Wireless Power for Mobile Devices

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II.
RESONANT OPERATION
To investigate an inductive wireless power system, a closer look to the system is necessary. Figure 1 shows a typical arrangement consisting of a transmitter coil and a receiver coil. An AC current in the transmitter coil generates an alternating magnetic field, which induces a voltage in the receiver coil used to power a load.
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Wireless power transmission based on inductive power got into the focus of attention in the recent past. Since data communication has become wireless, users expect similar use comfort also for powering of their mobile devices. These expectations are fed with large public relation effort by some publications and experiments showing wireless power transmission over several feet. This publication aims in giving a review on considerations about the feasibility and limits of such systems. A major part of this section refers to a previous detailed publication [1] on efficiency limits and cites from a further one [2], but new aspects about resonance operation and magnetic emissions are also added. In a further part of this work, an inductive power transmission pad is presented, which is intended to charge devices like mobile phones. It was presented also before [1] [2]. Finally, the Wireless Power Consortium [3] is presented, which recently released the first industry standard for inductive charging of mobile devices called “Qi” (pronounce “chee”) [4], and which is based on the considerations reviewed in this paper. The related section in this publication presents details about the standard, similar as in [5], from where several citations are taken.
0.001 50KHz 100KHz 150KHz 200KHz 250KHz 300KHz
Frequency
Figure 2 Input impeห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ance spectra for different couplings showing two typical resonances.
One has properties of a series resonance. It shifts with the magnetic coupling of the coils. At this resonance frequency the series stray inductivity caused by the weak magnetic coupling is cancelled out by the series capacitor, such that maximum power can be transmitted for a given generator. The other is similar to a parallel resonance. It doesn’t shift with the coupling. At this frequency, the capacitive current in the receiver cancels out most of the inductive magnetizing current in the transmitter. This resonance gives the best power efficiency. For weak coupling these two resonances get close together. But the figure shows that maximum power transmission and optimal efficiency do not match. III. LIMITATIONS DUE TO EFFICIENCY To evaluate the efficiency, only the losses in the magnetic system are investigated. Losses in the generator and in the rectifier are comparable to any other switch mode power converter. Radiation losses can be neglected because of the low operating frequencies. Losses in the magnetic system appear only as ohmic losses in the windings. They are determined by the coil’s magnetic coupling factor k and their quality factor Q: (1) ωL Q R The quality factor Q depends on the applied frequency 2πf = ω, the inductance value L and the resistance of the coil R. For the whole system, the geometric average of the transmitter’s and the receiver’s coil is relevant. This quality factor Q can be influenced by the coil technology and their sizes and shapes and the amount of conducting material used. The higher Q is, the better the coils are. Technically is difficult to obtain a quality factor above 1000. Values lower than 10 are not very useful. For mass production values around 100 can be expected.
B D2
Receiver coil
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Transmitter coil
D
I.
INTRODUCTION Figure 1 Typical arrangement of a wireless inductive power transmission system. Since the early times of inductive power transmission by Nicola Tesla, resonant operation is used to improve power transmission. Resonant power transmission is more than 120 years old ! Figure 2 shows the input current (for a fixed voltage) at the transmitter coil of a typical inductive power system, where the receiver comprises a series resonant capacitor. Two resonances can be observed.
Wireless Power for Mobile Devices
Eberhard Waffenschmidt
Philips Research Europe Eindhoven, The Netherlands eberhard.waffenschmidt@
Abstract— Wireless power transfer allows a convenient, easy to use battery charging of mobile phones and other mobile devices. No hassle with cables and plugs, just place the device on a pad and that’s it. Such a system even has the potential to become a standard charging solution. Where are the limits for such a solution and which are the side conditions to consider? What are the possibilities to realize such a system? To make the whole idea a success, it is definitely necessary to come to widely accepted standard. Therefore, in 2009 the Wireless Power Consortium was founded with meanwhile more than 80 international companies as members. The consortium recently released the first worldwide standard on wireless power for mobile devices of to 5W called “Qi”. The contribution presents details of this standard and the rationale behind.