AWL词汇详细解析

Sublist 1Word BuildingThe following prefixes and roots are involved in some words of this section.Words*require vt. 需要, 要求【构词分析】：由re-（再，又）+ quire（寻求，寻找）构成。

【习惯用法】：require sth. of sb. 对某人有...的要求require sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事【同义辨析】：require和demand都有“要求”的意思。

demand 的含义是“强烈要求”；如果主语是人，这个词的含义可以解释为“据权要求”；如果主语是物，这个词的含义可以解释为“需要”或“要求”。

e.g. This workdemands patience. 这种工作要求有耐心。

require 的确切含义是“对所要求的事”要绝对服从，或者说这种“要求”带有法律或规章的强迫性。

e.g. The course requires you to know English. 这门课程要求你懂英语。

注：demand和require引导的宾语从句用虚拟语气。

e.g. The university requires that students taking the coursewrite a course paper in addition to the written exam.【同族词】：requirement n. 需求, 要求, 必要条件, 需要的东西, 要求必备的条件*income n.收入，收益【构词分析】：由in-（向内）+ come（来）构成，意为“进来的东西”，即“收入”。

【常见搭配】：1. 常见动词搭配e.g. derive (draw, obtain, secure) a large income（正式）得到大笔的收入He has earned /made a big income via internet.他在网上挣得大笔收入2. 常见形容词搭配e.g. an annual (weekly, monthly, yearly) income年(一周的，月)收入a gross (total, real, net) 总(总，实际，纯)收入a large (comfortable, handsome(正式), liberal) income丰厚的收入a low (small) income低收入property income财产所得royalty income版税section n. 部分；部门；阶层；界；（文章等的）段落，章节；（条文的）款项；截面；块，片【常见搭配】：a residential (downtown, industrial) section of the city城市的住宅（商业，工业）区a(n) personnel (accounting, administration, finance, general,health, information, inspection, secretarial, statistics, supplies)of a company公司的人事（会计，管理，财物，总务，为生，情报，监察，秘书，统计，供应）科（股，处，部门）a brass (percussion, string, woodwind) section铜管（打击，弦，木管）乐器组the news (business, classified, financial, sports, travel)section of a newspaper 报纸的新闻（商务，分类广告，金融，体育，旅游）版（栏）a cross（oblique, longitudinal (vertical), horizontal）section横截(斜剖, 纵剖, 水平剖)面a section in the Food and Drugs Act食品与药物管理条例的一个条款sections 1-5 of Chapter II of your textbook课本第二章第一至五节a section of the railway铁路段a section of a fruit水果(柑橘的)瓣structure 1.n. 结构, 构造，建筑物【常见搭配】：a complicated (loose, firm, solid)structure复杂（松散，坚实）的结构a(n) deep (intermediate, surface) structure 深（中，表）层结构a single-(two-)story structure单（两）层楼建筑物a public structure公共建筑物hierarchical social structure社会等级制度inner (interior, internal) structure内部结构integral structure整体结构political structure政治体系the structure of human body 人体构造2. vt.建筑, 构成, 组织e.g. structure a teaching program 拟订教学大纲structure one’s day对一天进行安排【同族词】：structural a.结构的，建筑的policy n. 方针，政策；*保险单【常见搭配】： 1. 常见形容词搭配a broad policy大方针a cheap-money policy低利率，低息货币政策a clear (clear-cut) policy明确的政策a constructive (destructive) policy有建设性（破坏性）的政策a domestic (home) policy国内政策an embargo (exclusion, expansionary) policy 禁运（闭关，经济扩张）政策a(n) established (set) policy既定的方针a fiscal （monetary, banking, financial）policy财政（货币，金融）政策a foreign trade policy 对外贸易政策a flexible (rigid) policy灵活的，刻板的政策a give-and-take policy平等交换的政策a guiding (governing) policy指导方针a poor (bad) policy不智之举a safe (temperate) policy 稳健(温和)的政策a blanket (master)总保险单a shipment policy装运保险单an all-risk policy全险保单，综合险保单an extended policy延期保险单an honor policy信用保险单2. 常见动词搭配adhere to (continue) a policy坚持（继续）执行一方针adjust the policy调整政策adopt (apply, employ) a policy采取政策carry out (execute（正式)，implement, put into effect) a policy贯彻，执行政策endorse (approve) a policyformulate (frame)制定政策further a policy推行政策pursue (follow) a policy奉行政策revoke (reject, suspend) a policy取消（驳回，暂时取消）一项政策violate a policy违反政策issue (write up) a policy 写出保险单take a policy加入保险take out a policy on one’s life投人寿保险surrender one’s policy for cash交还保险单取得退保金注：policy常可作为名词定语, 如：policy statements政策声明policy issues政策事宜policy-holder投保人economy n.经济；节约，节省【常见搭配】：1. 常见形容词搭配a planned economy计划经济free-market economy自由市场经济the barter economy以物易物的经济close (open) economy 闭关自守（开放）的经济collective (individual, small-producer, state-owned)economy集体（个体，小生产者，国营）经济diversified economy多种经营economy of scale规模经济economy of fuel 节约燃料economy class经济舱2. 常见动词搭配plan our national economy规划我们的国民经济practice (exercise, use) economy实行节约【同族词】：economics n.经济学economic a.经济学的，经济上的economical a.节约的e.g. an economical housewife 节俭的主妇process 1. n. 过程, 作用, 方法, 程序, 步骤, 进行, 推移【习惯用法】：in (during) the process of在…过程中【常见搭配】：1.常见形容词搭配a complicated (lengthy, long) process复杂（漫长）的过程a gradual (slow) process逐步（慢慢）的过程a industrial (manufacturing, technical) process工业（制造，工艺）过程a sifting-out process筛选法basic (essential) process基本（必要）过程due process of law法定手续the weeding-out process淘汰法2.常见动词搭配accelerate (hasten, speed up) the process加快进程develop (devise, invent) a process of 研制（发明）…制作方法perfect a new process完善一种新工艺facilitate (simplify) the process简化手续2. vt. 加工, 处理e.g. process cheese加工奶酪process ore to obtain minerals加工矿石获取矿物质【同族词】：processing n.加工processor n.处理器*research n.研究, 调查【构词分析】：由re-（反复）+ search（寻找）构成。

awl学术词汇表pdf摘要：一、引言1.介绍awl 学术词汇表2.阐述其在学术写作中的重要性二、awl 学术词汇表的概述1.什么是awl 学术词汇表2.awl 学术词汇表的内容和结构3.awl 学术词汇表的目的和作用三、awl 学术词汇表在学术写作中的应用1.提升写作的准确性和专业性2.提高论文的质量和影响力3.有助于论文的检索和阅读四、如何有效地使用awl 学术词汇表1.熟悉和掌握词汇表的内容2.在写作过程中适时使用词汇表3.结合实际研究灵活运用词汇五、结论1.总结awl 学术词汇表在学术写作中的重要性2.强调熟练运用词汇表提升写作质量正文：一、引言awl 学术词汇表（Academic Word List）是一个涵盖了大量学术领域常用词汇的列表，对于学术写作具有重要的参考价值。

本文将详细介绍awl 学术词汇表，并探讨其在学术写作中的重要性以及如何有效地运用它来提升写作质量。

二、awl 学术词汇表的概述1.什么是awl 学术词汇表awl 学术词汇表是由英国学术语言专家Craig 博士和Halliday 博士于2004 年编制的一份词汇表，旨在帮助学术作者提高写作的准确性和专业性。

该词汇表包含了大学学术写作中经常使用的词汇，共计2,130 个单词。

2.awl 学术词汇表的内容和结构awl 学术词汇表分为10 个等级，从等级1 至等级10，每个等级包含的词汇数量逐渐增加。

等级1 包含最基础的学术词汇，适用于初学者；等级10 则包含了较为高级的学术词汇，适用于熟练的学术作者。

3.awl 学术词汇表的目的和作用awl 学术词汇表的主要目的是帮助学术作者在写作过程中选择合适的词汇来表达思想，提高写作的专业性和准确性。

通过对该词汇表的学习和运用，作者可以更好地传达研究内容，提升论文的质量和影响力。

三、awl 学术词汇表在学术写作中的应用1.提升写作的准确性和专业性熟练掌握和运用awl 学术词汇表中的词汇，可以避免使用过于通俗或过于复杂的词汇，使写作更加精确和专业。

The Academic Word List(AWL)英语学术词汇表1.What is the AWL?AWL(《英语学术词汇表》)是一个由Victoria University of Wellington,New Zealand的一些应用语言学家统计出来词汇表，它包含了的学术英语(English for Academic Purpose)中最常用的570个词目(headwords)，每一个词目下面还列出了该词目的相关变化形式。

例如：词目“analyse”就包含以下相关联的词汇：analysed,analyser,analysers,analyses,analysing, analysis,analyst,analysts,analytic,analytical,analytically,analyze,analyzed,analyzes, analyzing。

其中斜体字，analysis，在学术英语中最为常见。

2.What are the10sublists of the AWL？AWL分十个sublists(小组)。

除了第十小组包含30个词目外，其他小组均含有90个词目。

Sublist1（第一组）包含的词汇最常用，sublist2（第二组）中的词汇使用频率稍低，其他的sublists依次类推。

AWL中的每一个词目后都有一个数字，它代表了该词目是属于AWL中的哪一组。

例如abandon8就表示abandon是属于第八小组的词目。

3.Where to find the AWL?本文件的附录以字母先后排列出了所有的AWL词目。

附录：The headwords of the AWL（《英语学术词汇表》中的570个词目）abandon8abstract6academy5access4accommodate9accompany8accumulate8accurate6achieve2acknowledge6acquire2adapt7adequate4adjacent10adjust5administrate2adult7advocate7affect2aggregate6aid7 albeit10allocate6alter5 alternative3ambiguous8amend5 analogy9analyse1annual4 anticipate9apparent4append8 appreciate8approach1appropriate2 approximate4arbitrary8area1 aspect2assemble10assess1 assign6assist2assume1 assure9attach6attain9 attitude4attribute4author6 authority1automate8available1 aware5behalf9benefit1 bias8bond6brief6 bulk9capable6capacity5 category2cease9challenge5 channel7chapter2chart8 chemical7circumstance3cite6 civil4clarify8classic7 clause5code4coherent9 coincide9collapse10colleague10 commence9comment3commission2 commit4commodity8communicate4 community2compatible9compensate3 compile10complement8complex2 component3compound5comprehensive7 comprise7compute2conceive10 concentrate4concept1conclude2 concurrent9conduct2confer4 confine9confirm7conflict5 conform8consent3consequent2considerable3consist1constant3 constitute1constrain3construct2 consult5consume2contact5 contemporary8context1contract1 contradict8contrary7contrast4 contribute3controversy9convene3 converse9convert7convince10 cooperate6coordinate3core3 corporate3correspond3couple7 create1credit2criteria3 crucial8culture2currency8 cycle4data1debate4 decade7decline5deduce3 define1definite7demonstrate3 denote8deny7depress10 derive1design2despite4 detect8deviate8device9 devote9differentiate7dimension4 diminish9discrete5discriminate6 displace8display6dispose7 distinct2distort9distribute1 diverse6document3domain6 domestic4dominate3draft5 drama8duration9dynamic7 economy1edit6element2 eliminate7emerge4emphasis3 empirical7enable5encounter10 energy5enforce5enhance6 enormous10ensure3entity5 environment1equate2equip7 equivalent5erode9error4establish1estate6estimate1 ethic9ethnic4evaluate2 eventual8evident1evolve5 exceed6exclude3exhibit8 expand5expert6explicit6 exploit8export1expose5 external5extract7facilitate5 factor1feature2federal6 fee6file7final2 finance1finite7flexible6 fluctuate8focus2format9 formula1forthcoming10foundation7 found9framework3function1 fund3fundamental5furthermore6 gender6generate5generation5 globe7goal4grade7 grant4guarantee7guideline8 hence4hierarchy7highlight8 hypothesis4identical7identify1 ideology7ignorance6illustrate3 image5immigrate3impact2 implement4implicate4implicit8 imply3impose4incentive6 incidence6incline10income1 incorporate6index6indicate1 individual1induce8inevitable8 infer7infrastructure8inherent9 inhibit6initial3initiate6 injure2innovate7input6 insert7insight9inspect8 instance3institute2instruct6integral9integrate4integrity10 intelligence6intense8interact3 intermediate9internal4interpret1 interval6intervene7intrinsic10 invest2investigate4invoke10 involve1isolate7issue1 item2job4journal2 justify3label4labour1 layer3lecture6legal1 legislate1levy10liberal5 licence5likewise10link3 locate3logic5maintain2 major1manipulate8manual9 margin5mature9maximise3 mechanism4media7mediate9 medical5medium9mental5 method1migrate6military9 minimal9minimise8minimum6 ministry6minor3mode7 modify5monitor5motive6 mutual9negate3network5 neutral6nevertheless6nonetheless10 norm9normal2notion5 notwithstanding10nuclear8objective5 obtain2obvious4occupy4 occur1odd10offset8 ongoing10option4orient5 outcome3output4overall4 overlap9overseas6panel10 paradigm7paragraph8parallel4 parameter4participate2partner3passive9perceive2percent1 period1persist10perspective5 phase4phenomenon7philosophy3 physical3plus8policy1 portion9pose10positive2 potential2practitioner8precede6 precise5predict4predominant8 preliminary9presume6previous2 primary2prime5principal4 principle1prior4priority7 proceed1process1professional4 prohibit7project4promote4 proportion3prospect8protocol9 psychology5publication7publish3 purchase2pursue5qualitative9 quote7radical8random8 range2ratio5rational6 react3recover6refine9 regime4region2register3 regulate2reinforce8reject5 relax9release7relevant2 reluctance10rely3remove3 require1research1reside2 resolve4resource2respond1 restore8restrain9restrict2 retain4reveal6revenue5 reverse7revise8revolution9 rigid9role1route9 scenario9schedule8scheme3 scope6section1sector1 secure2seek2select2sequence3series4sex3 shift3significant1similar1 simulate7site2so-called10 sole7somewhat7source1 specific1specify3sphere9 stable5statistic4status4 straightforward10strategy2stress4 structure1style5submit7 subordinate9subsequent4subsidy6 substitute5successor7sufficient3 sum4summary4supplement9 survey2survive7suspend9 sustain5symbol5tape6 target5task3team9 technical3technique3technology3 temporary9tense8terminate8 text2theme8theory1 thereby8thesis7topic7 trace6tradition2transfer2 transform6transit5transmit7 transport6trend5trigger9 ultimate7undergo10underlie6 undertake4uniform8unify9 unique7utilise6valid3 vary1vehicle8version5 via8violate9virtual8 visible7vision9visual8 volume3voluntary7welfare5 whereas5whereby10widespread8THE ACADEMIC WORD LIST(E-O)abandon v.go away from(a person or thing or place)not intending to return;forsake; desertabstract adj.existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or practical existenceacademy n.school for special trainingaccess n.~means of approaching or entering(a place);way inaccommodate v.provide lodging or room foraccompany v.walk or travel with(sb)as a companion or helper;escortaccumulate v.gradually get or gather together an increasing number or quantity of get(sth)in this wayaccurate adj.free from errorachieve v.gain or reach(sth),usu by effort,skill,courage,etcacknowledge v.accept the truth of admit(sth)acquire v.gain(sth)by one's own ability,efforts or behaviouradapt v.~sth(for sth)make sth suitable for a new use,situation,etc;modify sthadequate adj.~satisfactory in quantity or quality;sufficientadjacent having a common endpoint or border also immediately preceding or followingadjust v.put(sth)into the correct order or position;arrangeadministrate v.to administeradult adj.grown to full size or strengthadvocate v.speak publicly in favour of(sth);recommend;supportaffect v.have an influence on(sb/sth);produce an effect on aggregate v.~sb(fml)be formed or bring sb into an assembled group or amount aid n.helpalbeit conj althoughallocate v.~sth allot or assign sth(to sb/sth)for a special purposealter v.become different;change in character,position,size,shape,etc alternative adj.available in place of sth else;otherambiguous adj.having more than one possible meaningamend v.correct an error in(sth);make minor improvements in;change slightly analogy n.~partial similarity between two things that are compared analyse v.separate into its parts in order to study its nature or structure annual adj.happening every yearanticipate v.expectapparent adj.clearly seen or understood;obviousappend v.~sth(fml)attach or add sth(esp in writing)appreciate v.understand and enjoy(sth);value highlyapproach e near or nearer to in space or timeappropriate adj.~suitable;right and properapproximate adj.almost correct or exact but not completely soarbitrary adj.based on personal opinion or impulse,not on reasonarea n.extent or measurement of a surfaceaspect n.particular part or feature of sth being consideredassemble e together;collectassess v.~sth decide or fix the amount of sthassign v.~sth to sb give sth to sb as a share of work to be done or of things to be usedassist v.~in/with sth;~(sb)in doing sth(fml)helpassume v.accept as true before there is proofassure v.tell(sb)positively or confidentlyattach v.~sth fasten or join sth(to sth)attain v.succeed in getting(sth);achieveattitude n.~way of thinking or behavingattribute v.~sth to sb/sth regard sth as belonging to,caused by or produced by sb/sthauthor n.writer of a book,play,etcauthority n.power to give orders and make others obeyautomate v.cause to operate by automationavailable adj.that can be used or obtainedbehalf n.on behalf of sb/on sb's behalf;US in behalf of sb/in sb's behalf as the representative of or spokesman for sb;in the interest of sbbenefit n.profit;gain;future good(used esp with the vs and preps shown)bias n.opinion or feeling that strongly favours one side in an argument or one item in a group orseries;predisposition;prejudicebond n.written agreement or promise that has legal force;covenantbrief sting only a short time;shortbulk n.size,quantity or volume,esp when greatcapable adj.having ability;able;competentcapacity n.ability to hold or contain sthcategory n.class or group of things in a complete system of groupingcease e or bring(sth)to an end;stopchallenge n.~(to do sth)invitation or call(to sb)to take part in a game,contest, fight etc to prove who is better,stronger,more able,etcchannel n.sunken bed of a river,stream or canalchapter n.(usu numbered)division of a bookchart n.detailed map used to help navigation at sea,showing coasts,rocks, the depth of the sea,etcchemical adj.of or relating to chemistrycircumstance n.condition or fact connected with an event or actioncite quote;commendcivil adj.of or relating to the citizens of a countryclarify v.(cause sth to)become clear or easier to understandclassic adj.having a high quality that is recognized and unquestioned;of lasting value and import anceclause n.group of words that includes a subject1(4a)and a verb,forming a sentence or part of a sentencecode n.(system of)words,letters,symbols,etc that represent others,used for secret messages or for presenting or recording information brieflycoherent adj.connected logically or consistent;easy to understand;clearcoincide v.~(of events)occur at the same time or occupy the same period of time as sth elsecollapse v.fall down or in suddenlycolleague n.person with whom one works,esp in a profession or businesscommence v.begin(sth);startcomment n.~written or spoken remark giving an opinion on,explaining or criticizing(an event,a person,a situation,etc)commission n.~action,task or piece of work given to sb to docommit v.do(sth illegal,wrong or foolish)commodity n.thing bought in a shop and put to use,esp in the homecommunicate v.~sth make sth known;convey sthcommunity n.the community the people living in one place,district or country, considered as a wholecompatible adj.~(of people,ideas,arguments,principles,etc)suited;that can exist togethercompensate v.~for sth give(sb)sth good to balance or lessen the bad effect of damage, loss,injury,etc;compile v.~sth(for/from sth)collect(information)and arrange it in a book, list,report,etccomplement n.~thing that goes well or suitably with sth else,or makes it completecomplex adj.made up of(usu several)closely connected partscomponent n.any of the parts of which sth is madecompound n.thing made up of two or more separate things combined togethercomprehensiv e adj.that includes everythingcomprise v.have as parts or members;be made up ofcompute v.~sth calculate sth with a computerconceive v.become pregnantconcentrate v.~(sth)(on sth/doing sth)focus(one's attention,effort,etc) exclusively and intensel y on sth,not thinking about other less important thingsconcept n.~idea underlying sth;general notionconclude v.~(with sth)(usu fml)come or bring(sth)to an endconcurrent adj.~existing,happening or done at the same timeconduct n.person's behaviourconfer v.~(with sb)(on/about sth)have discussions(esp in order to exchange opinions or get advice)confine v.~sb/sth keep(a person or an animal)in a restricted spaceconfirm v.provide evidence for the truth or correctness of(a report,an opinion, etc);establish the truth ofconflict n.struggle;fightconform v.~keep to or comply with(generally accepted rules,standards,etc) consent v.~give agreement or permissionconsequent adj.~(fml)following sth as a result or an effect considerable adj.great in amount or sizeconsist v.(phr v)consist of sth be composed or made up of sthconstant adj.going on all the time;happening again and againconstitute v.(fml)make up or form(a whole);be the components of constrain v.make(sb)do sth by strong(moral)persuasion or by force construct v.build(sth);put or fit together;formconsult v.~sb/sth go to(a person,book,etc)for information,advice,etc consume e(sth)upcontact n.~state of touching(used esp with the vs shown) contemporary adj.~of the time or period being referred to;belonging to the same time context writings preceding and following passage quotedcontract n.~(for sth/to do sth)legally binding agreement,usu in writing contradict v.say sth that conflicts with by(sb),suggesting that the person iscontrary adj.opposite in nature,tendency or directioncontrast v.~A and/with B compare so that differences are made clearcontribute v.~(to/towards sth)give one's share of(money,help,advice,etc)to help a joint causecontroversy n.~public discussion or argument,often rather angry,about sth which many people disagreewithconvene v.summon to come together;arrange(a meeting,etc)converse v.~(about sth);~(together)(fml)talkconvert v.~(sth)(from sth)(into/to sth)change(sth)from one form or use to anotherconvince v.~sb make sb feel certain;cause sb to realizecooperate to work or act togethercoordinate vt.to organize or integrate(diverse elements)in a harmonious operation core n.centre of such fruits as the apple and pear,containing the seeds corporate adj.of or shared by all the members of a group;collective correspond v.~be in agreement;not contradict sth or each othercouple n.two people or things that are seen together or associated,esp a man and woman togethercreate v.cause to exist;make(sth new or original)credit n.permission to delay payment for goods and services until after they have been received;system of paying in this waycriteria n.(pl of criterion)standard by which sth is judgedcrucial adj.~very important;decisiveculture n.refined understanding and appreciation of art,literature,etccurrency n.money system in use in a countrycycle n.series of events that are regularly repeated in the same orderdata n.facts or information used in deciding or discussing sthdebate n.formal argument or discussion of a question,eg at a public meeting or in Parliament,with two or more opposing speakers,and often ending in a votedecade n.period of ten yearsdecline v.say`no'to(sth);refuse(sth offered),usu politelydeduce v.~sth arrive at(facts,a theory,etc)by reasoning;infer sthdefine v.~sth state precisely the meaning of(eg words)definite adj.clear;not doubtfuldemonstrate v.~sth(to sb)show sth clearly by giving proof or evidencedenote v.be the name,sign or symbol of(sth);refer todeny v.say that(sth)is not truedepress v.make sad and without enthusiasmderive v.~sth from sth obtain sth from sth;get sth from sthdesign n.~(for sth)drawing or outline from which sth may be madedespite prep without being affected bydetect v.discover or recognize that(sth)is presentdeviate v.~from sth stop followingdevice n.thing made or adapted for a special purposedevote v.~oneself/sth to sb/sth give to sb/sth;dedicate;differentiat e v.~between A and B;~A(from B)see or show(two things)to be different; show sth to be different(from sth else)dimension n.measurement of any sortdiminish v.become smaller or less;decreasediscrete adj.separate;distinctdiscriminate v.~~A from B see or make a difference(between two things) displace v.move from the usual or correct placedisplay v.~sth put sth on showdispose v.place(sb/sth)in a suitable way;arrangedistinct adj.easily heard,seen,felt or understood;definitedistort v.pull or twist out of its usual shapedistribute v.~sth separate sth into parts and give a share to each person or thing diverse adj.of different kinds;varieddocument n.paper,form,book,etc giving information about sth,evidence or proof of sthdomain nds owned or ruled by a nobleman,government,etcdomestic adj.of the home,household or familydraft n.rough preliminary written version of sthdrama n.play for the theatre,radio or TVduration n.time during which sth lasts or continuesdynamic adj.of power or forces that produce movementeconomy n.avoidance of waste(of money,strength,time,resources,etc)edit v.prepare for publication,eg in a book,newspaper,or magazineelement n.~necessary or characteristic part of stheliminate v.~sb/sth remove(esp sb/sth that is not wanted or needed)emerge v.~come out or up(from water,etc)emphasis n.force or stress given to a word or words when spoken,to make the meaning clear or to sho w importanceempirical adj.based on observation or experiment,not on theoryenable v.make able to do sth by giving him the necessary authority or meansencounter v.meet or find oneself faced by(sth/sb unpleasant,dangerous,difficult, etc)energy n.ability to act or work with strength and eagernessenforce v.~sth force people to obey(a law,etc);make sth effectiveenhance v.increase make(sb/sth)look betterenormous adj.very large;immenseensure v.make sure;guaranteeenvironment n.conditions,circumstances,etc affecting people's livesequate v.~sth consider sth as equal or equivalent(to sth else)equip v.~sb/sth(with sth)supply sb/sth(with what is needed,for a particular purpose)equivalent adj.~equal in value,amount,meaning,importance,etcerode v.destroy or wear(sth)away graduallyerror n.thing done wrongly;mistakeestablish v.set up on a firm or permanent basisestate n.area of land,esp in the country,with one ownerestimate n.judgement or calculation of the approximate size,cost,value,etc of sthethic n.system of moral principles;rules of conductethnic adj.of a national,racial or tribal group that has a common cultural traditionevaluate v.find out or form an idea of the amount or value of(sb/sth);assesseventual adj.happening at last as a result;ultimateevident adj.~(that...)obvious(to the eye or mind);clearevolve v.(cause to)develop naturally and(usu)graduallyexceed v.be greater or more numerous than(esp a quantity)exclude v.~sb/sth prevent sb from entering somewhere,taking part in sth,etc; keep sb outexhibit n.object or collection of objects displayed for the public,eg in a museumexpand v.~(into sth)(cause sth to)become greater in size,number or importance expert n.~person with special knowledge,skill or training in a particular field explicit adj.(of a statement,etc)clearly and fully expressedexploit n.brave or adventurous deed or actionexport n.exportingexpose v.uncover or make(sth)visible;displayexternal adj.outside;situated on the outside of sth(esp the body) extract v.~sth take or get sth out,usu with effort or by forcefacilitate v.(of an object,a process,etc but not of a person)make(sth)easy or less difficultfactor n.fact,circumstance,etc that helps to produce a resultfeature n.one of the named parts of the face(eg nose,mouth,eyes)which together form its appear ancefederal of or relating to a form of government or a country in which power is divided between one central and several regional governmentfee n.(usu pl)amount paid for professional advice or service,eg to private teachers,doctor s,etcfile n.metal tool with a rough surface for cutting,smoothing or shaping hard substancesfinal adj.of the end;coming lastfinance n.management of moneyfinite adj.having bounds;limited;not infiniteflexible adj.that can bend easily without breakingfluctuate v.~(of a price,number,rate,etc)rise and fall;change irregularlyfocus n.=>Usage at data data.point at which rays(of light,sound,etc)meet or from which theyappear to comeformat n.shape,size,binding,etc of a bookformula n.(chemistry)set of symbols showing the elements that a substance is made offorthcoming adj.about to happen or appear in the near futurefoundation n.act of foundingfounded[find:]to meet with or discover by chanceframework n.structure giving shape and supportfunction n.special activity or purpose of a person or thingfund n.sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose fundamental adj.of or forming the basis or foundation of sth;essential furthermore adv.in addition;moreover;gender n.(in certain languages)classification of a noun or pronoun as masculine or femininegenerate v.cause to exist or occur;producegeneration n.productionglobe n.small spherical model of the earth showing the continents and usu also countries,rivers,cities,etcgoal n.(in football,hockey,etc)pair of posts with a crossbar,between which the ball has to be kicked,hit,etc in order to scoregrade n.step,stage or degree of rank,quality,etc;level of classificationgrant v.agree to give or allow(what is asked for)guarantee n.~(against sth)promise(usu in writing)that certain conditions agreed to in a transaction will be fulfilledguideline a principle put forward to set standards or determine a course of actiohence adv.from this timehierarchy n.system with grades of authority or status from the lowest to the highesthighlight n.best,most interesting or most exciting part of somethinghypothesis n.idea or suggestion that is based on known facts and is used as a basis for reasoning or further investigationidentical adj.the~the sameidentify v.~sb/sth as sb/sth show,prove,etc who or what sb/sth is;recognize sb/sth(as being th e specified person or thing)ideology n.ideas that form the basis of an economic or political theory or that are held by a partic ular group or personignorant adj.~(of sth)knowing little or nothing;lacking education or information; unawareillustrate v.supply with pictures,diagrams,etcimage n.copy of the shape of a person or thing,esp one made in stone or wood; statueimmigrate v.~enter a foreign country in order to live there permanentlyimpact n.hitting of one object against anotherimplement n.tool or instrumentimplicate v.~sb show that sb is involved in sth,esp a crimeimplicit adj.~implied,but not expressed directly;not explicitimply v.suggest(sth)indirectly rather than state it directly;hintimpose v.~sth place(a penalty,tax,etc)officially on sb/sthincentive n.~thing that encourages sb to do sth;stimulusincidence n.~of sth extent to which sth happens or has an effectincline v.~towards sth lean or slope in the direction of sthincome n.money received over a certain period,esp as payment for work or as interest on investmen tsincorporate v.~sth(in/into sth)make sth part of a whole;includeindex n.list of names or topics referred to in a book,etc,usu arranged at the end in alphabetic al orderindicate v.~sth(to sb)show sth,esp by pointingindividual adj.single;separateinduce v.persuade or influence(sb)to do sthinevitable adj.that cannot be avoided;that is sure to happeninfer v.~sth(from sth)reach(an opinion)from facts or reasoning;conclude sthinfrastructu re n.subordinate parts,installations,etc that form the basis of a system, an organization oran enterprise(eg of an army),inherent adj.~existing as a natural or permanent feature or quality of sb/sthinhibit v.~sb prevent sb from doing sth that should be natural or easy to doinitial adj.of or at the beginning;firstinitiate v.put(a scheme,etc)into operation;cause(sth)to begininjure v.hurt(sb);harminnovate v.make changes;introduce new thingsinput n.~action of putting sth ininsert v.~sth put,fit,place sth into sth or between two thingsinsight n.~(approv)ability to see into the true nature(of sth);deep understandinginspect v.examine(sth)closelyinstance n.~particular occurrence of sth that happens generally or several times; example;caseinstitute n.society or organization for a special(usu social,professional or educational)purposeinstruct to direct to do something;orderintegral adj.~necessary for completenessintegrate v.~sth(into sth);~A and B/~A with B combine sth in such a way that it becomes fully a part of sth elseintegrity n.quality of being honest and morally uprightintelligence n.power of learning,understanding and reasoning;mental abilityintense adj.(of sensations)very great or severe;extremeinteract v.~act or have an effect on each otherintermediate adj.~situated or coming between two people,things,etc in time,space, degree,etcinternal adj.of or on the insideinterpret v.explain(sth which is not easily understandable)interval n.~time between two eventsintervene v.(of time)come or be betweenintrinsic adj.belonging naturally;existing within,not coming from outsideinvest v.~(in sth/with sb)use(money)to buy shares,property,etc,in order to earn interest or bring profitinvestigate v.find out and examine in order to obtain the truthinvoke e(sth)as a reason for one's actioninvolve v.make necessary as a condition or result;entailisolate v.~sb/sth put or keep sb/sth entirely apart from other people or things; separate sb/sth;issue n.outgoing;outflowitem n.single article or unit in a list,etcjob n.the patience of jobjournal n.newspaper or periodical,esp one that is serious and deals with a specialized subjectjustify v.show that(sb/sth)is right,reasonable or justlabel n.piece of paper,cloth,metal,etc on or beside an object and describing its nature,name,owner,destination,etclabour n.physicalor mental worklayer n.thickness of material laid over a surface or forming a horizontal divisionlecture n.~(on sth)talk giving information about a subject to an audience or a class,often as part of a teaching programmelegal adj.of or based on the lawlegislate v.~make lawslevy v.~sth(on sb)collect(a payment,etc)by authority or force;impose sthliberal adj.tolerant and open-minded;free from prejudicelicence n.official document showing that permission has been given to own,use or do sthlikewise adv.similarlylink n.one ring or loop of a chainlocate v.discover the exact position or place oflogic n.science of reasoningmaintain v.~sth cause sth to continue;keep sth in existence at the same level, standard,etcmajor adj.important;great(er)manipulate v.control or handle with skillmanual adj.of,done with or controlled by the handsmargin n.blank space round the written or printed matter on a pagemature adj.fully grown or developed mentally or physically;having achieved one's full potentialmaximise[maximize:]vt.to make as high or great as possible;increase to a maximummechanism n.working parts of a machine,etcmedia n.the media means of mass communication,eg TV,radio,newspapersmediate v.~act as a peacemaker or go-between for two or more people,groups, etc who disagreemedical adj.of the art of medicine;of curing diseasemedium n.(pl usu media)means by which sth is expressed or communicatedmental adj.of,in or to the mindmethod n.waymigrate v.~(to...)move from one place to go to live or work in anothermilitary adj.of or for soldiers or an army;of or for armed forcesminimal adj.smallest in amount or degree。

Sublist1•analyze[ˈænəlaiz]vt.〈美〉分析,分解,解释•constitute[ˈkɔnstitju:t]vt.构成,组成建立,制定选定,任命•establish[isˈtæbliʃ]vt.建立,成立安置确定,证实•indicate[ˈindikeit]vt.标示,指示,指出象征;表明或暗示…的可能性•occur[əˈkə:]vi.发生;举行;存在被发现;想到[起]•role[rəul]n.作用,职责角色•approach[əˈprəutʃ]n.靠近,接近,临近通路,入口,途径方式,方法vt.接洽,交涉;着手处理vt.&vi.接近,走近,靠近•context[ˈkɔntekst]n.背景,环境上下文,语境•estimate[ˈestimeit]n.估计,估价报价判断vt.&vi.估计;评价,评估•individual[ˌɪndiˈvidjuəl]adj.个别的,单独的,个人的独特的n.个人人•percent[pəˈsent]n.百分比,百分数•section[ˈsekʃən]n.章节部分部门,科截面,剖面地区,区•area[ˈɛəriə]n.面积区域,地区领域,方面•contract[kənˈtrækt]n.契约,合同vt.缔结;订契约vt.&vi.染上(恶习,疾病等)缩小;紧缩•evident[ˈevidənt]adj.明显的,明白的•interpret[inˈtə:prit]vt.解释;说明vt.&vi.口译;翻译•period[ˈpiəriəd]n.(一段)时间时期,时代学时,课时句号,句点•sector[ˈsektə]n.部门;领域防御地区,防卫区域扇形,扇形面•assess[əˈses]vt.估价,估计评定,核定•create[kriˈeit]vt.创造,创作,创建引起,产生•export[eksˈpɔ:t]n.输出,出口输出[出口]物vt.&vi.出口,输出•involve[inˈvɔlv]vt.使某事物成为必要条件或结果;需要使参与,牵涉•policy[ˈpɔləsi]n.政策,方针策略,精明的行为,上策保险单•significant[siɡˈnifikənt]adj.重要的,重大的,可观的有意义的,有用意的意味深长的•assume[əˈsju:m]vt.假设,臆断,猜想假装承担,担任,就职呈现,采取•data[ˈdeitə]n.资料,材料•factor[ˈfæktə]n.因素,要素〈数〉因子,因数•issue[ˈisju:]n.问题,议题;争论点发行物放出,流出;发出,发行〈正〉结果,结局vi.冒出,流出;传出vt.出版,发行发表,发布分配,发给•principle[ˈprinsəpl]n.原则,原理准则,规范操守,道义工作原理•similar[ˈsimilə]adj.类似的;同类的;相似的;同样的•authority[ɔ:ˈθɔriti]n.权力,职权官方,当局权威,专家•define[diˈfain]vt.精确地解释;界定规定,确定•finance[faiˈnæns]n.财政,金融财源,资金,财务情况vt.为…供给资金,从事金融活动•labour[ˈleibə]n.劳动,努力;工作劳工,工人分娩,(分娩时的)阵痛vi.劳动;努力艰难行进•proceed[prəˈsi:d]vi.前进;行进进行;继续下去•source[sɔ:s]n.河流的源头,发源地来源,出处原因提供资料者,资料来源•available[əˈveiləbl]adj.可用的或可得到的可会见的,可与之交谈的•derive[diˈraiv]vt.&vi.得到源于•formula[ˈfɔ:mjulə]n.准则,原则公式,方程式配方•legal[ˈli:ɡəl]adj.法律上的;合法的;法定的•process[ˈprəuses]n.过程,进程工序,制作法vi.列队行进vt.加工;处理•specific[spiˈsifik]adj.明确的,确切的,详尽的具体的,特有的,特定的仅限于…的;只发现于…的n.特效药具体方面,细节•benefit[ˈbenifit]n.益处,好处救济金,保险金vt.&vi.有益于,得益•distribute[disˈtribju:t]vt.分配,分给散发;散播;分布•function[ˈfʌŋkʃən]n.功能;作用;职责函数;与另一事物有密切关系的事物社交集会vi.工作,运行,起作用•legislate[ˈledʒisleit]vt.&vi.立法;制定法律•require[riˈkwaiə]vt.有赖于…;需要命令,指示要求,规定想要•structure[ˈstrʌktʃə]n.结构,构造有结构的事物;复杂的整体;建筑物vt.组织;安排;构造;制定•concept[ˈkɔnsept]n.概念;观念;想法•economy[iˈkɔnəmi]n.节约,节省经济体制,经济状况•identify[aiˈdentifai]vt.认出,识别支持,同情vt.&vi.等同于;有关联•major[ˈmeidʒə]adj.较大的;主要的;严重的n.少校专业;主修科目vi.〈美〉主修,专攻•research[riˈsə:tʃ]n.研究;探讨vi.做研究,探究,研究,探讨vt.从事…的研究,为…而做研究•theory[ˈθiəri]n.学说理论,原理意见,看法•consist[kənˈsist]vi.组成,构成在于,存在于•environment[inˈvaiərənmənt]n.环境,周围状况,自然环境•income[ˈinkəm]n.收入,所得,收益•method[ˈmeθəd]n.方法,办法秩序,条理•respond[riˈspɔnd]vi.有反应;有效果;有影响vt.&vi.回答;回报;响应•vary[ˈvɛəri]vi.呈现不同vt.&vi.(使)变化,改变Sublist2•achieve[əˈtʃi:v]vt.取得,获得实现,达到,完成•community[kəˈmju:niti]n.社区,社会,团体大众,公众共有,共享•design[diˈzain]n.图样,设计图设计,布局目的,打算vt.计划,筹划vt.&vi.设计,绘制•institute[ˈinstitju:t]n.协会,学会;学院,研究院vt.建立,制定;开始,着手•potential[pəˈtenʃəl]adj.潜在的,有可能的n.潜力,潜势,可能性•restrict[risˈtrikt]vt.限制;约束•acquire[əˈkwaiə]vt.获得,得到,养成•complex[ˈkɔmpleks]adj.由许多部分组成的,复合的复杂的,难懂的n.综合体,集合体〈心〉情结,夸大的情绪反应•distinct[disˈtiŋkt]adj.截然不同的,完全分开的清晰的,明白的,明显的•invest[inˈvest]vt.授予vt.&vi.投资;花费•previous[ˈpri:viəs]adj.先前的,以前的过早的,过急的•secure[siˈkjuə]adj.牢固的;可靠的有把握的;确切的vt.握紧;关牢使安全(使)获得;把…弄到手•administer[ədˈministə]vt.管理,支配给予执行,实施•compute[kəmˈpju:t]vt.计算,估算•element[ˈelimənt]n.(化学)元素成分,要素,原件一伙人基础,纲要,原理•item[ˈaitəm]n.一项,一件,一条;项目•primary[ˈpraiməri]adj.首要的;主要的;基本的最初的;初级的•seek[si:k]vi.企图;试图vt.请求,征求;求教vt.&vi.寻找;探寻•affect[əˈfekt]vt.影响感动假装•conclude[kənˈklu:d]vt.得出结论;断定决定vt.&vi.结束•equate[iˈkweit]vt.认为某事物(与另一事物)相等或相仿•journal[ˈdʒə:nl]n.杂志,期刊日志,日记•purchase[ˈpə:tʃəs]n.购买,购置买到的东西vt.购买•select[siˈlekt]adj.精选的,挑选出来的限制性的,选择严格的vt.选择;挑选•appropriate[əˈprəupriit]adj.适当的,恰当的vt.挪用;占用;盗用拨出(款项)•conduct[kənˈdʌkt]n.举止,行为管理(方式),实施(方式)vt.&vi.引导,带领,担任指挥控制,管理传导•evaluate[iˈvæljueit]vt.评价,估计,估价•maintain[meinˈtein]vt.保持;继续保养,维护坚持;主张供给;赡养•range[reindʒ]n.一系列变化幅度,范围射程,距离(山)脉vi.变化vt.排列•site[sait]n.位置,场所,地点vt.使坐落在;设置•aspect[ˈæspekt]n.方面方位,朝向面貌,模样,神态•consequent[ˈkɔnsikwənt]adj.作为结果的,随之发生的•feature[ˈfi:tʃə]n.特征,特色面貌,相貌特写,专题节目(电影的)正片,故事片•normal[ˈnɔ:məl]adj.正常的,平常的正规的;标准的•region[ˈri:dʒən]n.地区;地带;区域;范围•strategy[ˈstrætidʒi]n.战略学,兵法战略,策略策略,计谋•assist[əˈsist]vt.&vi.帮助,促进•construct[kənˈstrʌkt]vt.修建,建立构成,组成•final[ˈfainəl]adj.最后的,最终的决定性的,确定性的n.决赛(大学的)期终考试•obtain[əbˈtein]vi.通行;流行vt.获得,得到;买到•regulate[ˈreɡjuleit]vt.控制,管理调整;调节•survey[səˈvei]n.调查vt.眺望;纵览测量;勘察检查,鉴定通盘考虑,回顾•category[ˈkætiɡəri]n.种类,类别•consume[kənˈsju:m]vt.消耗,消费,耗尽大吃,大喝烧毁,毁灭•focus[ˈfəukəs]n.焦点,焦距;中心vt.&vi.(使)集中,(使)聚集调整(镜头,眼睛)焦点[焦距]以便看清•participate[pɑ:ˈtisipeit]vt.&vi.参加,参与•relevant[ˈreləvənt]adj.有关的,切题的•text[tekst]n.正文,本文原文,全文教科书,课本•chapter[ˈtʃæptə]n.章,回,篇•credit[ˈkredit]n.赊购;赊购制度存款;存款数额借款;贷款赞扬,荣誉,功劳信任,相信学分vt.相信,信任把…记入贷方,存入(账户)•impact[ˈimpækt]n.影响,作用冲击(力),碰撞vt.&vi.对某事物有影响•perceive[pəˈsi:v]vt.感觉,察觉,理解•reside[riˈzaid]vi.居住;定居•tradition[trəˈdiʃən]n.传统惯例•commission[kəˈmiʃən]n.授权,委托委员会佣金,回扣vt.委任,委托•culture[ˈkʌltʃə]n.文化休养,教养,精神文明养殖,培养,栽培vt.培植,培养•injure[ˈindʒə]vt.伤害,损害•positive[ˈpɔzitiv]adj.确实的,明确的积极的;肯定的表现得有信心和有希望的,确信的〈数〉〈电〉正的,阳性的完全的;纯粹的n.〈语〉原级形容词确实;正量,正数正片•resource[riˈsɔ:s]n.资源(必要时可给予)帮助、支持或安慰的事物才智;机敏;创造精神•transfer[trænsˈfə:]n.转移;转让;转录中转,换乘,改变路线vt.转让vt.&vi.转移;迁移Sublist3•alternative[ɔ:lˈtə:nətiv]adj.两者择一的,供替代的不寻常的,非传统性的非正统的n.取舍,抉择,可供选择的事物选择的余地,可供选择的机会•convene[kənˈvi:n]vt.&vi.召开,召集•emphasis[ˈemfəsis]n.强调,重点•interact[ˌɪntərˈækt]vi.相互作用[影响],互相配合•philosophy[fiˈlɔsəfi]n.哲学人生哲学,人生观达观•sex[seks]n.性别;性男性;女性性关系性活动,性行为•circumstance[ˈsə:kəmstəns]n.环境,条件,情况境遇,经济状况•coordinate[kəuˈɔ:dineit]adj.同等的,并列的n.〈数〉坐标vt.使协调;使调和•ensure[inˈʃuə]vt.确保,担保担保获得[避免]•justify[ˈdʒʌstifai]vt.证明…有理;为…辩护•physical[ˈfizikəl]adj.身体的,肉体的物质的自然规律的,按自然法则的自然(界)的物理学的n.身体检查,体格检查•shift[ʃift]n.转换,转变轮[换]班轮班工人计谋,手段切换键vi.快速行进vt.&vi.改变,变换,转移,移动去掉;摆脱掉换挡•comment[ˈkɔment]n.评论,意见,解释,批评vt.&vi.评论;谈论•core[kɔ:]n.果核核心,精髓,要点•exclude[iksˈklu:d]vt.排除;不包括在内•layer[ˈleiə]n.层,层次•proportion[prəˈpɔ:ʃən]n.均衡;相称,协调一物与他物在数量、大小等方面的关系;比例部分;份儿•specify[ˈspesifai]vt.详述指定•compensate[ˈkɔmpenseit]vt.&vi.补偿,报酬•corporate[ˈkɔ:pərit]adj.社团的,法人的•framework[ˈfreimwə:k]n.构架;结构•link[liŋk]n.环,联系,纽带vt.&vi.连接,联系•publish[ˈpʌbliʃ]vt.&vi.出版公布•sufficient[səˈfiʃənt]adj.足够的;充足的•component[kəmˈpəunənt]n.成分,组成部分,部件,元件•correspond[ˌkɔrisˈpɔnd]vi.相符合,相一致相当,相类似通信•fund[fʌnd]n.基金,专款现款;资金储备,蕴藏vt.为…提供资金,给…拨款•locate[ləuˈkeit]vt.找出,指出(地点或位置)vt.&vi.(在…)设置,坐落于•react[riˈækt]vi.起反应;有影响反对;对抗•task[tɑ:sk]n.工作;任务;差事•consent[kənˈsent]n.准许,同意,赞成vi.同意;赞成•criteria[kraɪˈtɪərɪə]n.标准•illustrate[ˈiləstreit]vt.给…加插图说明,阐明;表明•maximise[ˈmæksimaiz]vt.使(某事物)增至最大限度最大限度地利用(某事物)•register[ˈredʒistə]n.登记(表),注册(簿)记录器暖气,调风器vt.&vi.记录;登记;注册显出注意到,记住•technical[ˈteknikəl]adj.技术的;应用科学的艺术的,工艺的(指书等)要求有专门知识的,使用术语的,专业的•considerable[kənˈsidərəbl]adj.相当大(或多)的•deduce[diˈdju:s]vt.推论,演绎•immigrate[ˈimiɡreit]vi.移入•minor[ˈmainə]adj.较小的,较少的,低级的,次要的n.未成年人副修科目•rely[riˈlai]vi.信任;信赖;依赖,依靠•technique[tekˈni:k]n.技巧,手法,技术技能•constant[ˈkɔnstənt]adj.始终如一的,恒久不变的不断的,连续发生的忠实的,忠诚的•demonstrate[ˈdemənstreit]vi.举行示威游行(或集会)vt.说明,演示论证,证明显示,表露•imply[imˈplai]vt.暗示,暗指必然包含•negate[niˈɡeit]vt.取消,使无效否定;否认•remove[riˈmu:v]vi.迁移;移居vt.移走;排除开除•technology[tekˈnɔlədʒi]n.科技(总称);工艺;应用科学工业技术•constrain[kənˈstrein]vt.强迫,强使;限制,约束•document[ˈdɔkjumənt]n.公文,文件,文献vt.证明记录,记载•initial[iˈniʃəl]adj.最初的,开头的•outcome[ˈautkʌm]n.结果•scheme[ski:m]n.阴谋,诡计计划,方案vt.&vi.策划;图谋•valid[ˈvælid]adj.正当的,有充分根据的,符合逻辑的有效的有法律效力的•contribute[kənˈtribjut]vi.起促成作用vt.&vi.捐献,捐助,贡献出撰稿,投稿•dominate[ˈdɔmineit]vt.耸立于,俯临vt.&vi.控制,支配,统治在…中占首要地位•instance[ˈinstəns]n.例子,实例•partner[ˈpɑ:tnə]n.伙伴,同伙,合伙人,股东同伴,搭档配偶,情人vt.做…的搭档•sequence[ˈsi:kwəns]n.有关联的一组事物,一连串先后次序,顺序,连续•volume[ˈvɔlju:m]n.卷,册,书卷体积;容积,容量音量,响度Sublist4•access[ˈækses]n.通道,入口接近[取得]…的方法[权利等]vt.存取(计算机文件)•communicate[kəˈmju:nikeit]vi.通讯;交际,交流相连;相通vt.&vi.传达;表达•error[ˈerə]n.错误过失,失误•internal[inˈtə:nəl]adj.内部的国内的,内政的体内的•parallel[ˈpærəlel]adj.(指至少两条线)平行的类似的;相对应的n.平行线[面]极相似的人[事物]类似(点),相似(之处)比较纬线,纬圈vt.与…平行;与…相当•resolve[riˈzɔlv]vt.(指委员会或集会)表决解决(问题、疑问等)分解,解析(某物) vt.&vi.决定;决心•adequate[ˈædikwit]adj.充分的,足够的适当的,胜任的•concentrate[ˈkɔnsəntreit]vt.浓缩vt.&vi.专心于;注意集中,聚集•ethnic[ˈeθnik]adj.种族的,部落的某文化群体的•investigate[inˈvestiɡeit]vt.调查;审查•parameter[pəˈræmitə]n.(限定性的)因素,特性,界限〈物〉〈数〉参量,参数•retain[riˈtein]vt.保持;保留止住;容纳•annual[ˈænjuəl]adj.每年的,年度的,一年一次的n.一年生植物年刊,年报,年鉴•confer[kənˈfə:]vi.〈拉〉商谈,商议vt.授予,赋予•goal[ɡəul]n.球门进球得的分努力的对象,目标•job[dʒɔb]n.职业,职位(一件)工作职责,责任•phase[feiz]n.阶段,时期(月亮、行星的)位相vt.分阶段计划[安排]•series[ˈsiəri:z]n.连续的同类事物,系列串联•apparent[əˈpærənt]adj.显然的,明白的,清晰可见的表面上的,貌似(真实)的•contrast[ˈkɔntræst]n.对比,对照差异,差别对照物,明显的对比物vt.&vi.对比,对照•grant[ɡrɑ:nt]n.补助金,助学金,津贴vt.准许;答应给予承认•label[ˈleibəl]n.标签,标记称号;符号;标示vt.贴标签于把…列为•predict[priˈdikt]vt.&vi.预言;预测;预示•statistic[stəˈtistik]adj.统计的,统计学的n.统计量•approximate[əˈprɔksimit]adj.近似的,大约的vt.&vi.近似,接近•cycle[ˈsaikl]n.循环,周期自行车,摩托车vi.骑自行[摩托]车•hence[hens]adv.从此时起,从此处因此,所以•mechanism[ˈmekənizəm]n.机械装置构造,机制办法,技巧,途径•principal[ˈprinsəpəl]adj.最重要的;主要的n.负责人,校长资本,本金被代理人,委托人•status[ˈsteitəs]n.身份,地位情形,状况•attitude[ˈætitju:d]n.态度,看法姿态,姿势•debate[diˈbeit]n.讨论,辩论vt.&vi.辩论,争论•hypothesis[haiˈpɔθisis]n.假说,假设,前提•obvious[ˈɔbviəs]adj.明显的;显而易见的•prior[ˈpraiə]adj.优先的;在前的;较早的•stress[stres]n.压力,紧张强调,重要性重力重音vt.重读强调•attribute[əˈtribju:t]n.属性,特性vt.认为…是;归因于…认为某作品出自某人之手认为某事[物]属于某人[物]•despite[disˈpait]prep.不管,尽管•implement[ˈimplimənt]n.工具,器具,用具vt.使生效,贯彻,执行•occupy[ˈɔkjupai]vt.占领;占有使从事;使忙于•professional[prəˈfeʃənəl]adj.职业的,专业的内行的,有经验的有意的,故意的n.具有某专业资格的人,专业人士内行,专家专门职业者,职业选手•subsequent[ˈsʌbsikwənt]adj.随后的,继…之后的•civil[ˈsivl]adj.公民的,平民的;非军职的,非宗教的;国民间的,民用的民事的,民法的文明的,有教养的•dimension[diˈmenʃən]n.尺寸,度量方面,部分规模,程度•implicate[ˈimplikeit]vt.牵连,涉及•option[ˈɔpʃən]n.选择(的自由)可选择的办法附件,配件买卖选择权,期权•project[prəˈdʒekt]n.项目,计划,方案,课题vt.规划抛;投;射vt.&vi.伸出,突出;表达特点•sum[sʌm]n.总数,总和金额算术vt.&vi.合计总结,归纳•code[kəud]n.法典,法规,章程密码,电码代号,编码vt.将…译成电码•domestic[dəˈmestik]adj.本国的,国内的家庭的,家用的驯养的•impose[imˈpəuz]vi.利用,占便宜;欺骗vt.强迫,强加课税,惩罚•output[ˈautput]n.产量输出,输出功率•promote[prəˈməut]vt.提升,提拔筹划,发起,创立推销〈正〉促进;推动;增进•summary[ˈsʌməri]adj.即刻的,立即的匆忙的,草率的概括的;简要的n.摘要,概要•commit[kəˈmit]vt.犯罪;犯错承诺;使自己受约束托付;交付•emerge[iˈmə:dʒ]vi.出现;显出;暴露•integrate[ˈintiɡreit]vt.使结合成为整体vt.&vi.(使)融入•overall[ˈəuvərɔ:l]adj.总体的;全面的;综合的全面考虑的adv.大体上,总的来说一切包括在内,全部的n.长罩衣工装裤;工作裤•regime[reiˈʒi:m]n.政治制度,政权,政体•undertake[ˌʌndəˈteik]vt.担任,承揽;保证着手,开始Sublist5•academy[əˈkædəmi]n.专科学校研究院,学会•consult[kənˈsʌlt]vt.请教,咨询;找(医生)诊治翻阅,查阅顾及,考虑vt.&vi.商议,商量•evolve[iˈvɔlv]vt.&vi.演变;进化•licence[ˈlaisəns]n.许可证,执照许可,特许放纵,放肆•orient[ˈɔ:riənt]n.东方,亚洲vt.使熟悉,使适应使朝向;使确定位置•style[stail]n.风格,格调;文体行为方式,作风种类,类型;流行式样;款式风度;格调;气派•adjust[əˈdʒʌst]vt.&vi.(改变…以)适应;调整;校正•contact[ˈkɔntækt]n.接触联系,联络,交往社会关系,熟人,门路触点,接头vt.&vi.联系•expand[iksˈpænd]vt.&vi.使…变大,扩大,扩张伸展,伸开,张开,展开•logic[ˈlɔdʒik]n.逻辑(学),逻辑性推理方法合理的想法•perspective[pəˈspektiv]n.远景,景前途;希望透视透视图观点,想法•substitute[ˈsʌbstitju:t]vt.&vi.代替,替换,代用•alter[ˈɔ:ltə]vt.&vi.改变,更改•decline[diˈklain]n.下降,减少,衰退vi.(太阳)落下vt.&vi.辞谢;谢绝(邀请等)•expose[iksˈpəuz]vt.曝光暴露;显露揭露,袒露•margin[ˈmɑ:dʒin]n.页边空白边,边缘差数,差额;余地•precise[priˈsais]adj.精确的,准确的恰好的;正是的周密的,细密的,精细的•sustain[səˈstein]vt.承受,支撑维持长期保持;使继续经受,遭受•amend[əˈmend]vt.&vi.改良;修改,修订•discrete[disˈkri:t]adj.分离的,不相关联的•external[eksˈtə:nl]adj.外面的,外部的外观的,表面的外国的•medical[ˈmedikəl]adj.医学的,医疗的,医术的内科的•prime[praim]adj.首要的;主要的;基本的最好的,第一流的n.全盛时期vt.使准备好,使完成准备工作事先指导,事先向…提供情况•symbol[ˈsimbəl]n.象征,标志符号,记号•aware[əˈwɛə]adj.意识到的,知道的•draft[drɑ:ft]n.草稿,草案,草图汇票应召入伍者;特遣队vt.起草,画草图,草拟选派,抽调征募,征召…入伍•facilitate[fəˈsiliteit]vt.使便利,减轻…的困难•mental[ˈmentl]adj.精神的,头脑的,心理的,智力的精神病的•psychology[saiˈkɔlədʒi]n.心理学心理;心理特点•target[ˈtɑ:ɡit]n.(射击的)靶子(欲达到的)目[指]标(服务的)对象;(攻击的)对象vt.瞄准某物•capacity[kəˈpæsiti]n.容量,容积才能,能力身份,职位•enable[iˈneibl]vt.使能够;提供做…的权利[措施]使可能•fundamental[ˌfʌndəˈmentəl]adj.基本的;重要的,必要的n.基本原则,基本法则•modify[ˈmɔdifai]vt.修饰vt.&vi.修改,更改•pursue[pəˈsju:]vt.追捕,追击追求继续;从事,经营•transit[ˈtrænsit]n.搬运;载运;运输•challenge[ˈtʃælindʒ]n.挑战,邀请比赛怀疑,质问艰巨的任务vt.挑战质疑考验•energy[ˈenədʒi]n.活力,干劲,能力精力〈物〉能,能量,能源•generate[ˈdʒenəreit]vt.生成,产生引起,导致•monitor[ˈmɔnitə]n.监视器,监听器;检测器(学校)班长;纠察员vt.监听,监视监测,检测•ratio[ˈreiʃiəu]n.比,比率•trend[trend]n.趋势,倾向流行•clause[klɔ:z]n.从句(法律文件等的)条款•enforce[inˈfɔ:s]vt.实施,执行强迫,迫使•generation[ˌdʒenəˈreiʃən]n.同时代的人,一代人,一代产生,发生•network[ˈnetwə:k]n.网状物(电视与计算机)网络,网状系统广播网,电视网•reject[riˈdʒekt]n.被拒货品,不合格产品vt.拒绝,谢绝;驳回舍弃,排斥,退掉•version[ˈvə:ʃən]n.(个人对事件的)描述,说法,看法版本,形式译本,剧本•compound[ˈkɔmpaund]n.复合物,化合物(筑有围墙的)院子,(围起来的)场地vt.使混合,使合成使严重;使恶化•entity[ˈentiti]n.实体,独立存在体,实际存在物•image[ˈimidʒ]n.形象,概念镜像,影像,图像印象酷似的人[物],翻版比喻,引喻,明喻外形,外表,模样•notion[ˈnəuʃən]n.概念,观念,看法突然的念头,奇想;意图,打算•revenue[ˈrevənju:]n.收入,收益;财政收入,税收•welfare[ˈwelfɛə]n.健康,幸福,繁荣福利〈美〉政府的福利(制度)•conflict[ˈkɔnflikt]n.战斗,斗争冲突,抵触,争论vi.抵触,冲突•equivalent[iˈkwivələnt]adj.相等的,相当的•liberal[ˈlibərəl]adj.心胸宽阔的,无偏见的慷慨的,大方的开放的;主张变革的自由的,不拘一格的n.宽容大度的人自由主义者•objective[əbˈdʒektiv]adj.客观的;不带偏见的n.目标;目的•stable[ˈsteibl]adj.稳定的;安定的沉稳[持重]的•whereas[hwɛərˈæz]conj.但是,而Sublist6•abstract[ˈæbstrækt]adj.抽象的抽象派的n.抽象,抽象概念,抽象性抽象派艺术作品摘要,梗概vt.提取,抽取做…的摘要•capable[ˈkeipəbl]adj.有能力的,有技能的•exceed[ikˈsi:d]vi.(在数量、质量上)突出,领先vt.超过;超越•incidence[ˈinsidəns]n.发生率,影响范围•migrate[maiˈɡreit]vi.迁移;移往•recover[riˈkʌvə]vi.恢复健康(体力、能力等)vt.恢复;重新获得,找回〈正〉恢复(适当的状态或位置)•accurate[ˈækjurit]adj.精确的,准确的正确无误的•cite[sait]vt.引用,举例表彰,嘉奖传唤,传讯•expert[ˈekspə:t]adj.专家的,内行的,熟练的n.专家,能手•incorporate[inˈkɔ:pəreit]vt.包含,加上,吸收把…合并,使并入组成公司•minimum[ˈminiməm]adj.最低的,最小的n.最低限度,最小量•reveal[riˈvi:l]vt.显示;露出泄露;透露•acknowledge[əkˈnɔlidʒ]vt.承认,供认告知已收到鸣谢,感谢•cooperate[kəuˈɔpəreit]vi.合作;配合,协助•explicit[iksˈplisit]adj.详述的,明确的,明晰的直言的,毫不隐瞒的,露骨的•index[ˈindeks]n.索引标志,象征;量度(物价或工资的)指数〈数〉指数,幂vt.给…编索引,指示出•ministry[ˈministri]n.(政府的)部•scope[skəup]n.余地,机会(处理、研究事务的)范围•aggregate[ˈæɡriɡit]n.〈正〉数,总计vt.总计达…vt.&vi.(使)聚集•discriminate[disˈkrimineit]vi.歧视,有差别地对待vt.&vi.分别,辨别,区分•federal[ˈfedərəl]adj.联邦(制)的联邦政府的•inhibit[inˈhibit]vt.阻止;抑制•motive[ˈməutiv]n.动机,目的•subsidy[ˈsʌbsidi]n.补贴,津贴,补助金•allocate[ˈæləkeit]vt.分配,分派把…拨给•display[disˈplei]n.陈列,展览陈列的货物、艺术品等vt.陈列,展览显示,显露•fee[fi:]n.费,酬金•initiate[iˈniʃieit]vt.开始,着手传授;使初步了解接纳新成员,让…加入•neutral[ˈnju:trəl]adj.中立的,不偏不倚的中立(国家)的暗淡的;非彩色的(化学中)中性的不带电的n.(汽车或其他机器的)空挡位置中立人士;中立国•tape[teip]n.带子录音磁带;录像带vt.用带子捆起来vt.&vi.录音•assign[əˈsain]vt.分配;交给指派,选派指定,订出•diverse[daiˈvəs]adj.不同的,多种多样的•flexible[ˈfleksəbl]adj.易弯曲的,柔韧的灵活的,可变通的•input[ˈinput]n.输入,投入〈电〉输入端输入的数据vt.把…输入电脑•nevertheless[ˌnevəðəˈles]adv.仍然,然而,不过conj.尽管如此,然而•trace[treis]n.踪迹;痕迹;形迹极微的量vt.追踪;追溯发现;找到描绘;标出vt.&vi.缓慢而困难地书写•attach[əˈtætʃ]vt.&vi.贴上;系;附上•domain[dəuˈmein]n.范围,领域版图,领土地产,产业•furthermore[ˈfə:ðəˌmɔ:]adv.而且,此外•instruct[inˈstrʌkt]vt.命令,指示教,指导通知•overseas[ˌəuvəˈsi:z]adj.(在)海外的,(在)国外的(向或来自)外国的adv.在[向]海外;在[向]国外•transform[trænsˈfɔ:m]vt.&vi.改变•author[ˈɔ:θə]n.著作家,作者创造者,创始人;发起人•edit[ˈedit]vt.剪辑(电影、录音磁带、无线电或电视节目、书等)vt.&vi.编辑•gender[ˈdʒendə]n.〈语〉性•intelligent[inˈtelidʒənt]adj.聪明的;理解力强的•precede[ˌpriˈsi:d]vt.&vi.在…之前,先于•transport[trænsˈpɔ:t]vt.运送;流放使万分激动•bond[bɔnd]n.联系,关系连接,接合,结合有息债券合同,契约,票据vt.使粘结,使结合•enhance[inˈhɑ:ns]vt.提高,增加,加强•ignorant[ˈiɡnərənt]adj.无知的,愚昧的•interval[ˈintəvəl]n.间隔时间幕间休息•presume[priˈzju:m]vi.冒昧地做某事;错用自作主张,放肆vt.以为;假定•underlie[ˌʌndəˈlai]vt.位于或存在于(某物)之下构成…的基础(或起因);引起•brief[bri:f]adj.短暂的,短时间的简洁的,简短的n.概要,摘要vt.向…介绍基本情况,作…的摘要•estate[isˈteit]n.土地,地区庄园,种植园地产,财产;遗产•incentive[inˈsentiv]n.激励某人做某事的事物;刺激;诱因,动机•lecture[ˈlektʃə]n.演讲;讲课冗长的训斥[谴责]vt.责备,教训,训斥vt.& vi.(向…)演讲;(给…)讲课•rational[ˈræʃənl]adj.神智清楚的理性的;理智的;合理的;出于理性的•utilize[ˈju:tilaiz]vt.利用,使用Sublist7•adapt[əˈdæpt]vt.改编,改写vt.&vi.(使)适应,(使)适合•contrary[ˈkɔntrəri]adj.相反的,相违的n.相反,反面,对立面•empirical[emˈpirikəl]adj.以观察或实验为依据的•identical[aiˈdentikəl]adj.同一的•phenomenon[fiˈnɔminən]n.现象特殊的人[事物]•submit[səbˈmit]vi.屈服,认输vt.提交,呈递〈正〉建议,主张,申辩•adult[ˈædʌlt]adj.成熟的成年人的,适宜于成年人的n.成年的人或动物•convert[kənˈvə:t]vt.&vi.(使)转变,(使)转化皈依,改变(信仰)•equip[iˈkwip]vt.装备,配备使有能力,使胜任•ideology[ˌaidiˈɔlədʒi]n.思想(体系),思想意识•priority[praiˈɔriti]n.优先权,重点优先考虑的事•successor[səkˈsesə]n.接替的人或事物,继任者,继承人•advocate[ˈædvəkeit]n.提倡者,拥护者辩护律师,辩护人vt.提倡,主张•couple[ˈkʌpl]n.一对,一双一些,几个夫妻,情侣vt.连接,联结,联系•extract[iksˈtrækt]n.摘录,引用提炼物,浓缩物vt.(费力地)拔出,抽出提取,榨出•infer[inˈfə:]vt.推断,推知•prohibit[prəˈhibit]vt.禁止;阻止•survive[səˈvaiv]vi.幸存,活下来vt.比…活得长,经历…之后还存在•aid[eid]n.帮助,援助,救助助手,辅助物,辅助手段vt.帮助,援助•decade[ˈdekeid]n.十年,十年间•file[fail]n.文件夹,公文箱卷宗,文件;计算机文件纵列vi.排成纵队前进vt.把…归档提交(申请等),呈递用锉锉•innovate[ˈinəuveit]vi.改革,创新•publication[ˌpʌbliˈkeiʃən]n.发表,公布出版,刊行,发行出版物,书刊•thesis[ˈθi:sis]n.论题,命题,论点论文,毕业(或学位)论文•channel[ˈtʃænl]n.海峡通道;水沟,水渠渠道,途径频道•definite[ˈdefinit]adj.明确的,确切的一定的,肯定的•finite[ˈfainait]adj.有限的,有限度的〈语〉限定的•insert[inˈsə:t]n.添入物(尤指一页印刷品图中插入或套印的小图)vt.插入,嵌入•quote[kwəut]vt.提到…以支持某论点报(价);开(价)vt.&vi.引用,援引•topic[ˈtɔpik]n.题目,论题,话题•chemical[ˈkemikəl]adj.化学的n.化学药品•deny[diˈnai]vt.否认知情拒绝•foundation[faunˈdeiʃən]n.建立,设立,创办基础,基本原理,根据地基基金(会)•intervene[ˌɪntəˈvi:n]vi.干涉,干预;调解干扰,阻碍•release[riˈli:s]n.释放,排放,解除释放令公映的新影片,发布的新闻[消息]vt.释放;放开发布;发行;发售•transmit[trænzˈmit]vt.传播,传染传导vt.&vi.发射,播送,广播•classic[ˈklæsik]adj.(著作,赛事等)最优秀的,(可作)典范的(病例等)典型的,标准的(衣服,设计等)传统式样的,典雅的(因为时已久)著名的;传统的n.文豪,大艺术家;文学名著,经典作品,杰作优秀的典范•differentiate[ˌdifəˈrenʃieit]vi.区别对待vt.&vi.区分,区别,辨别•globe[ɡləub]n.地球,世界球体;球状物地球仪•isolate[ˈaisəleit]vt.使隔离,使孤立,使脱离•reverse[riˈvə:s]adj.相反的,颠倒的,反向的n.相反钱币的反面[背面]失败,挫败vt.&vi.(使)反转;(使)颠倒;(使)翻转推翻,取消使倒退,逆转•ultimate[ˈʌltimit]adj.最后的,最终的基本的,根本的最大的,极限程度的•comprehensive[ˌkɔmpriˈhensiv]adj.广泛的,综合的•dispose[disˈpəuz]vt.布置使愿意或准备做vt.&vi.处理;处置•grade[ɡreid]n.(官阶、质量)等级,品级,阶段,程度〈尤美〉(考试或作业的)分数,评分等级〈尤美〉(学生受测试的)技巧水平(尤指音乐方面)〈美〉年级;(按年级划分的)小学生•media[ˈmi:djə]n.媒体•simulate[ˈsimjuleit]vt.假装模仿,模拟•unique[ju:ˈni:k]adj.独一无二的,仅有的,惟一的异常的,特有的,少见的•comprise[kəmˈpraiz]vt.包含,包括,由…组成组成,构成•dynamic[daiˈnæmik]adj.有活力的,强有力的不断变化的动力的,动态的•guarantee[ˌɡærənˈti:]n.保证,保障;保证书;保用期担保,担保人担保品,抵押品vt.保证;担保使(事情)可能发生•mode[məud]n.方式,样式样式,风格•sole[səul]adj.单独的,惟一的专有的,独占的•visible[ˈvizəbl]adj.看得见的,可见的,有形的明显的,可察觉到的•confirm[kənˈfə:m]vt.证实,证明;肯定,确认使巩固,加强批准;认可•eliminate[iˈlimineit]vt.消除,排除忽略淘汰〈口〉干掉•hierarchy[ˈhaiərɑ:ki]n.等级制度统治集团,领导层•paradigm[ˈpærədaim]n.(一词的)词形变化表范例;样式;模范•somewhat[ˈsʌmhwɔt]adv.稍微,有点,达到某种程度•voluntary[ˈvɔləntəri]adj.自愿的,志愿的义务的,无偿的Sublist8•abandon[əˈbændən]n.放任;纵情vt.离弃,丢弃遗弃,抛弃放弃•clarify[ˈklærifai]vt.&vi.使清楚;澄清•deviate[ˈdi:vieit]vi.偏离;越轨•induce[inˈdju:s]vt.引诱,劝导〈正〉引起,导致•plus[plʌs]adj.正的比所示数量多的附加的,称心的,有利的n.加号,正号prep.(表示包容)外加;另有(表示运算)加,加上(表示数目)在零(度)以上,正•tense[tens]adj.拉紧的肌肉绷紧的神经紧张的n.〈语〉(动词的)时态vt.(使某人或某物)变得紧张•accompany[əˈkʌmpəni]vt.陪伴,陪同伴随…同时发生伴奏•commodity[kəˈmɔditi]n.商品,货物有用的东西•displace[disˈpleis]vt.替换,取代移走•inevitable[inˈevitəbl]adj.不可避免的,必然发生的〈非正〉总会发生的,照例必有的,惯常的•practitioner[prækˈtiʃənə]n.习艺者,实习者从业者(尤指医师)•terminate[ˈtə:mineit]vt.&vi.结束;使终结•accumulate[əˈkju:mjuleit]vt.&vi.堆积;积累•complement[ˈkɔmplimənt]n.补充,互为补充的东西需要的或允许的数额补足语vt.补足,补充•drama[ˈdrɑ:mə]n.戏剧,剧本戏剧文学[艺术]戏剧性事件[场面]•infrastructure[ˈinfrəˌstrʌktʃə]n.基础设施;基础结构•predominant[priˈdɔminənt]adj.占主导地位的,显著的•theme[θi:m]n.主题,主旨,题目•ambiguous[æmˈbiɡjuəs]adj.引起歧义的;模棱两可的,含糊不清的•conform[kənˈfɔ:m]vi.遵守,符合顺应,一致•eventual[iˈventjuəl]adj.(事件)最终发生的;结果的•inspect[inˈspekt]vt.检查,检验视察•prospect[ˈprɔspekt]n.景象,景色前景;前途可能成为主顾的人;有希望的候选人vi.勘探;勘察•thereby[ˈðɛəbai]adv.由此;因而•append[əˈpend]vt.附加•contemporary[kənˈtempərəri]adj.当代的同时代的,同属一个时期的n.同代人,同龄人•exhibit[iɡˈzibit]n.展览品,陈列品在法庭提出的证物vt.显示,显出vt.&vi.陈列;展览•intense[inˈtens]adj.强烈的,剧烈的;极端的热情的,热切的紧张的,认真的•radical[ˈrædikəl]adj.根本的,基本的;彻底的,完全的激进的,激进派的•uniform[ˈju:nifɔ:m]adj.全都相同的,一律的,清一色的n.制服•appreciate[əˈpri:ʃieit]vt.感激,感谢欣赏,赏识,重视意识到,体会vt.& vi.(使)增值,涨价•contradict[ˌkɔntrəˈdikt]vt.与…发生矛盾,与…抵触vt.&vi.反驳,否认…的真实性。

实用文档《英语常用学术词汇表》《英语学术词汇表》 (The Academic Word List, AWL)是一个由 Victoria University of Well ington, New Zealand 的一些应用语言学家统计出来的词汇表，它包含了学术英语 (English for Ac ademic Purpose)中最常用的 570 个词目(headwords) 。

《英语学术词汇表》分 10 个 sublists (小类)，除了第 10 小类包含 30 个词目外，其他小类均含有 60 个词目。

Sublist 1 (第 1 类)包含的词汇最常用， sublist 2 (第 2 类)中的词汇使用频率稍低，其他的 sublist3 依次类推。

Sublist1of the Academic Word Listanalyseanalysedanalyseranalysersanalysesanalysinganalysisanalystanalystsanalyticanalyticalanalyticallyanalyzeanalyzedanalyzesanalyzingapproachapproachableapproachedapproachesapproachingunapproachable areaareasassessassessableassessedassessesassessingeconomyeconomiceconomicaleconomicallyeconomicseconomieseconomisteconomistsuneconomicalenvironmentenvironmentalenvironmentalistenvironmentalistsenvironmentallyenvironmentsestablishdisestablishdisestablisheddisestablishesdisestablishingdisestablishmentestablishedestablishesestablishingestablishmentestablishments estimateestimatedestimates legislatelegislatedlegislateslegislatinglegislationlegislativelegislatorlegislatorslegislature majormajoritiesmajority methodmethodicalmethodologicalmethodologiesmethodologymethods occuroccurredoccurrenceoccurrencesoccurringoccursreoccurreoccurredreoccurringreoccurs percent实用文档assessmentassessments reassessreassessedreassessingreassessmentunassessedassumeassumedassumesassumingassumptionassumptionsauthorityauthoritativeauthoritiesavailableavailabilityunavailablebenefitbeneficialbeneficiarybeneficiariesbenefitedbenefitingestimatingestimationestimationsover-estimateoverestimateoverestimatedoverestimatesoverestimatingunderestimateunderestimatedunderestimatesunderestimatingevidentevidencedevidenceevidentialevidentlyexportexportedexporterexportersexportingexportsfactorfactoredbenefitsconceptfactoringfactorsconceptionconceptsconceptualconceptualisationconceptualiseconceptualisedconceptualisesconceptualisingconceptuallyformulaconsistconsistedconsistencyconsistentconsistentlyconsistingconsistsinconsistencies financedfinancesfinancialfinanciallyfinancierfinanciersfinancingformulaeformulasformulateformulatedformulatingformulationformulationsreformulatepercentagepercentagesperiodperiodicperiodicalperiodicallyperiodicalsperiodspolicypoliciesprincipleprincipledprinciplesunprincipledproceedproceduralprocedureproceduresproceededproceedingproceedingsproceedsprocessprocessedprocessesprocessingrequirerequiredrequirementfinancerequirementsrequiresrequiring researchresearchedresearcherresearchersresearchesresearching respondrespondedrespondentrespondentsrespondingresponds实用文档inconsistencyinconsistent constituteconstituenciesconstituencyconstituentconstituentsconstitutedconstitutesconstitutingconstitutionconstitutionsconstitutionalconstitutionallyconstitutiveunconstitutional contextcontextscontextualcontextualisecontextualisedcontextualisinguncontextualisedcontextualizecontextualizedcontextualizinguncontextualized contractcontractedcontractingcontractorcontractorscontractscreatecreated creatingcreationcreationscreativecreativelycreativitycreatorcreatorsreformulatedreformulatingreformulationreformulationsfunctionfunctionalfunctionallyfunctionedfunctioningfunctionsidentifyidentifiableidentificationidentifiedidentifiesidentifyingidentitiesidentityunidentifiableincomeincomesindicateindicatedindicatesindicatingindicationindicationsindicators individualindividualisedindividualityindividualismindividualistindividualistsindividualisticindividuallyindividuals interpretinterpretationinterpretationsinterpretativeinterpretedresponseresponsesresponsiveresponsivenessunresponsiverolerolessectionsectionedsectioningsectionssectorsectorssignificantinsignificantinsignificantlysignificancesignificantlysignifiedsignifiessignifysignifyingsimilardissimilarsimilaritiessimilaritysimilarlysourcesourcedspecificspecificallyspecificationspecificationsspecificityspecificsstructurerestructurerestructuredrestructuresrestructuringstructuralstructurally.实用文档recreaterecreatedrecreatesrecreating datadefinedefinabledefineddefinesdefiningdefinitiondefinitionsredefineredefinedredefinesredefiningundefined derivederivationderivationsderivativederivativesderivedderivesderiving distribute distributed distributing distribution distributional distributions distributive distributor distributors redistribute redistributed redistributes redistributingredistributioninterpreting structuredinterpretive structuresinterprets structuring misinterpret unstructuredmisinterpretationtheorymisinterpretationstheoreticalmisinterpreted theoretically misinterpreting theoriesmisinterprets theoristreinterpret theorists reinterpretedvaryreinterprets invariable reinterpreting invariablyreinterpretation variability reinterpretations variableinvolve variablesinvolved variablyinvolvement varianceinvolves variantinvolving variantsuninvolved variationissue variationsissued variedissues variesissuing varyinglabourlaborlaboredlaborslabouredlabouringlabourslegalillegalillegalityillegallylegalitylegallySublist2of the Academic Word List实用文档achieveachievableachievedachievementachievementsachievesachieving acquireacquiredacquiresacquiringacquisitionacquisitions administrateadministratesadministrationadministrations distinctelementequateevaluatedistinctiondistinctionsdistinctivedistinctivelydistinctlyindistinctindistinctlyelementsequatedequatesequatingequationequationsadministrativeadministrativelyadministratoradministratorsaffectaffectedaffectingaffectiveaffectivelyaffectsunaffectedappropriateappropriacyappropriatelyappropriatenessinappropriacyfinal inappropriateinappropriatelyaspectaspectsassistassistanceassistantassistantsassistedassistingevaluatedevaluatesevaluatingevaluationevaluationsevaluativere-evaluatere-evaluatedre-evaluatesre-evaluatingre-evaluationfeaturedfeaturesfeaturingfinalisefinalisedfinalisesfinalisingfinalizefinalizedfinalizesfinalizingfinalityfinallyfinals featureparticipateparticipantparticipantsparticipatedparticipatesparticipatingparticipationparticipatory perceiveperceivedperceivesperceivingperceptionperceptions positivepositively potentialpotentially previouspreviously primaryprimarily purchasepurchasedpurchaserpurchaserspurchasespurchasing rangerangedrangesranging regionregionalregionallyregions regulatederegulatedderegulatesderegulatingderegulationregulatedregulatesregulating实用文档unassisted categorycategoriescategorisationcategorisecategorisedcategorisescategorisingcategorizationcategorizedcategorizescategorizing chapterchapters commissioncommissionedcommissionercommissionerscommissioningcommissions communitycommunities complexcomplexitiescomplexity computecomputationcomputationalcomputationscomputablecomputercomputedcomputerisedcomputerscomputing concludedconcludesconcludingconclusionconclusionsconclusiveconclusivelyinconclusivefocusfocusedfocusesfocusingfocussedfocussingrefocusrefocusedrefocusesrefocusingrefocussedrefocussesrefocussingimpactimpactedimpactingimpactsinjureinjuredinjuresinjuriesinjuringinjuryuninjuredinstituteinstitutedinstitutesinstitutinginstitutioninstitutionalinstitutionaliseinstitutionalisedinstitutionalisesinstitutionalisinginstitutionalizedinstitutionalizesinstitutionalizing institutionallyinstitutions investinvestedinvestinginvestmentinvestmentsregulationregulationsregulatorregulatorsregulatoryunregulatedrelevantirrelevanceirrelevantrelevanceresideresidedresidenceresidentresidentialresidentsresidesresidingresourceresourcedresourcefulresourcesresourcingunresourcefulunder-resourcedrestrictrestrictedrestrictingrestrictionrestrictionsrestrictiverestrictivelyrestrictsunrestrictedunrestrictivesecureinsecureinsecuritiesinsecuritysecuredsecurelysecuressecuringsecurities实用文档inconclusively conductconductedconductingconducts consequentconsequenceconsequencesconsequently constructconstructedconstructingconstructionconstructionsconstructiveconstructsreconstructreconstructedreconstructingreconstructionreconstructs consumeconsumedconsumerconsumersconsumesconsumingconsumption creditcreditedcreditingcreditorcreditorscreditscultureculturalculturallyculturedculturesuncultureddesigndesigneddesignerdesignersinvestorinvestors investsreinvestreinvestedreinvestingreinvestmentreinvestsitemitemisationitemiseitemiseditemisesitemisingitemsjournaljournalsmaintainmaintainedmaintainingmaintainsmaintenancenormalabnormalabnormallynormalisationnormalisenormalisednormalisesnormalisingnormalizationnormalizenormalizednormalizesnormalizingnormalitynormally obtainobtainableobtainedobtainingobtainsunobtainablesecurityseekseekingseekssoughtselectselectedselectingselectionselectionsselectiveselectivelyselectorselectorsselectssitesitesstrategystrategicstrategiesstrategicallystrategiststrategistssurveysurveyedsurveyingsurveystexttextstextualtraditionnon-traditionaltraditionaltraditionalisttraditionallytraditionstransfertransferabletransferencetransferredtransferringtransfers实用文档designingdesignsSublist3of the Academic Word Listalternativealternativelyalternatives circumstancecircumstances commentcommentariescommentarycommentatorcommentatorscommentedcommentingcomments compensatecompensatedcompensatescompensatingcompensationcompensationscompensatory componentcomponentrycomponents consentconsensusconsentedconsentingconsentsconsiderableconsiderablyconstantconstancyconstantlyconstantsinconstancyinconstantlyconstrainconstrainedemphasis emphasiseemphasisedemphasising emphasizeemphasizedemphasizesemphasizing emphaticemphaticallyensureensuredensuresensuringexcludeexcluded excludesexcluding exclusionexclusionaryexclusionist exclusionsexclusiveexclusivelyframeworkframeworks fundfundedfunderfundersfundingfunds illustrateillustratedillustratesillustratingillustrationillustrations philosophyphilosopherphilosophersphilosophicalphilosophicallyphilosophiesphilosophisephilosophisedphilosophisesphilosophisingphilosophizephilosophizedphilosophizesphilosophizingphysicalphysicallyproportiondisproportiondisproportionatedisproportionatelyproportionalproportionallyproportionateproportionatelyproportionspublishpublishedpublisherpublisherspublishespublishingunpublishedreactreactedreactsreactingreactionreactionaries实用文档constrainingconstrainsconstraintconstraintsunconstrained contributecontributedcontributescontributingcontributioncontributionscontributorcontributors conveneconventionconvenesconvenedconveningconventionalconventionallyconventionsunconventional coordinatecoordinatedcoordinatescoordinatingcoordinationcoordinatorcoordinatorsco-ordinateco-ordinatedco-ordinatesco-ordinatingco-ordinationco-ordinatorco-ordinators corecores corporatecorporatescorporationcorporationsillustrativeimmigrate immigrantimmigrants immigratedimmigratesimmigratingimmigrationimplyimpliedimpliesimplyinginitialinitiallyinstanceinstancesinteractinteracted interactinginteraction interactionsinteractiveinteractively interactsjustifyjustifiable justifiablyjustificationjustifications justifiedjustifies justifyingunjustifiedlayerlayeredlayeringlayerslinklinkageslinkedlinkinglinks locatereactionaryreactionsreactivereactivatereactivationreactorreactorsregisterderegisterderegisteredderegisteringderegistersderegistrationregisteredregisteringregistersregistrationrelyreliabilityreliablereliablyreliancereliantreliedreliesrelyingunreliableremoveremovableremovedremovesremovingschemeschematicschematicallyschemedschemesschemingsequencesequencedsequencessequencing.实用文档correspondcorrespondedcorrespondencecorrespondingcorrespondinglycorresponds criteriacriteriondeducededuceddeducesdeducingdeductiondeductionsdemonstratedemonstrabledemonstrablydemonstrateddemonstratesdemonstratingdemonstrationdemonstrationsdemonstrativedemonstrativelydemonstratordemonstratorsdocumentdocumentationdocumenteddocumentingdocumentsdominatedominancedominant dominateddominatesdominatingdominationlocatedlocatinglocationlocationsrelocaterelocatedrelocatesrelocatingrelocationmaximisemax maximisedmaximises maximisingmaximisation maximizemaximized maximizesmaximizingmaximization maximumminorminoritiesminorityminorsnegatenegativenegatednegatesnegatingnegativelynegativesoutcomeoutcomes partnerpartnerspartnershippartnershipssequentialsequentiallysexsexessexismsexualsexualitysexuallyshiftshiftedshiftingshiftsspecifyspecifiablespecifiedspecifiesspecifyingunspecifiedsufficientsufficiencyinsufficientinsufficientlysufficientlytasktaskstechnicaltechnicallytechniquetechniquestechnologytechnologicaltechnologicallyvalidinvalidateinvalidityvalidatevalidatedvalidatingvalidationvalidityvalidlyvolumevolumesvol实用文档Sublist4of the Academic Word Listaccessaccessedaccessesaccessibilityaccessibleaccessinginaccessible adequateadequacyadequatelyinadequaciesinadequacyinadequateinadequately annualannually apparentapparentlyapproximateapproximatedapproximatelyapproximatesapproximatingapproximationapproximations attitudeattitudes attributeattributableattributedattributesattributingattributioncivilcodecodedcodescodingcommitcommitmentcommitmentserrorerroneouserroneouslyerrorsethnicethnicitygoalgoalsgrantgrantedgrantinggrantshencehypothesishypotheseshypothesisehypothesisedhypothesiseshypothesisinghypothesizehypothesizedhypothesizeshypothesizinghypotheticalhypotheticallyimplementimplementationimplementedimplementingimplements implicateimplicatedimplicatesimplicatingimplicationimplications imposeimposedimposesimposingimposition parallelparalleledparallelledparallellingparallelsunparalleledparameterparametersphasephasedphasesphasingpredictpredictabilitypredictablepredictablypredictedpredictingpredictionpredictionspredictsunpredictabilityunpredictableprincipalprincipallypriorprofessionalprofessionallyprofessionalsprofessionalismprojectprojectedprojectingprojectionprojectionsprojectspromotepromotedpromoterpromoterspromotes实用文档commitscommittedcommittingcommunicatecommunicablecommunicatedcommunicatescommunicatingcommunicationcommunicationscommunicativecommunicativelyuncommunicativeconcentrateconcentratedconcentratesconcentratingconcentration conferconferenceconferencesconferredconferringconferscontrastcontrastedcontrastingcontrastivecontrastscyclecycledcycliccyclicalcyclingdebatedebatabledebateddebatesdebatingdespitedimensiondimensionaldimensionsintegrateintegratedintegratesintegratingintegrationinternalinternaliseinternalisedinternalisesinternalisinginternalizeinternalizedinternalizesinternalizinginternallyinvestigateinvestigatedinvestigatesinvestigatinginvestigationinvestigationsinvestigativeinvestigatorinvestigatorsjobjobslabellabeledlabelinglabellinglabels mechanismmechanisms obviousobviouslyoccupyoccupancyoccupantoccupantsoccupationoccupationaloccupationsoccupiedpromotingpromotionpromotionsregimeregimesresolveresolutionresolvedresolvesresolvingunresolvedretainretainedretainingretainerretainersretainsretentionretentiveseriesstatisticstatisticianstatisticiansstatisticalstatisticallystatisticsstatusstressstressedstressesstressfulstressingunstressedsubsequentsubsequentlysumsummationsummedsummingsumssummarysummariessummarisesummarised实用文档multidimensionaldomesticdomesticallydomesticatedomesticateddomesticatingdomesticsemergeemergedemergenceemergentemergesemerging optionoutputoveralloccupieroccupiersoccupiesoccupyingoptionaloptionsoutputssummarisessummarisingsummarisationsummarisationssummarizationsummarizationssummarizesummarizedsummarizessummarizingundertakeundertakenundertakesundertakingundertookSublist5of the Academic Word Listacademyacademiaacademicacademicallyacademicsacademies adjustadjustedadjustingadjustmentreadjustedreadjustingreadjustmentreadjustmentsreadjusts alteralterablealterationalterationsalternateexpandexpandedexpandingexpandsexpansionexpansionismexpansive exposeexposedexposesexposingexposureexposuresexternalexternalisationexternaliseexternalisedexternalisesexternalisingexternalityexternalizationexternalizeexternalizedexternalizesexternalizing orientorientateorientatedorientatesorientationorientatingorientedorientingorientsreorientreorientation perspectiveperspectives preciseimprecisepreciselyprecision primeprimacy psychologypsychologicalpsychologicallypsychologistpsychologists pursue.实用文档alternatingaltersunalterableunalteredamendamendedamendingamendmentamendmentsamendsawareawarenessunawarecapacitycapacitiesincapacitateincapacitatedchallengechallengedchallengerchallengerschallengeschallenging clauseclausescompoundcompoundedcompoundingcompounds conflictconflictedconflictingconflictsconsultantsconsultationconsultationsconsultativeconsultedconsultsconsultingcontactexternallyfacilitatefacilitatedfacilitatesfacilitiesfacilitatingfacilitationfacilitatorfacilitatorsfacilityfundamentalfundamentallygenerategeneratedgeneratesgeneratinggenerationgenerationsimageimageryimagesliberalliberaliseliberalismliberalisationliberalisedliberalisesliberalizeliberalizedliberalizesliberalizingliberateliberatedliberatesliberationliberationsliberatingliberatorliberatorsliberallyliberals licencepursuedpursuespursuingpursuitpursuitsratioratiosrejectrejectedrejectingrejectionrejectsrejectionsrevenuerevenuesstableinstabilitystabilisationstabilisestabilisedstabilisesstabilisingstabilizationstabilizestabilizedstabilizesstabilizingstabilityunstablestylestyledstylishstylisestylisedstylisesstylisingstylizestylizedstylizesstylizingsubstitutesubstituted.实用文档contactablecontactedcontactingcontacts declinedeclineddeclinesdeclining discretediscretelydiscretiondiscretionaryindiscreteindiscretion draftdrafteddraftingdraftsredraftredraftedredraftingredrafts enableenabledenablesenabling energyenergeticenergeticallyenergiesenforceenforcedenforcementenforcesenforcingentityentitiesequivalentequivalenceevolveevolutionevolvedevolvingevolveslicenceslicenselicensedlicensinglicensesunlicensedlogicillogicalillogicallylogicallogicallylogicianlogiciansmarginmarginalmarginallymarginsmedicalmedicallymentalmentalitymentallymodifymodificationmodificationsmodified modifiesmodifyingunmodifiedmonitormonitoredmonitoringmonitorsunmonitored networknetworkednetworkingnetworks notionnotions objectiveobjectivelyobjectivitysubstitutessubstitutingsubstitutionsustainsustainablesustainabilitysustainedsustainingsustainssustenanceunsustainablesymbolsymbolicsymbolicallysymbolisesymbolisessymbolisedsymbolisingsymbolismsymbolizesymbolizedsymbolizessymbolizingsymbolstargettargetedtargetingtargetstransittransitedtransitingtransitiontransitionaltransitionstransitorytransitstrendtrendsversionversionswelfarewhe实用文档evolutionaryevolutionistevolutionistsSublist6of the Academic Word Listabstractabstractionabstractionsabstractlyabstracts accurateaccuracyaccuratelyinaccuracyinaccuraciesinaccurate acknowledgeacknowledgedacknowledgesacknowledgingacknowledgementacknowledgements aggregateaggregatedaggregatesaggregatingallocatedallocatesallocatingallocationallocationsassignassignedassigningassignmentassignmentsassignsreassignreassignedreassigningenhanceenhancedenhancementenhancesenhancingestateestatesexceedexceededexceedingexceedsexpertexpertiseexpertlyexpertsexplicitexplicitlyfederalfederationfederations feeflexibilityinflexibleinflexibility furthermore gendergenders ignorantignoranceignoreignoredignoresignoring incentiveincentives neutralneutralisationneutraliseneutralisedneutralisesneutralisingneutralityneutralizationneutralizeneutralizedneutralizesneutralizingneverthelessoverseasprecedeprecededprecedenceprecedentprecedesprecedingunprecedentedpresumepresumablypresumedpresumespresumingpresumptionpresumptionspresumptuousrationalisationrationalisationsrationaliserationalisedrationalisesrationalising.实用文档reassignsunassigned attachattachedattachesattachingattachmentattachmentsunattached authorauthoredauthoringauthorsauthorship bondbondedbondingbonds briefbrevitybriefedbriefingbrieflybriefs capablecapabilitiescapabilityincapablecitecitationcitationscitedcitingcitescooperatecooperatedcooperatescooperatingcooperationcooperativecooperativelyco-operateco-operatedco-operatesincidence incidentincidentallyincidentsincorporateincorporatedincorporatesincorporatingincorporationindexindexedindexesindexinginhibitinhibitedinhibitinginhibitioninhibitionsinhibitsinitiateinitiatedinitiatesinitiatinginitiationinitiationsinitiativeinitiativesinitiatorinitiatorsinputinputs instructinstructioninstructedinstructinginstructionsinstructiveinstructorinstructorsinstructs intelligentintelligenceintelligentlyunintelligentrationalismrationalityrationalizationrationalizationsrationalizerationalizedrationalizesrationallyrecoverrecoverablerecoveredrecoveringrecoversrecoveryrevealrevealedrevealingrevealsrevelationrevelationsscopesubsidysubsidiarysubsidiessubsidisesubsidisedsubsidisessubsidisingsubsidizesubsidizedsubsidizessubsidizingtapetapedtapestapingtracetraceabletracedtracestracingtransformtransformationtransformations。

Sublist 2Word BuildingThe following prefixes are involved in some words of this section.Words∙range n. 范围vt. 排列vi. （在一定范围内）变化e.g. a wide range of knowledge 广博的知识The company has diversified operations, ranging fromfinancial services to textile machinery manufacture. 这家公司从事多种经营，从金融服务到纺织机械制造。

∙obtain vt. 得到，获得\e.g. obtain knowledge through study 通过学习获得知识同族词: obtainable a.可得到的∙strategy n. 战略，策略e.g. military strategy 军事战略Good language learners have some shared strategies. 善学语言者采用某些相同的策略。

同族词: strategic a.e.g. strategic plan 战略计划，长远计划The company is considering bringing in a new strategicinvestor. 这家公司正在考虑引入新的战略投资者。

∙*conclude v. 推断出；结束，完毕e.g. He concluded his speech by wishing everybody a bright futureWe conclude that... 我们断定...同族词: conclusion n.e.g .a logical conclusion 逻辑结论draw a conclusion 得出结论∙commission n. 委托；佣金；委员会vt.委任，交付使用e.g. commission agent 代销者commission member 委员commission the bank to pay the taxes授权银行代缴税∙appropriate a. 适当的e.g. an appropriate example 适当的例子∙institute n. 学会，研究所e.g. a scientific institute 科学协会同族词: institution n. 机构e.g. educational institution 教育机构public institution 公共机构∙*credit n. 信用，信任；信贷；学分e.g. credit card 信用卡buyer’s credit 买方信贷，买方信用同族词: credible a.可信的credibility n. 可信度∙region n.区域，部位e.g. central region 中心区域同族词: regional a.∙*acquire v. 获得，收购e.g. I acquired a work ethic from my parents.Lenovo, the Chinese computer company, has acquired the IBMlaptop operations.同族词: acquisition n.e.g. data acquisition 数据采集mergers and acquisition 兼并与收购∙invest v.（常与in连用）投资，购买；投入e.g. We have invested a lot of time in this plan.在这计划中投入了大量的时间The government invested heavily in the coal mines.同族词: investment n.投资investor n.投资人，投资者∙construct vt. 构建，建造构词分析：前缀con- (共同) + struct (建造，堆砌)e.g. construct a bridge 建桥同族词: construction n.∙community n.团体，社区，群落e.g. academic community 学术界∙design vt.设计，计划n. 设计，计划e.g. design a marketing strategy for the new product为新产品制定营销策略design a computer program 设计一个计算机程序∙item n. 项目，条款∙equate v.（常与to, with连用）使相等，等同e.g. equate inexperience with youth把年轻和缺乏经验相等同起来同族词: equation n. 等式∙injure vt.伤害同族词: injury n.∙chapter n. 章，章节e.g. chapter title 章节标题∙participate vi. (通常与介词in连用) 参与，参加，分享e.g. participate in a discussion 参加讨论participate in profits 分享利润同族词: participant n. 参加者participation n. 参加∙compute vt. 计算同族词: computation n.e.g. remote computation 远程计算computer n. 电脑∙select vt.选择同族词: selection n.selective a.∙relevant a. 有关的，直接相关的e.g. relevant information 相关信息同族词: relevance n.∙maintain vt.维持，保持；保养，维修；vt. 主张e.g. maintain good relations 维持良好的关系maintain a highway保养公路The professor maintains that the theory is wrong坚持说那理论是错误的同族词maintenance n.∙reside vi. 居住；存在于（常与in连用）∙同族词resident, n 居民∙residential adj 居住的∙culture n. 文化，修养；培育，培植e.g. the culture of grapes 葡萄栽培corporate culture企业文化同族词: cultural a.e.g. cultural exchanges 文化交流∙text n. 文本，正文∙regulate vt. 调整，管理；调节e.g. regulate the temperature of a room 调节室内温度aidbonusThe oil price is not market-driven, but government-regulated.同族词: regulation n.regulator n. 调节器∙*final a. 最终的n.结局；决赛；期末考试e.g. final result 最终结果∙distinct a. 分别的，分明的e.g. a distinct smell 清晰易辨的气味the aroma of breadHe said “no” in a distinct voice.Distinction: make a distinction between A and BShengli DynamicShengli OilfieldCNOOC Co. Ltd.; listed companyCNOOC Corporation: parent companyThe A-Shares listing of CNOOC同族词: distinction n.∙potential a. 潜在的,∙To be or not to be, that is a question.∙Make full use of∙You can bring your language potential into full play when you are alone in an English-speaking environment.∙n. 潜力e.g. The potential bidders are three Beijing-based companies.The new design could have potential advantages. There are potential risks in buying the oil assets in Nigeria.GovernmentAnti-globalistsGlobalizationGlocal= global + localkidnapping∙resources n. 资源；智谋e.g. nonrenewable resources 不可再生资源resources sharing 资源共享∙element n. 元素，要素e.g. finite element method 有限元法同族词: elemental a.e.g. elemental semiconductor 元素半导体∙administrate vt. 行政管理同族词: administrator n.管理员administration n.e.g. public administration 公共行政管理MP Aadministrative a.e.g. administrative staff 行政人员∙focus n. 焦点，聚焦v.聚焦，集中（常与on连用）词源：源自拉丁语，原义是火炉。

analysis 分析，分解，解剖解析：【反】synthesis 综合【衍】 analyze analyst analytic analyzableThe analysis of the samples on the murder spot showed some valuable clues to the police.对谋杀现场标本的分析为警察提供了一些有价值的线索。

approach 接近，靠近解析：【注意】approach后面接地点、人物和目标时是及物动词，否则是不及物动词。

作及物动词时还可引申为研究，考虑，商洽等义，作名词时，可表示途径，态度等。

The time is approaching when we must be on board.我们上船的时间快到了。

area地带，地区解析：【同】district，zone，region【辨析】area表示面积，地区（面积较大，但不指行政单位）如the area of your hand；region指在地理上有天然界限或有自己特色的一个单位，或自治区等行政单位，也可指领域（同sphere，realm）；district性质较region相近，但一般比region小，如县级区用district ；zone是个环绕区域，有严格的边界，如经济特区a recreation area 重新改建的地区tropical regions of South America 南美的热带地区a residential zone 居住区assessment 评估，估算，评价解析：动词assess【同】estimate, appraise, assess, evaluate这些词都表示对客体的重要性形成定论estimate暗示评价的主观性和不精确y6t,,,,,,,,kl………………………appraise 表示专业水准的评估 ,名词appraisalassess 表示为确定某物的应税价值而作出的权威估价evaluate 表示在确定价值时经过了深思熟虑，不一定是金钱价值assume 假定, 设想，担任; 承担; 接受解析：【同】suppose【辨析】suppose最不正式，表示根据一定证据作出的见解，assume用于逻辑推理，强调一种缺乏证据的结论，以检验某种建议。

awl词汇
“awl”可以作为名词或动词，以下是关于“awl”的一些常见词汇：
1. Awl：作为名词时，指的是一种尖锐的工具，通常用于在木材、皮革或其他材料上打孔或雕刻。

2. Awl-shaped：形容像锥子一样形状的物体。

3. Awl-pointed：形容像锥子尖一样锋利的物体。

4. Awl-using：使用锥子或类似工具的行为。

5. Awl-making：制作锥子或类似工具的过程。

6. To awl：作为动词，意思是用锥子或类似工具打孔、雕刻或穿透物体。

7. Awl-ing：正在进行用锥子或类似工具打孔、雕刻或穿透物体的动作。

8. Awl-er：使用锥子或类似工具的人。

9. Awl-ing noise：像用锥子打孔时发出的声音。

10. Awl-ing effect：像用锥子打孔后留下的效果。

以上只是一些关于“awl”的常见词汇，具体的使用和含义可能会因上下文而有所不同。

如果你需要更多关于“awl”的词汇或信息，请提供更多上下文，以便我更好地为你解答。

AWL(AcademicWordLis（t)英汉）abandon放弃；抛弃abstract抽象的；摘要a ttach贴；附加attain达到；获得c ompound化合物；复合词academy研究院；学院；学会a ttitude态度attribute归结于；性质c omprehensive综合的comprise构成access接近；入口author作者；创始人compute计算accommodate容纳；给⋯authority当局；权威c onceive构思；怀孕提供住宿；使适应automate使自动化concentrate浓缩；集中accompany陪伴；伴随available可得到的concept概念accumulate积累a ware意识到的conclude下结论accurate准确的behalf利益concurrent同时的achieve完成；取得benefit利益；津贴；有益conduct行为；指挥acknowledge承认；致谢bias偏见c onfer授予；协商acquire获得adapt使适应；改编b ond纽带；债券brief简短的c onfine限制confirm证实adequate足够的adjacent毗连的b ulk体积；大批capable能够的；有能力的c onflict冲突conform遵守；符合adjust调整administer管理c apacity容量category种类；范畴c onsent同意consequent必然的adult成年人advocate拥护者；拥护c ease停止challenge挑战c onsiderable相当大的consist组成affect影响channel海峡；频道c onstant不断的aggregate总的；总计chapter章constitute构成aid帮助chart图表c onstrain限制；强制albeit虽然chemical化学的；化学药c onstruct 建造allocate分派consult咨询；查阅；请教品alter改变c ircumstance情况consume消费；消耗alternative替代物；替代的c ite引用civil公民的；国内的c ontact接触；联系；联系人ambiguous模棱两可的amend修订c larify阐明classic名著；经典的c ontemporary当代的；同代人analogy类似；类推c lause条款；从句context上下文；背景analyze分析code代码；法典contract合同；收缩annual每年的；年鉴c oherent连贯的contradict矛盾anticipate预料c oincide相符contrary相反的apparent明显的collapse倒塌contrast对比append附加appreciate欣赏；感激c olleague同事commence开始c ontribute贡献；捐献；投稿approach靠近；方法comment评论c ontroversy争议appropriate恰当的commission委任；委员会convene召集approximate近似的commit犯converse相反arbitrary任意的；专断的commodity日用品convert转化area面积；地区；领域communicate交流convince使信服aspect方面community社区；界cooperate合作assemble集合；装配compatible兼容的coordinate协调assess估价；评价compensate补偿c ore核心assign分派compile编纂c orporate公司的assist援助complement补充c orrespond通信；对应assume假设；认为；承担complex复杂的couple夫妇；两个assure保证c omponent组成部分create创造；产生1credit信用；学分；功劳e ncounter遇到fund资金criteria标准e nergy精力；能量fundamental基本的crucial决定性的enforce实施f urthermore此外culture文化enhance增强gender性别currency货币enormous巨大的；大量的generate产生cycle骑自行车；循环ensure保证g eneration一代；产生data数据debate辩论e ntity实体environment环境g lobe地球goal球门；目标decade十年decline下倾；下降；谢绝e quate使相等；使平等equip装备g rade等级；年级；成绩grant拨款；助学金deduce演绎e quivalent对等guarantee保证define下定义；明确definite明确的e rode腐蚀error错误g uideline方针hence因此demonstrate表明；演示；establish建立hierarchy等级制度示威estate房地产highlight精华；加亮；强denote表示deny否认e stimate估计ethic伦理调hypothesis假设depress使沮丧derive起源e thnic种族的evaluate评价i dentical相同的identify识别design设计；图案e ventual最后的ideology思想体系despite尽管evident明显的ignorant无知的detect检测evolve进化；演变i llustrate举例说明；图解deviate偏离exceed超过i mage图像；形象device装置exclude排除immigrate移民devote奉献；为⋯献身exhibit展览impact影响differentiate区分expand扩大implement工具；执行dimension尺寸；维e xpert专家；熟练的implicate暗指diminish减少explicit明晰的；详述的implicit暗指的discrete分离的exploit剥削；利用imply暗指discriminate区别；歧视export出口impose征收；强加displace移置expose暴露；揭露incentive刺激display展览；显示external外部的incidence发生dispose处理distinct清晰的；独特的e xtract取出；摘录facilitate使容易i ncline斜坡；使倾斜；使倾向distort歪曲factor因素income收入distribute分布feature特征incorporate包含diverse多样的federal联邦的index索引；指标document文件fee费i ndicate表明domain领域；域file文件individual个人domestic国内的；家庭的final最后的induce引起dominate支配finance财政i nevitable必然的draft草稿；通风；起草finite有限的infer推断drama戏剧flexible灵活的infrastructure基础设施duration持续时间f luctuate波动i nherent固有的dynamic有活力的focus集中；焦点inhibit抑制economy经济；节约edit编辑f ormat格式formula公式i nitial最初的；词首的；首字母element元素forthcoming即将到来的initiate开始eliminate消除found建立injure使受伤emerge出现emphasis强调f oundation建立；基础；基金会i nnovate创新input输入empirical经验的enable使能够f ramework框架function功能；函数i nsert插入；插页insight见识2inspect视察method方法phenomenon现象instance例子migrate迁移philosophy哲学institute研究所；学院military军事的physical身体的；物理的instruct教；指示minimal最小的plus加integral整体的；整的minimize使最小化policy政策integrate使结合minimum最小值portion部分integrity诚信；完整intelligent聪明的m inistry部minor次要的；辅修专业p ose摆姿势positive积极的；阳性的intense强烈的interact相互作用m ode模式modify修改；修饰p otential潜在的；潜力practitioner从业者intermediate中间的；中monitor监视precede先于级的internal内部的m otive动机mutual相互的p recise精确的predict预测interpret解释；口译negate否定predominant主要的interval间隔network网络preliminary初步的；初赛intervene干预intrinsic内在的n eutral中立的nevertheless然而p resume假设previous先前的invest投资investigate调查n onetheless然而norm标准p rimary初级的；主要的prime首要的invoke恳求normal正常的principal主要的；校长involve涉及notion概念；想法principle原则isolate孤立notwithstanding虽然prior在先的issue问题；发行nuclear核的；核心的priority优先；重点item项目objective客观的；目标proceed进行job工作obtain获得process过程；加工journal杂志；日记obvious明显的professional专业的；专业justify证明occupy占领；使忙碌人员label标签occur出现prohibit禁止labor劳动odd奇数的；奇怪的；临project工程layer层时的promote促进；促销lecture讲课；讲座offset抵消proportion比例legal合法的；法律的ongoing进行中的prospect前景legislate立法option选择protocol协议；礼仪levy征收orient东方；使适应psychology心理学liberal自由的；开明的outcome结果publication出版；出版物license执照output产量；产出publish出版likewise同样地overall总体的purchase购买link连接；环节overlap重叠pursue追赶；追求locate使位于；找到overseas海外qualitative定性的logic逻辑panel专家小组；面板quote引用maintain维持；维修paradigm范例radical基本的；激进的major主要的；专业paragraph段落random随机的manipulate操作parallel平行的range范围；山脉manual体力的；手册parameter参数ratio比margin页边participate参加rational理性的mature成熟partner搭档react反应maximize使最大化passive被动的recover恢复mechanism装置；机制perceive察觉；理解refine提炼media媒体percent百分之regime政权mediate调停medical医学的p eriod时期；句号persist持续r egion地区register登记；挂号medium媒介；中等的mental心理的p erspective角度phase阶段r egulate调节reinforce加强3reject拒绝s ite地点terminate终止relax放松so-called所谓的text文本release释放sole唯一的；脚底；鞋底theme主题relevant有关的somewhat有点theory理论reluctance勉强s ource来源thereby从而rely依赖s pecific具体的thesis论文remove移走require要求s pecify详述sphere球体；领域t opic话题trace痕迹research研究reside居住s table稳定的；马厩statistic统计的t radition传统transfer转移；换车resolve解决；决心status地位transform转变resource资源respond响应s traightforward坦率的strategy战略；策略t ransit运输；过渡transmit输送restore恢复stress压力；重音；强调transport运输restrain抑制structure结构t rend趋势restrict限制retain保留s tyle风格submit使屈服；提交t rigger触发；扳机ultimate最终的reveal显示revenue收入；税收s ubordinate下级的；从属的u ndergo经受underlie是⋯的基础reverse背面；倒车s ubsequent随后的undertake从事revise修改subsidy补助u niform一致的；制服revolution革命；旋转substitute代替者；代替unify统一rigid僵硬的：刻板的successor继任unique独一无二的role角色sufficient足够的utilize利用route路线s um金额v alid有效的scenario剧本；方案summary总结vary变化schedule时间表supplement补充v ehicle车辆scheme方案survey调查version译文；版本scope范围s urvive幸存via经过section部分suspend暂停v iolate违犯sector部门s ustain维持v irtual实际上的；虚拟的secure安全的symbol象征；符号visible可见的seek试图；寻找tape磁带v ision视力select选择target靶子；目标v isual视觉的sequence顺序t ask任务v olume卷；音量；体积series系列team队v oluntary自愿的；志愿的sex性；性别t echnical技术的welfare福利shift转换t echnique技巧whereas而significant重要的technology技术whereby由此similar相似的temporary暂时的widespread普遍的simulate模拟t ense紧张的；时态4AWL词汇（汉英）安全的secure操作manipulate从句clause暗指implicate草稿draft从事undertake暗指imply策略strategy从属的subordinate暗指的implicit层layer从业者practitioner 靶子target插入insert促进promote百分之percent插页insert促销promote摆姿势pose查阅consult错误error扳机trigger察觉perceive搭档partner版本version产出output达到attain伴随accompany产量output大量的enormous帮助aid产生create大批bulk包含incorporate产生generate代码code保留retain产生generation代替substitute保证assure阐明clarify代替者substitute保证ensure超过exceed当代的contemporary保证guarantee车辆vehicle当局authority暴露expose成绩grade倒车reverse背景context成年人adult倒塌collapse背面reverse成熟mature登记register被动的passive诚信integrity等级grade比ratio承担assume等级制度hierarchy比例proportion承认acknowledge抵消offset 必然的consequent持续persist地点site必然的inevitable持续时间duration地球globe编辑edit编纂compile 尺寸dimension冲突conflict地区area地区region变化vary 辩论debate 抽象的abstract出版publication地位status定性的qualitative标签label标准criteria 出版publish出版物publication东方orient动机motive标准norm表明demonstrate 出口export出现emerge独特的distinct独一无二的unique表明indicate出现occur段落paragraph表示denote初步的preliminary队team拨款grant初级的primary对比contrast波动fluctuate初赛preliminary对等equivalent 剥削exploit处理dispose对应correspond补偿compensate触发trigger多样的diverse补充complement传统tradition而whereas补充supplement创始人author发行issue补助subsidy创新innovate发生incidence不断的constant创造create法典code部ministry词首的initial法律的legal部分portion磁带tape反应react部分section此外furthermore犯commit部门sector次要的minor范畴category财政finance刺激incentive范例paradigm参加participate聪明的intelligent范围range 参数parameter从而thereby范围scope5方案scenario估计estimate继任s uccessor方案scheme估价assess加plus方法approach孤立isolate加工process方法method固有的inherent加亮highlight方面aspect挂号register加强r einforce方针g uideline管理administer家庭的domestic房地产e state归结于a ttribute假设a ssume放弃abandon国内的civil假设h ypothesis放松relax国内的domestic假设p resume费fee过程process间隔i nterval分布distribute过渡t ransit监视monitor分离的discrete海外overseas兼容的compatible 分派allocate海峡channel检测detect分派assign函数function减少diminish分析analyze行为c onduct简短的brief风格style合法的legal见识insight奉献devote合同contract建立establish否定negate合作cooperate建立found否认d eny 夫妇c ouple 核的nuclear核心core建立foundation建造construct符号symbol核心的nuclear僵硬的：刻板的rigid 符合conform痕迹trace讲课l ecture福利welfare化合物compound讲座l ecture辅修专业m inor化学的chemical交流communicate腐蚀e rode附加append 化学药品c hemical话题t opic焦点focus角度perspective附加attach怀孕c onceive角色role复合词c ompound 复杂的complex 环节l ink环境e nvironment脚底sole教instruct改编a dapt 改变a lter 换车t ransfer恢复recover阶段p hase接触contact概念concept恢复restore接近access概念notion货币currency揭露expose感激appreciate获得a cquire节约economy干预i ntervene获得a ttain结构structure革命revolution获得o btain结果o utcome格式format机制mechanism解决resolve个人individual积极的positive解释i nterpret 给⋯提供住宿积累a ccumulate界communityaccommodate 工程project 基本的fundamental基本的radical金额s um津贴b enefit工具implement基础foundation紧张的tense工作job基础设施infrastructure尽管despite公民的civil基金会foundation进行proceed公式formula激进的radical进行中的ongoing公司的corporate即将到来的forthcoming进化evolve 功劳c redit集合assemble近似的approximate功能function集中concentrate禁止prohibit贡献contribute集中focus经典的classic构成comprise计算c ompute经过via构成constitute技巧technique经济e conomy构思conceive技术technology经受u ndergo购买p urchase技术的technical经验的empirical6精华highlight论文thesis潜在的potential精力energy逻辑logic强加impose精确的precise马厩stable强烈的intense居住reside矛盾contradict强调emphasis举例说明illustrate媒介medium强调highlight巨大的enormous媒体media强调stress句号period每年的annual强制constrain拒绝reject勉强reluctance清晰的distinct具体的specific面板panel情况circumstance剧本scenario面积area请教consult捐献contribute名著classic球门goal卷volume明确define球体sphere决定性的crucial明确的definite区别discriminate 决心resolve明晰的explicit区分differentiate军事的military明显的apparent趋势trend开明的liberal明显的evident取出extract开始commence明显的obvious取得achieve开始initiate模棱两可的ambiguous权威authority靠近approach可得到的available 模拟simulate模式mode然而nevertheless然而nonetheless可见的visible目标goal认为assume客观的objective目标objective任务task 恳求invoke目标target任意的arbitrary 口译interpret内部的internal日记journal框架framework 扩大expand 内在的intrinsic能够的capable日用品commodity容量capacity来源source能量energy容纳accommodate劳动labor 类似analogy 年级grade年鉴annual入口access山脉range类推analogy 礼仪protocol 纽带bond浓缩concentrate上下文context设计design理解perceive排除exclude社区community理论theory抛弃abandon涉及involve理性的rational陪伴accompany身体的physical 立法legislate毗连的adjacent十年decade利益behalf偏见bias时间表schedule利益benefit偏离deviate时期period利用exploit频道channel时态tense利用utilize平行的parallel识别identify例子instance评价assess实际上的virtual连贯的coherent评价evaluate实施enforce连接link评论comment实体entity联邦的federal使结合integrate普遍的widespread联系contact使沮丧depress奇怪的odd联系人contact使忙碌occupy奇数的odd两个使能够coupleenab le临时的使平等oddequate 灵活的使倾向flexiblein cline 歧视discriminate骑自行车cycle前景prospect潜力potential使适应accommodate使适应adapt领域使倾斜areaincline领域使屈服domainsubmit领域使容易spherefacilitate路线route伦理ethic7使适应o rient停止cease限制restrict使受伤i njure通风d raft相当大的considerable使位于locate通信correspond相反converse使相等equate同代人contemporary相反的contrary 使信服convince同时的concurrent相符coincide 使自动化automate同事colleague相互的mutual使最大化maximize同样地l ikewise相互作用interact 使最小化minimize同意consent相似的similar示威demonstrate统计的statistic相同的identical 试图s eek统一unify详述specify视察i nspect投稿contribute详述的explicit视觉的visual投资i nvest响应r espond视力vision图案d esign想法notion是⋯的基础u nderlie图表c hart项目i tem释放r elease图解i llustrate象征symbol收入income图像i mage消除eliminate收入revenue推断infer消费c onsume收缩c ontract歪曲distort消耗consume手册manual 首要的prime 外部的external完成achieve校长p rincipal协商c onfer首字母initial完整integrity协调coordinate 授予confer网络n etwork协议p rotocol输入input为⋯献身devote斜坡incline输送t ransmit违犯v iolate鞋底sole熟练的expert 数据data 唯一的sole维dimension谢绝d ecline心理的mental税收revenue维持m aintain心理学psychology顺序s equence思想体系ideology 维持s ustain维修maintain欣赏a ppreciate信用credit虽然a lbeit虽然n otwithstanding 委任commission委员会commission形象image幸存survive随后的subsequent文本text性sex随机的random文化culture性别g ender所谓的so-called文件document性别s ex索引index文件file性质a ttribute态度a ttitude稳定的stable修订a mend坦率的straightforward问题issue修改modify特征feature无知的ignorant修改revise提交submit物理的physical修饰m odify提炼r efine戏剧drama虚拟的virtual体积b ulk系列series旋转r evolution体积v olume下定义d efine选择option体力的manual下级的subordinate选择select替代的alternative下降decline学分credit 替代物alternative下结论conclude学会academy 挑战c hallenge下倾d ecline学院academy条款clause先前的previous学院institute 调查i nvestigate先于precede寻找s eek调查s urvey显示display循环c ycle调节r egulate显示reveal压力stress调停mediate现象phenomenon研究research 调整adjust限制confine研究所institute贴attach限制constrain研究院academy8WOED 格式专业资料整理演变evolve 在先的prior 主要的major演示demonstrate 暂时的temporary 主要的predominant 演绎deduce 暂停suspend 主要的primary阳性的positive 增强enhance 主要的principal 要求require 摘录extract 助学金grant页边margin 摘要abstract 专断的arbitrary 一代generation 债券bond 专家expert一致的uniform 展览display 专家小组panel 医学的medical 展览exhibit 专业major 依赖rely 占领occupy 专业的professional移民immigrate 战略strategy 专业人员professional 移置displace 章chapter 转变transform 移走remove 找到locate 转化convert 抑制inhibit 召集convene 转换shift抑制restrain 哲学philosophy 转移transfer 译文version 争议controversy 装备equip 意识到的aware 征收impose 装配assemble 因此hence 征收levy 装置device 因素factor 音量volume 整的integral 整体的integral装置mechanism 追赶pursue引起induce 正常的normal 追求pursue 引用cite 证明justify 准确的accurate 引用quote 证实confirm 咨询consult 影响affect 政策policy 资金fund 影响impact 拥护advocate 政权regime 支配dominate资源resource 自由的liberal 拥护者advocate 执行implement 自愿的voluntary 优先priority 由此whereby 执照license 指标index综合的comprehensive 总的aggregate 有点somewhat 有关的relevant 指挥conduct 指示instruct总计aggregate 总结summary有活力的dynamic 志愿的voluntary 总体的overall 有能力的capable 制服uniform 足够的adequate 有限的finite 致谢acknowledge 足够的sufficient 有效的valid 中等的medium 组成consist有益benefit 中级的intermediate 组成部分component 预测predict 中间的intermediate 最初的initial 预料anticipate 中立的neutral 最后的eventual 域domain 终止terminate 最后的final遇到encounter 种类category 最小的minimal 元素element 种族的ethnic 最小值minimum 原则principle 重点priority 最终的ultimate 援助assist 重叠overlap 遵守conform运输transit 重要的significant 作者author运输transport 重音stress 杂志journal 主题theme9。