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六级翻译辅导材料
一、单词翻译
1. infrastructure：基础设施
2. slim：苗条的
3. impoverish：使贫困
4. mitigate：缓和
5. confront：面对
6. thrive：蓬勃发展
7. grasp：把握
8. ambitious：雄心勃勃的
9. turmoil：动荡
10. imperative：紧迫的
二、句子翻译
1. 我们必须把握机遇，充分利用有限的资源：We must seize the opportunity and make full use of limited resources.
3. 无论如何，我们必须坚决面对挑战：In any case, we must confront the challenges resolutely.
5. 我们必须努力缓解贫困：We must strive to mitigate poverty.
6. 所以我们应该实施雄心勃勃的计划来改善经济状况：Therefore, we should implement ambitious plans to improve the economic situation.
7. 经济的繁荣是摆脱动荡的迫切需要：Prosperity of the economy is an imperative need to get out of turmoil.。
四六级翻译复习参考资料一、历史文化四大文明古国：中国位于亚洲东部，是世界上人口最多的国家。
中国是世界四大文明古国之一，拥有大量的中华文化光辉的古迹，此外，中国地大物博，拥有茂密的森林、雄伟壮丽的瀑布、秀丽的湖泊以及如利剑直插云霄的山峰，所有这些都令世界各国人民神往。
但是，更重要的是，中国以拥有五千多年的历史而自豪，遗留下无数的历史文物，其中包括珍贵珠宝、古迹名胜、宫殿及数不尽的雄伟建筑，令人惊叹不已。
这种种原因都促使中国成为许多人梦寐以求的旅游胜地。
China lies in the east of Asia and it has the largest population in the world. China is also one of the four countries in the world that have an ancient civilization, Besides, it has a vast territory with such abundant natural resources as dense forests, magnificent waterfalls, majestic and beautiful rivers and lakes, and mountains whose peaks reach high into the sky like swords. All these make China a singularly attractive place to tourists around the world. But, most importantly, China boasts a history of over five thousand years with innumerable historical relics left over from the long past, such as priceless pearls and jewels, historic sites and scenic spots, palaces and edifices of architectural richness, all of which have won people’s admiration. You are sure to find great enjoyment from all these attractions in China, a much-admired dream land.中华传统文化：中华民族的传统文化博大精深，源远流长。
1. 在中国月饼是一种特殊的食品，广受海内外华人的欢迎。
中秋吃月饼就好比圣诞节吃馅饼(mince pies)。
为了庆祝中秋节，中国人通常做两件事：一是观赏满月。
二是品尝美味的月饼。
中秋节是每年农历八月十五日。
据说，这一天的月亮是一年中最圆的。
而月亮正是庆贺中秋的全部主题。
在中国人眼中，月饼象征着全家人的大团圆。
Moon cakes are a special kind of food in China. They are very popular with the Chinese at home and abroad. Moon cakes are to Mid-Autumn Festival what mince pies are to Christmas. To celebrate Mid-Autumn Festival, the Chinese usually do two things: enjoy the full moon and eat delicious moon cakes. Mid-Autumn Festival falls on the 15th day of the 8th month of the lunar calendar. It is the time when the moon is said to be at its brightest and fullest. And the moon is what this celebration is all about. In the eyes of the Chinese people , a moon cake symbolizes the reunion of all family members.练习句型：介词伴随状语，一般现在时/一般过去时北京是座有三千年历史的古城。
早在公元前十一世纪，北京就是燕国的国都，因此北京有燕京之称。
四六级翻译讲义主讲老师：薛非一、大纲解读四级考试：要求考生能将题材熟悉、语言难度较低的汉语段落翻译成英语。
段落内容涉及中国文化、历史及社会发展。
译文基本准确地表达原文的意思，语句通顺，句式和用词较为恰当。
能运用基本的翻译策略。
能在半个小时内将长度为140到160个汉字的段落译成英语。
六级考试：要求考生能将题材熟悉、语言难度中等的汉语段落翻译成英语。
段落内容涉及中国的文化、历史及社会发展。
译文基本准确地表达原文的意思，语句流畅，句式运用恰当，用词贴切。
能较好地运用翻译策略。
能在半个小时内将长度为180到200个汉字的段落译成英语。
档次描述14分档译文准确表达了原文的意思。
译文流畅，结构清晰，用词贴切，基本无语言错误，仅有个别小错。
11分档译文基本表达了原文的意思。
结构较为清晰，语言通顺，但有少量语言错误。
8分档译文勉强表达了原文的意思。
译文勉强连贯，语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。
5分档译文仅表达了小部分原文的意思。
译文连贯性差，有相当多的严重语言错误。
2分档除个别词语或句子，译文基本没有表达原文的意思。
二、提高方式要想提高汉英翻译，以下三点为必经之路：掌握英汉对比、学习翻译技巧、大量刻意练习。
1.形合vs.意和●语法范畴：词性、冠词、单复数、时态、语态、语气、及物、比较。
●句法范畴：英文严谨，多长难句，多指代；汉语自由，多小短句，多缺失。
金庸是著名作家。
知己知彼，百战不殆。
I won’t go until he comes.If winter comes,can spring be far behind?他走了进来，鼻子冻得通红。
小红的头发比小明长。
那里的生活节奏比大多数中国城市都要缓慢。
There’s life’s rhythm is slower than most Chinese cities.Rhythm of life there is slower than most Chinese cities’.The pace of life there is slower than that of most Chinese cities.2.被动vs.主动●英文多被动，汉语多主动与隐形被动。
【新四六级裸考必备翻译资料】提示：这个是启航的黄涛老师特意为大家准备的啊！大家又多了一件裸考的法宝啊！不过这些得背下来啊!应广大黄桃们的强烈要求，为了今年12月份四六级改革之后的新考试，我特地收集整理了以下翻译必备资料，希望在最后一周引起黄桃们的重视，因为翻译是和作文分值一样的题型，都是106分，加油,认真练习，然后对照译文，努力提高翻译考点词汇和翻译技巧。
最后温馨提醒，不要忘记我基础班上提到的翻译绝招！俗话说，早期的鸟儿有虫吃，先看到这篇文章的黄桃们，在此签到，祝福自己这次四六级能一考而过！Passagel北京有无数的胡同。
胡同的意思就是小巷子。
平民百姓在胡同里的生活给古都北京带来了无穷的魅力。
通常, 胡同内有一个大杂院，房间够4到10个家庭的差不多20 口人住。
所以，胡同里的生活充满了友善和人情味。
北京的胡同不仅仅是平民百姓的生活环境，而且还是一门建筑艺术。
它反映了社会的变迁。
随着社会和经济的飞速发展，很多胡同将成为人们的记忆。
In Beijing, there are many Huton gs, which mea n small la nes. The life of ordinary people in these lanes con tributes greatly to the charm of Beiji ng, the an cie nt cap ital. Usally, there is a courtyard comp lex in side the Hutong, with rooms for an average of 4 to 10 families of about 20 members. So life at the Hutong is that of a frie ndly and interpersonal com muni cati on. Hutong is the livi ng en vir onment of ordinary Beji ng n atives. It is also an art of architecture. It reflects the changes of the society. With the rapid devel opment of the society and economy, many Hutongs will live on ly inpeopie ' msemory. Passage2端午节，又称龙舟节，为每年农历五月初五。
Passage 1【文章大意】快速浏览可知，本文是一篇关于如何使用词典的指导性文章。
文章首先介绍了双语字典和单语字典的不同，接着又推荐学生使用单语字典，包括参考型字典和实用表达字典。
最后建议外语教师不仅要向学生推荐字典，而且要训练他们学会使用字典。
【答题精解】1．F F段指出参考词典是我们最常用的词典，它与最新出现的表达词典不一样。
根据frequently use、distinguished等关键信息可迅速锁定第1题，该段第二行中的emerged comparatively recently又与第1题的new kind相符，因此，F段与第1题信息匹配。
2．C C段开头列举了一些单语词典，接下来谈到它们提供的信息及其功能特点。
根据different meanings、pronounced、collocate、examples等关键信息可迅速扫描至第2题，该句是对C段前三句话的概括，因此信息最为匹配。
3．A A段主要谈到词典是语言研究的主要帮手，学生都会买双语词典或电子词典来帮助他们即时翻译词汇，但双语词典却不能提供这个词汇的其它相关信息。
根据bilingual dictionaries、instantly、sufficient information等关键信息可迅速扫描至第3题，且题干中的for the need of与该段第三行hope含义相符，因此信息匹配。
4．I I段提到表达词典能用来查表达某个意思的词汇，在第四句中说到学生可以用双语词典来查词汇，但用参考单语词典就会很麻烦，因为他们不认识单词。
根据look for the word、find、express、reference MLD等关键信息进行扫描，不难发现第4题的表达与原文最大程度符合。
第4题的观点是学生想要找到一个词来表达一个意思时，最好不要选择参考单语词典。
5．B B段提到单语词典是一种语言编写的词典，并主要指那些为语言学习者所使用的词典。
大学英语四六级翻译题总结大学英语四六级考试实行新题型以来，翻译题几乎成了历年必考题型。
纵观历年真题，翻译部分涉及两方面的内容：一是语法结构，二是词汇用法。
语法部分考察重点依次是：虚拟语气、强调与倒装、从句、形容词的比较级和最高级、非谓语动词、事态和语态等。
其中虚拟语气和倒装是重点中的重点。
从句一．名词性从句名词从句是指行使名词功能的从句，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句以及补语从句。
1.主语从句---从句作主语主语从句主要由that, what, whether, how以及其它词引导，还有就是由代词it作形式主语。
That he survived the accident is a miracle.他在这场事故中幸免于难，真是奇迹。
特别提示：尽管that并没有实际含义，但是它起到引导主语从句的功能，在这里不可或缺。
★★What he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance.他喜欢做的事情被社会所忽视，认为毫无价值，无足轻重。
How he managed to finish the job is of interest to us all.他是如何设法完成这项工作的，我们对此都很感兴趣。
Whether the results will be valuable depends partly on our attitudes towards it.结果是否有价值在部分程度上取决于我们对此的态度。
特别提示：whether引导的主语从句位于句首时，whether不能由if代替。
2.宾语从句---从句作宾语。
The court decisions have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education.法院裁决责令公立学校必须采取必要步骤提供这种教育。
第一章CET-4&6翻译考试概况 (2)1.1试卷整体描述 (2)1.2样题对翻译部分的描述 (2)1.3翻译样题（四级） (2)1.4翻译样题（六级） (3)1.5 翻译学习“三步法” (3)第二章翻译基础 (4)2.1 词性和句子成分 (4)2.2基本句型 (4)2.3句子种类 (5)2.4句子成分 (5)第三章翻译策略和技巧 (6)3.1 翻译流程 (6)3.2 翻译标准 (6)3.3 翻译常见句法结构 (6)3.4 翻译技巧（句法处理） (7)第四章段落翻译模拟 (9)4.1中国概况 (9)4.2端午节 (9)4.3四大发明 (9)4.4中国瓷器 (10)4.5京剧 (10)4.6筷子 (11)4.7丝绸之路 (11)4.8龙文化 (11)4.9 茶文化 (12)4.10中国杂技 (12)第一章 CET-4&6翻译考试概况1.1试卷试卷整体整体整体描述描述根据四、六级官网，四级和六级的试卷结构、测试内容、测试题型、分值比例和考试时间如下表所示：试卷结构 测试内容 测试题型 分值比例 考试时间 写作 写作 短文写作 15% 30分钟短对话 多项选择 8%听力对话 长对话 多项选择 7%短文理解多项选择 10% 听力理解 听力短文 短文听写单词及词组听写 10% 30分钟 词汇理解 选词填空 5%长篇阅读 匹配 10%阅读理解 仔细阅读 多项选择 20%40分钟 翻译 汉译英 段落翻译 15% 30分钟 总计 100% 130分钟1.2样题样题对翻译部分的对翻译部分的对翻译部分的描述描述原单句汉译英调整为段落汉译英。
翻译内容涉及中国的历史历史历史、、文化文化、、经济经济、、社会发展会发展等。
四级长度为140-160个汉字；六级长度为180-200个汉字。
1.3翻译样题翻译样题（（四级四级））Part IV Translation (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chineseinto English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.剪纸（paper cutting ）是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一。
本文由ｃｙｘ０２７贡献 ｄｏｃ１。
英汉翻译原理第一讲： 什么是翻译？ 英汉翻译原理第一讲： 什么是翻译？ 【例 １】 Ｔｈｅ ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ ｏｆ ａ ｔｒｅｅ ｆｒｏｍ ｔｈｅ ｔｉｍｅ ｉｔ ｓｔａｒｔｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｆｏｒｅｓｔ ｕｎｔｉｌ ｔｈｅ ｂｏａｒｄｓ ｗｈｉｃｈ ｉｔ ｙｉｅｌｄｓ ａｒｅ ｕｓｅｄ， ｗｏｕｌｄ ｆｏｒｍ ａｎ ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｉｎｇ ａｎｄ， ｉｎ ｍａｎｙ ｉｎｓｔａｎｃｅｓ， ａｎ ｅｘｃｉｔｉｎｇ ｓｔｏｒｙ． （“×”号表示译文有问题，下同） ×树的历史开始于森林中，直到生产为木板后被使用为止，成为一个有趣且有许多事例的激动 人心的故事。
上面这句话的原文实际上主要说了两点内容： １、树的历史的起迄时间 ２、树的历史是怎样一回事 【译文】 一棵树，从它在森林中生长起直到被制成木板使用为止，这段历史会构成一个饶有 趣味的故事，在很多情况下这个故事十分激动人心。
【例 ２】 Ｔｈｅｒｅ ａｒｅ ｔｗｏ ｒｅｇｕｌａｔｏｒｙ ｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ ｗｈｉｃｈ ｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔ． Ｏｎｅ ｔｉｍｉｎｇ ｓｙｓｔｅｍ ｃｏｍｅｓ ｆｒｏｍ ｔｈｅ ｅｖｉｄｅｎｃｅ ｏｆ ｏｕｒ ｓｅｎｓｅｓ ａｎｄ ｓｔｏｍａｃｈｓ， ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｐｅｒｉｏｄｉｃｉｔｙ ｗｅ ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅ ｗｈｅｎ ｌｉｖｉｎｇ ｉｎ ａ ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒ ｔｉｍｅ ｚｏｎｅ． ×有两个调节系统相互作用。
一个定时系统来自于我们的感官和胃的证明，就是当我们生活在 一个特定的时区所经历的周期性。
【译文】 人体有两个相互作用的时间调节系统。
一个时间调节系统依据感官和胃发出的信 息，依据我们生活在某个时区所体验的周期性规律。
寻找对等词语和结构然后将其串接成句的翻译方法，常表现如下： １、简单语句的译文虽然生硬，但基本可读。
如： 【例 ３】 Ｉ ｃａｎ ｓｅｅ ｔｈｒｅｅ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｔｙｐｅｓ ｏｆ ｃｏｍｐｏｓｅｒｓ ｉｎ ｍｕｓｉｃａｌ ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ， ｅａｃｈ ｏｆ ｗｈｏｍ ｃｒｅａｔｅｓ ｍｕｓｉｃ ｉｎ ａ ｓｏｍｅｗｈａｔ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｆａｓｈｉｏｎ． ×我能看到音乐史上有三种不同的作曲家，他们中每一个人以某种不同的方式创作音乐。
CET6高分班写作与翻译（补充材料）六级写作补充六级写作补充模拟题与模拟题与模拟题与范文范文范文1．Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topicKeeping Pets. You should write at least 150 words, and you should base yourcomposition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1. 有些人赞成养宠物。
2. 另一些人反对养宠物。
3. 我的看法Keeping PetsThere is no denying the fact that keeping pets has been a hotly debated topic in China. People’s opinions differ sharply on this issue. Some hold the positive view. They say that pets like cats, dogs and birds can reduce, to some extent, loneliness for both adults and children, especially for the old, the single, housewives and the disabled. Without pets, these people’s life would become dull and cheerless.Others, however, hold the opposite view. They maintain that keeping pets should be banned. They point out that pets are responsible for noises, which disturb people’s rest, and for injuries suffered both by the people who keep them and by innocent neighbors. They also argue that keeping pets is a waste of money and resources.Personally, I believe that we should not go to extremes. On the one hand, we should allow people to keep pets; on the other hand, we should take measures to solve the problems caused by pets. This can be done by banning pets from public places. Inaddition, large and dangerous pets should be restricted to special areas.或Weighing the arguments of both sides, I am inclined to agree with the latter. Anyway, we can lessen our loneliness and express our love toward animals in other ways. And it is my belief that only by placing man and other species on an equal basis can we expect to have a lively and colorful world.2．Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topicWhere There Is a Will, There Is a Way. You should write at least 150 words, and youshould base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1. 为什么“有志者，事竟成”？。
1.
讲义p37，“三、评分标准”这篇翻译题中，“但是好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养（nutrition）。
”没有讲到。
这句话的参考译文为：
However, good cooking has one thing in common, which is always the consideration of colors, smells, tastes and nutrition.
解析：
这句话的主干是“但是好的烹饪都有一个共同点”。
“一个共同点”是one thing in common。
修饰成分为“总是要考虑到颜色、口感和营养”，作为对“一个共同点”的补充说明，可以译为which引导的非限制性定语从句。
“考虑到”可以转换为名词consideration，“考虑到”的东西接在consideration后面，用of引出。
2.
四级翻译并列模块13分42秒
ppt上这句话漏掉了“黄色是专为皇帝使用的颜色”，讲义对应p57第4句。
遗漏部分的参考译文为At that time, yellow was the color which was used specially by emperors.
解析：“那时”为at the time。
“专为皇帝使用的”修饰“颜色”，可以把修饰成分处理成which 引导的定语从句。
“为......使用”是一个被动语态，及be used by sb. “专”意思是“特殊地；专门地”，译为specially。
以下内容，只要认真掌握，写作翻译就必然提分。
1、但请牢牢记住：“看懂了”不等于“能记住”，“能记住”不等于“会应用”；因此，多动笔背写并仿写才是提升的关键。
2、记住：多篇作文中重复性表达是复习的重中之重。
因为这些词汇、表达或句式可以使用在近十多次考试中，那么，就很有可能再次成为你写译提分的利器。
3、建议每篇作文和翻译都按照一下方式处理：抄写范文或译文---英译汉—汉译英—对比查错—背写出错之处！- 救命的13句功能表达-1、In contemporary society, it has become a trend for a host of individuals to .....2、Meanwhile, an increasing number of youngsters find it ratherdifficult/convenient/comfortable/necessary/ beneficial to ...3、Taking a look around, we can notice a great many examples like this.4、Apparently, this picture/saying/chart/phenomenon can be naturally associated5、with the significance of .../the negative influences of .../ close relation between ...and ..../6、If people intend to ...., it is advisable for them to ....7、It is ....that (does/do not)enable ...to build up adequate knowledge, ability, confidence, experience.As a matter of fact, intelligent people in large numbers have come to realize the sig8、nificance of.../ negative impacts of ...9、As a college student, I am convinced that it is of great/no necessity for youngsters to enhance/ strengthen our quality by .....10、Thus, we should educate, advocate and encourage our friends, classmates an11、d acquaintances to cultivate this awareness/habit12、If we try our utmost to do so, the future of our life, work and study will be hopeful and promising.13、Do bear in mind: ...- 五星级必备作文-第一篇：做好小事的重要性（功能句式大集锦）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay. You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then express your views on the importance of doing small things before undertaking something big. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.首段：图画描述（引入图画）This is a simple but thought-provoking cartoon: (图画描述：人/物+动作+环境+文字) the youngster/ guy expresses his worries about “disposing of nuclear waste”; to his surprise, his father responds/answers: “If you can empty the dustbin here, you can do anything.”二段：图画主题+现象+意义(图画联系主旨) Obviously, this picture can be naturally associated with the importance of doing small things: (主题评论) if youngsters intend to achieve success, it is advisable for them to begin with little things. (现象概述) In contemporary society, it has become a trend for a host of teenagers to ignore tiny things in life: cleaning rooms, washing clothes and emptying dustbins. (相关人+感受) Meanwhile, an increasing number of young people find it rather useless or unnecessary to deal with these things.(举例) A case in point is the boy in the picture. However, (意义) it is these small tasks that enable youngsters to build up adequate knowledge, ability and experience. (万能总结) As a matter of fact, intelligent people in large numbers have come to realize the significance of doing small things.（补充举例2）Taking a look around, we can notice a great many young people like the boy in the picture.(意义句补充) Doing small things brings us skills, arouses our enthusiasm/ passion for success, and helps us to make progress.尾段：观点+建议+展望(观点：尾段首句万能) As a college student, I am convinced that it is of great necessity for youngsters to enhance ourselves by doing small things. (万能建议) Thus, weshould educate, advocate and encourage our friends, classmates and acquaintances to cultivate this awareness/habit. (展望1:)Sparing no efforts to do so, we can witness a hopeful and promising future of our life, work and study. (展望2:) Do bear in mind: no small progress, no success. /small progresses lead to a big success.第二篇：英语学习（万能素材救命作文）话题：On English Learning内容要求（提纲）：1. 英语很重要；2. 学习英语中的各种困难；3. 如何学好英语首段(主题句：现象+意义) In contemporary world, English learning has gained great popularity and it is of great significance for youngsters to learn English well. (调查法描述) Based on a survey, a majority of international organizations or firms acknowledge that they prefer recruiting employees who can speak English fluently.二段However, English learners may have a variety of difficulties or troubles in learning. (主题句) For instance, a large number of students have difficulty memorizing words. Frequently, it is also difficult for them to understand the rules of grammar. In addition, though some are good at reading or writing, they cannot express themselves freely in oral English.尾段Then, how to get a good command of (学好) this language? I am convinced that practice makes perfect. Only practice can help one to master the rules of grammar and remember words. And it is also through practice that one can speak and write fluently, and there is no other way. If we try our utmost to practice English every day, the future of our English learning will be promising and hopeful. (180words)- 四星级必备作文-第三篇：教育汇报（图表作文）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Education Pays based on the statistics provided in the chart below (Weekly earnings in 2010). Please give a brief description of the chart first and then make comments on it. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.首段：图表描述(引出图表)This is a simple but enlightening chart by US Bureau of Labor: (图表描述万能) in 2010, it had become a trend for doctors, masters and bachelors to earn more money in a week in US--- $1551, $1272 and $1038. Meanwhile, other individuals could not enjoy satisfactory earnings, if they did not receive better education.二段：主题评论+现象+意义(图表联系主题)Obviously, this chart can be naturally associated with the importance of education: （图表内容评论）if individuals intend to acquire/ get better earnings, itis advisable for them to gain higher degrees. （现象）In contemporary America, it is a common phenomenon for a host of companies/ firms/ corporations/ organizations to hire/ employ/ recruit doctors and masters and pay them better salaries. (相关人+感受) And an increasing number of youngsters find it rather difficult to get better jobs, if they do not get better education. (意义) It is education that enables them to build up adequate knowledge, skills and ability to deal with important tasks. (总结)As a matter of fact, employees and employers in large numbers have come to realize the significance of higher degrees.尾段：观点+号召（观点）As a college student, I am convinced that it is of great necessity for youngsters to enhance ourselves by studying hard and getting better degrees. （号召）Do bear in mind: education is or means a worthy investment.第四篇成功需要坚强意志力（话语评论）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will by commenting on the humorous saying, “Quitting smoking is the easiest thing in the world. I’ve done it hundreds of times.”You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.首段(话语引入)This is a humorous but enlightening remark by smokers: “Quitting smoking is the easiest thing in the world. I’ve done it hundreds of times.”(话语联系主题)Obviously, this saying can be naturally associated with the importance ofstrong will: (话语评论)if a smoker intends to quit smoking, it is advisable for him to have adequate will to resist the temptation of cigarettes.二段：现象+意义(现象)In contemporary society, it has become a trend for some youngsters to face various difficulties in life and study. Meanwhile, a host of teenagers find it exceedingly difficult to achieve success, if they have no strong will. A case in point is quitting smoking. (意义) It is our strong will that enables us to build up enough confidence, hope and courage. As a matter of fact, intelligent people in large numbers have come to realize the significance of strong minds. (调查法)In addtion, according to a survey, a majority of successful people admit that a strong will is the key to their success.尾段：观点+建议+号召(观点)As a college student, I am convinced that it is of great necessity for youngsters to enhance ourselves by developing/ cultivating strong will. (建议)Accordingly, we should educate, advocate and encourage our friends and classmates to conquer difficulties with our strong will. (号召)Do bear in mind: no strong will, no success.第五篇对我帮助最大的一位同学（开放性作文）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay about a classmate who has influenced you most in college. You should state the reasons and write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.【范文】In college, it is a common phenomenon for a host of students to attend classes and participate in activities with their classmates. Meanwhile, an increasing number of teenagers find it quite necessary to learn other classmates’merits. A typical example is that my classmate, Lee, has influenced me most.In the first college year, I had a variety of difficulties in English study. For instance, I had trouble memorizing words. Sometimes, it was also difficult for me to understand the rules of grammar. Although I could read and write, I cannot express myself freely in oral English. Then, how to get a command of this language for me? Lee established English Club and invited me to take part in various activities of learning. Now, I am convinced that practice makes perfect. Lee’s help enables me to master the rules of grammar and remember words. It is also through oral practice with Lee that I can speak and write fluently.As a college student, I deem that it is of great necessity for youngsters to enhance our quality by learning from others. Lee has influenced me not only in English learning, and I will also bear in mind his other significant virtues: a strong will, confidence, optimism and diligence.（207words）- 五星必备翻译-翻译冲刺复习的“三遍学习法”翻译无论是难还是简单，都不要硬着头皮逐字翻译。
五、动词常见时态的翻译英语动词的时态表示动作发生的时间和方式。
按时间来分，有现在时、过去时、将来时和过去将来时四种；按方式来分，有一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式四类。
将四种“时间”与四类“方式”相结合，就构成了英语的16种动词时态。
而汉语没有特定的时态，其动作的时间和方式是通过词汇和句法手段实现的。
因此，汉译英时，要将汉语的表达方式转化成英语中的具体时态。
1.一般现在时一般现在时表示经常性或习惯性的动作，或客观真理、科学事实及其他没有时限的客观存在，或主语所具有的特征、性能、倾向或状态等。
例1：孔子认为孝道是各种道德的基础。
译文：Confucius believed that filial piety is the foundation of other virtues.注：句子说明的客观真理，即使是过去的人的看法，也应该用一般现在时。
例2：所谓“开门七件事”，就是柴米油盐酱醋茶。
译文：The so-called Seven Necessities of Daily Life refer to fuel, rice, oil, salt, sauce, vinegar and tea.注：原文说明的是客观事实，用一般现在时。
2.现在完成时现在完成时用来表示已发生过或已完成的动作或状态，或发生在过去某一时刻持续到现在的状况，常与for, since等词连用。
例3：千百年来，泰山以其壮丽的景色，吸引了海内外无数游客。
译文：Over hundreds of years, Mount Tai has attracted both domestic and foreign visitors with its spectacular scenery.注：全句时间跨度从过去延伸到现在，译文应用现在完成时。
例4：中国人发明了罗盘，却并没有制造兵舰横行四海。
译文：Chinese people invented the compass, but have never used it to make warships to prowl about the seas.注：“发明了”这一动作发生在过去某个时间，应用一般过去时。
Twin words1、名词+名词Odds and ends 零碎，杂物bag and baggage（全部的），bread and butter(生活必需品；生计）flesh and blood(血肉之躯；亲戚）heads or tails,（要正面还是反面）day and night（日日夜夜）kith and kin（亲戚朋友）whim and fancy奇怪念头wish and command指令with might and main（尽全力）pick and shovel（重体力劳动）time after time（重复的）twists and turns（迂回曲折）Without let or hinderance没有障碍的Without jot or tittle 一点也没有Sum and substance 全部Heart and soul 全身心Aid and abet 帮助Every crook (cranny) and corner每一个角落Flotsam and jetsam 丢弃物Dribs and drabs 点滴Rules and regulations 规章制度Trials and tribulations 痛苦，考验Vim, vigor and vitality活力Metes and bounds 界限toil and moil 辛苦工作Ways and means 千方百计First and foremost 首先，也是最重要的Hale and hearty 健康的All and sundry 所有Null and void 虚无的Thick and fast 大大地，极大地Root and branch 竭尽全力Heaven and earth竭尽全力Hammer and tongs竭尽全力Bits and pieces 点滴By leaps and bounds 大踏步The be-all and end-all 最高目标（理想）；主要成分（内容）；全部成分 nuts and bolts细节nip and tuck势均力敌的Sum and substance主要内容back and belly背与腹，【喻】衣食2、形容词+形容词Twin wordsblack and blue（遍体鳞伤）cut and dried（预先准备的,常规的）dead and alive（无精打采）free and easy（无拘无束，随便的）high and low（到处）high and mighty（非常傲慢）more or less（或多或少）rough and ready（马马虎虎）slow but sure（慢而准）near and dear（亲密的）Slow and steady（稳扎稳打）Rough dn tough（粗暴）Near and dear（亲密无间）for better or for worse（不论是好是坏）Various and sundry （各种各样的）Pure and unadulterated （单纯的）The strait and narrow (path) （窄路）Tried and tested (recipe) 验方Tried and trusted （friends）久经考验的朋友 Upright and forthright 刚正不阿one and only 唯一的One and all 所有的，全部的One and same同一的rough and tumble乱糟糟的3、动词+动词：Twin wordscut and run(仓皇逃走）do or die（不成功毋宁死）hit and run（肇事后逃跑）come and go（来来往往）hit or miss（无论成功与否）give and take（平等交换意见；互让）Trip and fall (跌撞，摔跤)take it or leave it（取不取自便）cut and thrust（肉搏；激烈的争论）Chop and change （反复变化）Winking and blinking（视而不见）Wine and dine （饮酒作乐）Ball and squall怪声怪调Ranting and raving 怒骂，怒叫Huffing and puffing 呼呼吐气Lo and behold 看Toss and turn 翻转Wax and wane 涨退；上升与下降Twists and turns 弯弯曲曲4、副词+副词：Twin wordsagain and again（反复的）hard and fast（固定不变的；严格的）to and fro（来回的）back and forth（来来往往的）far and away（无疑的）now and again（常常）ever and again（不时的）out and away（无疑的）out and home（来回的）out and out（十足的）round and round（旋转不息的）Right and proper 正确的Really and truly真正地5、介词+介词：Twin wordsbetwixt and between（悬而未决；摸棱两可）by and by（不一会儿）save and except(除了...以外）Above and beyond 在…之外Over and above在…之上Whither and whence 从哪里来，到哪里去6、连接词+连接词as and when(当...时候)if and when（如果，万一）7、数词+数词one by one(一个一个的）two and two（成双的）8、有些需与固定的词语搭配，如：rain cats and dogs(倾盆大雨）between wind and water（在最易受打击的地方，在要害处） go through thick and thin（赴汤蹈火）between Scylla and Charybdis（进退两难）at sixes and sevens（乱七八糟）by ones and twos（三三两两）Tweedledum and tweedledee难以区分的两个人（或物）9、押韵习语1）押头韵through thick and thin（不管艰难险阻）(go) through water and fire （费尽艰难险阻） safe and sound（安然无恙）aid and abet（同谋）rack and ruin（坍塌，毁灭）part and parcel（核心部分)scrape and screw（省吃检用）with might and main（全力以赴）rough and ready（简陋的）(as) right as rain(完全正确）Every crook and corner （每一个角落）2)押尾韵high and dry（孤立无援）wear and tear（磨损）out and about（能出门走走）by hook or by crook（千方百计）flotsam and jetsam（无价值的...）3）元音叠韵（腹韵）clean and neat（整洁）cut and run（急忙逃走）make or break（要么成功要么失败）a bed of roses 安逸的生活（非玫瑰花圃）goose flesh鸡皮疙瘩(非“鹅肉”)eat crow被迫出丑(非“吃乌鸦”)horse sense 基本常识(非“马的意识”)busybody 爱管闲事的人(非“大忙人”);confidence man 骗子(非“有信心之人”)brown study 沉思冥想(非“褐色的书房”)golden opinions 高度的评价(非“金色的观点”)。
生活在二级阶地上的人们People on the Second Terrace——半坡遗址概览An Overview of Banpo Site一、二级阶地——智慧与理性的选择Second terrace—a wise choice1、半坡遗址周边环境模型Environmental model二级阶地是一个地理学名词，指的是河流两岸的第二级平台。
考古学家发现生活在黄河流域的新石器时代的人们常常把居址选择在这样的地方。
The Second Terrace, a geographic term, refers to the second of a series of raised flat areas usually bordering a river. Archaeologist discovered that Neolithic people living in the Yellow River valley normally chose to live in such areas.我们还无法准确地知道半坡人及他们同时代的人们为什么会一开始就选择这样的地方栖居，合乎逻辑的解释只能是包括经验和教训在内的生活场景：定居使人们对水源的依赖不可或缺，而过分亲水则易受水患侵扰，于是这不远不近、高低适中的二级阶台便成为最佳选择。
We are not sure why the Banpo people and their peers decided to inhabit in such areas, but we believe that it could be justified by their life experiences–water, a vital element for survival, but it could cause disaster as well. Therefore, a second terrace, not too close and not too far proved the best choice.2、浐河东岸二级阶地示意图An illustration of the second terrace on the east bank of Chanhe River3、半坡遗址平面布局图Map of Banpo Site半坡人的词汇中是否已有“规则”这个词，我们不得而知。
