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2018年全国硕士研究生考试英语二阅读翻译全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Translating the Reading Passage on the Big TestHi there! My name is Lily and I'm 10 years old. Today I want to tell you all about this really hard reading passage I had to translate for a big important test. It was the English test for adults who want to go to master's degree programs in China. Even though I'm just a kid, I thought it would be fun to try translating the passage myself! Let me tell you, it wasn't easy at all.The passage was about 800 words long, which is super duper long for a little kid like me. The topic was something called "inclusive urban development." I had never even heard those words before! From what I could understand, it was talking about how cities need to have housing, transportation, and outdoor spaces that are accessible and affordable for everyone, not just rich people. The reading mentioned a lot of big concepts that went over my head, like "urban equity" and "spatial inequality."One of the hardest parts was all the complicated vocabulary. There were so many words I didn't know, like "prosperity," "revitalization," and "marginalized." I had to look up almost every other word in the dictionary! My little dictionary was working overtime. I also struggled with understanding all the long, fancy sentences with tons of clauses and big words. Some paragraphs I could barely make sense of at all.But I didn't give up! I read through it very slowly, taking breaks when my brain got too tired. I made sure to underline any words I wasn't sure about so I could ask my mom for help later. She knows lots of big vocabulary! Whenever there was a sentence I just could not wrap my head around, I broke it down into little pieces to try and understand it bit by bit.After many hours of hard work over a few days, I finally finished my translation. I worked so hard on it! I triple checked to make sure I understood everything as best as I could. Parts of my translation might still be a little off since there was so much complex content. But I gave it my absolute best effort.When I showed my mom, she was really impressed that I had tackled such a difficult passage meant for adult students. She said my translation was quite good, especially for a 10-year-old! We celebrated with ice cream after. Even though it was incrediblychallenging, I felt very proud of myself for not giving up. I proved that with perseverance, I can take on any reading no matter how hard!Translating that crazy passage made me feel like a brilliant master's degree student, even if I'm still just a kid. It opened my eyes to how skilled you have to be with English to get into elite grad programs in China. I have a new appreciation for how truly difficult that entrance exam must be. Kudos to anyone who can ace it!While I may be years away from applying to master's programs myself, this experience showed me that I shouldn't underestimate my abilities. If I keep studying hard, learning lots of vocabulary, and taking on tough challenges, I can become a translation superstar! Who knows, maybe I'll be a famous translator when I grow up. For now, I'll stick to kid-level readings. But that passage has motivated me to keep improving my English every day.So that's my story of tackling an intense, way-too-advanced reading passage about urban issues. I transformed from a clueless kid to a hardy translator in just a few days! It was an awesome, rewarding challenge that expanded my skills andmindset. I'm proud of the work I did, and excited to keep learning. Thanks for listening, reading buddies!篇2My Big Translation AdventureHi there! My name is Lily and I'm 8 years old. Today I'm going to tell you all about the super cool translation project I did recently. It was really hard but also a lot of fun!A few weeks ago, my mom came home from work looking really stressed out. She's studying to take a big important test called the National Postgraduate Entrance Exam so she can go to graduate school. This test has all sorts of subjects like math, writing, and reading comprehension.The reading part had some long passages in English that she needed to translate into Chinese. That's where I came in! My English is really good because I've been practicing a lot. My mom asked if I could help her by translating the reading passages from English to Chinese. At first I thought it would be a piece of cake. But boy was I wrong!The passages were super long and had all these big fancy words I'd never heard before. Words like "ambivalent" and"pragmatism." There was no way I could just read through and understand it all. So I had to break it down, section by section.I started by reading through slowly and circling any words I didn't know. Then I looked them up in the dictionary my teacher gave me. Thanks Mrs. Robertson! After that, I tried to get the main idea of each paragraph. I'd summarize it in my own words to make sure I wasn't missing anything important.Some paragraphs took me forever to figure out. I'd have to read them over and over until finally the lightbulb went off in my head. "Ohhhhh, now I get it!" I'd shout. Then I could accurately translate it into Chinese for my mom.There were a few times I got really frustrated and felt like giving up. But my mom wouldn't let me quit. She said consistency and perseverance were important. So I just powered through the hard parts until the passage was all translated.By the time I finished, I was absolutely exhausted! Who knew translating could be so tiring? But I also felt really proud of myself for not giving up. My mom was super impressed too. She gave me the biggest hug and took me out for pizza to celebrate.Translating those reading passages was definitely one of the biggest challenges I've ever faced. But I didn't let it knock medown. With hard work, I powered through and made it to the end. I'm really glad I could help my mom out. Maybe I'll become a translator when I grow up!Well, that's the story of my big translation adventure. It was an epic journey for sure. Hopefully you learned a bit about pushing through challenges and not giving up. Thanks for reading, guys! Talk to you next time.篇3The Big Test for Grown-Up SchoolHi! My name is Lily and I'm 8 years old. Today I'm going to tell you all about a super tough test that kids way older than me have to take if they want to go to a really advanced school called grad school. It's called the master's degree entrance exam and it has a really hard section on reading English stories and translating them into Chinese. I'm pretending I took this part of the test myself so you can see how crazy difficult it is!The first English story was about some scientists who went to study penguins in Antarctica. It talked about how penguins huddle together when it's cold to share their body heat. But if a penguin tries to move closer to the middle of the group, the other penguins pecked at it until it moved back to the outside.Isn't that mean? The story said this helps the group stay together and survive but I still felt bad for the poor penguin who got pecked. To translate it to Chinese I'd say "那些企鹅拥挤在一起，分享体温。
研究生英语精读教程（下）课文翻译及答案Unit One Technology vs. Terrorism参考译文应对恐怖主义的技术毒素嗅探器、导弹人为干发射机、放射性核弹探测器：“9〃11”事件后闪电式的保卫行动不仅影响着公共安全——还在改变着科学的进程。
史蒂芬〃汉德曼边境、基础设施[5] 自 2004 年以来，首都华盛顿应用的一种可核对监视名单信息的光扫描器已记录下了约6 000 万访美人员两个食指的指印。
花费了15 亿美元研制成的“访美” 生物统计学程序已识别出 1 100 名企图以假借口入境的人及 2 万多背景可疑的想要入境者。
[6] 随着护照签证申请人的档案急剧增加，对十指全部进行扫描将使身份验证更加万无一失。
扫描系统还可以利用虹膜扫描和声纹。
同时，在100 个港口和边防站，一种由科学应用国际公司设计、名叫“ 车货检查系统” (VACIS) 的车载扫描器给海关检查员提供了一种工具，使他们不用打开卡车与集装箱就能探查内部的真相。
VACIS 采用了甚至能穿透铅衬里箱子的低能伽马射线，射线在6 秒钟这么短的时间内就能显示出有明显颗粒的图像。
如果检查人员发现货物和运货清单上写的不一致，则集装箱就会被转到另一处做进一步检查。
[7] 现在正在开发之中的还有微米大小的传感器——名叫“智能灰尘” 或“尘埃”。
该传感器可撒在管线、无设防的边境和公用设施的周围，用以监测生物浮质、化学物质或放射物的入侵或释放。
依靠传感器仪表的技术进展，这些用电池作能源的计算机形成了一个电子眼、电子耳和电子鼻的网络——它们可用低宽带频率相互通讯，并可将各种示数发送到中心服务器。
专家说，该传感器可能准备到2010 年在全国各地铺开，不过这还要视投资情况而定。
Unit Four The Man Who Discovered Mother Nature参考译文发现大自然的人詹姆斯〃洛夫洛克大胆新颖的理论有可能永远改变我们看待我们这个行星上生物的方式洛厄尔〃庞特[5] 不过就在寻找火星上是否有生命迹象的同时，洛夫洛克对“ 金发小姑娘问题” 着了迷，这是一个早就令科学家们感兴趣的谜：为什么金星太热，火星太冷，不适于生物生存，而地球却恰好适合于生物生存呢 ?[6] 研究人员过去曾假设地球不过是很走运，与太阳的距离不远不近正合适，这样水始终处于液态，水温保持在沸点与冰点之间。
Unit 2 Energy in Transition能源转型The era of cheap and convenient sources of energy is coming to an end.A transition to more expensive but less polluting sources must now be managed.能源资源价格低廉、使用便捷的时代已经过去了，目前应向尽管价格较高、但污染较小的资源转变。
John P. HoldrenUnderstanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy and human well-being. Energy contributes positively to well-being by providing such consumer services as heating and lighting as well as serving as a necessary input to economic production. But the costs of energy －including not only the money and other resources devoted to obtaining and exploiting it but also environmental and sociopolitical impacts －detract from well-being.１．要了解这一转变，首先需要考察一下能源和人类幸福的双重关系。
能源为人类提供了诸如取暖、照明等消费服务的同时，也为经济生产活动提供必要投入，从这个意义上讲，能源为人类幸福做出了积极贡献。
然而，人类为利用能源所付出的代价却削弱了能源为其带来的利益，这种代价不仅包括为获取和利用能源所投入的资金和其他资源，而且包含了能源开发和利用所产生的环境影响和社会政治影响。
The End Is Not at HandThe environmental rhetoric overblown.The planet will surviveRobert J. SamuelsonWhoever coined the phrase "save the planet" is a public relation genius. It conveys the sense of impending catastrophe and high purpose that has wrapped environmentalism in an aura of moral urgency.It also typifies environmentalism's rhetorical excesses, which, in any other context, would be seen as wild exaggeration or simple dishonesty.无论是谁杜撰了“拯救地球”这一说法，他都是一位公共关系方面的天才。
这一说法既表达了对即将来临的灭顶之灾的意识，也满怀着使环境保护论带有道义紧迫感这一大的目标。
同时这种说法也表明环境保护论言过其实，这种夸大在其他任何场合都会被视为是在危言耸听或愚蠢的欺骗。
Up to a point, our environmental awareness has checked a mindless enthusiasm for unrestrained economic growth.We have sensibly curbed some of growth's harmful side effects. But environmentalism increasingly resembles a holy crusade addicted to hypeand ignorant of history.Every environmental ill is depicted as an onrushing calamity that—if not stopped will end life as we know it.就某种程度而言，我们的环境意识遏制了对自由经济增长所表现出的盲目热情。
第一单元1.你对他说的话不能为你这种行为辩护。
(justify)What you did cannot be justified by what you said to him.2.你认为他会因为同主教的私人关系而免受宗教迫害吗? (immune from)Do you think he would be immune from religious persecution by reason of his personal relation with the Bishop?3.你对心理医生的忠告采取什么态度会影响到你是否会再做恶梦。
(recur)Whether your nightmare recurs depends on your attitude towards the advice of the psychiatrist.4.乐观主义者成功的秘诀在于他们是用积极的态度对待失望和失败。
The secret to the success of optimists is that they deal with disappointments and failures in a positive way.5.悲观主义者往往容易失败，部分原因就是一个人对自己的看法常常是一种能够自我实现的预言。
(in part)The reason that a pessimist tends to fail is, in part, that a person's opinion about himself is often a self-fulfilling prophecy.6.在幼儿的性格特征没有来得及发展之前，他们的行为不如大多数成年人的行为那样保持一致(consistent)。
In very young children, before traits have had much chance to develop, behavior is less consistent than it is in most adults.第二单元1.那个政客以许多事实和数字作为武器。
Unit5 三明治人－－生存在夹缝中的一代人1九月上旬，安妮接到卡尔加伏特山医院打来的电话，要她将住院的母亲接回家去。
已经84岁高龄的老母亲易瑞尼从三月中风以来就一直住在医院，接受精心地护理。
2六个月后，易瑞尼可以自己吃饭，也能下床走动。
但记性依然不好。
看样子，在敬老院腾出床位前她是不可能回家独自生活的。
已经42岁的安妮是社会服务顾问，同丈夫同住卡尔加城，家里还有三个孩子，老大19岁，老二15岁，最小的11岁。
安妮回忆接母亲的事时说：“她非常虚弱，简直弱不禁风。
我跟医院一再解释，我们不能接她回家——我们没法接她回来。
”但福特山医院答应帮忙安排家庭护理，安妮便将母亲接回了家。
要求隐去全名的安妮说：“这真让我们惊慌失措。
从医学上讲，医院已无力回天，他们要我接回母亲也有道理。
但是，我也无法照料好自己的老母。
”3安妮就是生活在夹缝中的人员之一上要顾老，下要顾小，同时还得努力雕自己的饭碗。
据估计在女口拿大，年长的亲戚与小一辈的家庭咸员生活在一起的大家庭大约有12万家。
尽管统计数字显示这样的大家庭越来越少，但那些确实搬到了子女家并与子女同住的大家庭已经发生了巨大的变化，他们与原来的大家庭完全不一样了，一方面现在的长辈子女少些，因而分担家庭重担的人相应减少了；另一方面，现代家庭中的女孩也都出外工作。
实际上，渥太华凡妮家庭研究所行政与交流主任安兰·马瑞贝里指出现代家庭中的一对夫妻平均一周要工作65~80小时，而20世纪50年代则只有4㈠5小时。
他说：“现代人的劳动强度是过去的两倍，只有这样才能维持一定的生活水平，”而这一变化完全为人们所忽略，相反公众舆论要求有些医疗保健上的负担从政府部门转到各个家庭，这样也许各家庭的经济问题解决了，但是，“我们不能只凭假设就认为我们能得到足够的医护人员，因为现代家庭已发生了很大的变化。
’4同时，马瑞贝里也意识到要让那些特护病人顺利回家，确实“各有各的难处”。
加拿大人流动性大，有一半的家庭平均每五年会换一个地方——家庭成员也天南地北。
Unit 5 Text1Lincoln in History1．The annals of the past contain few accounts of truly good men. Historians are more used to analyzing a mixture of ingredients, good and bad intentions, success and failure, high endeavors threatened by flaws in execution, and to balance out the sums ending with a careful plus or minus.过去的那些历史，对伟人的描述不多。
历史学家习惯于综合的来分析一个人，动机的好与坏，成功或失败，他很努力了，但是在执行的过程中也会有些小错误，他通过略加酌减来综合平衡，最终得出结论。
2．Lincoln is rare in providing much for history to ponder and reflect on but little to dispute with except in the shortcomings in the execution of his policies. He is the rarer for his absolute success through four years of bitter politics and bloody warfare.He sought power, without pretending otherwise, and exercised it to the full. But he is singular, perhaps unique in history, in that he was never corrupted by power. His ambition was tied not to personal gain but to a pair of succeeding and complementary principles; to restore a nation dedicated to the proposition that “all men are created equal” and to ensure that a union so recovered was purged of the great contradiction which had lain at the heart of its constitution.林肯提供给历史来思考的地方不多，除了在他执政过程中的一些缺憾，没有让人争论的东西。
sentence=410|3.944|How do your current designs and your current collections4|7.944|fit in with your manifesto or are they two separate entities?您当前的设计和当前的收藏如何适合你的宣言，还是两个独立的实体？8|18.347|My manifesto applies to my gold label but it applies particularly to "World's x18.36|21.100|That's the shot where I did punk rock and everything我的宣言适用于我的黄金标签，但特别适用于“世界末日”，因为我想。
这是我做朋克摇滚和一切的镜头21.109|25.347|and I thought what would I tell young people these days and I wanted to activate it.我想我今天会告诉年轻人，我想激活它25.482|29.256|I wanted to get a great look in there that was cheap enough to buy 我想在那里买东西很便宜，29.266|32.656|and yet you looked great good quality all this stuff但是你看起来很好，所有这些东西都很好32.682|37.656|and put also lots of my old favourites in there that never will date 还把我那些从来不会约会的很多我最喜欢的东西放在这里37.682|40.956|and you can just wear them forever and get a real look in there.你可以永远穿着它们，并在那里得到一个真正的外观。
Unit One Techno logyvs. Terror ism参考译文应对恐怖主义的技术毒素嗅探器、导弹人为干发射机、放射性核弹探测器：‚9〃11‛事件后闪电式的保卫行动不仅影响着公共安全——还在改变着科学的进程。
史蒂芬〃汉德曼[1] 在防止未来的“9·11” 事件式攻击—或更恶劣的攻击—的竞赛中，华盛顿以前苏联发射人造地球卫星以来所未有的规模对美国的科学机构做了安排。
自2003年以来，联邦政府对国土防卫研究的投资猛增到近 40 亿美元，而这只不过是安全总开支的沧海一粟。
更重要的是，加快的开支把以前截然不同的科学项目结合了起来：软件工程师、流行病学家和生物学家合作开发保护空气与食物不遭受生物恐怖手段破坏的技术。
核物理学家和生物恐怖活动专家如今与行为科学最好的智囊人物合作，设计减少核走私与自杀式炸弹威胁的方法。
[2] 然而有些专家认为，这么大的开支实际上只能提供一种安全上的错觉。
《超脱恐惧：明智地考虑变幻莫测世界的安全问题》的作者布鲁斯· 施奈尔说：“这当中有许多都是做表面文章的保安技术，目的是让你感到更安全。
” 他指出，高技术防护措施大量涌入了从白宫到各地市政厅等标志性建筑内，他声称这就会将恐怖分子的注意力引向地铁与体育场等“ 较软性” 目标。
但政府似乎也赞同此观点。
不断扩大的国土保安措施不仅包括了大目标，而且也包括了国家广大易受攻击的区域。
下面是 5 个风险最高的领域以及今后几年会出现的一些保卫它们的技术。
空气、水、食品[3] 这个领域里最大的难题之一是研制一系列传感器，它们能觉察出对从田地里的庄稼到公共场所的空调系统等各样事物所发动的攻击。
环保局和疾病控制预防中心及联邦调查局协作，在美国 30 个城市部署了一个微型毒素检测器的网络，作为叫做“ 生物警卫” 的 3 亿美元项目的一部分。
Unit3 美国人的酷爱我父亲的车是别克。
在经济大萧条以前，他的车本是史达兹。
然而，就像成千上万经济状况处于上升阶段的有车族一样，那场可悲的经济逆转使他们非得调整对汽车的胃口不可。
到他死的时候，他开过的那些别克轿车就不只是普通意义上的交通工具了，而且将父亲定位于这样的社会阶层——比庞蒂亚克人富有，但比不上克迪拉克人。
拥有别克轿车让人一看便知父亲的社会地位。
与别克人相当的还有福特人和克莱斯勒人。
我们美国人与汽车的特殊缘分，其坚实的基础就在于对一种轿车品牌的忠诚，这种忠诚因其来之不易而倍受珍惜。
·这就是爱吗?也许用词过分，可美国人对这些机器的尊重甚过所有其他机器——不仅将它们视为20世纪雕塑大观中的标志，而且还将它们视为社会的护身符。
我记忆中的第一辆别克车是一辆闪闪发亮的黑色轿车，椅子的衬垫是厚厚的马海毛，离合器拉杆是新式的。
我父亲爱吹嘘说这辆车一小时能跑120英里。
一想到这样的速度就会令男人们兴奋不已。
我照着家里的菲尔可牌收音机盒里播出的格林，霍利特驾驶的那个神秘机器的名字，给这头漂亮的牲口取了个名副其实的绰号——黑美驹。
20世纪中，电话、电视或者个人电脑，这一切都使人类环境发生了巨大变化。
然而，与电话、电视、电脑不同的是，汽车却享有人格化的地位。
有些汽车可以成为家庭成员，机械宠物。
我们给汽车起名字，在自己·家的车道上精心打扮汽车，在汽车不能满足我们的需要时诅咒它们。
在折旧换新之时为旧车的离去而悲哀。
人们对汽车的热爱让环境保护者、安全为重的倡导者以及社会工程师们感到不安。
他们认为通往人间天堂的道路应该到处都铺设公交运输所必备的发亮轨道。
他们想象着我们加入未来拥挤不堪的自行车行列，而不是像一位激动不已的评论家所预见的那样，坐在“傲慢的双轮马车”方向盘后。
这种态度不是现在才有的。
首先是铁路，接着是汽车造成的人口流动早已使得守旧的特权阶层感到不安。
在战场上有过辉煌，但却以鄙视下层民众而出名的威林顿公爵在150年前就曾反对英国发展铁路，这是因为火车只会怂恿普通人毫无意义地到处走动。
Unit 2 Energy in Transition能源转型The era of cheap and convenient sources of energy is coming to an end.A transition to more expensive but less polluting sources must now be managed.能源资源价格低廉、使用便捷的时代已经过去了，目前应向尽管价格较高、但污染较小的资源转变。
John P. HoldrenUnderstanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy and human well-being. Energy contributes positively to well-being by providing such consumer services as heating and lighting as well as serving as a necessary input to economic production. But the costs of energy －including not only the money and other resources devoted to obtaining and exploiting it but also environmental and sociopolitical impacts －detract from well-being.１．要了解这一转变，首先需要考察一下能源和人类幸福的双重关系。
能源为人类提供了诸如取暖、照明等消费服务的同时，也为经济生产活动提供必要投入，从这个意义上讲，能源为人类幸福做出了积极贡献。
然而，人类为利用能源所付出的代价却削弱了能源为其带来的利益，这种代价不仅包括为获取和利用能源所投入的资金和其他资源，而且包含了能源开发和利用所产生的环境影响和社会政治影响。
For most of human history, the dominant concerns about energy havecentered on the benefit side of the energy －well-being equation. Inadequacy of energy resources or (more often) of the technologies and organizations for harvesting, converting, and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits and hence inconvenience, deprivation and constraints on growth. The 1970’s, then, represented a turning point. After decades of constancy or decline in monetary costs －and of relegation of environmental and sociopolitical costs to secondary status －energy was seen to be getting costlier in all respects. It began to be plausible that excessive energy costs could pose threats on a par with those of insufficient supply. It also became possible to think that expanding some forms of energy supply could create costs exceeding the benefits.２．人类历史发展长河中，人们主要关心的是能源和人类安康等式中有利的一面。
能源资源不足或者（更经常）开采、加工和分配这些资源所需技术和机构的不足，会影响能源为人类带来的利益，对人类也就意味着不方便、损失以及对增长的各种限制。
到了20世纪70年代，出现了一个转折点。
此前的几十年中，能源的资金成本一直保持稳定，甚至有所下降，而且，其所牵扯的环境成本和社会政治成本一直处于次要地位。
但是20世纪70年代开始，开发和利用能源的多方成本均显著增长。
人们自然有理由认为：高昂的能源成本所带来的威胁已同能源供应不足所产生的威胁不相上下。
同时，也有人担心，依靠扩大能源资源增加供应所需付出的代价，也许大于其所带来的利益。
The crucial question at the beginning of the 1990’s is whether the trend that began in the 1970’s will prove to be temporary or permanent. Is the era ofcheap energy really over, or will a combination of new resources, new technology and changing geopolitics bring it back? One key determinant of the answer is the staggering scale ofenergy demand brought forth by 100 years of unprecedented population growth, coupled with an equally remarkable growth in per capita demand of industrial energy forms. It entailed the use of dirty coal as well as clean; undersea oil as well as terrestrial; deep gas as well as shallow; mediocre hydroelectric sites as well as good ones; and deforestation as well as sustainable fuelwood harvesting.３．20世纪90年代初期人们关注的焦点在于，这种始于70年代的能源发展趋势是暂时的还是长远的。
廉价能源时代是真正一去不复返，还是通过开发新能源、应用新技术、改革地缘政治秩序等措施，有可能重登历史舞台？回答这个问题的一个关键因素是过去100年以来因人口空前增长带来的令人瞠目的能源需求以及同样使人无所应对的人均工业能源需求。
急剧增长的能源需求使得人类对能源的使用无所不用其极：不管是清洁煤炭还是劣质煤炭（或“无矸煤还是有矸煤”），见煤就挖；无论是陆上石油还是海底石油，深层气还是浅层气，见油气就采；水电站建设不论适宜与否，见水就上；一边绿化造林以求薪材可持续发展，一边却砍树毁林。
Except for the huge pool of oil underlying the Middle East, the cheapest oil and gas are already gone. Even if a few more giant oil fields are discovered, they will make little difference against consumption on today’s scale. Oil and gas will have to come increasingly, for most countries, from deeper in the earthand from imports whose reliability and affordability cannot be guaranteed. ４.除了中东地区蕴藏着巨大的石油资源，地球上廉价的油气资源已经不复存在了。
即使偶尔找到几个大的油田，同当今巨大的能源消耗相比，也是杯水车薪。
对于大多数国家来说，油气资源越来越多地依赖进口，且不说进口油气资源的可靠性无法得到保障，其对进口国的支付能力也是一个考验。
There are a variety of other energy resources that are more abundant than oil and gas. Coal, solar energy, and fission and fusion fuels are the most important ones. But they all require elaborate and expensive transformation into electricity or liquid fuels in order to meet society’s needs. None has very good prospects for delivering large quantities of electricity at costs comparable to those of the cheap coal-fired and hydropower plants of the 1960’s. It appears, then, that expensive energy is a permanent condition, even without allowing for its environmental costs.５.诚然，其他许多资源的储量大于石油和天然气，最重要的有煤、太阳能、聚变裂变燃料等。
但是这些能源转化成电力或液体燃料，以满足社会需求，需要经过技术复杂、成本昂贵的转化过程。
同20世纪60 年代成本低廉的燃煤火电站和水力发电站相比，仅从成本考虑，以上各种资源用于大规模发电的可能性极小。
因此，即使不考虑能源开采的环境成本，能源价格居高不下已成无可改变的定局。
The capacity of the environment to absorb the effluents and other impacts of energy technologies is itself a finite resource. The finitude is manifested in two basic types of environmental costs. External costs are those imposed by environmental disruptions on society but not reflected in the monetaryaccounts of the buyers and sellers of the energy. “Internalized costs”are increases in monetary costs imposed by measures, such as pollution-control devices, aimed at reducing the external costs.６.环境吸纳由于能源利用而产生的废弃物和其他影响的能力本身也是有限度的，表现在两方面的环境成本上。
