对应物coupling capacitor 结合电容creep 蠕动criteria 标准，判据crude 不精细的，粗略的crystal 晶体crystal 晶体的，水晶，晶体cubicle 立方体culminate 达到极值点culprit 犯罪者cumulative compound 积复励cumulatively compounded motor 积复励电动机Current source inverter 电流型逆变器cutoff 截止,关闭Cyclic Redundancy Check 循环冗余检查cylindrical 圆柱式的damper 减速器dashpot relay 油壶式继电器dashpot 阻尼器dc generator 直流发电机DC link 直流环节dc motor 直流电动机de machine 直流电机decouple 解耦，去除干扰deenergize 不给…通电deflection 挠度，挠曲demagnetization退磁，去磁demodulation 解调demodulator 解调器demystify 阐明denominator 分母depict 描绘，描写depict 描述depress 压下derivative 导数derive 推倒deteriorate 使…恶化deterioration 变化，降低品质deterioration 损坏,磨损deviation 偏差dial 刻度盘dial 刻度盘，调节控制盘diameter 直径diameter 直径diaphragm 膜，隔板diaphragm 膜片diaphragm 膜片，挡板diaphragm 震动膜dictate 确定differential compound 差复励differential equation 微分方程differential pressure transducer差压变送器differentiation 微分differentiation 微分diode 二极管direct axis transient time constantdirect axis 直轴direct-current 直流discrete 离散的displacement current 位移电流displacement 位移dissipate 浪费dissipate 散发distillation 蒸馏distributed system 分布式系统distribution 分配，配电doubly excited 双边励磁drill 钻床due 应得到的dungen 地牢dwelling 住房dynamic braking 能耗制动dynamic response 动态响应dynamic-state operation动态运行dynamometer 测力计，功率计eddy current braking 涡流制动eddy current 涡流eddy current 涡流eddy 涡流effective values 有效值effects of saturation 饱和效应elapse 过去，消逝elapse 时间（流逝）elbow 弯头electric energy 电能electrical device 电气设备electrical stressing 电气应力electrode 电极电焊条electrodynamometer 电测力计electro-hydraulic 电动液压的electrolytic 电解的electromagnetic interference 电磁干扰electromagnetic torque 电磁转矩electromechanical 机电的electronic mail 电子邮件electro-pneumatic 电动气动的elusive 难以捉摸的emf = electromotive fore电动势emitter 发射管放射器发射极emitter 发射极enclosure 机壳enclosure 设备外壳enclosure 外（机）壳encode 编码encoder 编码器end ring 端环energize 励磁energy converter 电能转换器entity 实体enumerate 列举envision 预见epoch angle 初相角equilibria 平衡equilibrium level 平均值equivalent circuit 等效电路equivalent T –circuit T型等值电路error detector 误差检测器error signal 误差信号error 误差，偏差escalation 升级，提高establishment 组织，部门etiquette 规则excitation system 励磁系统excited by 励磁exciting voltage 励磁电压expedite 加速expel 排出，放出expire 期满,终止exponential 指数external armature circuit 电枢外电路external characteristic外特性extruded 型材的fabricate 制造faithful 正确的，可靠的fallout 余波，附带结果fasten 固定，连接feasible 可行的feedback component 反馈元件feedback loop 反馈回路feedback signal 反馈信号feedback system 反馈系统feedback 反馈feeder 馈电线，电源线，馈电板feedforward 前馈felt 毡ferromagnetic 铁磁的fidelity 保真度fidelity 重现精度，真实，正确field coils 励磁线圈field current 励磁电流field effect transistor(FET)场效应管field pole 磁极field winding 磁场绕组励磁绕组field winding 励磁绕组figure of merit品质因数，优值filter 滤波器fin 飞边fixture 设备，装置]flicker 闪烁，摇曳flip-flop 触发器fluctuation 升降剥动，不规则的变化fluorescent 荧光的，有荧光性的flux density 磁通密度flux linkage 磁链flux per pole 每极磁通forced commutation 强迫换流forced-draft 强制通风forging 锻造form-wound 模绕forward transfer function 正向传递函数forward 转发fraction 分数frame 机座，机壳frequency- domain 频域Frequency Shift Keying(FSK)移频键控frequency 频率friction 摩擦full load 满载full-duplex 全双工full-load torque 满载转矩furnace 炉fuse 保险丝，熔丝fuse 熔断器fuse 熔断器，保险丝gain 增益gain 增益gamut 全体，整体gear 齿轮，传动装置general-purpose relay通用继电器generating 发电generator voltage 发电机电压generator 发电机generator 发电机Geometrical position 几何位置geometry 几何结构glitch 同步glue 胶合，粘贴goggles 护目镜，潜水镜graphite 石墨grinder 磨床grossly 大概，大体上的ground-fault circuit interrupter（GFCI）接地故障保护器，接地故障断路器ground-fault protector （GFP）gyroscope 陀螺仪half-duplex 半双工hand-wheel 手轮，驾驶盘，操纵盘hardwired 硬接线的harmonic 谐波的havoc 大破坏hazard 危险hazardous 危险的heat sink 散热器heating appliance 电热器hierarchy 阶梯，等级high-gain 高增益high-pass filter高通滤波器high-performance 高性能的high-volume 大容量hitherto 迄今,至今hockey puck 冰球hoist 起重机horsepower 马力horsepower 马力horseshoe magnet 马蹄形磁铁host 主机humidity 湿度hydraulic 液力的hydraulic 液压传动hydraulic 液压的，液压传动装置hydropower station 水电站hysteresis 磁滞ideal source 理想电源ideological 思想的imaginary part 虚部immunity 抗扰性impedance 阻抗impedance 阻抗impedance 阻抗impulse 推动力in （inch ,inches）英寸in parallel with 并联in series with 串联in terms of 根据，在……方面in the vicinity of 在…附近，在…左右incident 入射的increment encoder 增量编码器indicating needle仪表指针indispensable 必需的，必不可少的induced current 感生电流induced-draft fan 吸风机induction coupling 感应耦合induction generator 感应发电机induction machine 感应电机induction machine 感应式电机induction motor 感应电动机induction motor感应电动机induction-disc relay 感应圆盘式继电器inductive component 感性（无功）分量inertia 惯性inertial 惯性的，惯量的inference 干扰infinite voltage gain 无穷大电压增益infrastructure 基础，底层结构inherent 固有的inhibit 禁止initiate 引起，促进injection molding 注模inrush current 涌流instantaneous electric power瞬时电功率instantaneous mechanical power 瞬时机械功率instruction set 指令集insulation 绝缘insulation 绝缘insulation 绝缘insulator string 绝缘子串intake 吸入integrate 求…的积分integrated circuit 集成电路integration 积分integration 积分下限interactive 交互式interconnection 相互连接interface data unit 接口数据单元interface 接口interfere with 有害于。

IndexAC motor,461active magnetic bearings,1,10 actuator,111,152 electrostatic,488gain,117measuring,131micro magnetic,487 model,330model assembly,117 response limitations,127stiffness,117voice coil,495actuator offset,mechanical,187 aerodynamic losses,136,140 aeroengine,279aerospace,7air drag losses,159algorithmlevitation control,467P+2,467P-2,467aliasing,236,245alloyscobalt,93AMB system model,328Amp´e re’s loop law,115Amp´e re’s law,72amplifier,112analog,97losses,148operating modes,126 power,69,77,97 switching,97,450transconductance,121 transpermance,122analogcontrol,229,231,233 electronics,229filter,245hardware,236analog-to-digital A/Dconversion channel,230 conversion resolution,231,233,245 conversion time,231,238 converter,229,230,233,234,246 anti-aliasingfilter,231,236,333 applications of AMB,17arithmeticsfixed-point,220floating point,245integer,220,245,246artificial heartimplantable,480pump,462,480artificial heart pump,17automatic balancing,426auxiliary bearing,389,407,412,513 contact,407,410,412–421,423,424 contact modes,413–421,423,424 friction,413,415,419,424 touchdown recovery,410,427,431 axialself-bearing motor,477axis of geometry,215back-up bearing,389524Indexbackward difference,239,242 backward whirl,390,396,413,414,424 balancingactive,516automatic,426bandwidth,320,321power bandwidth,153base motion,409Beams,Jesse,499bearingauxiliary,407,412ball,475combined,motor,461elastic suspension,260forces,171,173homopolar,140,148load capacity,81PM repulsion,477stiffness,153,173thrust,magnetic,93bearingless motor,461bi-quad representation,246biascurrent,31–33,35,41,79,224flux,28linearization,79,95,440,443 permanent magnet,95,468 bismuth,496blade loss,409braking torque,135,144cylinder,141disc,141measurement,146cable losses,138,148Campbell diagram,207,212 capacitive displacement sensor,103 casing model,339center of gravity control,361central difference,243chaotic motion,390characteristic polynomial,35,61 characteristics of AMB,15circuitmagnetic,74classification of AMB,10closed loop model,341cobalt alloys,93coefficientdrag,141,144influence,420coercivefield intensity,74coilconfiguration,411design,82,88temperature,88winding scheme,90collocated,199,203,204non-,194,199,200,203,208 collocation,437combined motor bearing,461 compliancedynamic,66compressorslosses in,149conductor,71conicalmode,198,199,206,208,210–212, 214motion,198continuous-time,233control,237,240,243–245differential equation,233 eigenvalue,235,240equivalent,243frequency variable,236plant,233,234,238signal,239system,234–238,240,243 control,29,33,152H∞,37,52,57,61,214,242,367μ,370axial,220bandwidth,41,205,211,321 center of gravity,361COG coordinate,210–212 complexity,383conical mode,211,212,214,224 current,49–52,193–195,224 decentralized,342decentralized/local,194–197,199, 203–208,210,212 decoupled,208,211,212,224 design,33,34,37,52,54,193,208, 215digital,29,38,50,57,65,220 digital PID,471fault tolerant,514Index525flexible rotor,194,215force,34,37,207,209gain,65gain compensation,322gain scheduled,377harmonic,426levitation,467linear,31,34,53,54LPV,377LQ,243LQ/LQG,54,56,214LQG,441MIMO(multi-channel),30,52,65, 204,208,219minimal energy,160Mixed PID,361modal,209,210moment of force,209non-collocated PID,352order,57parallel mode,211,212,214,224 passive,28,57,375PD,418,425,467,479PD/PID,39,42,44–46,57,194,196, 199,205–208,213,237,239–245 phase,65phase compensation,322phase lag,47phase lead,321PID,47,342,411,413,417pole-placement,54,56,214,243rigid body,194,199,214robust,42,57,61,513roll off,205SISO(single-channel),30,51,65,208, 219state estimator/observer,214state space,52,53,60 synchronous,378,426,427 synchronous current,220,223 synchronous displacement,220 synchronous force,221,222,224 system,69μ−synthesis,37,52,57,61,214,242 tilt and translate,361unbalance,215–217,219,220,224, 378,426underlying current,49,50 underlying force,51voltage,49,50,53,54,224 controllerdesign,319cooling,81,151,158coordinatesbearing,193center of gravity/mass(COG),193, 194,196,211,212sensor,193,209copper losses,137copper resistance,87corrective procedures,516couplingA-B,208,211cross-,208,211,214de-,211coupling effects,174cracked rotor,410critical speed,167,182,183 bending,215,217,218rigid body,216,220,221currentmeasurement,105phase,475sheet,466,468,470damping,28,29,34,36,39,61,65,66, 153,199,206,212,337critical,36,43cross-,203external,204,259inner,203matrix,196,201,203,210,213“natural”,196,208nutation,207overcritical,36synchronous,216undercritical,36dead time,238decentralized control,342 decomposition,199,210degree of freedom(DOF),28,30,51, 52,59,65,191,196,208,213 delay,333computation,231,245,246 sampling,238–241,243–246time,230,231,245densitygas,141526Indexdependability,507design,147coil,88limitations,151magnets,81quality,510software,510systematic checks,510thrust magnetic bearings,93touch-down bearing,401 destabilization,199,201,203,208,214 diagnosis,316,515active,515diamagnetic materials,6,495difference equation,233differentialdriving mode,linearization,80 sensing,101differential equation,59,195,210 closed-loop,35,212first-order,52,53homogeneous,36,55 inhomogeneous,58matrix,193,194,196,201,210,213 second-order,53state space,213vector,52differential winding,124digitalcontrol,229,231,233,237,245 control design,243control,PID,471filter,231,245hardware,230,231signal processor,467,472,478,482 digital signal processor(DSP),229,230, 232,245,247,248digital-to-analog D/Aconversion resolution,231 conversion time,231converter,229–231,233,234,236,245 discrete-time,233control,233,236–241,244,245 eigenvalue,235,240equivalent,243filter,241frequency response,236frequency variable,236plant,237,244system,231,233,235,236,240 transfer function,236,241diskrigid model,413displacementvirtual,78dither,generalized,443dragviscous,140drag coefficient,141,144shrouded cylindrical rotor,142droprotor,412dynamiccompliance,66stiffness,28,34,46,63,66 dynamicsrigid rotor,167dynamic stiffness,153Earnshaw’s theorem,5eccentricity,169eddy current losses,135,137,139,159 eddy currents,14,84,130,452 sensor,101,482eigendamping,37,41 eigenfrequencies,30,37,41,59,171 closed-loop,205,208gyroscopic effects,176nutation,207,212rigid body,205,207,208,212 eigenmode,55backward,198bending,205closed-loop,205conical,198,204,206,207 coupling,200decomposition,198forward,204,206nutation,207,212parallel,198,204precession,198rigid body,205,206,209 eigenvalues,36,50,53,55,58,61,196, 198,206,235–237,240,246,320 closed-loop,34,36,40,41,196,198, 199conjugate complex,35open-loop,33,35,49,205,208Index527real,36,201trajectory,196,197,199,212 electro-dynamic levitation,14 electromagnet,27–30,32,35,44,69, 115inductance,436elevator guideways,435,442energymagnetic,489equations of motionflexible rotor,272estimationparameter,447Euler angles,191Euler-Bernoulli beam model,337 exampleH∞control,369actuator model,120asymmetric rotor,375center of gravity control,362 mixed PID control,362non-collocated PID control,352 PID control,344PID performance analysis,351 rotor sensitivity,360sensitivity analysis,357system model,336tilt and translate control,362 excitation,182backward whirl,187external,58force,28,58,59forward whirl,185frequency,58,59harmonic,55mechanical sources,187node,62non-periodic,188parametric,188periodic,55sensor and actuator offset,187 unsymmetries of the rotor,188 factorforce-current,k i,79force-displacement,k s,79fail-safe,513failure modes,411failures of AMB,508,513Faraday’s law,115,436fault detector,411fault tolerance,407faults,516AMB system,408rotor,409,410feedback,34gain,41,42integrating,45,47output,54,56,57state,54,56,214velocity,43,47ferromagnetic,28,35ferromagnetic materials,6,73,495fieldmagnetic,71filteranti-aliasing,333Finite Element Method,251,267 model reduction,292finite element modeling,82flexibilityrotor,319flexiblemode shapes,rotor,324flexible rotor,155,191,193,194,203, 205,208,215,251,263 equations of motion,272with AMB,288fluid bearingidentification,312,313fluid structure interaction,312fluxdistribution,465leakage,88measurement,105flywheels,17losses in,149forcelevitation,465Lorentz,70,473,494magnetic,77,152 magnetomotive,75maximum,152specific,489force-free,223,224force/currentfactor,33,45,48,192matrix,210528Indexrelationship,31,45force/displacementfactor,33,192matrix,193relationship,31,33forced vibrations,256aeroengine,285response,262unbalance,284forcesbearing,171nonconservative,167,174,179 forward whirl,414,419Fourier/frequency analyzer,247 FPGA,231free rotor,175free-free mode shapes,324frequency domain,57,59,61 frequency response,34,52,55,60–63, 223,236,237,241,243,244 amplification,58–60amplitude,59–61identification,302matrix,61measurement,247,249phase,60,61unbalance,185friction,413,415,419,424gain compensation,322gain margin,356gain scheduled control,377gap sensor,467gas density,141gas friction losses,136,140graphitepyrolithic,496gyrodynamics,176gyroscopic effects,173,176elastic rotor,274gyroscopics,28,65,231,242,247,248, 377effect,191,198,200,204,208,211 matrix,194,196,198,199,201,213 rotor,202H-bridge,98Hall effect,105current measurement,107hallbach array,497harmonic balance,420harmonic control,426heartartificial,pump,462,480 implantable,artificial,480 transplant,480heat loss,84heteropolar,159heteropolar magnetics,82high speed,7high speed rotor,154high temperature,158 homopolar,159homopolar bearing,140,148 homopolar magnetics,83,97hybridmagnetic bearing,468 hysteresis,74,151,491losses,159hysteresis losses,137,138identification,229,247,252,299,516 for diagnosis,316excitation by AMB,305fluid structure interaction,312 parameter estimation,304 response functions,302 implantable artificial heart,480 impulse responseidentification,302inductance,72,76 electromagnet,436inertia properties,167influence coefficient,420 information processing,152initial condition,36,52 instrumentation,39built-in,230,246,247external,247,248integratorgain,PID controller,346inter-sample skew,230,231 interlacingdefect repairing,326pole-zero,323interrogation signal,446,450,454 iron resistivity,139ISO standardsIndex529for AMB,509quality,509sensitivity,358unbalance,181Jeffcott rotor,252kinematic viscosity,141lamination,139Laval rotor,252leakageflux,88levitationcoil current,470control,467control algorithm,467force,465Levitron,5lifetime at high temperature,158 LIGA,487linearperiodic,443time invariant,439linearity/nonlinearity,31,33,41,43,48, 50,51,57linearization,28,33,44,46,48,49,124 bias,95current bias,79square root,126load capacity,39,44,47,67,81,151 radial bearings,92specific,92thrust bearing,94loadscentrifugal,491torque,467Lorentzforce,473self-bearing motor,462,473Lorentz force,10,13,70,494loss mechanisms,135losses,135,159aerodynamic,140,147amplifier,148cable,138,148copper,84,137eddy current,135,137,139 electrical power,95gas friction,140hysteresis,137,138iron,84,147magnetic,136mitigation,147power amplifier,138rotational,492stator,148windage,135,140,501low passfilter,205,215,239,241,242, 245LPV control,377LQG control,440,441Lyapunovfunction,448machinesmart,411MAGLEV,6,14magnetpermanent,496rare earth,496magneticcircuit,74field,71field energy,77flux,71flux density,71force,77permeability,72polarization,73saturation,81,92,435,453 magnetic actuator,111magnetic bearingactive,27–29,37,47active micro,498hybrid,29,468Lorentz force,27passive,27–29,37reluctance force,27 superconducting,27types,493magnetic displacement sensor,103 magneticfluxload capacity,151magnetic force,10magnetic loss,136magnetism,70magnetization curve,76 magnetomotive force,75530Indexmaintainability,410margin,gain and phase,356massmatrix,194,201,203,213rotor,205materialscarbonfiber,155cobalt,152diamagnetic,6,495 ferromagnetic,6,10,151,495for high temperature,158 strength,94superconducting,12,495 maximum singular value,350 measurementforce,306mechanical energyconversion,48kinetic,52potential,52mechatronics,39,135definition,4MEMS,487micro magnetic actuator,487 microprocessor,229–231,245,247,248fixed-point,220MIMOcontrol,230,231,246control design,241–243,245,247 measurement,247transfer function,247,248modal analysis,252for rotating structures,307modal parameters,300modal truncation,337mode shapesflexible rotor,324free-free,324modelactuator,330AMB system,328assembly,335casings and substructures,339 closed loop,341Euler-Bernoulli beam,337rotor,331sensor,332state space,113,329structure,330synchronously reduced,342 modelingfinite element,82modes,337modulationpulse-width,97moment of inertiapolar,206transverse,205,206monitoring,229,230,247,248motorAC,461,468axial self-bearing,477 bearingless,461combined,bearing,461 induction,466,500Lorentz self-bearing,462,473self-bearing,461,479self-bearing or bearingless,27 motor control,230multi-processor,230multiplexer,230,246multiply-accumulate(MAC),246 natural vibrations,256,262 aeroengine,279flexible rotor,277networkthermal,85non-collocation,320,323non-conservative forces,167,179,203, 214matrix,213,214nonlinearmagnetic analysis,76nonlinear dynamicsamplitude jump,428aperiodic response,415contact modes,413–421,423,424 rotordynamics,413–421,423,424 normvector,349H∞,366notchfiltergeneralized,216,219,220 nutation,167,178Nyquist frequency,236–238Ohm’s law,436Index531operating point,31,34,35,45,48 optical displacement sensor,104 optimizationbearing geometry,88order reduction,246,373oscillationamplitude,37,58damped,36,37,43harmonic,37,58periodic,37phase,58pseudo-periodic,37 oscilloscope,247,248over-sampling,231Pad´e approximation,333Pad´e approximation,245parallelmode,198,199,204,206,208,210–212,214paramagnetic material,73 parameter estimation,304 parameter estimator,447parametric excitation,188PD control,321,418,425,467,479 performanceassessment,347peripheral,229–231permanent magnets,5,12,28,29,31, 95bias,468permeability,10persistency of excitation,447,450 phasecurrents,475phase compensation,322phase laganti-aliasingfilter,236sampling delay,237–239,244 phase lead controller,321phase margin,238,356PIDcontrol,digital,471PID control,342,411,413,417non-collocated,352pinned beam,320plantMIMO,208rigid body,208polarity sequence,140polarizationmagnetic,73poles,320angle,78number,463pair number,464plus two or minus two,462 salient,466–468shoes,88transfer function,323positionsensor,99position reference command,44–46 position sensor,69,435powerspecific,489power amplifier,27,29,41,42,44,50, 69,77,97,153bandwidth,50,56current,29,44,48,49dynamics,30,34,44,57voltage,29,48power amplifier losses,138power bandwidth,153power failure,410power supply,513precession,167,178precision bearings,161preventive maintenance,229,248 principal/inertial axis,215,223,224 probeproximity,478processordigital signal,467,472,478,482 properties of AMB,15proximityprobe,478pulse width modulation(PWM),97, 224signal pattern,230unit,229,231pumpartificial heart,462,480 performance,482rotary blood,480real time operating system,510 recomposition,209532Indexredundancy,408–411,511 reliability,505reluctance force,10remanence,74resistancecopper,87resistivityiron,139resonance,182rigid body,221responseunbalance,351,467,468,472,475, 479response functionsidentification,302 measurement,303retainer bearing,389Reynolds number,140rigid disk model,413rigid rotor,320equations of motion,171rigid rotor/body,191,193,194,196, 200,204,208,210,212,214 robust control,513robustness,34,50,56,57,61,63,356 root locus,325rotaryblood pump,480rotationforce-free,160high speed,7high-speed,154precision,161rotational losses,492rotor,29-stator contact,33,62drop,412excitation,182flexibility,319flexible,155,251,263free,175model,331modes,337non-rotating,175position,29,30,39,46,47rigid,320rigid,dynamics,167velocity,52rotor lossesmeasurement,146rotor responsebackward whirl,413,419contact modes,413,418,424 forward whirl,414rotor speedgyroscopic effects,176influence on eigenfrequencies,178 rotor/stator contact,390rub,410,414,419,420,423,424,431 safety,505definitions,507philos.background,506salient pole,466–468sample-and-hold,230,234sampling period,231,233,234,239,241 sampling rate/frequency,231,233,236, 237,244–246saturation,74,151dynamic,205magnetic,81,435,453numerical,220power amplifier,223scaling,489,490secant algorithm,239,242,244self monitoring,411self–sensing,435self-bearing motor,27,461,479 sensitivity,355ISO standards,358sources of,361sensitivity function,62,63sensor,27,41,42capacitive,displacement,103 displacement,position,411 dynamics,30,34,44,57eddy current,29,101,482gap,467inductive,29inductive,displacement,101 magnetic displacement,103model,332noise,56optical,3optical displacement,104position,69,99transverseflux,102sensor offset,mechanical,187Index533Shannon theorem,236,245signalinterrogation,446,450,454signal generator,247signal injection,247singular value,350SISOcontrol,230,241transfer function,247size of the bearing,158skew-symmetric,194,201,203,211 small gain theorem,356smartdefinition,514examples,514machines,514smart machine,411smart machine technology,161 software,510as a machine element,4 development system,510specific force,489specific load capacity,152specific power,489speedsupercritical,155spring-damper,28,34,37,49 mechanical,30,31,34,44square root linearization,126 stability margins,gain and phase,356 stability of motion,171,174stability/instability,28,31,33,35 asymptotic,58,61closed-loop,41,57limit-stable,36open-loop,30,35,49,50 stabilization,29,33standards,509for magnetic bearings,9ISO,sensitivity,358state spacedescription,196,214matrix,199state space model,113,329statorslotless,474slotted,474stiffness,30,34,36,39,42,44,61,65, 66,199closed-loop,39,42compensation matrix,211,212,224 coupling,214cross-,201,203dynamic,28,34,46,63,66,153 external,222high,41,42low,40,50matrix,196,201,203,210,213 mechanical,31“natural”,42,196,208negative bearing,31,33,40,42,45, 193,194,211,223,224static,28,34,42,47,63,67strengthmaterial,94stresses,centrifugal forces,154 substructure model,339 superconducting materials,495 superconductivity,12,14,18 superconductor,495suspensionactive,29five axes,29passive,28permanent magnet,29rigid body,30switchingamplifier,97,446,450noise,97ripple,446,450three state,451symmetric,194,198,201,203–205,208, 211,212non-,199,212synchronous control,378,426,427 synchronously reduced model,342 synthesisμ,370system model,328technology of AMB,9temperaturecoil,88test rigaeroengine,279for identification,312534Indexfor modal analysis,308for touch-down,391thrust magnetic bearings,93tilt and translate control,361tilting motion,198time domain,36,55,59–61timer interrupt,232torquebraking,135,144dynamic,479load,467reaction,473rotating,468,471touch-down bearing,389ball bearings,400contact dynamics,391contact force,399control reconfig.,518design guidelines,401friction force,395test rig,391time history of touch-down,399,400 vertical axis arrangement,403whirl motion,396touchdown,407,413avoiding,407,426dynamics,412recovery,410,427,431 transconductance amplifier,112,121 transfer function,60–64,211,219,235, 236,241,247,248matrix,60,219poles and zeros,323transformFFT,61Fourier,55,61Laplace,59,60transformationZ,236bilinear,243Fast Fourier(FFT),247Laplace,235matrix,193,209–211natural coordinates,365Tustin,243transitionmatrix,235sampling instant,234,235state,233translational motion,211 transpermeance amplifier,122 transplantheart,480transportation,6transverseflux sensor,102turbo–molecular pump,435,444turbo-machinery,17turbomolecular pumps,149 unbalance,38,256,409,413,414,420 adaptation,216,218 compensation,516definition,180excitation,55excitation of rotor vibr.,183force attenuation,28,216forced vibrations,284forward whirl,185quality grade,181residual,215,216response,215,220,222,224,262,468, 472,475,479technical example,169vibration attenuation,216 unbalance control,229,378,426 unbalance response,351,467unit circle,235,236unsymmetry of the rotor,188 vacuum,501vacuum applicationslosses in,149velocity,34,43,48,52,53,239velocity measurement,104vertical axis,403vibrational control,443vibrationsbending,461forced,256,284,285natural,167,171,175,256,262,277, 279steady state,475virgin magnetization curve,84virtual displacement,78viscositykinematic,141viscous drag,140voice coil actuator,495Index535voltage control,439whirlbackward,413,414forward,414whirl motion,396whirl,forward and backward,167,178 windage losses,135,136,140,501windingdifferential,124zero power control,160zero-order hold(ZOH),233,234,238, 239,243zerostransfer function,323。

abscissa axis 横坐标ac motor 交流电动机active component 有功分量active in respect to 相对….呈阻性actual value,effective value 有效值acyclic machine 单极电阻adjustable-speed range 调速范围admittance 导纳air gap 气隙air-gap flux distribution 气隙磁通分布air-gap flux 气隙磁通air-gap line 气隙磁化线air-gap reluctance 气隙磁阻algebraic 代数的algorithmic 算法的alternating current motor交流电动机ampere-turns 安匝(数)Amplitude Modulation (AM) 调幅angle stability功角稳定arc,electric arc 电弧armature circuit 电枢电路armature conductor 电枢导体armature coil 电枢线圈armature m.m.f. wave 电枢磁势波armature reaction 电枢反应armature reaction reactance 电枢反应电抗armature iron 电枢铁心asynchronous motor异步电机asymmetry 不对称automatic Voltage regulator(AVR)自动电压调整器auxiliary motor 辅助电动机axially and circumferentially 轴向和环向axial magnetic attraction 轴向磁拉力bandwidth 带宽base 基极basic frequency component基频分量bast pressure 风压belt factor 分布系数bilateral circuit 双向电路bimotored 双马达的biphase 双相的breakaway force 起步阻力breakdown torque 极限转矩bronze 青铜brush 电刷brush voltage drop 电刷压降brush spacing电刷间距capacitance电容carrier 载波cartesian coordinates 笛卡儿坐标系can 屏蔽套cast-aluminum rotor 铸铝转子centrifugal force 离心力characteristic frequency 固有频率chopper circuit 斩波电路circuit branch 支路circuit components 电路元件circuit diagram 电路图circuit parameters 电路参数circumferential orientation motor 切向永磁电机critical whirling speed 临界转速claw-poles 爪极电机closed loop 闭环closed slot 闭口槽coaxial 共轴的,同轴的cogging torque 齿槽转矩coil winding 线圈绕组coincide in phase with 与….同相collector 集电极commutating pole,inter pole 换向极commutator segment 换向片commutator-brush combination 换向器-电刷总线compensating winding 补偿绕组compensating coil 补偿线圈complex impedance 复数阻抗compound generator 复励发电机compounded 复励conductance 电导conductor 导体converter 变流器copper loss 铜耗correction coefficient 校正系数corridor 通路counter-clock wise 逆时针coupling capacitor 耦合电容current attenuation 电流衰减current density 电流密度current gain 电流增益current phasor 电流相量current strength 电流强度current vector 电流矢量damping cage 阻尼笼dc generator 直流发电机dc motor 直流电动机de machine 直流电机differentiation 微分digital signal processor (DSP) 数字信号处理器direct axis transient time constant 直轴瞬变时间常数direct-axis transient reactance 直轴瞬态电抗direct-axis component of voltage电压直轴分量direct axis 直轴direct-current 直流direct torque control (DTC) 直接转矩控制displacement current 位移电流distributed winding 分布绕组distribution factor 分布因数distorition of voltage waveshape 电压波形畸变domain 磁畴duty,load 负荷dynamic response 动态响应dynamic-state operation 动态运行3D equivalent magnetic circuit network method 三维等效磁路网络法3D-EMCNe.m.f = electromotive fore 电动势eddy current 涡流effective values 有效值effects of saturation 饱和效应electric energy 电能electrical device 电气设备electromagnetic induction 电磁感应electromagnetic power电磁功率elecironagnetic clamping电磁阻尼electric potential 电位electrical field 电场electromotive force 电动势electromagnetic force 电磁力electromagnetic wave 电磁波electrode 电极电焊条electromagnetic torque 电磁转矩end ring 端环end turn 端部绕组end cover端盖end ring 端环end leakage reactance端部漏抗equivalent T – circuit T型等值电路excitation system 励磁系统exciting voltage 励磁电压external armature circuit 电枢外电路external characteristic 外特性fan 风扇feedback component 反馈元件feedback loop 反馈回路feedback signal 反馈信号feedback system 反馈系统feedforward signal 前馈信号feedforward system 前馈系统ferromagnetic 铁磁材料field coils 励磁线圈field current 励磁电流field effect transistor (FET) 场效应管field oriented control (FOC) 磁场定向控制field winding 磁场绕组励磁绕组flat cable 扁电缆flux linkage 磁链flux line 磁通量flux path 磁通路径flux pulsation 磁通脉冲fluc density 磁通密度flux distribution 磁通分布forward transfer function 正向传递函数fractional pitch短节距frequency 频率frequency conversion 变频frequency changer set变频机组fringing effect边缘效应full load 满载full-load torque 满载转矩full-pitch winding整距绕组fundamental wave基波fundamental component基波分量gain 增益generator voltage发电机电压grade等级harmonic 谐波horsepower (HP) 马力horseshoe magnet 马蹄形磁铁hysteresis loss 磁滞损耗ideal source 理想电源imbricated winding,lap winding叠绕组impedance 阻抗impedance drop 阻抗压降impulse voltage peak value冲击电压峰值inductance电感induction generator 感应发电机induction machine 感应电机induction motor 感应电动机inductive component 感性（无功）分量inherent regulation of generator发电机固有电压调整率instant torgue瞬态转矩instantaneous electric power瞬时电功率instantaneous mechanical power瞬时机械功率insulation 绝缘insulation resistance绝缘电阻intensity of electrial field 电场强度interturn breakdown voltage匝间击穿电压interturn insulating 匝间绝缘interturn voltage resistant test 匝间耐压试验Interior Permanent Magnet (IPM)内置式Surface InsetPermanent Magnet (SIPM)表面式internal resistance 内阻inverter 逆变器iron core铁心iron-loss铁损lamination叠片laminated core 叠片铁心lamination insalation 冲片绝缘lag 滞后leading current超前电流leading power factor 超前功率因数leakage current 漏电流leakage flux 漏磁通leakage reactance 漏磁电抗leakage 泄漏left-hand rule 左手定则lift motor电梯用电动机light emitting diode 发光二极管lightning shielding 避雷line current 线电流line voltage 线电压linear zone 线性区linear-motion machine直线电机linear induction motor直线感应电机line-to-neutral 线与中性点间的load characteristic 负载特性load power factor负载功率因数load-saturation curve 负载饱和曲线locked-rotor torque 锁定转子转矩locked-rotor current堵转电流long pith winding长距绕组long -pith coil长距线圈magnetic amplifier 磁放大器magnetic circuit 磁路magnetic coupling磁耦合magnetic field 磁场magnetic flux磁通magnetic hysteresis(creeping) 磁滞magnetic hysteresis loop 磁滞回线magnetic induction磁感应magnetic loading 磁负荷magnetic particle 磁粉离合器magnetic pole磁极magnetic saturation 磁饱和magnetic torque 电磁转矩magnetic yoke 磁轭magnetizing reacance 磁化电抗magnetization curve 磁化曲线magnetomotive force (m.m.f) 磁动势main pole 主极mesh 网孔mid-frequency band 中频带modulator 调制器modulus 模motoring 电动机驱动motor slip 电动机转差率m.m.f wave 磁势谐波mutual flux 交互(主)磁通mutual-inductor 互感negative phase-sequence 负序no-load 空载nominal pull-in torque 标称牵入转矩non-sinusoidal 非正弦number of poles 极数number of field turns 磁极绕组匝数number of slots 槽数odd-order harmonic 奇次谐波operating point工作点operating characteristic curve 运行特性曲线optical fiber 光纤oscillation 振荡oscilloscope 示波器outside diameter of core 铁心外径overhang leakage permeance 端部漏磁导overload 超负荷overlapping 重叠parallel 并联parallel connexion magnetized winding 并励绕组parallel connexion road number 并联支路数parallel wind number 并绕根数pancake coil 扁平绕组P.D. = potential drop 电压降peak to peak 峰峰值per unit value 标么值percentage 百分数peripheral air-gapleakage磁极漏磁performance characteristic 工作特性permanent magnet永磁体permanent magnet synchronous motor 永磁同步电机permeability 导磁率periodically symmetrical 周期性对称per-unit value 标么值phase displacement 相位差phase-to-phase(line-to-line)voltage相（线）电压phase insulation 相间绝缘phase sequence 相序Phase Modulation (PM) 相位调制phase reversal 反相pilot exciter 副励磁机plugging 反向制动polarity 极性pole-changing motor 变极电动机pole core磁极铁心pole coil 磁极线圈pole pitch极距pole shoe极靴pole end plate 磁极端板polyphase rectifier 多相整流器polyphase rectifier 多相整流器Polyphase 多相(的)potential transformer 电压互感器power amplifier 功率放大器power frequency 工频propulsion motor 推进电机pure inductance 纯电感pure capacitance 纯电容pure resistance 纯电阻punching冲片pump泵push-through winding 插入绕组quadrature-axis component of voltage电压交轴分量quadrature-axis transient time constant交轴瞬态时间常数quadrature-axis component 交轴分量quadrature-axis transient reactance 交轴瞬态电抗quadrature-axis synchronous reactance交轴同步电抗r.m.s values = root mean square values 均方根值radius 半径radial magnetic attraction force 径向磁拉力radial air gap 径向气隙random-wound 散绕reactance 电抗reactive component 无功分量reactive in respect to 相对….呈感性reactive power 无功功率rectifier 整流器reluctance 磁阻reference Voltage 基准电压reluctance 磁阻residual magnetism 剩磁resistance电阻resistivity 电阻率reactance电抗retarding torque 制动转矩rheostat 变阻器rotating commutator 旋转（整流子）换向器rotating magnetic field 旋转磁场rotor 转子rotor (stator) winding 转子（定子绕组）rotor core 转子铁芯rotor resistance 转子电阻rotor yoke 转子磁轭rotor lamination 转子叠片rotor inter-bar 转子漏阻抗rough adjustment 粗调salient poles 凸极saturation 饱和saturation curve 饱和曲线saturation effect 饱和效应saturation factor 饱和系数self excited 自励self-inductor 自感semi-enclosed mortor 半封闭电动机separately excited 他励的series 串联series excited 串励series-paralled circuit 串并联电路shaft 轴shaft-less 无轴承的short-circuiting ring 短路环short-pitching 短距shunt displacement current 旁路位移电流shunt 并励，分路器shunt excited generator并励发电机shunt field 并励磁场sillicon steel plate 硅钢片simplex wave winding 单波绕组simplexlap winding 单叠绕组single and two-layer winding 单双层绕组single-phasing 单相运行single squirrel cage winding 单鼠笼绕组single-double layer winding 单双层混合绕组sinusoidal – density wave 正弦磁密度sinusoidal time function 正弦时间函数skewed slot 斜槽skin effect 集肤效应skin-friction 表面摩擦系数slip 转差率solid state 固体slot 槽slot permeance 槽磁导slot cross section 槽截面slot pitch 槽距slot opening 槽口slot opening 槽口宽slot width 槽宽slot leakage conductance 槽漏磁导slot leakage inductance槽漏抗slot filling factor 槽满率slot winding 槽绕组slot depth 槽深slotwedge , slot seal 槽楔slot harmonic槽谐波slot model槽形slot leakage flux 槽漏磁speed-torque characteristic 速度转矩特性speed-torque curve 转速力矩特性曲线squirrel cage 鼠笼squirrel cage induction motor 笼形感应电机stabilizer 稳定器stainless steel sleeve 不锈钢轴套stator 定子stator slot 定子槽stator yoke 定子轭stator winding 定子绕组stepping motor 步进电机，步进马达stepper motor 步进电机step-servo-motor 步进伺服电机storage battery 蓄电池surface resistance 表面电阻superconducting generators (SCGs) 超导发电机symmetrical component 对称分量synchronous generator 同步发电机synchronous reactance 同步电抗synchronous reluctance motor (SRM) 同步磁阻电机synchronous speed 同步转速terminal voltage 端电压temperature rise 温升tooth flux density 齿磁通密度total flux linkage 总磁链tooth pitch 齿距tooth root 齿根tooth saturation 齿部饱和tooth shape 齿形tooth tip leakage permeance 齿端漏磁导tooth top 齿顶transformer 变压器transfer function 传递函数transient response 瞬态响应transverse flux motors (TFM) 横向磁通电机trigonometric transformations 瞬时值turbine 涡轮turn 匝turns ratio 变比匝比unbalanced magnetic pull 单边磁拉力variable frequency drive (VFD) 变频器variable 变量vector 矢量vector control 矢量控制volt-ampere characteristics 伏安特性voltage attenuation 电压衰减voltage transient 电压瞬变值voltage phasor 电压相量voltage transient 电压瞬变值waveguide 波导波导管ware winding coil波绕线圈wave form distortion 波形畸变wave winding波绕组wave form distortion 波形畸变width of tooth top 齿顶密度winding 绕组wind-driven generator 风动发电机wind energy converter (WEC) 风能转换winding loss 绕组（铜）损耗winding overhang 绕组端部wire gauge 线规yoke density 轭磁密。

电气类专业常用词汇1052个1. Personnel 人员职员2. Voltmeter 电压表伏特计3. Ohmmeter 欧姆计电阻表4. Megohmmeter 兆欧表5. Wattmeter 瓦特计电表功率6. Watt-hour 瓦时瓦特小时7. Ammeter 安培计电流表8. calibrate 校正9. scale 刻度量程10. rated 额定的11. interfere with 有害于12. indicating needle仪表指针13. hazardous 危险的14. pivot 支点15. terminal 端子16. spiral 螺旋形的17. spring 弹簧18. shunt 分流，分路，并联，旁路19. rectifier 整流器20. electrodynamometer 电测力计21. strive for 争取22. vane 机器的叶，叶片23. strip 条，带，（跨接）片24. crude 不精细的，粗略的25. polarity 极性26. fuse 保险丝，熔丝27. rugged 坚固的28. depict 描绘，描写29. cartridge 盒式保险丝30. blow （保险丝）烧断31. plug fuse 插头式保险丝32. malfunction 故障33. deenergize 不给…通电34. insulation 绝缘35. generator 发电机36. magneto 磁发电机37. humidity 湿度38. moisture 潮湿湿气39. abbreviate 缩写，缩写为40. transformer 变压器41. thumb 检查，查阅42. milliammeter 毫安表43. multimeter 万用表44. dynamometer 测力计，功率计45. aluminum 铝46. deteriorate 使….恶化47. eddy current 涡流48. gear 齿轮，传动装置49. dial 刻度盘50. semiconductor 半导体51. squirrel 鼠笼式52. diode 二极管53. thyristor 晶闸管54. transistor 电子晶体管55. triac 双向可控硅56. phase 相位（控制）57. silicon 硅58. crystal 晶体59. wafer 薄片60. anode 阳极，正极61. cathode 阴极62. collector 集电极]63. emitter 发射极64. schematic （电路）原理图符号65. leakage 漏电流66. rating 额定值，标称值，定额67. dissipate 散发68. breakdown 击穿69. heat sink 散热器70. self-latching 自锁71. commutation 换向72. geometry 几何结构73. squeeze 压榨，挤，挤榨74. light-dimmer 调光75. capability 容量76. studmounted 拴接式77. hockey puck 冰球78. fin 飞边79. active 有源的80. horsepower 马力81. diameter 直径82. in. （inch ,inches）英寸83. extruded 型材的84. clamp 夹住，夹紧85. compound 紧密结合86. wrench 扳手87. torque 转矩，扭矩88. enclosure 外（机）壳89. ventilation 通风，流通空气90. sealed-off 封的91. thermal 热的，热量的92. substantially 主要地，实质上地93. aptly 适当地，适宜地94. demystify 阐明95. allude 暗指，直接提到96. cease 停止，终了97. line 线电压98. ripple 脉动.99. redundant 多余的100. separately 单独励磁地101. synchronous 同步电动机102. circuitry 电路，线路103. cost-effective 花费大的104. capacitor 电容器105. dictate 确定106. trade-off 权衡，折衷107. criteria 标准，判据108. analog electronics电力电子学109. saturate 使…饱和110. active region 动态区域111. due 应得到的112. ratio 比，比率113. signify 表示114. encode 编码115. resonance 共鸣116. radiated 传播117. molecule 分子118. diaphragm 震动膜119. acoustic wave 声波120. wavy groove 起伏的沟槽121. deflection 挠度，挠曲122. strain gage 应变计量器123. tachometer 转速计124. thermocouple 热电偶125. oscilloscope 示波器126. analytical 解析的127. numerical 数值的128. integrate 求…的积分129. scale 改变比例130. frequency- domain 频域131. random 随机的132. audio 音频的133. operation amplifier 运算放大器134. summation 求和，加法135. sophisticated 复杂的，完善的136. mass-produce 大量生产137. subtract 减去138. inverting amplifier 反向放大器139. uninverting amplifer 同相放大器140. derive 推倒141. active filter 有源滤波器142. stabilize 使稳定143. moderate 适度的，适中的144. virtue 优点145. amplification 扩大146. capacitor 电容器147. impedance 阻抗148. bode plot 波特图149. simulate 模拟，方针150. narrowband filter 带通滤波器151. low-pass filter低通滤波器152. high-pass filter高通滤波器153. differential equation 微分方程154. prebias 预偏置155. summer 加法器156. weighted 加权的157. refinement 改进158. accommodate 适应159. envision 预见160. alphabet 字母表161. validity 正确性162. proposition 命题163. binary 二进制164. nevertheless 然而165. reveal 展现166. complement 补码167. truthtable 真值表168. algebraical 代数的169. trial and error 试错法，试凑法170. elapse 时间（流逝）171. enumerate 列举172. expire 期满,终止173. brute 僵化的174. prime 上撇号175. trigger 引起,触发176. inversion 反相,反转177. quadruple 四合一178. fabricate 制造179. integrated circuit 集成电路180. capsule 封装181. compatible 兼容的182. obsolete 废弃的183. threshold 门限,阈值184. zener diode 齐纳二极管185. adjacent 临近的,接近的186. arc welding 电弧焊187. intimately 密切地188. recast 重做189. bistable circuit 双稳电路190. cutoff 截止,关闭191. symmetry 对称192. lable 为……标号193. equilibria 平衡194. lever 杆,杠杆195. latch circuit 锁存电路196. depress 压下197. flip-flop 触发器198. glitch 同步199. leading edge 上升沿200. lagging(trailing) edge 下降沿201. inhibit 禁止202. hitherto 迄今,至今203. toggle (来回)切换204. impulse 推动力205. air gap 气隙206. aircraft 飞机207. alternating current, AC 交流208. armature 电枢209. automobile 汽车210. bearing 轴承211. brush 电刷212. carbon 碳213. circumference 圆周214. clearance 间隙215. coils 线圈绕组216. commutator 换向器217. connection 接线端218. copper bar 铜导条219. copper end rings 铜端环220. core 铁心221. cylindrical 圆柱式的222. doubly excited 双边励磁223. electromechanical 机电的224. felt 毡225. ferromagnetic 铁磁的226. field pole 磁极227. flux density 磁通密度228. frame 机座，机壳229. generator 发电机230. glue 胶合，粘贴231. graphite 石墨232. induction motor感应电动机233. laminate 叠制，叠压234. lubricant 润滑剂，润滑油235. magnetic flux 磁通236. magnetizing current 磁化电流，励磁电流237. mechanical rectifier 机械式换向器238. metallic 金属的239. penetrate 透过，渗透240. periphery 周围，圆周241. perpendicular 垂直的，正交的242. polarity 极性243. protrude 使伸出，突出244. reluctance 磁阻245. revolving magnetic field 旋转磁场246. rotor 转子247. salient 突出的248. salient-pole 凸极式249. servo 伺服250. singly excited 单边励磁251. slip rings 滑环252. slot 槽，开槽253. squirrel-cage 鼠笼式，笼型254. stator 定子255. synchronous machine 同步电机256. torque 转矩257. toroid 环状物258. transformer 变压器259. unidirectional 单方向的，方向不变的260. winding 绕组261. wound-rotor 绕线式262. wrap 捆，缠，环绕263. yoke 轭264. allowable temperature rise 允许温升265. alnico 铝镍钴合金266. asynchronous machine 异步电机267. automobile starter motor 汽车启动机268. backlash 啮合间隙，齿隙269. centrifugal force 离心力270. ceramic 陶瓷的271. compound-wound 复励272. constraint 强制，约束273. counter emf 反电势274. counterpart 对应物275. culminate 达到极值点276. cumulative compound 积复励277. demagnetization退磁，去磁278. denominator 分母279. differential compound 差复励280. dissipate 浪费281. equilibrium level 平均值282. equivalent circuit 等效电路283. figure of merit品质因数，优值284. flicker 闪烁，摇曳285. flux per pole 每极磁通286. friction 摩擦287. in parallel with 并联288. in series with 串联289. in terms of 根据，在……方面290. in the vicinity of 在…附近，在…左右291. indispensable 必需的，必不可少的292. inherent 固有的293. insulation 绝缘294. long-shunt 长复励295. loss 损耗296. magnetization curve 磁化曲线297. merit 优点，长处，指标298. no load 空载299. nonetheless，none the less 仍然，依然300. numerator 分子301. overload 过载302. permissible 允许的303. permanent-magnet永磁304. pertinent 有关的305. power flow diagram 功率流程图306. prefix 前缀，把…放在前面307. rated torque 额定转矩308. reaction 电感309. rheostat 变阻器，电阻箱310. series-wound 串励311. shunt-wound 并励312. short-shunt 短复励313. starting current 启动电流314. starting torque 启动转矩315. synchronous speed 同步转速316. theorem 定理317. turns 匝数318. undervoltage 欠电压319. Ward-Leonard system发电机-电动机组系统320. windage 通风321. yield 产生，提供322. adjacent 相邻的，邻近的323. autotransformer自耦变压器324. braking 制动325. cam 凸轮326. chamber 室，腔327. conveyor 传送机328. corrosion 腐蚀329. counterclockwise 逆时针330. counter electromotive force ，CEMF反电势331. dashpot relay 油壶式继电器332. diaphragm 膜片，挡板333. drill 钻床334. elapse 过去，消逝335. enclosure 机壳336. expel 排出，放出337. fasten 固定，连接338. furnace 炉339. fuse 熔断器，保险丝340. general-purpose relay通用继电器341. hydraulic 液压传动342. initiate 引起，促进343. intake 吸入344. knob 旋钮，圆形把手345. latching relay 自锁继电器346. lathe 车床347. limit switch 限位开关348. moisture 潮气，湿度349. mount 安装350. octal-base 八脚的351. orifice 孔，注孔352. pedal 踏板，踏蹬353. phase sequence 相序354. piston 活塞355. pivot 轴，支点，旋转中心356. plunger 可动铁心，插棒式铁心357. pneumatic 气动的358. relay 继电器359. single-phase 单相的360. solenoids 螺线管361. solid-state relay 固态继电器362. spring 弹簧363. tap 抽头364. three-phase 三相365. timing relay 延时继电器366. toggle 搬扭，刀闸367. vibration 振动368. absolute encoder 绝对编码器369. accelerometer 加速度测量仪370. actuator 执行机构371. analog-to-digital conversionADC 模数转换器372. angular 角的373. auxiliary 辅助的374. as a rule of thumb 根据经验375. bellows 膜盒376. binary-coded decimal, BCD377. calibration 校准，标定，刻度378. cantilever 悬臂379. closed-loop 闭环380. induction machine 感应式电机381. horseshoe magnet 马蹄形磁铁382. magnetic field 磁场383. eddy current 涡流384. right-hand rule 右手定则385. left-hand rule 左手定则386. slip 转差率387. induction motor 感应电动机388. rotating magnetic field 旋转磁场389. winding 绕组390. stator 定子391. rotor 转子392. induced current 感生电流393. time-phase 时间相位394. exciting voltage 励磁电压395. solt 槽396. lamination 叠片397. laminated core 叠片铁芯398. short-circuiting ring 短路环399. squirrel cage 鼠笼400. rotor core 转子铁芯401. cast-aluminum rotor铸铝转子402. bronze 青铜403. horsepower 马力404. random-wound 散绕405. insulation 绝缘406. ac motor 交流环电动机407. end ring 端环408. alloy 合金409. coil winding 线圈绕组410. form-wound 模绕411. performance characteristic 工作特性412. frequency 频率413. revolutions per minute 转/分414. motoring 电动机驱动415. generating 发电416. per-unit value 标么值417. breakdown torque 极限转矩418. breakaway force 起步阻力419. overhauling 检修420. wind-driven generator 风动发电机421. revolutions per second 转/秒422. number of poles 极数423. speed-torque curve 转速力矩特性曲线424. plugging 反向制动425. synchronous speed 同步转速426. percentage 百分数427. locked-rotor torque 锁定转子转矩428. full-load torque 满载转矩429. prime mover 原动机430. inrush current 涌流431. magnetizing reacance 磁化电抗432. line-to-neutral 线与中性点间的433. staor winding 定子绕组434. leakage reactance 漏磁电抗435. no-load 空载436. full load 满载437. Polyphase 多相(的)438. iron-loss 铁损439. complex impedance 复数阻抗440. rotor resistance 转子电阻441. leakage flux 漏磁通442. locked-rotor 锁定转子443. chopper circuit 斩波电路444. separately excited 他励的445. compounded 复励446. dc motor 直流电动机447. de machine 直流电机448. speed regulation 速度调节449. shunt 并励450. series 串励451. armature circuit 电枢电路452. optical fiber 光纤453. interoffice 局间的454. waveguide 波导波导管455. bandwidth 带宽456. light emitting diode 发光二极管457. silica 硅石二氧化硅458. regeneration 再生, 后反馈放大459. coaxial 共轴的,同轴的460. high-performance 高性能的461. carrier 载波462. mature 成熟的463. Single Side Band(SSB) 单边带464. coupling capacitor 结合电容465. propagate 传导传播466. modulator 调制器467. demodulator 解调器468. line trap 限波器469. shunt 分路器470. Amplitude Modulation(AM调幅471. Frequency Shift Keying(FSK)移频键控472. tuner 调谐器473. attenuate 衰减474. incident 入射的475. two-way configuration 二线制476. generator voltage 发电机电压477. dc generator 直流发电机478. polyphase rectifier 多相整流器479. boost 增压480. time constant 时间常数481. forward transfer function 正向传递函数482. error signal 误差信号483. regulator 调节器484. stabilizing transformer稳定变压器485. time delay 延时486. direct axis transient time constant直轴瞬变时间常数487. time invariant 时不变的488. transient response 瞬态响应489. solid state 固体490. buck 补偿491. operational calculus 算符演算492. gain 增益493. pole 极点494. feedback signal 反馈信号495. dynamic response 动态响应496. voltage control system 电压控制系统497. mismatch 失配498. error detector 误差检测器499. excitation system 励磁系统500. field current 励磁电流501. transistor 晶体管502. high-gain 高增益503. boost-buck 升压去磁504. feedback system 反馈系统505. reactive power 无功功率506. feedback loop 反馈回路507. automatic Voltage regulator(AVR) 自动电压调整器508. third harmonic voltage 三次谐波电压509. reference Voltage 基准电压510. magnetic amplifier 磁放大器511. amplidyne 微场扩流发电机512. self-exciting 自励的513. limiter 限幅器514. manual control 手动控制515. block diagram 方框图516. linear zone 线性区517. potential transformer 电压互感器518. stabilization network 稳定网络519. stabilizer 稳定器520. air-gap flux 气隙磁通521. saturation effect 饱和效应522. saturation curve 饱和曲线523. flux linkage 磁链524. per unit value 标么值525. shunt field 并励磁场526. magnetic circuit 磁路527. load-saturation curve 负载饱和曲线528. air-gap line 气隙磁化线529. polyphase rectifier 多相整流器530. circuit components 电路元件531. circuit parameters 电路参数532. electrical device 电气设备533. electric energy 电能534. primary cell 原生电池535. energy converter 电能转换器536. conductor 导体537. heating appliance 电热器538. direct-current 直流539. self-inductor 自感540. mutual-inductor 互感541. the dielectric 电介质542. storage battery 蓄电池543. e.m.f = electromotive fore电动势544. unidirectional current 单方向性电流545. circuit diagram 电路图546. load characteristic 负载特性547. terminal voltage 端电压548. external characteristic外特性549. conductance 电导550. volt-ampere characteristics伏安特性551. carbon-filament lamp 碳丝灯泡552. ideal source 理想电源553. internal resistance 内阻554. active (passive) circuit elements有（无）源电路元件555. deviation 偏差556. leakage current 漏电流557. circuit branch 支路558. P.D. = potential drop 电压降559. potential distribution 电位分布560. r.m.s values = root mean square values 均方根值561. permanent magnet 永磁体562. effective values 有效值563. steady direct current 恒稳直流电564. sinusoidal time function 正弦时间函数565. complex number 复数566. Cartesian coordinates 笛卡儿坐标系567. modulus 模568. real part 实部569. imaginary part 虚部570. displacement current 位移电流571. trigonometric transformations 瞬时值572. epoch angle 初相角573. phase displacement 相位差574. signal amplifier 小信号放大器575. mid-frequency band 中频带576. bipolar junction transistor(BJT双极性晶体管577. field effect transistor(FET)场效应管578. electrode 电极电焊条579. polarity 极性580. gain 增益581. isolation 隔离分离绝缘隔振582. emitter 发射管放射器发射极583. collector 集电极584. base 基极585. self-bias resistor 自偏置电阻586. triangular symbol 三角符号587. phase reversal 反相588. infinite voltage gain 无穷大电压增益589. feedback component 反馈元件590. differentiation 微分591. integration 积分下限592. impedance 阻抗593. fidelity 保真度594. summing circuit总和线路反馈系统中的比较环节595. pneumatic 气动的596. Oscillation 振荡597. inverse 倒数598. admittance 导纳599. transformer 变压器600. turns ratio 变比匝比601. ampere-turns 安匝(数)602. mutual flux 交互(主)磁通603. vector equation 向(相)量方程604. power frequency 工频605. capacitance effect 电容效应606. induction machine 感应电机607. shunt excited 并励608. series excited 串励609. separately excited 他励610. self excited 自励611. field winding 磁场绕组励磁绕组612. speed-torque characteristic 速度转矩特性613. dynamic-state operation动态运行614. salient poles 凸极615. excited by 励磁616. field coils 励磁线圈617. air-gap flux distribution 气隙磁通分布618. direct axis 直轴619. armature coil 电枢线圈620. rotating commutator旋转（整流子）换向器621. commutator-brush combination换向器-电刷总线622. mechanical rectifier 机械式整流器623. armature m.m.f. wave 电枢磁势波624. Geometrical position 几何位置625. magnetic torque 电磁转矩626. spatial waveform 空间波形627. sinusoidal–density wave正弦磁密度628. external armature circuit 电枢外电路629. instantaneous electric power瞬时电功率630. instantaneous mechanical power瞬时机械功率631. effects of saturation 饱和效应632. reluctance 磁阻633. power amplifier 功率放大器634. compound generator 复励发电机635. rheostat 变阻器636. self –excitation process 自励过程637. commutation condition 换向状况638. cumulatively compounded motor积复励电动机639. operating condition 运行状态640. equivalent T –circuit T型等值电路641. rotor (stator) winding 转子（定子绕组）642. winding loss 绕组（铜）损耗643. prime motor 原动机644. active component 有功分量645. reactive component 无功分量646. electromagnetic torque 电磁转矩647. retarding torque 制动转矩648. inductive component 感性（无功）分量649. abscissa axis 横坐标650. induction generator 感应发电机651. synchronous generator 同步发电机652. automatic station 无人值守电站653. hydropower station 水电站654. process of self –excitation 自励过程655. auxiliary motor 辅助电动机656. technical specifications 技术条件657. voltage across the terminals 端电压658. steady –state condition瞬态暂态659. reactive in respect to 相对….呈感性660. active in respect to 相对….呈阻性661. synchronous condenser同步进相（调相）机662. coincide in phase with 与….同相663. synchronous reactance 同步电抗664. algebraic 代数的665. algorithmic 算法的666. biphase 双相的667. bilateral circuit 双向电路668. bimotored 双马达的669. corridor 通路670. shunt displacement current 旁路位移电流671. leakage 泄漏672. lightning shielding 避雷673. harmonic 谐波的674. insulator string 绝缘子串675. neutral 中性的676. zero sequence current 零序电流677. sinusoidal 正弦的678. square 平方679. corona 电晕,放电680. bypass 旁路681. voltmeter 电压表682. ammeter 电流表683. micrometer 千分尺684. thermometer 温度计685. watt-hour meter 电度表686. wattmeter 电力表687. private line 专用线路688. diameter 直径689. centimeter 厘米690. restriking 电弧再触发691. magnitude 振幅692. oscillation 振荡693. auxiliary 辅助的694. protective gap 保护性间隙放电695. receptacle 插座696. lightning arrester 避雷装置697. bushing 套管698. trigger 起动装置699. stress 应力700. deterioration 损坏,磨损701. spark gap 火花放电隙702. traveling-wave 行波703. wye-connected 星形连接704. enclosure 设备外壳705. live conductor 带电导体706. fuse 熔断器707. structural 结构上的708. out-of-step 不同步的709. resynchronize 再同步710. synchroscops 同步指示器711. automatic oscillograph 自动示波器712. nominally 标称713. sampling 采样714. potential transformer 电压互感器715. fraction 分数716. switchyard 户外配电装置717. hazard 危险718. bushing 高压套719. contact 触点720. energize 励磁721. trip coil 跳闸线圈722. over-current relay 过电流继电器723. armature 衔铁724. pickup current 始动电流725. release current 释放电流726. solenoid relay 螺管式继电器727. induction-disc relay 感应圆盘式继电器728. inverse time relay 反时限继电器729. hydraulic 液力的730. dashpot 阻尼器733. electrical stressing 电气应力734. mechanical stressing 机械应力735. crystal 晶体的，水晶，晶体736. demodulation 解调737. derivative 导数738. diaphragm 膜片739. differentiation 微分740. discrete 离散的741. displacement 位移742. eddy 涡流743. encoder 编码器744. error 误差，偏差745. expedite 加速746. feedback 反馈747. feedforward 前馈748. forging 锻造749. hysteresis 磁滞750. immunity 抗扰性751. impedance 阻抗752. increment encoder 增量编码器753. inertia 惯性754. integration 积分755. interface 接口756. jerk 振动，冲击757. kinematic 运动的，运动学的758. longitudinal 经度了；纵向的759. manipulations 操作，控制，处理760. manipulator 机械手，操作器761. measurand 被测量，被测量对象762. modulation 调制763. multiplexer 多路转换器764. offset 偏心765. open-loop 开环766. orthogonal 垂直的，正交的767. perpendicular 垂直的，正交的768. photosensor 光电传感器769. piezoelectric 压电的770. plant 装置，设备771. potentiometer 电位器772. predominant 主要的，突出的773. prismatic 棱型的774. proximity 距离775. quantization 量化776. radial 径向的777. redundant 多余的，重复的778. representation 代表，表示779. resolver 解算器780. resonance 共振781. revolute 旋转的，转动的782. rig 设备783. robustness 鲁棒性784. rolling 轧制785. sampling period 采样周期786. signal-to-noise ration ，SNR信噪比787. strategy 策略788. subsequently 其后789. tachometer 测速仪790. terminology 术语，专门名词791. threshold 门，界限，阈值792. trajectory 轨迹793. transducer 传感器794. transient 瞬态的795. transistor-to-transistor logic，TTL 晶体管-晶体管逻辑796. transit 运输797. translatory 平移的798. algorithm 算法799. ambiguity 模棱两可800. antenna 天线801. arbitration 仲裁，公断802. autonomous 匿名的803. capacity 容量804. chao 混乱805. checksum 检查和806. circumnavigate 饶过807. client-server 客户-服务器808. client-server model 客户服务器模型809. corridor 通道，走廊810. decouple 解耦，去除干扰811. depict 描述812. distributed system 分布式系统813. dungen 地牢814. electronic mail 电子邮件815. entity 实体816. etiquette 规则817. exponential 指数818. fallout 余波，附带结果819. forward 转发820. full-duplex 全双工821. gamut 全体，整体822. goggles 护目镜，潜水镜823. half-duplex 半双工824. hierarchy 阶梯，等级825. host 主机826. infrastructure 基础，底层结构827. interactive 交互式828. interface data unit 接口数据单元829. inventory 存货，清单830. killer 迷人的831. newsgroup 新闻组832. object-oriented 面向对象的833. outgoing 外出了，离开的834. pointer 指针835. primitive 操作，原型836. process 进程837. propagation 传播，宣传838. protocol 协议839. protocol data unit 协议数据单元840. remote database 远程数据库841. remote login 远程登陆842. remote terminal 终端843. reprisal 报复844. router 路由器845. service data unit 服务数据单元846. simultaneous 同时的847. static allocation 静态分配848. subnet 子网849. taxonomy 分类学，分类850. telemedicine 远程医疗851. terminology 术语852. testbed 测试平台853. therapy 治疗854. token 令牌855. topology 拓扑学856. videoconference 可视会议857. virtual reality 虚拟现实858. worldwide shared 全球共享的859. wide area network 广域网860. actuator 执行器861. bar code reader 条码阅读器862. by-product 副产品863. call for 需要864. contiguous 邻近的865. culprit 犯罪者866. elusive 难以捉摸的867. filter 滤波器868. fluctuation 升降剥动，不规则的变化869. hardwired 硬接线的870. havoc 大破坏871. high-volume 大容量872. induction coupling 感应耦合873. inference 干扰874. injection molding 注模875. instruction set 指令集876. interconnection 相互连接877. isolation transformer 隔离变压器878. maintenance 维护879. multiple axis drive 多轴驱动880. pilot light 信号灯881. RF noise 射频干扰882. shock 冲击883. solenoid 线圈884. stand-alone 独立的885. stepper 步进电机886. thermocouple 热电偶887. troubleshoot 排除故障888. uninterruptible power supply 不间断电源889. vendor 生产厂商890. vibration 震动891. water-tight 防水892. wreak 发泄，报复893. configuration 组态894. Cyclic Redundancy Check 循环冗余检查895. electromagnetic interference 电磁干扰896. meticulous 详细的897. nonvolatile 非挥发的898. parity 校验899. peripheral 外设900. pharmaceutical 药剂，药品901. rack mounting 机架安装902. resident program 驻留程序903. spare 备用的904. standby 后备的905. volatile 挥发的，易失的906. watchdog timer 看门狗定时器907. distribution 分配，配电908. primary 最初的，基本的，初级线圈909. radial 径向的，辐射状的910. premise 上述各点，前言，根据911. residential 住宅的，居住的912. residence 住宅913. occupancy 占有，占用，居住914. tap 抽头915. establishment 组织，部门916. dwelling 住房917. panel 操纵台，面板918. laundry 洗衣房919. means 手段，工具920. condominium （国际）共官921. branch circuit 直路922. conduit 导线，导线管923. rigid 刚性的，坚固的924. clamp 夹，钳925. bolt 螺栓926. cubicle 立方体927. interrupter 断续(流、电、路)器928. margin 余量，裕度929. nuisance 障碍，公害930. receptacle 插座，插孔931. algebraic 代数的932. virtually 实际上，实质上933. fluorescent 荧光的，有荧光性的934. fixture 设备，装置]935. vicinity 附近，邻近，接近936. ballast 镇流器937. feeder 馈电线，电源线，馈电板938. ground-fault protector （GFP）939. ground-fault circuit interrupter（GFCI）接地故障保护器，接地故障断路器940. centrifugal 离心的，离心力941. whilst=while942. sphere 球体943. counteract 抵抗，抵消，消除944. joint 关节，铰链945. keyway 键槽946. pivot 轴，支点947. link 连杆948. throttle 节流阀，风门949. synthesis 综合物950. mass 物质，块，堆951. classic 古典的，经典的，传统的952. steer 驾驶，操纵，引导953. servomechanism 伺服机构，伺服系统954. actuate 激励，驱动955. intimately 紧密地，直接的956. academic 纯理论的957. dial 刻度盘，调节控制盘958. calibration 标定，标准化959. lubrication 润滑，注油960. arrangement 结构961. wear 磨损，损耗962. subtle 微妙的，巧妙的963. transducer 变送器964. hand-wheel 手轮，驾驶盘，操纵盘965. hydraulic 液压的，液压传动装置966. pneumatic 气动的，气动力学的967. electro-hydraulic 电动液压的968. electro-pneumatic 电动气动的969. coincidence 一致，相等970. faithful 正确的，可靠的971. fidelity 重现精度，真实，正确972. oscillatory 振动的，摆动的973. align 调整，校准974. profile 轮廓，仿行975. milling machine 铣床976. gyroscope 陀螺仪977. launcher 发生器，启动装置978. inertial 惯性的，惯量的979. electrolytic 电解的980. plate （电）镀981. distillation 蒸馏982. blend 混合，调和，配料983. philosophy 基本原理984. analytical 分析的，分解的985. orifice 侧流板，隔板986. diaphragm 膜，隔板987. knob 钮，圆形把手988. nomenclature 术语989. liable 有责任的990. autonomic 自治的991. grossly 大概，大体上的992. ideological 思想的993. morally 道德上，道义上994. boredom 讨厌，无趣995. deterioration 变化，降低品质996. ambient 环境的997. remarks 附注，要点998. differential pressure transducer差压变送器999. viscous 粘稠的1000.viscous friction 粘滞摩擦.1001.bearing 轴承1002.rolling mill 轧钢机1003.mine minder 矿坑卷扬机1004.velodyne 伺服积分器1005.feasible 可行的1006.regenerative braking 回馈制动1007.eddy current braking 涡流制动1008.dynamic braking 能耗制动1009.reverse braking 反接制动1010.advent 出现1011.prolong 延长1012.armature 电枢1013.contactor 接触器1014.hoist 起重机1015.field winding 励磁绕组mutator 换向器1017.riiple 纹动1018.creep 蠕动1019.tachogenerator 测速发电机1020.quadrant 象限1021.coast 跟踪惯性1022.profile 轮廓1023.conveyance 运输工具1024.lever 手柄，控制杆1025.forced commutation 强迫换流1026.AC squirrel cage induction motor交流笼型感应电动机1027.accutrol 控制器1028.stator 定子1029.rotor 转子1030.DC link 直流环节1031.Triac 双向晶闸管1032.Adjustable-voltage inverter 电压型逆变器1033.Current source inverter 电流型逆变器1034.refinement 明确表达1035.pros and cons 优缺点1036.cogging 齿槽效应.1037.retrofit 改型1038.damper 减速器1039.pitfall 缺陷1040.vernier 游标尺1041.jog 啮合1042.runout table 输出轨道1043.clinker-cooler 熟料冷却器1044.kiln 炉1045.grinder 磨床1046.pitch 齿轮1047.inventory 存货1048.cone pulley 塔轮，快慢轮1049.escalation 升级，提高1050.forced-draft 强制通风1051.induced-draft fan 吸风机1052.elbow 弯头。