定语从句简介讲义
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定语从句讲义定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。
定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which, as等。
关系副词有:when, where, why等。
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分。
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1)who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:Is he the man who/that wants to see you? (who/that在从句中作主语)He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. (whom/that 在从句中作宾语)2) Whose 用来指人或物(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换)。
例如:They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.3)which, that:它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.(which / that在句中作主语)The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.(which / that在句中作宾语)关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。
1一、定语从句概述定语可以由形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语 等来担任,也可以由一个句子来担任。
在句子中起定语作用的从句称为定语 从句。
定语从句在句中的作用相当于形容词,故又称为形容词性从句。
被定 语从句修饰的名词叫先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
二 关系词的用法。
关系词可分为关系代词和关系副词。
关系词指代先行词,放在先行词与 定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又充当定语从句中的某一种成分(主语、宾 语、状语等)。
引导定语从句的关系代词有"at ,who ,whom ,whose ,which;关系副词有 when ,where ,why 等。
关系词在句子中的指代作用及成分如下表 1.关系代词的用法(1) who, whom 的用法二者都用于指人。
who 在定语从句中作主语、宾语;whom 在定语从句中 作宾语。
在现代英语里,有时who 也可代替whom 在从句中作宾语。
作 宾语的关系代词who ,whom 可以省略(介词后作宾语的关系代词除外)。
She was the one who did most of the talking 。
大部分时间都是她在说话。
(作主语) The boy who I know studies best in his class.我认识的那个男孩在班上学习最好。
(作宾语)I happened to meet the professor (who/whom) I got to know at a party. 我碰巧遇见了那位在一次聚会上认识的教授。
(作宾语,whom 可用who 代替) whom 在从句中作介词的宾语,且介词提到whom 前面时,不能用who 代替。
Yesterday I came across a few friends with whom I went to the park .昨天 我碰见了几个朋友,我和他们一起去了公园。
《定语从句》讲义一、定语从句的定义和作用定语从句是一种在英语中非常常见且重要的语法结构。
它在句子中充当定语,用来修饰一个名词或代词,使其含义更加明确和丰富。
简单来说,定语从句就是一个句子,放在被修饰的名词或代词后面,起到描述和限定的作用。
通过定语从句,我们能够更详细、更准确地表达我们想要表达的意思。
比如,“The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting”(我昨天买的那本书非常有趣。
)在这个句子中,“that I bought yesterday”就是一个定语从句,用来修饰先行词“the book”,让我们清楚知道是哪一本书有趣。
二、定语从句的构成定语从句通常由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引导。
常见的关系代词有:that、which、who、whom、whose。
常见的关系副词有:when、where、why。
关系词在定语从句中不仅起到引导的作用,还在从句中充当一定的成分。
例如,在“The man who is standing there is my teacher”这个句子中,“who”是关系代词,在从句“who is standing there”中作主语。
三、关系代词的用法1、 that 和 whichthat 和 which 都可以用来指代物,但在一些情况下,只能用 that 不能用 which。
当先行词是不定代词(如 all、anything、nothing 等)、先行词被最高级、序数词修饰、先行词既有人又有物时,通常用 that 而不用 which。
例如:All that glitters is not gold(发光的未必都是金子。
)This is the first book that I have read(这是我读过的第一本书。
)The man and the horse that fell into the river were drowned(掉进河里的人和马都淹死了。
学习必备欢迎下载一.定语从句定义及相关术语1.定语从句:修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。
2.先行词:被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。
3.关系词:引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等;关系副词有when, where, why 等。
关系词通常有下列三个作用: A. 引导定语从句 B.代替先行词 ,C.在定语从句中担当一个成分二.关系代词表格关系词先行词从句成分例句who人主语,宾语Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.whom人宾语Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am workingI like those books whose topics are about history.关 whose人,物定语The boy whose father works abroad is my 系classmate.代A plane is a machine that can fly.词主语,宾语that人,物She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.表语She is not the person that she used to beThe book (which) I gave you was worth $10.which物主语,宾语The picture which was about the accident wasterrible.as人,物主语,宾语He is such a person as is respected by all of us. This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.Who,whom, which 和 that 在从句中做宾语时,常备可以省略,但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略,注也不可以用 that 和 whowhen时间状语I will never forget the days when we spent our holi关days together.系where地点状语I know a place where we can have a picnic 副词why原因状语This is the reason why he was fired.例如:(注意关系代词在定语从句中所充当的成分)① Do you know the professor who/that will give us a speech next week?(作主语)② I read a report about his new novel that/ which will soon be published.(作主语)③ The plan that/which they argued about was settled at last.(作宾语)④ This is the new secretary (who/whom/that) I would like to introduce to you.(作宾语)⑤ The soldier whose legs were badly wounded was operated on without delay.(作定语)三. 6 个关系代词的用法1)关系代词that 和 which 的用法which, that在代替物时,一般可以通用。
定语从句(一)基本概念1.由一个句子作定语,修饰句中一个名词或代词,有时也可以修饰整个句子或句中的部分内容,这样的从句就是定语从句,被其修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
2.关系词分为两大类,即关系代词和关系副词,其作用一是引出一个定语从句,二是代替其所修饰的先行词,三是在句中充当某个句子成分。
关系词的分类和基本用法(二)定语从句的注意点本部分的内容比较复杂,为便于考生一目了然,我们试图用表格的形式呈现给考生。
1.that与which, who, whom的用法区别2.as、which和that的区别3. where、when与why引导的定语从句4.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句当关系代词作介词宾语,且该介词不是和从句的谓语动词构成固定短语时,介词可以提前,这样就出现“介词+关系代词”。
先行词指物,用“介词+which/whose”,指人则用“介词+whom/whose”, 且两个关系代词均不能省略。
介词的选择要遵循两个原则:5.定语从句与先行词被分割开来的现象定语从句一般紧接被它所修饰的先行词;但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成分,使它与先行词分隔开来,这种定语从句叫作被分隔的定语从句,在阅读文章时会经常遇到这种情况,在阅读是要注意识别先行词的修饰对象。
6.定语从句与其它从句(句型)的区别此外还要注意下列两点:▲定语从句与习惯句型用一个恰当的词完成下列句子,使之完整与正确。
①It is the first time _____ she has been in Shanghai.②It was the time _____ Chinese people had a hard life.解析:这里①小题是一个习惯句型,其结构为:It is/was the first/second ...time +that从句。
故①填that,其意为:这是她第一次在上海。
②小题the time是先行词,其后是表示时间的定语从句,故填when。
高中数学定语从句语法讲义1. 什么是定语从句?定语从句是一个从句,在句中做修饰限制主句中名词或代词意义的作用。
它通常紧跟在被修饰的名词或代词之后。
2. 定语从句的构成定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导,关系代词包括:that、which、who、whom、whose;关系副词包括:where、when、why。
3. 关系代词的使用3.1 that- 用来引导限制性定语从句,修饰人和事物。
- 既可以修饰名词,也可以修饰整个句子。
- 不能在定语从句中作主语。
- 可以用于修饰指示代词this、that、these、those。
3.2 which- 用来引导限制性定语从句,修饰事物。
- 不能引导修饰人的定语从句。
- 不能用于修饰指示代词this、that、these、those。
3.3 who/whom- 用来引导限制性定语从句,修饰人。
- who作主语,whom作宾语。
- 可以用于修饰指示代词this、that、these、those。
3.4 whose- 用来引导限制性定语从句,表示所属关系。
- 修饰名词或代词。
4. 关系副词的使用4.1 where- 用来引导限制性定语从句,修饰地点名词。
4.2 when- 用来引导限制性定语从句,修饰时间名词。
4.3 why- 用来引导限制性定语从句,修饰原因名词。
5. 定语从句的位置- 定语从句可以放在被修饰名词的前面或后面,取决于具体语境。
6. 例句1. The book that I borrowed from the library is very interesting.2. The house where they used to live is now for sale.5. This is the car whose owner is my neighbor.以上是关于高中数学定语从句的语法讲义。
定语从句在句子中起着修饰限制作用,通过使用不同的关系代词或关系副词来引导,对名词进行补充说明。
完整版)定语从句超详细讲解定语从句研究目标:1.熟练掌握定语从句。
考点解析:定语从句的功能是解释说明。
例如,“This is the factory that/which can produce such machines”和“This is the factorythat/which we visited last week”都是定语从句,它们在主句中充当定语成分。
定语从句的定义是一个简单句跟在名词或代词后(先行词)进行修饰限定,就叫做定语从句。
例如,“I bought a cow that looked like a horse”。
定语从句的考查形式有语法、完形、阅读和写作。
定语从句的原理是把两个句子合为一个,两个句子有相同的部分,此时可以把其中一个句子作为另一个句子的修饰限定部分。
例句:I live next door to a couple whose children often make a lot of noise。
(2016高考北京卷)Balto put his nose to the ground。
trying to find the smell of other dogs that had traveled on the trail。
(2016高考北京卷)A nurse who understands the healing value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures。
(2016高考全国卷D篇)Last year。
I spent all my time looking for a job where I could work alone without dealing with the public。
定语从句的详细讲解一、定语从句的概念在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句大凡放在先行词的后面。
二、定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,多见的关系代词包括that,which,who (宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括where,when,why等。
关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的严重成分。
三、定语从句的分类根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。
限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去,非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍统统。
四、关系代词的用法1. that既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。
在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。
例如:Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢柔和的音乐。
(that 作主语)The coat (that)I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。
(that作宾语)2.which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。
例如:The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。
(作主语)The film (which)we saw last night was wonderful.我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。
(作宾语)3.who, whom用于指人,who用作主语,whom用作宾语。
在口语中,有时可用who代替whom,也可省略。
例如:The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。
定语从句一、概述定语可以由形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语等来担任,也可以由一个句子来担任。
在句子中起定语作用的从句称为定语从句。
定语从句在句中的作用相当于形容词,故又称为形容词性从句。
被定语从句修饰的名词叫先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
二关系词的用法。
关系词可分为关系代词和关系副词。
关系词指代先行词,放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又充当定语从句中的某一种成分(主语、宾语、状语等)。
引导定语从句的关系代词有at,who,whom,whose,which;关系副词有when,where,why等。
关系词在句子中的指代作用及成分如下表功能用于限制性从句或非限制性从句只用于限制性从句1.关系代词的用法who, whom的用法(1)二者都用于指人。
who在定语从句中作主语、宾语;whom在定语从句中作宾语。
在现代英语里,有时who也可代替whom在从句中作宾语。
作宾语的关系代词who,whom可以省略(介词后作宾语的关系代词除外)。
She was the one who did most of the talking。
大部分时间都是她在说话。
(作主语) The boy who I know studiesbest in his class.我认识的那个男孩在班上学习最好。
(作宾语)I happened to meet the professor (who/whom) I got to know ata party. 我碰巧遇见了那位在一次聚会上认识的教授。
(作宾语,whom可用who 代替)whom在从句中作介词的宾语,且介词提到whom前面时,不能用who 代替。
Yesterday I came across a few friends with whom I went to the park.昨天我碰见了几个朋友,我和他们一起去了公园。
(句中的whom不能用who 代替)whose的用法(2)whose可以指人也可以指物,在定语从句中作定语。
定语从句功能:定语从句相当于形容词,修饰名词或代词。
在句中作定语,置于被修饰词之后。
概念:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
引导定语从句,代替先行词在定语从句中充当一个成分的词叫关系词,关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词:that, which, who, whom, whose, as关系副词:when, where, why1.2.The boys who are playing football are from class one.3.Mr Liu is the person whom you talked about on the bus.4.The girl whom the teacher often praises is our monitor.5.Football is a game which most boys like.6.The factory which makes computers is far away from here.7.The person whom you introduced to me is very kind.8.The season which comes after spring is autumn.9.He has a friend whose father is a doctor.10.Do you like the book whose cover is blue?1.I still remember the day when I first came to the school.2.Xiantao is the city where I was born.3.I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy.关系副词=介词+关系代词(介词后的关系代词只可用which或whom)三、As的用法1、如为限制性是的,常用于the same…as; such…as; as many as; so …as句型中I have the same book as you (have).2、如为非限制性的,多单独引导一个定语从句,“正如”As we all know, smoking is harmful to one’s health.四、定语从句可分为:限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句China is a country which has a long history.(限制性定语从句)His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.(非限制性定语从句)区别:1、形式上,非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开2、语法上,非限制性定语从句不用that3、语义上,限制性定语从句与关系词联系紧密,起限制作用,如果去掉了这个定语从句,整个句子会不完整或者改变意思;非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密,对先行词起补充说明作用,可以省略。
定语从句二关系代词1. 先行词是人时,可用关系代词who, whom, that 来引导从句。
①.who指人,在从句中做主语e.g. The boys who are playing football are from Class One.②. whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。
e.g. Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about.〈N〉:关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略。
e.g. This is the thief (that/who/whom) we have been looking for these days.(这个就是我们近日一直在找的小偷。
)〈N〉:先行词是one, ones, those时,用who, 不用that.e.g. Those who work harder will get the job.在由“介词+ 关系代词”引导的定语从句中,只能用whom指人,而不能用that 或whoe.g. This is my friend with whom I go to school everyday.2. 先行词是物时,用that 和which引导。
①that 和which指物,在从句中可作主语或宾语,做宾语时可省略。
〈N〉:在由“介词+ 关系代词”引导的定语从句中,只能用which指物,而不能用that 当在非限制性定语从句中(通常用逗号与主句分开的定语从句)时,只能用which只能用that 引导定语从句的情况:3. 所有格Whose是关系代词的所有格,通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语。
三.关系副词:【关系副词的种类】定语从句中的关系副词有三个:when, where和why,它们在定语从句中分别作时间、地点和原因状语。
关系副词的用法1. 先行词为地点,且在定语从句中作地点状语时,定语从句由关系副词where引导。
英语中,将在复合句中作定语,修饰主句中的某名词或代词的从句叫作定语从句。
被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词,通常放在定语从句之前。
引导定语从句的引导词(也叫关联词)可以是关系代词(如that, which, who, whom, whose 等)或者关系副词(如when, where, why等)。
引导词通常位于先行词和定语从句之间,它既起联系作用,又充当从句中的某个句子成分。
定语从句的基本结构是:先行词+ 引导词+ 定语从句。
定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两大类别:限制性定语从句是先行词必不可少的定语,与主句关系十分密切,如果被删去,则主句的意义就不完整甚至失去意义,书写时主从句之间不可用逗号分开。
非限制性定语从句是对先行词附加的文字说明作用,与主句关系不是很密切,如果被删去,也并不影响逐句的意思和完整性,书写时主从句之间往往用逗号分开。
定语从句这个语法项目中,最复杂也是最关键的知识就属关联词了。
要掌握好定语从句的引导词的用法,我们必须从下面的这些方面入手。
一、判断定语从句引导词的一般规律:1、关系代词1)that既可用来指代人也可用来指代事物,在从句中充当主语或宾语。
例如:Who’s the boy that is reading a book? 正在看书的这个男孩是谁?(指人,作主语)The man that you talked to is my uncle. 和你说话的那个人是我叔叔。
(指人,作宾语)The train that has just left is for Shanghai. 刚发车的这趟列车是去上海的。
(指物,作主语)Can you show me the photo (that)you like best? 你能把你最喜欢的这张照片给我看看吗?(指物,作宾语)2)whose既可用来指代人也可用来指代事物,在从句中充当定语。
例如:This is the girl whose math book is lost.这就是丢了数学书的女孩。
(指人,作定语)The house whose windows are closed is mine. 窗户都关着的这栋房子就是我家。
(指物,作定语)3)which用来指代事物,在从句中作主语或宾语。
例如:Look at the kites which are flying in the sky. 瞧瞧那些在空中飞舞的风筝。
(指物,作主语)The pen (which)I’m using is pretty good. 我正在用的这支笔相当好。
(指物,作宾语)4)who用来指人,在从句中作主语或宾语。
例如:Could you recognize the thief who stole your things? 你能认出偷了你的东西的那个小偷吗?(作主语)The man (who)you want to meet has come.你要见的人来了。
(作宾语)5)whom用来指人,在从句中作宾语。
例如:I’d like to make friends with the girl whom you are talking to.我想和与你说话的这个女孩交朋友。
(作介词宾语)The man (whom)you want to meet has come.你要见的人来了。
(作动词宾语)2、关系副词1)when表示时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。
例如:Could you still remember the time when the train left? 你还记得列车发车的时间吗?I’ll never forget the date when I joined the League. 我绝不会忘记我入团的日期。
2)where表示地点,在从句中作地点状语。
例如:Is this the shoe factory where your father works? 这是你父亲工作的鞋厂吗?Please show me the place where the accident happened. 请带我到事故发生的现场去。
3)why表示原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,其先行词通常是reason一词。
例如:Do you know the reason why he was late for school? 你知道他上学迟到的原因吗?Please tell me the reason why you won’t come. 请告诉我你不能来的原因。
二、关系代词可不可省略的问题1、who,whom,that,which在从句中作宾语时,往往被省略,尤其是在口语和非正式文体中。
2、关系代词who,whom,that,which在从句中作介词宾语时,不可省。
3、关系代词who,that,which在从句中作主语时,不可省。
4、关系代词whose在任何情况下都不能省略。
三、只能用that作引导词的定语从句:1、先行词指物时,只能用that作引导词的定语从句:1)先行词是指物的all, little, few, much, any, anything, something,everything, nothing, none, the one时。
例如:All that I can do has been done. 我能做的都已经做了。
He won’t tell you anything that he has heard about it.他不会告诉你他所听到的有关它的任何情况。
2)先行词前有all, little, few, much, any, every, no等修饰时。
例如:There is little work that is fit for you. 没什么工作适合你做。
I have eaten all the food that is left. 我把剩下的所有食物都吃了。
3)先行词时what或which时,为了避免重复,多用that引导。
例如:Which is the house that caught fire yesterday? 昨天失火的是那座房子?4)先行词是there be 句型中的主语,且指物时。
例如:There are some apples on the table that are nice and sweet.桌子上有些非常甜的苹果。
5)先行词作主句的表语时。
例如:It’s a book that will help you a lot. 这是一本对你有很大帮助的书。
It’s a sunny day that we are longing for. 这是我们所渴望的晴天。
2、先行词指人时,只能用that作引导词的定语从句:1)主句是以who开头的特殊问句时。
例如:Who’s the man that the teacher is talking to? 和老师谈话的这个人是谁?3、不管先行词指人还是指物,都只能用引导词that的定语从句:1)先行词是数词时。
例如:---I have two smart birds.我养了两只可爱的鸟。
---Are they the two that you bought last week? 是你上星期买的这两只吗?2)先行词被序数词以及last, next等修饰时。
例如:It’s the last bus that you can catch. 这是你可以赶上的末班车。
He stopped the fourth thief who was running away. 他把准备逃跑的第四个小偷拦截下来了。
3)先行词是名词化的最高级形容词,或者先行词被最高级形容词修饰时。
例如:You can choose the best that you think. 你可以挑选你认为是最好的。
This is the best film that I have seen. 这是我看过的最好的影片。
He’s the finest men that I have ever worked with.他是我共事过的最好的人。
4)先行词被the only, the very,the last, the just, the same 等修饰时。
例如:You’ve the only person that I met here. 你是我在这儿遇见的唯一的一个人。
This is the very shirt that I am looking for. 这正是我一直在寻找的衬衫。
6)引导词为从句的表语时。
例如:She’s not the girl that she used to be. 她不再是过去的她了。
7)先行词同时包括人和物时。
例如:We often talk about the people and the things that we are interested in. 我们常常谈论我们感兴趣的人和事。
四、先行词指物时,只能用which作引导词的定语从句:1、引导先行词为事物的非限制性定语从句时。
例如:My dog ,which is now very old, became ill yesterday.我家的狗昨天病了,它已经非常老了。
The pen, which writes very well, cost me RMB 20. 这支笔花了我20元,它非常好写。
2、关系代词前有介词时。
例如:This is the classroom in which we studied last year. 这是我们去年在里面学习的教室。
Have you ever been to a farm on which there is a small zoo? 你曾经到过有个小动物园的农场吗?五、先行词指人时,只能用who作引导词的定语从句:1、关系代词在从句中作主语时,通常用who。
例如:The boy who helped you is my younger brother. 帮你忙的那个男孩是我弟弟。
Is the woman who rides a red bike every day your aunt? 每天都骑着一辆红色自行车那个女人是你姑姑吗?2、先行词为指人的all, one,ones,someone,anyone,everyone,no one等代词时。
例如:One who doesn’t work hard will never get happiness. 不努力工作的人,永远得不到幸福。
Do you know anyone who can mend locks? 你认识会修锁的人吗?3、先行词是there be句型中的主语,且指人时。