Morphology of Films of SEBS Triblock Copolymers

艺术设计研究2022 06期⊙ 书评阿尔弗雷德·盖尔的艺术人类学研究李修建当代西方最具原创性和影响力的艺术人类学家，当属英国学者阿尔弗雷德·盖尔（Alfred Gell ）（下文简称“盖尔”）。

盖尔的艺术能动性理论不唯在艺术人类学界产生广泛影响，更是影响到了艺术史等领域。

鉴于国内学界对其人其书的介绍不多，本文试对盖尔的生平、主要思想及其影响做一概要性论述。

一、盖尔的生平与著述①1945年，盖尔生于英国一个中产阶级家庭，从小喜欢绘画，大学就读于剑桥大学三一学院，所学专业为考古学与人类学。

大学期间，喜欢参加席明纳（Seminar ，即一种专题讨论式的教学方式），他的许多文章都是在这种氛围中写摘要：英国学者阿尔弗雷德·盖尔是当代西方最具原创性的艺术人类学家，《艺术与能动性》是其代表作。

他秉承英国人类学界的传统，反对从美学、符号学和语言学的角度研究艺术。

他认为艺术人类学研究的是艺术生产、流通和接受的社会语境。

他将艺术看成一套技术体系和行动体系，主张对艺术做传记式研究。

他受皮尔斯启发，提出了艺术关系网理论，认为艺术人类学的任务就是描述和解释艺术关系网。

盖尔的理论不仅在艺术人类学界产生巨大影响，还深刻影响了艺术史研究，为艺术研究提供了一种新的方法论。

关键词：阿尔弗雷德·盖尔；《艺术与能动性》；艺术关系网；指示符中图分类号：J05 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1674-7518 (2022) 06-0118-05Alfred Gell’s Study of Anthropology of ArtLi XiujianAbstract : Alfred Gell, a British scholar, was one of the most original anthropologists in the contemporary western academic world. Art and Agency was his representative work. He inherited the tradition of British anthropology and opposed the study of art from the perspectives of aesthetics, semiotics, and linguistics. He believed that the anthropology of art was the study of the social context of art production, circulation, and acceptance. He regarded art as a technical system and an action system and advocated a biographical study of art. Inspired by Pierce, he put forward the theory of art nexus and thought that the task of anthropol-ogy was to describe and explain the art nexus. Gell's theory not only greatly impacts the field of anthropology of art, but also has a profound impact on the study of art history, which provides a new methodology for art study. Key words : Alfred Gell; Art and Agency ; art nexus; index成的。

Lonely and depressed
Brooks has no family or friends on the outside, and he struggles with loneliness and depression He found it difficult to connect with others and form meaningful relationships
Red
要点一
Cynical and jaded
Red has been in principle for so long that he has lost hope of everyone being free He believes that he is institutionalized and unable to function in the outside world
The characters' trust in each other and their willingness to help one another in different times is a test to the power of friendship
The film highlights how friendships can provide support, comfort, and resource in times of hard ship
Heywood
Heywood is a friendly and helpful principal who is friends Andy and Red. He provides comfortable relief and adds a human touch to the story

二叠纪-三叠纪灭绝事件二叠纪-三叠纪灭绝事件（Permian–Triassic extinction event）是一个大规模物种灭绝事件，发生于古生代二叠纪与中生代三叠纪之间，距今大约2亿5140万年[1][2]。

若以消失的物种来计算，当时地球上70%的陆生脊椎动物，以及高达96%的海中生物消失[3]；这次灭绝事件也造成昆虫的唯一一次大量灭绝。

计有57%的科与83%的属消失[4][5]。

在灭绝事件之后，陆地与海洋的生态圈花了数百万年才完全恢复，比其他大型灭绝事件的恢复时间更长久[3]。

此次灭绝事件是地质年代的五次大型灭绝事件中，规模最庞大的一次，因此又非正式称为大灭绝（Great Dying）[6]，或是大规模灭绝之母（Mother of all mass extinctions）[7]。

二叠纪-三叠纪灭绝事件的过程与成因仍在争议中[8]。

根据不同的研究，这次灭绝事件可分为一[1]到三[9]个阶段。

第一个小型高峰可能因为环境的逐渐改变，原因可能是海平面改变、海洋缺氧、盘古大陆形成引起的干旱气候；而后来的高峰则是迅速、剧烈的，原因可能是撞击事件、火山爆发[10]、或是海平面骤变，引起甲烷水合物的大量释放[11]。

目录? 1 年代测定? 2 灭绝模式o 2.1 海中生物o 2.2 陆地无脊椎动物o 2.3 陆地植物? 2.3.1 植物生态系统? 2.3.2 煤层缺口o 2.4 陆地脊椎动物o 2.5 灭绝模式的可能解释? 3 生态系统的复原o 3.1 海洋生态系统的改变o 3.2 陆地脊椎动物? 4 灭绝原因o 4.1 撞击事件o 4.2 火山爆发o 4.3 甲烷水合物的气化o 4.4 海平面改变o 4.5 海洋缺氧o 4.6 硫化氢o 4.7 盘古大陆的形成o 4.8 多重原因? 5 注释? 6 延伸阅读? 7 外部链接年代测定在西元二十世纪之前，二叠纪与三叠纪交界的地层很少被发现，因此科学家们很难准确地估算灭绝事件的年代与经历时间，以及影响的地理范围[12]。

Instruments
Electron microscopes Zeiss E M 9 and Philips E M 100 B and partiee size analyzer Zeiss TGZ 3 were used.
Procedures
Throughout the investigation, ammonia was used as the catalyst causing the formation of spherical particles. In many cases, it was applied by adding saturated alcoholic solutions of ammonia to the reaction vessel. In other cases, particularly when high ammonia concentrations were desired, saturated ammonium hydroxide solution was used and the water content was taken into account.
CONTROLLED GROWTH OF MONODISPERSE SILICA SPHERES particles. In an attempt to duplicate these findings, many of our experiments resulted in gel formation and only in a few cases did the electron mierographs show particles of ellipsoidal shape and a size range near 0.08 t~. Then, a systematic study of the reaction parameters was made and after some drastic changes of the experimental conditions, quasi-monodisperse suspensions of silica spheres of sizes up to 2 ~ were finally obtained within less than an hour and the reaction no longer required extremely pure reactants. EXPERIMENTAL

第49卷第9期2021年5月广州化工Guangzhou Chemical IndustryVol.49No.9May.2021红外光谱法研究再生丝素蛋白薄膜的构象转变吴永琼，程佳琪，唐雨冉，黄川，郭鸣明(西南大学化学化工学院，重庆400715)摘要：通过流延法制备的再生丝素蛋白薄膜具有高透光率和可控的降解速率，是制造柔性透明电子器件的理想基底材料。

但再生丝素蛋白薄膜的结构和性质通常受溶液性质的影响。

在此，本文使用高温高压法从蚕茧中提取丝素蛋白，并通过流延法制备了再生丝素蛋白及其复合膜。

结合红外光谱以及傅立叶自解卷积的方法分析发现，碱性物质能够有效削弱高温和糖类化合物对丝素蛋白构象转变的促进作用。

关键词：丝素蛋白；薄膜；构象转变；红外光谱中图分类号：0657文献标志码：A文章编号：1001-9677(2021)09-0095-05 Study on Conformational Transition of Regenerated Silk FibroinFilms by Infrared SpectroscopyWU Yong-qiong,CHENG Jia-qi,TANG Yu-ran,HUANG Chuan,GUO Ming-ming(School of Chemistry and Engineering,Southwest University,Chongqing400715,China)Abstract:The regenerated silk fibroin film prepared by casting method has high light transmittance and controllable degradation rate,which is an ideal substrate material for manufacturing flexible and transparent electronic devices. However,the structure and properties of regenerated silk fibroin films are usually affected by properties of solution.Here, silk fibroin was extracted from silkworm cocoons by the high temperature and high-pressure method,and the regenerated silk fibroin and its composite film were prepared by casting method.The effects of alkaline substances and carbohydrate compounds on the secondary structure of regenerated silk fibroin films were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy.Key words：silk fibroin；film；conformational transition；infrared spectroscopy再生丝素蛋白薄膜具有良好的机械性能、可弯曲性、低表面粗糙度和高透明度，可用于柔性透明器件，其机械性能和降解速率取决于丝素蛋白的分子量和稳定构象的含量。

• Social Commentary: Science fiction films often serve as a platform for social commentary, examination issues such as the impact of technology on privacy, the ethics of scientific experience, and the potential danger of unchecked scientific progress
• Modern Era: In recent decks, science fiction films have continued to evolve and expand in scope, tapping more complex themes and ideas Films such as "Blade Runner" (1982), "The Matrix" (1999), and "Interstellar" (2014) have pushed the gene forward with their innovative visual effects and thought-provoking narratives
• "Frankenstein" (1931): Based on Mary Shelley's novel, this film by James Whale tells the story of a scientific who created a monster in his laboratory, only to have it turn on him and write havoc It explores themes of scientific responsibility and the nature of monostability

2 巨噬细胞在肺纤维化中的作用
巨 噬 细 胞 在 原 有 的 吞 噬 细 菌 能 力 的 基 础 外 ，还参 与 伤 口修复的过程，其 中 ，M l型巨噬细胞主要以促使 炎症 反 应 为 主 ，M2 型巨噬细胞具有较强的抗炎活性，
M2 型 巨 噬 细 胞 在 伤 口 愈 合 和 纤 维 化 中 起 到 重 要 作 用' 同 时 M2 型 巨 噬 细 胞 还 可 以 拮 抗 M l巨噬细胞的 活 性 ，这对于激活伤口愈合反应和恢复组织稳态有着 至 关 重 要 。同 时 也 有 研 究 表 明 ，M l型巨噬细胞在组 织 修 复 中 可 以 转 化 成 具 有 抗 炎 活 性 的 M2 型巨噬 细胞丨10丨。
关键词 ：巨 噬 细 胞 巨 噬 细 胞 极 化 肺 纤 维 化 doi: 10.11842/wst.20201111012 中 图 分 类 号 ：R563 文 献 标 识 码 ：A
肺 纤 维 化 （ pulmonary fibrosis,PF)是 一■种广泛的 异致性终末期的慢性间充质性肺疾病,其特征是细胞 外 基 质 过 度 沉 积 和 肺 实 质 破 坏 。 由于遗传易感性和 各 种 环 境 风 险 因 素 包 括 病 毒 ，细 菌 ，香 烟 烟 雾 ，木 屑 ， 石 屑 等 引 起 的 刺 激 而 引 起 肺 泡 上 皮 细 胞 损 伤 、成纤维 细 胞 增 殖 、成纤维细胞向肌成纤维细胞转化和胶原的 形成并引起病理性的细胞外基质沉积,降低肺的顺应 性 ，导致气体交换受阻、肺 功 能 急 剧 下 降 、呼吸困难等 器 官 功 能 障 碍 ，最 终 发 展 成 为 呼 吸 衰 竭 而 危 及 生 命 的 纤维化间充质疾病m。近 些 年 对 PF治疗的研究有了深 人 的 发 展 ，但 是 对 于 PF 发 病 机 制 的 认 识 仍 不 十 分 清楚。

磁共振零回波时间成像技术在临床应用的研究进展【摘要】人体中存在很多横向弛豫的时间（T2）比常规序列回波时间（TE）短的组织结构，当接收到射频脉冲激励以后，其横向磁化矢量迅速衰减至零，这么短的时间以至于常规序列无法采集到该组织的信号，从而在图像上表现为低信号。

为了使这些组织能够更清晰更直接的显示出来，技术人员研究发现了一种可以采集短横向弛豫时间（T2）信号的磁共振成像技术——零回波时间（zero echo time，ZTE）成像技术。

随着在临床中不断地运用发展，ZTE技术已经广泛应用于全身多系统疾病检查中，比如神经系统、骨骼肌系统、呼吸系统的一些疾病。

本文主要针对ZTE技术的原理以及在全身多系统中的应用的最新进展研究进行综述。

【关键词】零回波时间；磁共振成像；横向弛豫时间[Abstract] there are many tissue structures in human body whose T2 relaxation time is shorter than that of conventional sequence echo time (TE). After receiving radio frequency pulse excitation, the transverse magnetization vector attenuates rapidly to zero, so that the conventional sequence can not collect the tissue signal, so it shows low signal on the image. In order to show these tissues more clearly and directly, technicians have discovered a magnetic resonance imaging technique-zero echo time (ZTE) imaging, which can collect short T2 signals. With the continuous development of clinical application, ZTE technology has been widely used in all multi-system examinations, such as nervous system, skeletal muscle system, teeth, lung diseases and so on. This paper mainly summarizes the principle ofZTE technology and the latest progress of its application in whole-body multi-system.[Keywords] Zero echo time; magnetic resonance imaging; T2 relaxation time1.ZTE序列原理1.1．ZTE序列分为常规ZTE序列与非常规ZTE序列；ZTE序列之所以可以采集到短T2组织的信号，是通过缩短线圈发射／接收模式切换时间及滤波时间，从而缩短了数据采集接收的延迟时间，在一定程度上实现了回波时间为零的可能[1]。

Spinodal
旋节线
One phase Stable region
Critical point
临界点
jA or jB
PPO/SEBS-g-MAH Alloy—Spinodal
Bicontinuous Phase
PPO/SEBS-g-MAH (85/15) with Impact strength at 1000J/M , much higher than 70J/M for pure PPO
https:///wiki/Phthalates

Contents
What is polymer solution Phase equilibrium of polymer solution Polymer blend phase separation and application Block copolymer microphase separation
Cross-linking
Strong hydrogen bond Crystallinity
Traditional Polymer Solution
This may be all happens if, for example, the polymer-polymer intermolecular forces are high because of crosslinking, crystallinity, or strong hydrogen bonding. Solubility relations in polymer systems are more complex than those among low molecular-weight compounds, because of the size differences between polymer and solvent, the viscosity of the system, and the effects of the texture and molecular weight of the polymer. Conformation: The arrangements of the polymer chain differing by reason of rotations about single bonds are termed conformations.

科幻电影英文参考文献Title: Exploring the Depths of Science Fiction Cinema: A Reference Guide.Science fiction cinema has always fascinated audiences with its ability to take us to worlds beyond imagination. The genre explores themes and concepts that push the boundaries of reality, challenging our understanding of the universe and our place within it. This reference guide aims to delve into the depths of science fiction cinema, providing an overview of its history, key films, and significant contributions to the genre.1. History of Science Fiction Cinema.Science fiction cinema has a rich history that spans across multiple decades. The genre can be traced back to the early days of cinema, with films like "Metropolis" (1927) and "Things to Come" (1936) setting the tone for what would become a popular and influential genre. Theseearly science fiction films were often futuristic in nature, exploring themes of technology, robots, andutopian/dystopian societies.As the genre evolved, it began to embrace a wider range of themes and concepts. The 1950s saw the emergence of monster movies and alien invasion films, such as "The Creature from the Black Lagoon" (1954) and "The War of the Worlds" (1953). These films tapped into the Cold War paranoia and fear of the unknown, creating a sense of excitement and intrigue that would become synonymous with science fiction cinema.The 1960s and 1970s saw a further evolution of the genre, with films like "2001: A Space Odyssey" (1968) and "Star Wars" (1977) revolutionizing science fiction cinema. These films embraced a more optimistic and hopeful visionof the future, focusing on space exploration and the potential of humanity.2. Key Films in Science Fiction Cinema.Science fiction cinema hasproduced numerous iconicfilms that have left a lasting impact on the genre. Some of the most influential science fiction films include:"Blade Runner" (1982): Directed by Ridley Scott, this film explores themes of artificial intelligence, humanity, and the moral implications of creating life. Its visual style and complex narrative have made it a benchmark for science fiction cinema."Star Wars" (1977): George Lucas's space epic revolutionized science fiction cinema, introducing a new generation to the wonders of space exploration and the power of imagination. The film's iconic characters and storylines have become staples of popular culture."The Matrix" (1999): Directed by the Wachowski siblings, this film presents a dystopian vision of a future where humanity is trapped within a simulated reality. It explores themes of free will, reality, and the nature of truth, making it a thought-provoking and visually stunning science fiction masterpiece.3. Significant Contributions of Science Fiction Cinema.Science fiction cinema has made significantcontributions to the film industry and society at large. It has pushed the boundaries of technology and special effects, creating stunning visuals that have captivated audiencesfor generations. The genre has also been a platform for exploring important social and philosophical issues, suchas the impact of technology on society, the nature of humanity, and the search for meaning in a vast and often confusing universe.Moreover, science fiction cinema has inspired countless scientists, inventors, and visionaries to pursue their dreams and create amazing things. The genre has fostered a culture of curiosity and exploration that has led to advancements in science, technology, and even social progress.In conclusion, science fiction cinema is a genre that has captivated audiences for generations with its abilityto take us to worlds beyond imagination. It has pushed the boundaries of technology and special effects, explored important social and philosophical issues, and inspired countless individuals to pursue their dreams and create amazing things. As we continue to explore the depths of science fiction cinema, we are reminded of the power of imagination and the potential of humanity to create a better future.。

电影美学与哲学思辨英文回答：Film aesthetics is the study of the formal andstylistic elements of film that contribute to its overall artistic impact. These elements include cinematography, editing, sound design, and mise-en-scène. Film aesthetics is closely linked to film philosophy, which explores the ontological and epistemological questions raised by the medium of film.One of the key questions in film philosophy is the nature of the film image. Is it a representation of reality or a construction of the filmmaker's mind? This question has been debated by philosophers and film theorists for decades, and there is no easy answer. However, the way that a film is shot and edited can have a significant impact on the way that the audience perceives the film's reality.Another important question in film philosophy is therole of the spectator. In traditional aesthetics, the artwork is seen as a passive object that is contemplated by the viewer. However, in film, the viewer is actively involved in the creation of meaning. The way that a film is edited, for example, can influence the way that the audience interprets the film's events.Film aesthetics and philosophy are two closely related fields of study that offer a rich and nuanced understanding of the medium of film. By studying the formal and stylistic elements of film, we can gain a deeper appreciation of the art form and its ability to explore the human condition.中文回答：电影美学是研究电影中形式和风格元素的学科，这些元素共同构成了电影的整体艺术效果。

感光胶片技术的书籍英文回答：Photographic film technology has a rich history and has been widely used in the field of photography for many years. There are several books that provide comprehensive information about this technology, covering various aspects such as the history, development, and techniques of using photographic films.1. "The Film Photography Handbook" by Chris Marquardt and Monika Andrae is a great resource for beginners as well as experienced photographers. The book covers everything from choosing the right film to understanding exposure and developing techniques. It also includes practical tips and tricks for getting the best results with film.2. "The Darkroom Handbook" by Michael Langford is another excellent book that focuses on the darkroom techniques used in film photography. It provides detailedinstructions on developing and printing film, as well as information on different types of chemicals and equipment needed for the process.3. "Film is Not Dead: A Digital Photographer's Guide to Shooting Film" by Jonathan Canlas and Kristen Kalp is a unique book that caters to photographers who are transitioning from digital to film. It offers insights into the advantages of shooting film and provides practical advice on how to achieve great results with this medium.中文回答：感光胶片技术在摄影领域有着丰富的历史，并且多年来一直被广泛应用。

Markin et al. [10] were the first researchers who reported the effect of melt mixing on rheological, mechanical and morphological properties of PP/ABS blends. Theoretically, blending of ABS terpolymer with PP enhances the physical properties, due to the presence of three components in ABS; butadiene and butadiene-styrene co-polymers improve the impact resistance while acrylonitrile can be responsible for chemical bonding with PP. Gupta et al. [11] observed the minimal size of the dispersed droplets of ABS in PP matrix with the addition of LDPE as ternary material and also they reported the improvement in mechanical properties with the addition of ternary material [12]. Frounchi et al. [13] stated that the incompatibility of PP and ABS matrices arises due to huge difference in their polarity and thermal coefficients. They introduced a styrenic triblock copolymer as compatibilizer and reported the variation in melt viscosity, interfacial tension, morphology and mechanical properties. PP-g-MAH has been widely used as a compatibilizer in most polymer blends. Studies focusing on PP-g-MAH as compatibilizer for PP/ ABS system have been extensively reported by various authors [14–16]. Lee et al. [17] used maleic anhydride grafted styrene ethylene butylene styrene copolymer (SEBS-g-MAH) to improve the compatibility in a PP/ABS blend system. Kum et al. [18] observed the effect of PP-gSAN on PP/ABS system and they reported that droplet size reduction at an optimized compatibilizer ratio enhanced the interaction between both phases. Mechanical and morphological studies were conducted on a lab scale of binary blend of PP and ABS employing compatibilizers like PP-g2-HEMA [19] and PP-g-AA [20], respectively. Although incidental success stories have been published, a systematic approach on the comparison of compatibilizer effects on properties of PP and ABS systems needs to be undertaken.

·收稿日期：２０１０—０４—０５ 基金项目：西华大学人才引进项目（０４２１１２７）；西华大学特种材料及制备技术省高校重点实验室开放研究基金（ＳＺＪＪ２００９－０ １７）。 作者简介：彭娅（１９７５一），女，副教授，工学博士。从事高分子材料合成、聚合物共混填克改性、聚合物合金和聚合物基纳米复合材料等方面的 研究和开发。Ｅ—ｍａｉｌ：ｐｅｎｇｙａｒ＠１６３．ｃｏｒｎ。
塑料
２０１０年３９卷第３期
ＳＥＢＳ弹性体对聚丙烯形貌、力学性能和 结晶性能的影响’
伍增勇。彭娅，童荣柏。王柯。李峥，李婕 （西华大学材料科学与工程学院，四川，成都６１００３９） 摘要：采用ＳＥＢＳ（氢化ＳＢＳ）弹性体增韧ＰＰ。利用ＳＥＭ、ＤＳＣ、熔体指数、力学性能测试等研究不同ＳＥＢＳ舍量的 ＰＰ／ＳＥＢＳ共混物的力学性能、微观形态结构以及结晶性能。结果表明：ＳＥＢＳ可均匀分布在基体中，改善ＰＰ的加工流 动性；ＳＥＢＳ的加入使得ＰＰ的球晶尺寸减小，结晶度降低；随着ＳＥＢＳ含量增加，共混物的冲击韧性有较大幅度的提 高，而屈服强度略有下降：当加入２５％的ＳＥＢＳ时。ＰＰ／ＳＥＢＳ共混物的冲击强度比纯ＰＰ提高近２６倍，拉伸强度则仅仅 降低２３％。 关键词：ＰＰ；ＳＥＢＳ；增韧；力学性能；结晶 中图分类号：ＴＱ３２５．１４文献标识码：Ａ文章编号：１００１—９４５６（２０１０１０３—００３７一０４
表１不同ＳＥＢＳ含量的ＰＰ／ＳＥＢＳ共混物的ＤＳＣ数据
切带而消耗能量从而起到增韧作用ｍｌｏ】。ＳＥＢＳ颗粒还可阻
滞、转向并终止小裂纹发展；产生在ＰＰ相中的银纹可穿过小于
其宽度的ＳＥＢＳ粒子而生长，不至于发展成具有破坏性的裂 纹…，使体系的韧性增加。另外，ＤＳＣ结果也表明：随着ＳＥＢＳ
含量的增加，共混物的结晶度减小，分子链排列趋疏松，空隙率

Interfacial Interactions in PP/MMT/SEBSNanocompositesABSTRACT: The intercalation capability of poly(styrene-b-ethylene butylene-b-styrene) (SEBS) in nanocomposites of isotactic polypropylene (PP) with 5 wt % of organically modified montmorillonite (C20A), prepared by melt blending, has been investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies have shown the presence of intercalated structures in the nanocomposite. In a previous research, we studied the intercalation capability of a commercial compatibilizer. Those results, with the study we present in this work, allow us a better understanding of the mechanism of compatibilizationand a deeper characterization of the structure and morphology of the nanocomposite. Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) has been used. Because of the excellent chemical sensitivity and the high spatial resolution (∼40 nm) of this technique, we have proved that C20A is not in direct contact with the PP phase because the clay is always located inside the elastomer domains. The elastomer is surrounding the nanoclay, hindering the clay exfoliation and preventing its dispersion in the PP matrix. On the other hand, we have observed that the presence of the clay caused the SEBS particles to become elongated in shape and retarded the coalescence of the elastomer particles.IntroductionPhenomena and processes at the nanometric scale have opened revolutionary possibilities in the development of new nanostructured materials. In polymer systems, the addition of layered silicates leads to a great improvement in the properties of the matrix such as thermal stability and mechanical performancewith very low filler contents. This is because the high surface area of these particles with nanometric dimensions increases the interfacial interactions between matrix and clay. Therefore, the key factor for the enhancement in performance of the polymer/clay nanocomposites is the dispersion of the filler in the matrix since the final properties depend on the structure and morphology generated during the processing. Consequently, a significant research effort is dedicated to characterize the nanostructure in polymer nanocomposites.In this study, we have prepared isotactic polypropylene/ montmorillonite/poly(styrene-b-ethylenebutylene-b-styrene) elastomercomposites from the melt considering that this processing method is the most attractive for industrial application. The addition of SEBS as a third component in the composite is intended to provide a better dispersion and intercalation of the silicate and also to provide a toughness improvement. Montmorillonite is the most commonly used layered silicate for the preparation of nanocomposites because of its high aspect ratio, large surface area, and surface reactivity. Its structure consists on the stacking of aluminosilicate layers∼1 nmthick,with a regular spacing between them of∼1.5 nm. Its high cation exchange capacity offers a way of modifying the interlayer spacing to make it larger and more compatible with polymers. However, unlike polymers with polar groups like polyamides,in nonpolar polymers like polypropylene (PP) the organic modification of the clay is not enough to achieve a good level of dispersion and hardly leads to mixed structures. Therefore, compatibilizers like polypropylene graft- maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA) are commonly used to improve interactions between the organic polymer and the inorganic filler.In this work, we have studied the intercalation capability ofa styrene-ethylene butylene-styrene triblock copolymer, SEBS, as an alternative to the use of common compatibilizers, such as the PP-g-MA mentioned above, in PP/montmorillonite nanocomposites. In PP nanocomposites, an elastomer phase is normally used to compensate for the reduction of toughness caused by adding inorganic fillers. In principle, SEBS can aid the polypropylene chains to get into the nanoclay layers. Therefore, it can be expected that SEBS favors the intercalation and/or exfoliation. On the other hand, it has been reported that in these kinds of blends of immiscible polymers, e.g., PS/PP or PBT/PE, the nanoclay acts modifying the interphase properties and so improving the compatibility between the different polymeric phases. SEBS presents a phase-separated morphology, and consequently, its interactions with the montmorillonite and its intercalation capability will be very different from the ones of common compatibilizers. The aim of this work is to investigate the structure, morphology, and interfaces of isotactic polypropylene- clay-elastomer nanocomposites prepared by melt mixing. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are used to characterize the intercalationcapability of the polymers. TEM microscopy alone cannot provide conclusive information about the compatibilization role of SEBS in the PP-clay system, since although the lack of chemical contrast between the SEBS and PP polymeric phases could be overcome by OsO4 staining, the different TEM magnificationsneeded to observe the rubber phase (in the range of micrometers) and the clays (in the range of nanometers) would make difficult to observe the three components simultaneously. Besides, no compositional chemical information is provided by this technique.Experimental SectionMaterials. The polypropylene (PP) used as matrix was an isotactic homopolymer, with a polydispersity of 4.77, provided by REPSOL. It is characterized by an isotacticity of 95%, determined by solution NMR,and a viscosity average molecular weight of 179 000 g/mol, obtained by intrinsic viscosity measurements. The organically modified montmorillonite (MMT) clay used in this study was Cloisite 20A (C20A) obtained from Southern Clay Products. The individual platelets are typically 1 nm in thickness, with an aspect ratio larger than 50. The interlayer spacing, determined by XRD, is d001 = 2.52 nm. The elastomer used was a triblock copolymer SEBS (Calprene H-6110) provided by DYNASOL, with 30 wt % of styrene content, a molecular weight value of Mw = 85 000 g/mol, and Mw/Mn=1.45, as determined by gel permeation chromatography(GPC).Preparation of PP-MMT Composites.Polymer blends and composites were prepared by melt blending in a Haake Rheomix 600 internal mixer attached to a Haake Rheocord 90 corotating twin-screw mixing chamber. A temperature of 190 _C, mixing time of 5 min, and a rotor speed of 100 rpm were determined to be the optimum processing conditions. In the composite, PP/C20A/SEBS (80/5/15), clay loading was 5 wt % as it is demonstrated to be the optimum content for mechanical performance. In order to compare the compatibilizer activity of SEBS with commercial compatibilizers, the elastomer content was 15 wt % because as seen in the literature weight ratios of clay/commercial compatibilizers of 1/3 give better results of clay dispersion. Binary composites PP/C20A(95/5) and binary PP/SEBS blends (90/10) and (80/20), with10 and 20 wt % elastomer content, respectively, were used for comparison. Films of the nanocomposite material were compression- molded at 100 Mbar by heating the pellets at 190 _C for 5 min withsubsequent quenching of the formed film between water-cooled metal plates.Characterization.XRD. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to measure the interlayer spacing of the clay.XRD patterns were obtained at room temperature using a Philips PW 1050/70 diffractometer, at 1_/min in a 2θ range between 2_ and 35_ usingNi-filtered Cu KR radiation.TEM. The dispersion of the nanoclays and composite morphology on a microscopic scale were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Images were obtained with a Philips Tecnai 20 microscope. Ultrathin sections, 50-100 nm in thickness, were cryogenically microtomed with a diamond knife at∼-60 _C. Sections were collected on copper TEM grids.STXM. To identify the chemical composition of the composites and to observe simultaneously all the components in the nanostructure, scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) measurements were conducted using the STXM at BL5.3.2 of the Advanced Light Source at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. STXM allows a detailed chemical and compositional analysis with excellent chemical sensitivity and a high spatial resolution. The BL 5.3.2 STXM can provide images with ∼30 nm spatial resolution for X-ray photons of 250-600 eV, with an energy resolution of about 0.1 eV. The energy range includes the most important absorption edges in polymer chemistry: C(1s) at 280 eV,N(1s) at 400 eV, and O(1s) at 520 eV.We have used NEXAFS microscopy to obtain images with nanometric resolution and absorption contrast between the two polymer components, making use of the different X-ray absorption of the different components. The spectra shown are normalized to the maximum height for comparison purposes. Image sequences, used to provide detailed chemical mapping,were converted to chemical component maps using pixel-by-pixel curve fitting with suitable XANES spectra from reference components. Details about this instrument and experiment can be found elsewhere. To obtain the map shown below, a complete sequence of images at photon energies encompassing the C(1s) region was recorded corresponding to a typical XANES energy scan. In this way, each pixel, representing a morphological and spatial dimension, contains a full XANES spectrum.ConclusionsAn investigation of the structure and morphology of PP/C20A/SEBS nanocomposite prepared by melt processing has been carried out with special emphasis on the structure of the interface. STXM has been used to provide images and spatially resolved compositional information simultaneously of the threecomponents and has allowed determining the role of SEBS in the nanocomposite structure.From the XRD experiments, an intercalated structure was determined for the nanocomposite. TEM observations showed a mixed morphology in which stacks coexisted with intercalated regions and some individual exfoliated layers. However, the nanoclay was not well dispersed in the matrix, and it was not possible to distinguish which polymer was interacting with it. The stacks did not appear lined up but bent and twisted, and the clay exfoliation seemed to be hindered.The NEXAFS microscopy experiments clearly showed that the elastomer is surrounding the nanoclay, and although inside the rubbery phase there is intercalation, SEBS does not act as a compatibilizer agent since C20A is not in contact with PP. The dispersion of the montmorillonite in the PP matrix is dominated by the compatibility between the polymeric components and thenanoclay.On the other hand, the presence of the nanoclay causes a decrease in the coalescence of the rubbery phase. There is a reduction of the size of SEBS domains in comparison with binary PP/SEBS systems, and these domains are better distributed in the PP matrix.PP / MMT / SEBS纳米复合材料的界面相互作用摘要：插层能力的聚（苯乙烯 - 嵌段 - 乙烯 - 丁烯 - 嵌段 - 苯乙烯）（SEBS）的纳米复合材料由等规聚丙烯（PP）与5 ％（重量）的有机改性的蒙脱土（C20A ）通过熔融共混制备，已经被研究。

arthurcclarke英文介绍Arthur C. Clarke was a British science fiction writer, science writerArthur C. Clarke was a British science fiction writer, science writer, futurist, and author of popular science books. He is best known for his 1948 short story "The Sentinel", which is widely considered to be the first example of hard science fiction, as well as for his collaboration with Stanley Kubrick on the screenplays for the films "2001: A Space Odyssey" (1968) and "A Clockwork Orange" (1971).Clarke's writing spanned a wide range of topics, including space exploration, geopolitics, and artificial intelligence. He was a prolific writer, producing over 100 books during his lifetime, many of which have become classics of science fiction and science fact.In addition to his writing, Clarke was also a passionate advocate for space exploration and the search for extraterrestrial life. He was a strong supporter of NASA's Project Mercury and played a key role in the development of the geostationary satellite concept, which has become an essential part of modern telecommunications.Throughout his career, Clarke received numerous awards and honors for his contributions to science fiction and science fact. In 2000,he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Bill Clinton, and in 2008, he was posthumously awarded the Congressional Gold Medal.Despite his passing in 2018, Arthur C. Clarke's legacy continues to inspire generations of readers and writers alike. His visionary ideas and groundbreaking work have helped shape our understanding of the universe and our place within it, making him one of the most influential figures in science fiction and science fact history.。

第47卷第1期2010年1月真空VACUUMVol.47,No.1Jan.2010收稿日期：2009-07-08作者简介：徐小玉（1979-），女，江苏省常州市人，硕士。

联系人：黄之德，副教授。

磁控溅射法制备铁氧体薄膜的界面结合强度研究徐小玉，黄之德(常州轻工职业技术学院，江苏常州213164)摘要：利用磁控溅射法在单硅晶基底和玻璃基底上沉积铁氧体薄膜，采用AFM 观察薄膜的微观形貌，采用划痕法测试薄膜的界面结合强度，测试结果表明：由于两种不同材质上沉积的薄膜粗糙度缘故，硅晶/铁氧体薄膜的临界载荷为19.7N ，其划痕形貌为裂纹状扩展，玻璃/铁氧体薄膜的临界载荷为5.3N ，其划痕形貌为剥落状。

关键词：铁氧体薄膜；界面结合强度；划痕法中图分类号：TB43；O484文献标识码：A文章编号：1002-0322（2010）01-0043-03Study on interfacial adhesion strength of ferrite film deposited by magnetron sputteringXU Xiao-yu ，HUANG Zhi-de(Changzhou Institute of Light Industry Technology,Changzhou 213164,China)Abstract:The ferrite thin films were deposited on monocrystalline silicon and glass substrates by magnetron sputtering.Theirmorphologies were observed by AFM with the interfacial adhesion strength between film and substrate tested by scratch test.The results showed that because of the different surface roughnesses of the two types of substrates,the scratched crack propagates on ferrite film deposited on silicon substrate when the critical load is 19.7N,but the film deposited on glass substrate is spalled from the substrate during the scratch test when the critical load is 5.3N.Key words:ferrite film;interfacial adhesion strength;scratch test由于电子器件的微型化、小型化发展趋势，薄膜器件的应用范围也不断扩大。