L1:cause of action 诉因,案由social norm 社会规范substantive law, 实体法,立法procedural law,程序法resolve disputes, 争端解决public law 公法private law 私法constitutional law, 宪法administrative law, 行政法criminal law, 刑法sources of law, 法律渊源coercive force, ?强制力?civil law system,民事法律制度Roman law, 罗马法judge-made law, 法官法common law system, 普通法系case law, 判例法binding precedent, 有约束力的先例judicial decision, 司法判决in effect,生效的the United States Congress 美国国会L2:substantive right, 实体性权利at issue,choice of law rule,法律选择规范conflict of law, 法律冲突choice of forum, 法庭选择intermediate appellate court, 中间上诉法院trial court, 审判法庭court of limited jurisdiction, 有限管辖法院inferior court, 低级法院,下级法院court of general jurisdiction, 普遍管辖权法院at the discretion of,由....自由裁量district court, 地方法院state court, 州法院the federal court system,联邦法院系统subject matter jurisdiction,对事管辖权amount in controversy, 争议数额diversity jurisdiction, 多元管辖circuit court 巡回法院“federal question” jurisdiction, 联邦问题管辖the United States Court of Appeals, 美国上诉法院the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, 哥伦比亚区的上诉法院the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, 联邦巡回上诉法院original jurisdiction,初审管辖the Supreme Court of the United States, 美国最高法院appellate jurisdiction 上述管辖L3:adversary system, 当事人主义judicial process,司法程序legal controversy, 法律争议regulatory legislation, 规范性法规enabling legislation, 授权性法规trial procedure, 审判程序find the facts, apply the law,法律适用civil case, 民事案件criminal case, 刑事案件the inquisitorial system, 纠问制pre-trial investigation,庭前审查mode of trial, 庭审模式settlement offer,direct examination,直接质证cross examination, 间接质证procedural safeguard,程序保护interested parties 当事人due process, 正当诉讼程序, admissibility of evidence,证据的可采纳性resort to law, 诉诸法律resort to force 诉诸武力L4:commence a lawsuit, 提起诉讼bring sb. into court, 提起诉讼courts of inferior jurisdiction, file with 把...登记备案federal jurisdiction, minimum contact最低限度的联系personal jurisdiction, 对人管辖权service of process,送达程序under penalty of default judgment, legal relief, 法律救济service by publication, 公告送达make a motion to dismiss, 驳回动议pleading-in-answer, 答辩状affirmative defense, 积极抗辩counter-claim, 反诉n essence实质上L5:the opposing party, 对方pre-trial discovery,审前取证take depositions of, 录取誓词question sb. under oath,经宣誓后质问某人lay a basis for, 为....打基础written interrogatory, 质询书interrogating party, 质询方personal injury case,人身伤害案compulsory physical examination,强制体检the pending action, 待决判决the violating party,违反的一方pretrial conference, 审前会议settle the suitsummary judgment, 即决判决decide the case in favor of,做出有利动议方的判决legitimate function,合法功能notice of trial,set the case for trial, 把案件提交庭审jury trial陪审团判决的案件L6:an action for damages,金钱赔偿诉讼constitutional provision,impanel the jury,组成陪审团challenge for cause,相对异议peremptory challenge, 绝地异议opening statement,公开声明发言directed verdict, 指令性裁决the non-moving party,非动议方charge the jury, 给陪审团上课burden of proof,举证责任preponderance of evidence, 优势证据the losing party,post-trial motion, 审后动议judgment n.o.v.否定陪审团裁决的判决L7:render a judgment on default, 作出缺席判决writ of execution,执行令judgment creditor, 判决债权人judgment debtor,判决债务人reverse the judgment, 推翻原判written brief, ruling of law, 法治..（注意不是法制）affirm the judgment, 维持原判modify the judgment, 改判concurring opinion, 同意意见dissenting opinion, 反对意见res judicata, 已决案件set aside attachment 驳回L8criminal process, 刑事程序deprive sb. of ,剥夺某人的find sb. guilty, 发现某人有罪the right to remain silent,保持沉默的权利the right to bail, double jeopardy,一事不再罚summary arrest,即行逮捕grand jury,大陪审团preliminary hearing,预审nolo contendere,不争辩不提异议plead guilty, 服罪plea bargaining,认罪辩诉协议on probation, 在缓刑期间,在监外执行期suspended sentence,缓刑reverse the conviction, 推翻犯罪writ of certiorariL9 （Unit 2，L1）Chief Justice, lay down, provide for,the judiciary, commander-in-chief,prime minister, American presidency,presidential democracy, regulatory agency,the Interstate Commerce Commission,the Federal Trade Commission,the Federal Securities and Exchange Commission,the Civil Aeronautics Board, congressional election, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation,the Export-import Bank, House of Representatives, the Federal Reserve Bank System, Secretary of State, express legislative competency, maritime law, President of the Senate, enter into force,two-thirds majority, election district。
