American Literature Review剖析

American LiteratureLiteratureWhat is literature?•Literature has been the high skills of writing with imagination since the 19th century.•T ypes of literature:FictionPoetryDramaEssayMajor Literary SchoolsI. Classicism and neoclassicism•Advocation of rationalism(Reason should be above everything else.)Samuel Johnson, Alexander PopeII. Romanticism•Opposition to neoclassicism•Emphasis on emotion, imagination and intuition.William Wordsworth, Shelley, Byron…III. Realism•Focus on common lives of the average people•And unromantic observation of human experiences.Dickens, Bronte, Austen…IV. Modernism•Synonym of revolution against traditional art.•Emphasis on instinct and subconsciousness.The Spirit of American Literature★(the thread throughout American literature)★Individualism★•Personal ability•Hard work leads to success.Compared with the spirit of Chinese literatureConfucianism•ModerateT o attack human pride, avoid extremes and keep human desires within appropriate reason and order.Introduction•American literature may be the youngest national literatures in the world. Its real history, if calculating from the end of the revolutionary war, is only about 200 years or more. Within such a short period, American literature swiftly developed, began to receive international recognition, and has had a great effect upon world literature.•I. Literature of the Colonial Period (1607—1776)★•II. Literature of Reason and Revolution (1776--1820)★•III. Romanticism (1820--1860)★•IV. Rise of Realism (1860--1914)★•V. Modern Period (1914--)★1.Literature of the Colonial Period殖民统治时期文学(1607-1776)From my years young in days of youth,God did make known to me His T ruth,And call’d me from my native placeFor to enjoy the Means of Grace.In wilderness He did me guide,William Bradford•God teaches me and guides me to a right wayI. Historical Background•Settlement★The result of religious motives and mercantile motives•Puritanism★•Puritan thoughts: ★predestination (God decides everything before things occur) ★Original sin (Human beings were born to be evil.)★Puritan values:Hard work, thrift, and piety.•Individualism and American DreamII. Features of Literature•The first American literature was neither American nor real literature. ★•T ypes of WritingDiary, history, journal, letter, narrative…•It was the work mainly of immigrants from England.★•It was not in the form of poetry, essay or fiction, but the mixture of travel accounts and religious writings.★III. Writers•John Smith★•As the first Amercan writer★He is a British soldier of fortune,and strictly speakly speaking,was not litirature at all.A Ture Relation Of Such Occurences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia was a long report recording what he saw and heard in the New World, which he sent back to England and was printed in 1608 whitout his knowledge.•Anne Bradstreet and Edward T aylor★(English immigrants)•The work of the two writers rose to the level of real poetry.★2.The Age of Reason and Revolution理性与革命时期文学(1776--1820)I. Historical Background•The Age of Revolution•The Age of ReasonThe Age of Revolution★American Revolution of Independence (1776--1783)★•Britain’s suppression on America in economy and politics•Revolt against BritainThe Age of Reason★Enlightenment•Intellectual movement in Europe (1660’s—1780’s)★•Humanism: the equality and freedom among men(to stimulate Americans to strive for the establishment of their independent and democratic nation)•Rationalism: reason and orderII. Features of Literature•Utilitarian tendency(Nothing is good or beautiful but in the measure that is useful.)•Clear, concise and powerful expression•Essay as a prominent partIII. Writers and WorksEssayists•Thomas Paine: Common Sense★(to make Americans see the necessity to have an independent nation of their own)•Thomas Jefferson: Declaration of Independence★(to inspire his contemporaries)•Benjamin Franklin本杰明.富兰克林: Autobiography★Poor Richard’s Alman ac★Poet•Philip Freneau飞利浦.费瑞诺: To the Memory of the Brave Americans★The Wild Honeysuckle★Benjamin Franklin本杰明.富兰克林(1706 – 1790)Identity•He’s a writer.•He’s a scientist.•He’s a businessman.•He’s a politician.•He’s an inventor.•He’s the most v ersatile and enligh-tened man of his generation•Born on Milk Street in Boston, Massachusetts from a very large family.•At the age of 12, apprenticed to be a newspaper printer in Boston.•In 1729, already owned his own printing shop and published the ne wspaper Pennsylvania Gazette《宾夕法尼亚报》.•In 1732, offered his Poor Richard’s Almanac《格言历书》.★•From 1771 to 1790, wrote his Autobiography《自传》.★•Being one of those who drafted articles leading to the Declaration of Independence. •Served to draft the constitution, which was finally adopted in 1789.Literary term•Autobiography:- A written account of one’s own life.- Autobiographical writing as a literary genre.•It is significant: (1) it is a classic of its kind in American literature; (2) it indicates the fact that Franklin was the spokesman of American enlightenment. •Franklin embodied the transition from Puritan piety, and idealism to the more secular and utilitarian values of the American enlighten-ment.Significance of Franklin’s Autobiography•Franklin’s autobiograph y remains one of the classics of its kind. It shows Franklin as a man of versatile energy and new ideas, a man who represented American.enlightenment and the fulfillment of American dream.It is a humorous and fascinating record of an old man’s reflection s on his rise from a poor boy to a rich and famous personage through self-examination, self-reliance, and self improvementPhilip Freneau飞利浦.费瑞诺(1752—1832)I. LifePoet of the American Revolution★•Involvement in the War, and brutal treatment by British in 1780•Political satires•Patriotic revolutionary versesFather of American Poetry★•Return to nature after political position•Love of rural life•Beauty and perfection of natureRomantic Attitudes★(浪漫主义先驱)II.Features of poemsClassification of two categories•Poems on American RevolutionHatred toward the British colonistsResentment toward slavery•Poems of natural beautySubject matter: American landscape and imagesT o avoid imitation of English poetsIII. Works•To the Memory of the Brave Americans《纪念英勇的美国人》★•The Wild Honey Suckle《野金银花》★3.American Romanticism美国浪漫主义时期文学(1820-1860)(From the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the civil war)★Feature of American Romanticism was both imitative and indepandent.★Imitative:English and European Romanticists★Independent:Emersn and Whitman★Romanticism →romantic →romance•Romanticremote from the real life•Romancestory about the adventure and love of knights•Romanticismthe revival of romancePrecondition of Romanticism•IntellectuallyReaction against enlightenment•PoliticallyInspired by French revolution•SociallyGuided by progressive causes•EmotionallyEmphasis on the value of individual•focus on the individual’s expression of emotion and imagination―All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings‖• a heightened interest in natureAmerican RomanticismThe First Renaissance of American LiteratureI. BackgroundDevelopment of politics, economy and culture•Expansion of the W est•Rise of industrialism•Transmission of literature•Progressive and developing societyRomantic movement in European countriesEsp. in BritainII. Features of American Romanticism•American puritanism as a cultural heritage•American romanticism was both imitative and independent•It presented a new experience;the exotic landscape, the frontier life and the westward expansionSection I Early Romanticismi. W. Irving华盛顿.欧文★Popularize romanticism in American•The Sketch Book《见闻札记》（the first work to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic）★•Legend of Sleepy Hollow《睡谷传说》★•Rip V an Winkle《瑞凡.凡.温克尔》★ii. J.F. Cooper库伯•Leatherstocking Tales《皮袜子故事集》(the American national experience of adventure into the W est)★•The spy《间谍》★iii. W.C. Bryant布莱恩特•To A Waterfowl《致水鸟》★Section II. Summit of Romanticism—American TranscendentalismI. Appearance: Nature by Emerson in 1836★II. Focus on intuition and oversoul:nature—the symbol of spiriti. R. W. Emerson爱默生★•Nature《论自然》★ii. H. D. Thoreau梭罗★•Walden《瓦尔登湖》★•Civil Disobedience《论公民之不服从》★Section III. Late Romanticismi. N. Hawthorne霍桑★•The Scarlet Letter《红字》★ii. H. Melville赫尔曼.梅尔维尔★•Moby Dick《白鲸》★•Typee《泰比》★iii. E. A. Poe库泊★•Annabel Lee《安娜贝尔.李》★iv. H. W. Longfellow★• A Psalm of Life, Song of Hiawatha★v. W. Whitman★•The Leaves of Grass《草叶集》vi. E. Dickinson★Edgar Allan Poe 爱伦.坡•Famous American poet, short-story writer and critic★•Father of modern short story★•Father of detective story and story of horror ★I. Life (1809—1849)•Death of his parents•Break with his foster father(gambling and drinking)•Work as an editor•Marriage to his cousin•Poverty, little reputation in his life timeLife S tory•Born in Boston in 1809, Poe was orphaned at the age of two.•Poe was adopted by John Allan.•Poe ran away from home, due to his gambling and drinking debts.•Poe had to make a living by writing or editing some magazines•Poe married his 13-year old cousin. Her early death may have inspired his writing.•Poe died in poverty and with little reputation.•An artist with literary genius, indulging himself in a bohemian life style.II.Position in Literary History•The most controversial figure in the history of American literature•The unique importance of Poe as a great writer of fiction, a poet of first rank, and a critic of insight•The position among the greatest writers of the world.Writing Features•Poe’s writing style is traditional.•Poe is not easy to read, just because of his ability to make good use of implications.•The object of poetry is pleasure, not truth.III. WorksPoetry•The Raven《乌鸦》★•To Helen《致海伦》★•Annabel Lee《安拉贝尔.丽》★The poem is a mourning song for the death of his wife.Poe did not use her real name, nor did he use the real background.★Short Story•The Fall of the House of Usher《厄舍房屋倒塌记》★Nathaniel Hhawthorne霍桑(1804-1864)I. LifeThree important things in his life:•Puritan family background•Study in Bowdoin College•Publication of The Scarlet LetterLife S tory•Hawthorne was born in Salem Massachusetts. (His ancestors were men of prominence in the Puritan theocracy of seventeenth-century New England. ) •His relatives financed his education at Bowdoin College.•Among his classmates were many of the important literary and political figures of the day.•The Scarlet Letter represents the height of Hawthorne's literary geniusII. WorksFours novels:The Scarlet Letter (his masterpiece)《红字》★The House of the Seven Gables《七个尖角阁的房子》★The Blithedale Romance: experience of transcendentalists experiment. 《福谷传奇》★The Marble Faun: evil educates. 《大理石雕像》★Two collections of short stories:Twice-Told Tales 《故事重述》★Mosses form an Old Manse 《古宅青苔》★Features of his worksSetting Puritan New EnglandThemes Evil & sinIdea Dark view toward human beingsT echnique symbolismHawthorne as a Literary Artist•First professional writer•Hawthorne displayed a love for allegory and symbol.•His writing is representative of 19th century.The Scarlet Letter•Hester sin★•Chillingworth(Hester’s husband) evil★•Dimmesda le(Hester’s lover) sin★•Pearl(Hester and Dimmesdale’s child)★•What does A in The Scarlet Letter symbolize?★Adultlery--------Ability-----------Angel★Walt Whitman华特.惠特曼1. Representative work:Leaves of Grass — first genuine epic poem★2. Free verse — the poetic style he devised★3. InfluenceContemporary American poetry, whatever school or form, bears witness to his great influence.Free V ersea poem without regular rhymes and metersO Captain! My Captain!Emily Dickinson 艾米丽.迪金森1. Liferecluse—to separate herself from the world at the age of 23single in her lifeunhappy love affairdeath of her teacher, lover, father before her2. Themes: based on her own experiences, joys and sorrows(1) nature – kind and cruel (300 poems)★(2) love – suffering and frustration caused by love （120 poems)★Alter? When the hills doFalter? When the sunQuestion if his gloryBe the perfect one.……I will of you! (729)(3) death (About one third of the total collection of her poems deal with death.)★— desire for death★— moment of death★— death and immortality★MY life closed twice before its close;It yet remains to seeIf Immortality unveilA third event to me,So huge, so hopeless to conceive,As these that twice befell.Parting is all we know of heaven,And all we need of hell. (1732)3. Style(1) poems without titles.★(2) severe economy of expression.★(3) capital letters, dash – emphasis.★(4) short poems, mainly two stanzas.★She is one of the most innovative poets of 19th-century American literature.Because I Could Not Stop for Death4.Realism现实主义时期(1860--1914)The rise of realism and the decline of romanticismI. Historical Background•Civil War (1861--1865)★•Capitalism—freedom and democracyDevelopment of society before 1880Financial crisis—unrest society after 1880II. Features of LiteratureTwo literary streams★•Realism (1860--1880)★T ruthful description of lifeObjective rather than idealizedT one: hopeful and optimistic★•Naturalism (1880--1914)★Theory of Darwinism: survival of the fittestFocus on environment and humanT one: hopeless and gloomy★III. Writers and Works•Three giants: M. T wain, H. James and W. D. Howells★Writers of realism•W.D.Howells:The Rise of Silas Lapham★•Mrs. Stowe: Uncle Tom’s Cabin★•Mark Twain: the true father of American literature★representation of local colour★The Adventures of Tom Sawyer(1883)★The Adventures of Huckle Finn(1884)★•O. Henry: founder of American short story★The Cop and the Anthem★•Henry James: psychological novels★The Art of fiction★Writers of Naturalism•Jack London: The Sea Wolf★The Call of the Wild★•Stephen Crane:The Red Badge Courage(his most successful work)★•Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie★An American Tragedy(the most successful one)★5.The Modern Period现代主义时期(1914-- )Literature during WWI and WWII (1914--1945)★•Section I: Literature in the 1920’sI. IntroductionA flowering period of American literatureThe Second Renaissance of American literature★II. Background★1. The first world war:★•Economically: great wealth, economic boom, highly-consuming society •Spiritually: fragmentation2. Freud’s theory (psychology)★3. Emigration (to Asia)★•the influence of Japanese and Chinese culture and literatureIII. Literary Schools★1. Imagism (poets)★•Representatives: E. Pound, T. S. Eliot,R. Frost2. Lost Generation (novelists)★• E. Hemingway, F. Scott. Fitzgerald3. Southern Literature★•W. FaulknerSection II: Literature in the 1930’sI. Background•Great Depression (1929)II. The Main Stream•Left-oriented•J. SteinbeckImagism•Image 意象意―意识，abstract ideas象―世间物象，concrete objectseg:圆月―思家之情longing for home•Imagismto use concrete objects to express abstract ideas •Symbolism•Symbol ― imageto compress a very complex idea into an imageeg: rose, springlove, life•(Both writers and readers know what the symbol represents.)eg: A in Scarlet Letteradultery, ability, angel•(Symbols created by writers to convey particular meanings.) Three Principles of ImagismI. Direct treatment of objectsII. Free verseIII. Economy of expressionsImages in Chinese and western literature•Strong will : pine, plum,oak•Love :peach blossom rosePurity: lotus lily•In Chinese the sound of bell, 梅、兰、竹、菊•In English paradise, snake, west wind, nightingale, daffodil E. Pound 庞德•He spearheaded the new school of poetry: Imagist Movement★•Imagism’s founder★I. Life•to emigrate to Asian and study Japanese literatureII. Works•Cantos (a collection of poems)In a Station of the Metro★T. S. Eliot (1888 - 1965) 艾略特I. Life―A royalist in politics, a classicist in literature, and an Anglo-Catholic in religion‖• a royalist: the change of his nationalityAmerican to English• a classicist: poetic theory, the use of allusion•an Anglo-Catholic: religious conversion to ChristianityII. Works1. Poems•The Waste Land《荒原》including 5 parts, has been called the first masterpiece of modernism in English★•Four Quartets《四个四重奏》(he found the way out and believed only God couldsave people)★2. Critical Essays•The Sacred Wood《圣林》(New Criticism)★3. Plays•Images in his worksthe waste land, water, firestory of king Fish, rain and river, burning and purifying ―death and rebirth Robert Frost 弗洛斯特Lost GenerationThe Lost Generation:The Lost Generation is a term used to describe a group of American intellectuals, poets, artists and writers fled to France in the post WWI years to reject the values of American materialism and to seek the bohemian lifestyle in Paris.His Poems1)After Apple-Picking《摘罢苹果》★2)Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 《雪夜林边驻足》★3)The Road Not Taken 《没有选择的路》★F. Scott Fitzgerald 菲茨杰拉德(1890 - 1940)His masterpiece：The Great Gatsby《伟大的盖茨比》★Ernest Hemingway (1899 -1961)I. Biography:⏹Born in Illinois, the son of a country doctor, Hemingway worked as a reporter in 1917.⏹During World War I, he served as a driver for the American Red Cross in Italy.⏹During the Spanish Civil War, Hemingway served as a correspondent.⏹He fought in World War II and then settled in Cuba in 1945.In 1954, Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature (The Old Man and the Sea).⏹In 1961, depressed, and ill with cancer, he shot himself.Literary achievementsNovels:The Sun Also Rises (1926) With the publication of it, he was recognized as the spokesman of the ―lost generation‖ .★A Farewell to Arms (1929) tells of a tragic wartime love affair between an ambulance driver and an English nurse. ★For Whom the Bell Tolls(1940) in detailing an incident in the war, argues for human brotherhood. ★The Old Man and the Sea(1952) celebrates the courage of an aged Cuban fisherman, Santiago. ★Story collections:In Our Time (1925) 《在我们的时代》Men without Women(1927)《没有女人的男人》Winner Take Nothing (1933) 《胜者无所得》The Lost GenerationThe Lost Generation:The Lost Generation is a term used to describe a group of American intellectuals, poets, artists and writers fled to France in the post WWI years to reject the values of American materialism and to seek the bohemian lifestyle in Paris. without a meaningful future to fall on, they were lost in disillusionment.Main Character:Santiago: The hero of the story. He is an old Cuban fisherman who is a perfectionist when it comes to fishing. Despite his precise methods, he has no luck at sea. Santiago wants to be unique: a greater and stranger person than his peers out at sea. He is alone, except for the company of Manolin. He is determined to catch one big fish.Writing S tyle:Hemingway’s fiction usually focuses on people living essential, dangerous lives—soldiers, fishermen, athletes, bullfighters—who meet the pain and difficulty of their existence with courage.His celebrated literary style is direct, terse, and often monotonous, yet particularly suited to his elemental subject matter.His language is characterized by features including: economy of expression, short sentences and paragraphs, vigorous and positive language, and deliberate avoidance of gorgeous adjectives, and etc.⏹Hemingway’s Iceberg TheoryEugene O’Neill 尤金.奥尼尔( 1888 – 1953)⏹―American Shakespeare‖⏹Born in a Broadway hotel in New Y ork City, a son of a famous and popular actor.⏹He came in close contact with the outcasts of society and tasted the bitterness of life.⏹In 1920 his first full-length play, Beyond the Horizon, was professionally produced on Broadway and won the Pulitzer Prize.⏹His major work Long Day’s Journey into Night 《长夜慢慢路迢迢》(1956).⏹Four Pulitzer Prizes (1920, 1922, 1928, 1957) and the Nobel Prize in 1936 show his achievement and influence at home and abroad.Joseph Heller (1923 – 1999)⏹New Y ork author who served in the air force in World War II.⏹Received an A. B. from New Y ork University, an M.A. from Columbia, studied at Oxford, and taught briefly before writing Catch-22 (1961) 《第二十二条军规》.What is Catch-22?If the men are really crazy, then they will want to fly the missions, regardless of whether or not they want to be killed. If they do not want to fly the missions, then they are sane and must fly them.。

American literature owns a short history in the long river of the world literature history. It appeared as soon as the free capitalism showed up, which helped the American literature got rid of the shackles of Feudal Noble culture. In spite of this, the small population and a large scale of unexploited ground gave birth to the individual ideal and realization of hope and destination. Holding all those aces, American literature protruded in the long history of world literature. The melting pot, with different races and cultures, gathered multiple ways of thinking and expressing ideas. Therefore, the basic features, such as diversity, complexity, innovativeness, cultivate the American literature an important role in the world literature.There are quite a few authors are from the lower class in American society, which gives rise to the deep breath of life and free-and-easy commonalty, sometimes even bold and unconstrained. On another hand, American shows a great diversity and variety of different culture, which gave birth to another important feature, a mass of numerous and prismatic in content. The diversity including freedom of personality and self-restraint, Puritanism and Pragmatism, Radical and Reaction, rebel and submission, elegance and vulgar, senior interest and bad taste, deep and shallow, positive and cynicism, sharp irony and dark humor, delicate and fudge, the exploration to destiny of humanity and the morbid pursuit for erotic pathological, and so forth. It is amazing that those features not only can exist at the same period but also can form sharp contrasts.During the First World War (1914-1918), there were a number of 20-year-old adults who cherished the ideal of democracy and deluded by so-called “save the world democracy” wen t to the European Battle ground. They saw the and biggest ever massacre as their own eyes and realized that the battle is far from their original idea of the real highway of hero. The so-called democracy, honor, sacrifice are illusions which compiled by the government. They conquered mountains of difficulties and understand the anti-war sentiment among all the normal soldiers who have their own family and children. After the First World War, a new literary genre emerged. It wasn’t a group with a Common Prog ram. Once the female author, Gertrude Stein spoke to Ernest Hemingway, she said, “You are all a lost generation.” Afterwards, Hemingway quoted this sentence as the inscription of his full-length novel, The Sun Also Rises. T he common feature of the “Lost Generation” authors is the same as those adults who galloping across the battlefield. They show great aversion to the imperialist wars but can’t find a way out. The literature works have an amazing power to spread not only the story but also the spirit and significance. Hemingway was the one of the represent author of the “Lost Generation”. He left Ou Kepa for entering the First World War at age of 19. He holds a hatred attitude to the battle, just like other anti-war advocates and writes. Besides detesting, escaping and imprecating, he showed hopelessness to the life after the war. A lot of his work , such as Farwell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls,emerged the pursuit of peace in reader’s heart all over the world.The Second World War (1939-1945) was an unprecedented disaster to human race. The things that happened during the war such as, the savage and excessive killing of more than six million Jewish people, the atomic missile on Hiroshimaexplosion astonished every American intellectual. They suspect the kindness of human race. In the meanwhile, they also realized that maybe people themselves even couldn’t control the things that th ey created. The faith for civilization growth was great shattered by those tragedies, at which time the first shares in literature tide was the war novels.Such as The Naked and the Dead, written by Norman Mailer in 1948. And From Here to Eternity, written by James Jones. Both of them talk about the conflict between soldiers, military officers and military agencies, which also give expression to the conflict between human personality and the organ of authority that snuffing out the freedom. This type of novels cultivated one of the most protruding topics in the after-war generation.Except for the literature works that produced during the twice world war, there are a lot of authors and excellent literature works had pushed forward the world of literature. Some master works of different author are still win universal praise. And excellent books are keep coming out and being translated in different languages. American owns a short history, nevertheless, it also witness the major development in the whole world in the past century. There is no doubt that American literature owns a rather important status in the world literature.In the world of literature, there never be a trend or tendency could unify the American literature of that period of 20 century. American authors’ sensitivity and curiosity always are maintained in different generation. A large scale of literature trend stem from American in 20 century. It brings both positive and negative influence to the world literature.。

英文综述审稿意见【篇一：英文论文审稿意见汇总】英文论文审稿意见汇总以下12点无轻重主次之分。

每一点内容由总结性标题和代表性审稿人意见构成。

1、目标和结果不清晰。

it is noted that your manuscript needs careful editing by someone with expertise in technical english editing paying particular attention to english grammar, spelling, and sentence structure so that the goals and results of the study are clear to the reader.2、未解释研究方法或解释不充分。

◆ in general, there is a lack of explanation of replicates and statistical methods used in the study.◆ furthermore, an explanation of why the authors did these various experiments should be provided.3、对于研究设计的rationale:also, there are few explanations of the rationale for the study design.4、夸张地陈述结论/夸大成果/不严谨：the conclusions are overstated. for example, the study did not showif the side effects from initial copper burst can be avoid with the polymer formulation.5、对hypothesis的清晰界定：a hypothesis needs to be presented。

媒介素养就是要让人们在完成各项媒介任务中掌握运用媒介相关的结构知识，提升他们获取、分析、理解、评价、创造、传播各种信息的能力，并获得求美求善的情感体验，最终完善“自主媒介信息意识”，能够适应当代媒介化生存的需要。

在麦克卢汉看来，万物皆媒介，媒介即信息［1］，麦氏将媒介视为信息，媒介的出现和存在塑造着人们感知世界的方式，同时也改变着人类的行为习惯。

环顾国际世界的课程改革，美国为了保持自身在国际上的领先地位，将“信息、媒介与技术素养”列为美国学生三大技能领域的重要一类［2］，并且尝试在各学科融入、融合媒介素养。

迄今为止，媒介素养的学科融入在美国母语学科中最为常见，成绩也最为突出。

媒介素养俨然成为美国母语教材建设的重要目标之一，因此，美国母语教材在融入媒介素养方面有规划、有系统、有指导，同时也给予学生较为充沛的学习时间，争取可以结出丰硕的学习成果。

这一点在美国高中母语教材《美国文学》（American Literature，2008）中得到充分体现。

该教材由全球大型出版公司之一霍顿·米夫林-哈考特集团（HMHG）下属分公司麦克道格尔·李特尔（McDougal Littell）出版，同时经历了激烈竞争和市场检验，被美国教科书协会认定为美国市场上占有率最高的几种教材之一。

本文主要从立意、创意、行意和达意四个方面分析其在媒介素养上呈现的鲜明特色。

一、立意：在分析创作媒介作品中培养听、说、读、看、写等关键能力《美国文学》作为十一年级学生使用的母语教材，在媒介素养融入教材方面，立足于人的培养，明确了“培养何种人”。

首先，培养具有分析媒介作品、创作媒介作品能力的人。

根据媒介素养融入母语教材的要求，教材安排了八次媒介研究，其研究对象涉及影片剪辑（Film Clips）、电影评论（Movie Review）、图像采集（Image Collection）、纪录片（Documentary）、平面广告（Print Advertisements）、新闻广播（Newscast/Article）。

american economic review格式-回复题目：回顾与展望——美国经济评论（American Economic Review）的历史、影响与未来引言：中括号内提及的美国经济评论（American Economic Review）是一本享有盛誉、具有重要影响力的经济学期刊。

它自1941年创办以来，一直致力于高质量、多元化的经济学研究，不仅为学术界提供了宝贵的研究成果，也对政策制定和经济管理产生了深远的影响。

本文旨在回顾其历史、探讨其影响力并展望其未来发展。

一、美国经济评论的历史：美国经济评论是由美国经济学会（American Economic Association）创办的经济学学术期刊，创刊于1911年。

生于运河时代的美国，早期经济学家们面对复杂的经济发展，勤奋钻研、积极探索，从而促成了该期刊的成立。

起初，美国经济评论主要关注经济理论的发展和分析。

然而，随着时间的推移，该期刊逐渐扩大了关注范围，涵盖了包括宏观经济学、产业经济学、劳动经济学、货币经济学等各个经济学领域的重要研究。

二、美国经济评论的影响力：1. 学术界的影响：美国经济评论一直以来都是经济学界重要的学术交流平台之一。

该期刊为学者们提供了展示研究成果、分享思想和进行学术讨论的重要场所。

其高质量的发表文章不仅为经济学队伍中的学术交流做出了巨大贡献，也为推动经济学理论的进一步发展提供了坚实的基础。

2. 政策影响：美国经济评论所发表的研究成果广泛应用于政策制定和经济管理中。

刊登在该期刊上的论文往往能够为政府决策者提供深入的经济分析和政策选项。

政府亦经常引用该期刊的研究成果来指导宏观经济政策、改进社会福利和促进可持续发展等重大问题的决策制定。

三、美国经济评论的未来发展：1. 提高学术质量：作为一本享有盛誉的学术期刊，美国经济评论需要继续保持其高质量的发表标准。

它可以进一步加强稿件的审查流程，继续吸引优秀学者投稿，并鼓励创新性的研究，以推动经济学理论的不断发展。

An example of literature reviewOf the many who have looked at the relation between age and performance in universities none has as yet produced a definite answer to the apparently simple question “Do mature students do better or worse than younger students?”Harris (1940) in the United States found evidence to suggest that younger students tended to obtain better degree results. Similar findings have been made in Britain by Malleson(1959), Howell (1962), Barnett and Lewis(1963), McCracken(1969) and Kapur(1972), in Australia by Flecker(1959) and Sanders(1961) , in Canada by Fleming (1959), and in New Zealand by Small(1966). However, most of these studies were based on samples of students who were generally aged between seventeen and twenty-one and the correlation techniques employed meant that the relationship between age and performance really only concerned this narrow age band. As such, the results probably suggest that bright children admitted early to higher education fare better than those whose entry is delayed while they gain the necessary qualifications. This view is supported by Harris (1940) who discovered that the relationship between age and performance disappeared when he controlled for intelligence. Other studies have shown that those who gain the necessary qualifications and then delayed entry for a year or two are more successful than those who enter directly from school (Thomas, Beeby and Oram 1939; Derbyshare Education Committee 1966).Where studies have involved samples containing large numbers of older students the results have indicated that the relationship between age and performance is not a linear one. Philips Cullen(1955), for instance, found that those aged twenty-four and over tended to do better than the eighteen and nineteen age group. Sanders(1961) showed that the university success rate fell until the age of twenty or twenty-one, then from about twenty-two onwards the success rate began to rise again. The problem with these two studies is that many of the older students were returning servicemen. They were often “normal”entrants whose entry to university had been delayed by war and many had undergone some training in science or mathematics while in the armed forces. Also, while Eaton(1980) cites nine American studies which confirm the academic superiority of veterans, there is some contradictory British evidence. Mountford(1957) found that ex-service students who entered Liverpool University between 1947 and 1949 were more likely to have to spend an extra year or more on their courses and more likeyl to fail to complete their course.Some studies have shown that whether mature students fare better or worse than younger students depends upon the subject being studied. Sanders(1963) has indicated that the maturity associated with increasing age and experience seems to be a positive predictor of success for some arts and social science courses. The general finding that older students do better in arts and social science and worse in science and maths is supported by Flecker(1959), Barnett, Holder and Lewis (1968), Fagin(1971)and Sharon(1971).Walker’s (1975) study of mature students at Warwick University represents the best British attempt to unravel the relationship between age and performance, he took 240 mature undergraduates who were admitted to the university between 1965 and 1971 and compared theirprogress with that of all undergraduates. This gave him a reasonably large sample to work with and the timing meant that the results were not distorted by any “returning servicemen factor”. His methodology showed many other refinements. First, he excluded overseas students. Such students tend to be older than average and also to fare worse academically (Woodley 1979), thus influencing any age/performance relationship. Secondly, he used two measures of performance; the proportion of those leaving without obtaining a degree and the degree results of those taking final examinations. Finally, he weighted the degree class obtained according to its rarity value in each faculty.The following findings achieved statistical significance:(i) In total, mature students obtained better degrees than non-mature students.(ii) In the arts faculty mature students obtained better degrees than non-mature students.(iii) Mature students who did not satisfy the general entrance requirements obtained better degrees than all other students.(iv) The degree results of mature students age twenty-six to thirty were better than those of all other mature students.Several other differences were noted but they did not achieve statistical significance due to the small numbers involved. The mature student sample only contained thirty-tree women, twenty-six science students and thirty-seven aged over thirty. The aim of the present study was to extend Walker’s work to all British universities so that these and other relationships could be tested out on a much larger sample of mature students.(Woodley, 1985:152-4)。

Local Colorism 美国现实主义的一部分，描写特定地域（specific region），的环境，人物，方言，文化. Puritanism It is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans.They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. The Enlightenment The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement originating in France, they allocate to use critical reason to free minds. 启蒙运动是起源于法国的一场知识分子运动，他们用批判的理性来解放思想。 American Dream It is the faith held by many in the USA that through hard work,determination and courage one can achieve a better life for oneself,usually through financial prosperity. 这是美国许多人的信念，通过努力工作、决心和勇气，一个人可以通过经济繁荣，为自己创造更好的生活。 Transcendentalism: Is was a new idea in literature,religion,culture and philosophy that emerged in New England in the middle 19th century.the core beliefs was that one can transcend feeling and reason to know the truth directly.Emphasize the importance of intuition. 是19世纪中期在新英格兰出现的文学、宗教、文化和哲学中的一种新观念。其核心信念是，一个人能够超越感觉和理性，直接了解真相。强调直觉的重要性。 Black humor It is a kind of absurd, abnormal, sick literary school .A combination of humor with resentment gloom anger and despair. 荒诞的文学流派 。幽默、怨恨、忧郁、愤怒和绝望的结合。 Naturalism A new realism,attempt to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness,presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by environment and heredity. 一种新的现实主义，试图达到极端的客观性和直率，表现出由环境和遗传决定的低社会阶层和经济阶层的特征。 Lost Generation a group of expatriate American writers residing mostly in Paris.refer to expatriate Americans bitter about their WW1 experiences and disillusioned with American society. 一群主要居住在巴黎的外籍美国作家。指的是外籍美国人对二战经历的不满和对美国社会的幻想破灭。 Beat Generation Group of American writers of the 1950s whose writing expressed profound dissatisfaction with contemporary American society and endorsed an alternative set of values. 20世纪50年代的美国作家群体，他们的作品表达了对当代美国社会的强烈不满，并赞同另一套价值观。 Imagism was a literary school. Its purpose is to require the poet to display things vividly with accurate, highly condensed images. 意象主义是一个文学流派。它的目的是要求诗人以准确、高度浓缩的形象生动地展示事物。

英文文献剖析范文English:When analyzing English literature, it is important to consider the context in which the work was written. Understanding the historical, social, and cultural background can provide valuable insights into the themes and characters of the text. This contextual analysis allows readers to appreciate the complexities of the author's intentions and the impact of their writing on the intended audience.Chinese:在剖析英文文献时，重要的是考虑作品的写作背景。

理解历史、社会和文化背景可以为文本的主题和角色提供宝贵的见解。

这种背景分析让读者能够欣赏到作者意图的复杂性，以及他们的写作对预期受众的影响。

English:One example of the importance of contextual analysis is the work of William Shakespeare. His plays, such as "Romeo and Juliet" and "Hamlet," are often studied in the context of the Elizabethan era. By considering the political and social climate of the time, readers can gain a deeper understanding of the motivations and conflicts of thecharacters, as well as the significance of the themes explored in the plays.Chinese:一个关于背景分析重要性的例子是威廉·莎士比亚的作品。

American LiteratureLiteratureWhat is literature?•Literature has been the high skills of writing with imagination since the 19th century.•Types of literature:FictionPoetryDramaEssayMajor Literary SchoolsI. Classicism and neoclassicism•Advocation of rationalism(Reason should be above everything else.)Samuel Johnson, Alexander PopeII. Romanticism•Opposition to neoclassicism•Emphasis on emotion, imagination and intuition.William Wordsworth, Shelley, Byron…III. Realism•Focus on common lives of the average people•And unromantic observation of human experiences.Dickens, Bronte, Austen…IV. Modernism•Synonym of revolution against traditional art.•Emphasis on instinct and subconsciousness.The Spirit of American Literature★(the thread throughout American literature)★Individualism★•Personal ability•Hard work leads to success.Compared with the spirit of Chinese literatureConfucianism•ModerateTo attack human pride, avoid extremes and keep human desires within appropriate reason and order.Introduction•American literature may be the youngest national literatures in the world. Its real history, if calculating from the end of the revolutionary war, is only about 200 years or more. Within such a short period, American literature swiftly developed, began to receive international recognition, and has had a great effect upon world literature.•I. Literature of the Colonial Period (1607—1776)★•II. Literature of Reason and Revolution (1776--1820)★•III. Romanticism (1820--1860)★•IV. Rise of Realism (1860--1914)★•V. Modern Period (1914--)★1.Literature of the Colonial Period殖民统治时期文学(1607-1776)From my years young in days of youth,God did make known to me His Truth,And call’d me from my native placeFor to enjoy the Means of Grace.In wilderness He did me guide,William Bradford•God teaches me and guides me to a right wayI. Historical Background•Settlement★The result of religious motives and mercantile motives•Puritanism★•Puritan thoughts: ★predestination (God decides everything before things occur) ★Original sin (Human beings were born to be evil.)★Puritan values:Hard work, thrift, and piety.•Individualism and American DreamII. Features of Literature•The first American literature was neither American nor real literature. ★•Types of WritingDiary, history, journal, letter, narrative…•It was the work mainly of immigrants from England.★•It was not in the form of poetry, essay or fiction, but the mixture of travel accounts and religious writings.★III. Writers•John Smith★•As the first Amercan writer★He is a British soldier of fortune,and strictly speakly speaking,was not litirature at all.A Ture Relation Of Such Occurences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia was a long report recording what he saw and heard in the New World, which he sent back to England and was printed in 1608 whitout his knowledge.•Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor★(English immigrants)•The work of the two writers rose to the level of real poetry.★2.The Age of Reason and Revolution理性与革命时期文学(1776--1820)I. Historical Background•The Age of Revolution•The Age of ReasonThe Age of Revolution★American Revolution of Independence (1776--1783)★•Britain’s suppression on America in economy and politics•Revolt against BritainThe Age of Reason★Enlightenment•Intellectual movement in Europe (1660’s—1780’s)★•Humanism: the equality and freedom among men(to stimulate Americans to strive for the establishment of their independent and democratic nation)•Rationalism: reason and orderII. Features of Literature•Utilitarian tendency(Nothing is good or beautiful but in the measure that is useful.)•Clear, concise and powerful expression•Essay as a prominent partIII. Writers and WorksEssayists•Thomas Paine: Common Sense★(to make Americans see the necessity to have an independent nation of their own)•Thomas Jefferson: Declaration of Independence★(to inspire his contemporaries)•Benjamin Franklin本杰明.富兰克林: Autobiography★Poor Richard’s Alman ac★Poet•Philip Freneau飞利浦.费瑞诺: To the Memory of the Brave Americans★The Wild Honeysuckle★Benjamin Franklin本杰明.富兰克林(1706 – 1790)Identity•He’s a writer.•He’s a scientist.•He’s a businessman.•He’s a politician.•He’s an inventor.•He’s the most v ersatile and enligh-tened man of his generation•Born on Milk Street in Boston, Massachusetts from a very large family.•At the age of 12, apprenticed to be a newspaper printer in Boston.•In 1729, already owned his own printing shop and published the newspaper Pennsylvania Gazette《宾夕法尼亚报》.•In 1732, offered his Poor Richard’s Almanac《格言历书》.★•From 1771 to 1790, wrote his Autobiography《自传》.★•Being one of those who drafted articles leading to the Declaration of Independence. •Served to draft the constitution, which was finally adopted in 1789.Literary term•Autobiography:- A written account of one’s own life.- Autobiographical writing as a literary genre.•It is significant: (1) it is a classic of its kind in American literature; (2) it indicates the fact that Franklin was the spokesman of American enlightenment. •Franklin embodied the transition from Puritan piety, and idealism to the more secular and utilitarian values of the American enlighten-ment.Significance of Franklin’s Autobiography•Franklin’s autobiograph y remains one of the classics of its kind. It shows Franklin as a man of versatile energy and new ideas, a man who represented American.enlightenment and the fulfillment of American dream.It is a humorous and fascinating record of an old man’s reflection s on his rise from a poor boy to a rich and famous personage through self-examination, self-reliance, and self improvementPhilip Freneau飞利浦.费瑞诺(1752—1832)I. LifePoet of the American Revolution★•Involvement in the War, and brutal treatment by British in 1780•Political satires•Patriotic revolutionary versesFather of American Poetry★•Return to nature after political position•Love of rural life•Beauty and perfection of natureRomantic Attitudes★(浪漫主义先驱)II.Features of poemsClassification of two categories•Poems on American RevolutionHatred toward the British colonistsResentment toward slavery•Poems of natural beautySubject matter: American landscape and imagesTo avoid imitation of English poetsIII. Works•To the Memory of the Brave Americans《纪念英勇的美国人》★•The Wild Honey Suckle《野金银花》★3.American Romanticism美国浪漫主义时期文学(1820-1860)(From the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the civil war)★Feature of American Romanticism was both imitative and indepandent.★Imitative:English and European Romanticists★Independent:Emersn and Whitman★Romanticism →romantic →romance•Romanticremote from the real life•Romancestory about the adventure and love of knights•Romanticismthe revival of romancePrecondition of Romanticism•IntellectuallyReaction against enlightenment•PoliticallyInspired by French revolution•SociallyGuided by progressive causes•EmotionallyEmphasis on the value of individual•focus on the individual’s expression of emotion and imagination“All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings”• a heightened interest in natureAmerican RomanticismThe First Renaissance of American LiteratureI. BackgroundDevelopment of politics, economy and culture•Expansion of the West•Rise of industrialism•Transmission of literature•Progressive and developing societyRomantic movement in European countriesEsp. in BritainII. Features of American Romanticism•American puritanism as a cultural heritage•American romanticism was both imitative and independent•It presented a new experience;the exotic landscape, the frontier life and the westward expansionSection I Early Romanticismi. W. Irving华盛顿.欧文★Popularize romanticism in American•The Sketch Book《见闻札记》（the first work to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic）★•Legend of Sleepy Hollow《睡谷传说》★•Rip V an Winkle《瑞凡.凡.温克尔》★ii. J.F. Cooper库伯•Leatherstocking Tales《皮袜子故事集》(the American national experience of adventure into the West)★•The spy《间谍》★iii. W.C. Bryant布莱恩特•To A Waterfowl《致水鸟》★Section II. Summit of Romanticism—American TranscendentalismI. Appearance: Nature by Emerson in 1836★II. Focus on intuition and oversoul:nature—the symbol of spiriti. R. W. Emerson爱默生★•Nature《论自然》★ii. H. D. Thoreau梭罗★•Walden《瓦尔登湖》★•Civil Disobedience《论公民之不服从》★Section III. Late Romanticismi. N. Hawthorne霍桑★•The Scarlet Letter《红字》★ii. H. Melville赫尔曼.梅尔维尔★•Moby Dick《白鲸》★•Typee《泰比》★iii. E. A. Poe库泊★•Annabel Lee《安娜贝尔.李》★iv. H. W. Longfellow★• A Psalm of Life, Song of Hiawatha★v. W. Whitman★•The Leaves of Grass《草叶集》vi. E. Dickinson★Edgar Allan Poe 爱伦.坡•Famous American poet, short-story writer and critic★•Father of modern short story★•Father of detective story and story of horror ★I. Life (1809—1849)•Death of his parents•Break with his foster father(gambling and drinking)•Work as an editor•Marriage to his cousin•Poverty, little reputation in his life timeLife Story•Born in Boston in 1809, Poe was orphaned at the age of two.•Poe was adopted by John Allan.•Poe ran away from home, due to his gambling and drinking debts.•Poe had to make a living by writing or editing some magazines•Poe married his 13-year old cousin. Her early death may have inspired his writing.•Poe died in poverty and with little reputation.•An artist with literary genius, indulging himself in a bohemian life style.II.Position in Literary History•The most controversial figure in the history of American literature•The unique importance of Poe as a great writer of fiction, a poet of first rank, and a critic of insight•The position among the greatest writers of the world.Writing Features•Poe’s writing style is traditional.•Poe is not easy to read, just because of his ability to make good use of implications.•The object of poetry is pleasure, not truth.III. WorksPoetry•The Raven《乌鸦》★•To Helen《致海伦》★•Annabel Lee《安拉贝尔.丽》★The poem is a mourning song for the death of his wife.Poe did not use her real name, nor did he use the real background.★Short Story•The Fall of the House of Usher《厄舍房屋倒塌记》★Nathaniel Hhawthorne霍桑(1804-1864)I. LifeThree important things in his life:•Puritan family background•Study in Bowdoin College•Publication of The Scarlet LetterLife Story•Hawthorne was born in Salem Massachusetts. (His ancestors were men of prominence in the Puritan theocracy of seventeenth-century New England. ) •His relatives financed his education at Bowdoin College.•Among his classmates were many of the important literary and political figures of the day.•The Scarlet Letter represents the height of Hawthorne's literary geniusII. WorksFours novels:The Scarlet Letter (his masterpiece)《红字》★The House of the Seven Gables《七个尖角阁的房子》★The Blithedale Romance: experience of transcendentalists experiment. 《福谷传奇》★The Marble Faun: evil educates. 《大理石雕像》★Two collections of short stories:❖Twice-Told Tales 《故事重述》★❖Mosses form an Old Manse 《古宅青苔》★Features of his worksSetting Puritan New EnglandThemes Evil & sinIdea Dark view toward human beingsTechnique symbolismHawthorne as a Literary Artist•First professional writer•Hawthorne displayed a love for allegory and symbol.•His writing is representative of 19th century.The Scarlet Letter•Hester sin★•Chillingworth(Hester’s husband) evil★•Dimmesda le(Hester’s lover) sin★•Pearl(Hester and Dimmesdale’s child)★•What does A in The Scarlet Letter symbolize?★Adultlery--------Ability-----------Angel★Walt Whitman华特.惠特曼1. Representative work:Leaves of Grass — first genuine epic poem★2. Free verse — the poetic style he devised★3. InfluenceContemporary American poetry, whatever school or form, bears witness to his great influence.Free Versea poem without regular rhymes and metersO Captain! My Captain!Emily Dickinson 艾米丽.迪金森1. Liferecluse—to separate herself from the world at the age of 23single in her lifeunhappy love affairdeath of her teacher, lover, father before her2. Themes: based on her own experiences, joys and sorrows(1) nature – kind and cruel (300 poems)★(2) love – suffering and frustration caused by love （120 poems)★Alter? When the hills doFalter? When the sunQuestion if his gloryBe the perfect one.……I will of you! (729)(3) death (About one third of the total collection of her poems deal with death.)★— desire for death★— moment of death★— death and immortality★MY life closed twice before its close;It yet remains to seeIf Immortality unveilA third event to me,So huge, so hopeless to conceive,As these that twice befell.Parting is all we know of heaven,And all we need of hell. (1732)3. Style(1) poems without titles.★(2) severe economy of expression.★(3) capital letters, dash – emphasis.★(4) short poems, mainly two stanzas.★She is one of the most innovative poets of 19th-century American literature.Because I Could Not Stop for Death4.Realism现实主义时期(1860--1914)The rise of realism and the decline of romanticismI. Historical Background•Civil War (1861--1865)★•Capitalism—freedom and democracyDevelopment of society before 1880Financial crisis—unrest society after 1880II. Features of LiteratureTwo literary streams★•Realism (1860--1880)★Truthful description of lifeObjective rather than idealizedTone: hopeful and optimistic★•Naturalism (1880--1914)★Theory of Darwinism: survival of the fittestFocus on environment and humanTone: hopeless and gloomy★III. Writers and Works•Three giants: M. Twain, H. James and W. D. Howells★Writers of realism•W.D.Howells:The Rise of Silas Lapham★•Mrs. Stowe: Uncle Tom’s Cabin★•Mark Twain: the true father of American literature★representation of local colour★The Adventures of Tom Sawyer(1883)★The Adventures of Huckle Finn(1884)★•O. Henry: founder of American short story★The Cop and the Anthem★•Henry James: psychological novels★The Art of fiction★Writers of Naturalism•Jack London: The Sea Wolf★The Call of the Wild★•Stephen Crane:The Red Badge Courage(his most successful work)★•Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie★An American Tragedy(the most successful one)★5.The Modern Period现代主义时期(1914-- )Literature during WWI and WWII (1914--1945)★•Section I: Literature in the 1920’sI. IntroductionA flowering period of American literatureThe Second Renaissance of American literature★II. Background★1. The first world war:★•Economically: great wealth, economic boom, highly-consuming society •Spiritually: fragmentation2. Freud’s theory (psychology)★3. Emigration (to Asia)★•the influence of Japanese and Chinese culture and literatureIII. Literary Schools★1. Imagism (poets)★•Representatives: E. Pound, T. S. Eliot,R. Frost2. Lost Generation (novelists)★• E. Hemingway, F. Scott. Fitzgerald3. Southern Literature★•W. FaulknerSection II: Literature in the 1930’sI. Background•Great Depression (1929)II. The Main Stream•Left-oriented•J. SteinbeckImagism•Image 意象意―意识，abstract ideas象―世间物象，concrete objectseg:圆月―思家之情longing for home•Imagismto use concrete objects to express abstract ideas •Symbolism•Symbol ― imageto compress a very complex idea into an imageeg: rose, springlove, life•(Both writers and readers know what the symbol represents.)eg: A in Scarlet Letteradultery, ability, angel•(Symbols created by writers to convey particular meanings.) Three Principles of ImagismI. Direct treatment of objectsII. Free verseIII. Economy of expressionsImages in Chinese and western literature•Strong will : pine, plum,oak•Love :peach blossom rosePurity: lotus lily•In Chinese the sound of bell, 梅、兰、竹、菊•In English paradise, snake, west wind, nightingale, daffodil E. Pound 庞德•He spearheaded the new school of poetry: Imagist Movement★•Imagism’s founder★I. Life•to emigrate to Asian and study Japanese literatureII. Works•Cantos (a collection of poems)In a Station of the Metro★T. S. Eliot (1888 - 1965) 艾略特I. Life“A royalist in politics, a classicist in literature, and an Anglo-Catholic in religion”• a royalist: the change of his nationalityAmerican to English• a classicist: poetic theory, the use of allusion•an Anglo-Catholic: religious conversion to ChristianityII. Works1. Poems•The Waste Land《荒原》including 5 parts, has been called the first masterpiece of modernism in English★•Four Quartets《四个四重奏》(he found the way out and believed only God couldsave people)★2. Critical Essays•The Sacred Wood《圣林》(New Criticism)★3. Plays•Images in his worksthe waste land, water, firestory of king Fish, rain and river, burning and purifying ―death and rebirth Robert Frost 弗洛斯特Lost Generation❖The Lost Generation:The Lost Generation is a term used to describe a group of American intellectuals, poets, artists and writers fled to France in the post WWI years to reject the values of American materialism and to seek the bohemian lifestyle in Paris.His Poems1)After Apple-Picking《摘罢苹果》★2)Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 《雪夜林边驻足》★3)The Road Not Taken 《没有选择的路》★F. Scott Fitzgerald 菲茨杰拉德(1890 - 1940)His masterpiece：The Great Gatsby《伟大的盖茨比》★Ernest Hemingway (1899 -1961)I. Biography:⏹Born in Illinois, the son of a country doctor, Hemingway worked as a reporter in 1917.⏹During World War I, he served as a driver for the American Red Cross in Italy.⏹During the Spanish Civil War, Hemingway served as a correspondent.⏹He fought in World War II and then settled in Cuba in 1945.In 1954, Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature (The Old Man and the Sea).⏹In 1961, depressed, and ill with cancer, he shot himself.Literary achievementsNovels:The Sun Also Rises (1926) With the publication of it, he was recognized as the spokesman of the “lost generation” .★A Farewell to Arms (1929) tells of a tragic wartime love affair between an ambulance driver and an English nurse. ★For Whom the Bell Tolls(1940) in detailing an incident in the war, argues for human brotherhood. ★The Old Man and the Sea(1952) celebrates the courage of an aged Cuban fisherman, Santiago. ★Story collections:In Our Time (1925) 《在我们的时代》Men without Women(1927)《没有女人的男人》Winner Take Nothing (1933) 《胜者无所得》The Lost Generation❖The Lost Generation:The Lost Generation is a term used to describe a group of American intellectuals, poets, artists and writers fled to France in the post WWI years to reject the values of American materialism and to seek the bohemian lifestyle in Paris. without a meaningful future to fall on, they were lost in disillusionment.Main Character:Santiago: The hero of the story. He is an old Cuban fisherman who is a perfectionist when it comes to fishing. Despite his precise methods, he has no luck at sea. Santiago wants to be unique: a greater and stranger person than his peers out at sea. He is alone, except for the company of Manolin. He is determined to catch one big fish.Writing Style:Hemingway’s fiction usually focuses on people living essential, dangerous lives—soldiers, fishermen, athletes, bullfighters—who meet the pain and difficulty of their existence with courage.His celebrated literary style is direct, terse, and often monotonous, yet particularly suited to his elemental subject matter.His language is characterized by features including: economy of expression, short sentences and paragraphs, vigorous and positive language, and deliberate avoidance of gorgeous adjectives, and etc.⏹Hemingway’s Iceberg TheoryEugene O’Neill 尤金.奥尼尔( 1888 – 1953)⏹“American Shakespeare”⏹Born in a Broadway hotel in New York City, a son of a famous and popular actor.⏹He came in close contact with the outcasts of society and tasted the bitterness of life.⏹In 1920 his first full-length play, Beyond the Horizon, was professionally produced on Broadway and won the Pulitzer Prize.⏹His major work Long Day’s Journey into Night 《长夜慢慢路迢迢》(1956).⏹Four Pulitzer Prizes (1920, 1922, 1928, 1957) and the Nobel Prize in 1936 show his achievement and influence at home and abroad.Joseph Heller (1923 – 1999)⏹New York author who served in the air force in World War II.⏹Received an A. B. from New York University, an M.A. from Columbia, studied at Oxford, and taught briefly before writing Catch-22 (1961) 《第二十二条军规》.What is Catch-22?If the men are really crazy, then they will want to fly the missions, regardless of whether or not they want to be killed. If they do not want to fly the missions, then they are sane and must fly them.。