2015医学考博试题

2015年全国医学博士入学统一考试英语真题及答案解析Part I: Listening comprehension(略)Part II: Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four word or phrases marked A,B,C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word the word or phrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Despite his doctor’s note of caution, he never____from dring and smorking.A. retainedB. dissuadedC. alleviatedD. abstained32. people with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likely to____their hearing.A. rehabilitateB. jeopardizeC. tranquilizeD. supplement33. impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did not seem to____larry in any way in his success.A. refuteB. ratifyC. facilitateD. impede34. when the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their plan______.A. accordinglyB. alternativelyC. considerablyD. relatively35. it is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can_____ future adults with appreciation of music.A. acquaintB. familiarizedC. endowD. amuse36. if the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy prices_____A. level outB. stand outC. come offD. wear off37. heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate_____ from qualified medical personnel.A. prescriptionB. palpationC. interventionD. interposition38. asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, and_____ of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.A. offsetB. intakeC. outletD. onset39. ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine,______ and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.A. salineB. salivaC. scabiesD. scrabs40. the newly designed system is ____ to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.A. comparableB. transmissibleC. translatableD. amenable Section BDirections: each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it issubstituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41. every year more than 1000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.A. propellingB. prolongingC. puzzlingD. promising42. improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS.A. disgraceB. discriminationC. harassmentD. segregation43. surviviors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude.A. depletionB. dehydrationC. exhaustionD. handicap44. scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine.A. negativeB. confusingC. eloquentD. indistinct45. top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.A. anticipateB. clarifyC. examineD. verify46. his imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.A. challengingB. solemnC. hostileD. demanding47. the discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.A. erasedB. triggeredC. shadowedD. suspended48. faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger, so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench it.A. nurtureB. eliminateC. assimilateD. puncture49. some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.A. unpredictableB. unconventionalC. unparalleledD. unexpected50. a veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating touchy situation.A. estimatingB. handlingC. rectifyingD. anticipatingPart III Cloze(10%)Direction: in this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases 51 a new case report published in PNAS this week.According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth 52 tumors were discovered in her daughter’s cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby’s cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cellsof the mother. But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father 53 would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cell made it into the unborn child’s body across the placental barrier.The Guardian claimed this to be the fires 54 case of cells crossing the placental barrier. But this is not the case----microchimerism 55 cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 70 percent of cases and to go the other way about half,56.As the BBC pointed out, the greater 57 in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer, in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancer cells, which led to the 58 of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack against the invaders was launched.59, according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of “cancer danger”. Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined 60 of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby’s immune system is extremely low.51. A. suggests B. suggesting C. having suggested D. suggested52. A. since B. although C. whereas D. when53. A. what B. whom C. who D. as54. A. predicted B. notorious C. proven D. detailed55. A. where B. when C. if D. whatever56. A. as many B. as much C. as well D. as often57. A. threat B. puzzle C. obstacle D. dilemma58. A. detection B. deletion C. amplification D. addition59. A. therefore B. furthermore C. nevertheless D. conclusively60. A. likelihood B. function C. influence D. flexibilityPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions: in this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneThe American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish byhalf.First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-first-all approach to drug development and embracing the long cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group.Pfizer announced that one such drug it’s pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug initial tests, and 9 out of ten is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent?Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In a test of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 percent response to a cancer drug(or in this case a drug cocktail) is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would’ve been two competing companies hadn’t sat down and put their heads together.Are there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by competitive interest and proprietary information? Who’s to say, but it seems like with the amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the outcome pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology’s favorite four-letter word: cure.61. which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Competition and CooperationB.Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC. The promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD. Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug62. in cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals now ____A. are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB. are moving towards individualized and targeted treatmentsC. are investing the lion’s shares of their moneyD. care only about their profits63. from the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer that____A. the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB. it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC. other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD. the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy64. from the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question___A. is nowhere to be foundB. can drive one crazyC. can be multipleD. is conditional65. the tone of the author of this passage seems to be_____A. neutralB. criticalC. negativeD. potimistPassage TwoLiver disease is the 12th leading cause of death in the US, chiefly because once it’s determined that a patient needs a new liver it’s difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there’s guarantee a transplant will be successful. But researchers Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-grown livers into rats.The livers aren’t grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically.With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold(支架) with liver cells isolated from health livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days.The team also translated some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rat’s vascular systems. However, the current method isn’t perfect and can not seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can’t keep functioning for more than about 24 hours(hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat thansplant).But the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic, but if nothing goes horribly wrong—and especially if stem-cell research established a reliable way to create health liver cells from the every patients who need transplants-lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.66. it can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended to____A. investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the labB. explore the unknown functions of the human liverC. reduce the incidence of liver disease in the US.D. address the source of liver transplants67. what does the author mean when he says that the livers aren’t grown from scratch?A. the making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architectureB. a huge step toward building functioning livers in the labC. the building of the infrastructure of a donor liverD. growing liver cells in the donor organ68. the biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab until____A. duplicated syntheticallyB. isolated from the healthy liverC. repopulated with the healthy cellsD. the addition of some man-made blood vessels69. what seems to be the problem in the planted liver?A. the rats as wrong recipientsB. the time point of the transplantationC. the short period of the recellularizationD. the insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels70. the research team holds high hopes of_____A. creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB. the timetable for generating human livers in the labC. stem-cell research as the future of medicineD. building a fully functioning liver into ratsPassage ThreePatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical bums typically experience severe damage to the cornea—the thin, transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye’s focusing ability. In a long-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study, the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, the restored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea.Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful on several patients whose bum injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery.Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient’s healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however, stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient’s own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring blindness, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves.Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries.The result of the study, based at Italy’s University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue of the New England Journalof Medicine.71. what is the main idea of this passage?A. stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by bums.B. the vision in the eyes blinded by bums for 10 years can be restoredC. the restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for10 yearsD. the burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons72. the Italian technique reported in this passage_____A. can repair damaged retinasB. is able to treat damaged optic nervesC. is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD. shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea73. which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye bums?A. the places in which people workB. the accidents that involve using household cleaning productsC. the mishaps that involved vehicles batteriesD. the disasters caused by battery explosion at home74. what is one of the requirements for the current approach?A. the stem cells taken from a healthy eyeB. the patient physically healthyC. the damaged eye with partial visionD. the blindness due to damaged optic nerves75. which of the following words can best describe the author’s attitude towards the new method?A. sarcasticB. indifferentC. criticalD. positivePassage FourHere is a charming statistic: divide the us by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday, a typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that.America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies—and are only party explained by access to healthcare.But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail(开创), after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city’s black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively.We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London. What’s exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies that it both probes the mechanisms invlilved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation. Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health , similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health, in populations ranging from urban black men to while poor women in rural Appalachia.To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a “soft science” with little that’s serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle—fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicine.It’s time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society’s most deprived members. More important, it’s time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor.76. as shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects______.A. injustice everywhereB. racial discriminationC. a growing life spanD. health inequalities77. which of the following can have a negative impact on health according to the Chicago-based project?A. where to liveB. which race to belong toC. how to adjust environmentallyD. what medical problem to suffer78. the Chicago-based project focuses its management on_____A. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment79. which of the following can most probably neglected by sociologists?A. the racial perspectiveB. the environmental aspectC. the biological dimensionD. the psychological angel80. the author is a big fan of______A. the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB. the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC. the mutual understanding and respect between racesD. public education and health promotionPassage FiveAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine, according to a report published online Thursday, July 8,2010, in the journal Science.One of the antibodies suppresses 91 percent of HIV strains, more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered, according to a report on the findings published in the Wall Street Journal. The antibodies were discovered in the cells of a 60-year-old African-American gay man whose body produced them naturally. One antibody in particular is substantially different from its precursors, the Science study says.The antibodies could be tried as a treatment for people already infected with HIV, the WSJ reports. At the very least, they might boost the efficacy of current antiretroviral drugs.It is welcome news for the 33 million people the United Nations estimated were living with AIDS at the end of 2008.The WSJ outlines the painstaking method the team used to find the antibody amid the cells of the African—American man, known as Donor 45. First they designed a probe that looks just like a spot on a particular molecule on the cells that HIV infects. They used the probe to attract only the antibodies that efficiently attack that spot. They screened 25 million of Donor 45’s cell to find just 12 cells that produced the antibodies.Scientists have already discovered plenty of antibodies that either don’t work at all or only work on a couple of HIV strains. Last year marked the first time that researchers found ”broadly neutralizing antibodies”, which knock out many HIV strains. But none of those antibodies neutralized more than about 40 percent of them, the WSJ says. The newest antibody, at 91 percent neutralization , is a marked improvement.Still, more work needs to be done to ensure the antibodies would activate the immune system to produce natural defenses against AIDS, the study authors say. They suggest there test methods that blend the three new antibodies together—in raw form to prevent transmission of the virus, such as from mother to child; in a microbicide gel that women or gay men could use before sex to prevent infection; or as a treatment for HIV/AIDS, combined with antiretroviral drug.If the scientists can find the right way to stimulate production of the antibodies, they think most people could produce then, the WSJ says.81. we can learn from the beginning of the passage that_______A. a newly discovered antibody defeats 91% of the HIV strainsB. a new antiretroviral drug has just come on the marketC. American researchers have developed a new vaccine for HIVD. the African—American gay man was cured of this HIV infection82. what is the implication of the antibodies discovered in the cells of the African—American gay man?A. they can cure the 33 million AIDS patients in the worldB. they may strengthen the effects of the existing antiretroviral drugsC. they will kill all the HIV virusesD. they will help make a quick diagnosis of an HIV infection83. the newest antibody found in Donor 45 reflects a dramatic advance in terms of_____.A. pathologyB. pharmacologyC. HIV neutralizationD. HIV epidemiology84. according to the study authors, the three test methods are intended to____.A. advance the technology in condom production to prevent HIV infectionB. facilitate the natural immune defense against AIDSC. develop more effective antiretroviral drugs85. the passage is most likely_____.A. a news reportB. a paper in ScienceC. an excerpt from an Immunology TextbookD. an episode in a science fiction novel.Passage SixWhitening the world's roofs would offset the emissions of the world's cars for 20 years, according to a new study from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.Overall, installing lighter-colored roofs and pavement can cancel the heat effect of two years of global carbon dioxide emissions, Berkeley Lab says. It's the first roof-cooling study to use a global model to examine the issue.Lightening-up roofs and pavement can offset 57 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide, about double the amount the world emitted in 2006, the study found. It was published in the journalEnvironmental Research Letters.Researchers used a conservative estimate of increased albedo, or solar reflection, suggesting that purely white roofs would be even better. They increased the albedo of all roofs by 0.25 and pavement by 0.15. That means a black roof, which has an albedo of zero, would only need to be replaced by a roof of a cooler color -- which might be more feasible to implement than a snowy white roof, Berkeley Lab says.The researchers extrapolated a roof's CO2 offset over its average lifespan. If all roofs were converted to white or cool colors, they would offset about 24 gigatons (24 billion metric tons) of CO2, but only once. But assuming roofs last about 20 years, the researchers came up with 1.2 gigatons per year. That equates to offsetting the emissions of roughly 300 million cars, all the cars in the world, for 20 years.Pavement and roofs cover 50 to 65 percent of urban areas, and cause a heat-island effect because they absorb so much heat. That's why cities aresignificantly warmer than their surrounding rural areas. This effect makes it harder -- and therefore more expensive -- to keep buildings cool in the summer. Winds also move the heat into the atmosphere, causing a regional warming effect.Energy Secretary Steven Chu, a Nobel laureate in physics (and former Berkeley Lab director), has advocated white roofs for years. He put his words into action Monday by directing all Energy Department offices to install white roofs. All newly installed roofs will be white, and black roofs might be replaced when it is cost-effective over the lifetime of the roof."Cool roofs are one of the quickest and lowest-cost ways we can reduce our global carbon emissions and begin the hard work of slowing climate change," he said in a statement.86. which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. a Decline in Car EmissionsB. white Roofs or Black PavementsC. the Effect of Linghting-up RoofsD. climate Change and Extreme Weathers87. a indicated by the passage, black roofs______A. are better than snowy white onesB. reflect not heat from the sunC. are more expensive to build in the urban areasD. are supposed to be placed by snowy white ones88. if they are converted to white or cooler colors, all roofs in the world in their lifetime_____A. can absorb 1.2 gigattons of CO2 a yearB. could serve as 300 million cars in terms of emissionC. would offset the emissions from 300 million carsD. would offset about 24 gigatons of CO2 as emitted from the cars89. according to the passage, it is hard and expensive to keep the urban buildings cool because of______A. the heat-island effectB. the lack of seasonal windsC. the local unique weatherD. the fast urban shrinkage90. energy Secretary Steven Chu implies that_____A. nothing could be more effective in cooling global warming than method he has advocatedB. the method in question still needs to be justified in the futureC. our global carbon emissions can be reduced by half if cool roofs are installedD. weather change and global warming can be addressed in no timePart V Writing(20%)Directions: in this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the passage.什么是健康？人的健康包括身体健康和心理健康两个方面。

一、单选1×50
上下尖牙区别
monson球面的半径
下颌神经前支中的感觉神经
前牙切割运动的杠杆运动形式
单囊性成釉细胞瘤处理方式
腺淋巴瘤病理特点
舌下腺结构
放射性骨髓炎病理表现
翼下颌间隙内容
下颌运动特点
下颌体骨化中心
颞下颌关节手术时切口方式
牙受垂直向力时牙龈主纤维中不受力的是
（以后想起来再补充）
二、名解2×10
近唇线角
pterygoid process
Terra dentition index
mento-cervical angle
taste threshold
alveolar bone proper
candidiasis
chronic gingivitis
branchial cleft cyst
lymphoepithelial carcinoma
三、简答5×6
解剖
1.根管系统在根部侧面开口的系统名称，并从解剖角度解释牙周病和牙髓病的相互影响。

2.口颌系统肌链的组成与功能？
3.临床上面神经的解剖方法，面神经主干的解剖标志点？
病理
1.口腔黏膜鳞癌有很多亚型，请举3例口腔黏膜鳞癌亚型，并叙述其镜下特点及生物学行为？
2.根据牙骨质组织结构学特性，叙述牙骨质龋特点？
3.肌上皮细胞来源的唾液腺良恶性肿瘤各举两例，及其镜下鉴别要点。

2015年医学博士外语真题试卷(总分：206.00，做题时间：90分钟)1.Section A（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ （分数：10.00）A.How to deal with his sleeping problem.B.The cause of his sleeping problem.C.What follows his insomnia.D.The severity of his medical problem.A.To take the medicine for a longer time.B.To discontinue the medication.C.To come to see her again.D.To switch to other medications.A.To take it easy and continue to work.B.To take a sick leave.C.To keep away from work.D.To have a follow-up.A.Fullness in the stomach.B.Occasional stomachache.C.Stomach distention.D.Frequent belches.A.Extremely severe.B.Not very severe.C.More severe than expected.D.It's hard to say.（分数：10.00）A.He has lost some weight.B.He has gained a lot.C.He needs to exercise more.D.He is still overweight.A.She is giving the man an injection.B.She is listening to the man's heart.C.She is feeling the man's pulse.D.She is helping the man stop shivering.A.In the gym.B.In the office.C.In the clinic.D.In the boat.A.Diarrhea.B.Vomiting.C.Nausea.D.A cold.A.She has developed allergies.B.She doesn't know what allergies are.C.She doesn't have any allergies.D.She has allergies treated already.（分数：10.00）A.Listen to music.B.Read magazines.C.Go play tennis.D.Stay in the house.A.She isn't feeling well.B.She is under pressure.C.She doesn't like the weather.D.She is feeling relieved.A.Michael's wife was ill.B.Michael's daughter was ill.C.Michael's daughter gave birth to twins.D.Michael was hospitalized for a check-up.A.She is absent-minded.B.She is in high spirits.C.She is indifferent.D.She is compassionate.A.Ten years ago.B.Five years ago.C.Fifteen years ago.D.Several weeks ago.2.Section B（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ （分数：10.00）A.A blood test.B.A gastroscopy.C.A chest X-ray exam.D.A barium X-ray test.A.To lose some weight.B.To take a few more tests.C.To sleep on three pillows.D.To eat smaller, lighter meals.A.Potato chips.B.Chicken.C.Cereal.D.Fish.A.Ulcer.B.Cancer.C.Depression.D.Hernia.A.He will try the diet the doctor recommended.B.He will ask for a sick leave and relax at home.C.He will take the medicine the doctor prescribed.D.He will take a few more tests to rule out cancer.（分数：10.00）A.A new concept of diabetes.B.The definition of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.C.The new management of diabetics in the hospital.D.The new development of non-perishable insulin pills.A.Because it vaporizes easily.B.Because it becomes overactive easily.C.Because it is usually in injection form.D.Because it is not stable above 40 degrees Fahrenheit.A.The diabetics can be cured without taking synthetic insulin any longer.B.The findings provide insight into how insulin works.C.Insulin can be more stable than it is now.D.Insulin can be produced naturally.A.It is stable at room temperature for several years.B.It is administered directly into the bloodstream.C.It delivers glucose from blood to the cells.D.It is more chemically complex.A.Why insulin is not stable at room temperature.B.How important it is to understand the chemical bonds of insulin.C.Why people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes don't produce enough insulin.D.What shape insulin takes when it unlocks the cells to take sugar from blood.（分数：10.00）A.Vegetative patients are more aware.B.Vegetative patients retain some control of their eye movements.C.EEG scans may help us communicate with the vegetative patients.D.We usually communicate with the brain-dead people by brain-wave.A.The left-hand side of the brain.B.The right-hand side of the brain.C.The central part of the brain.D.The front part of the brain.A.31.B.6.C.4.D.1A.The patient was brain-dead.B.The patient wasn't brain-dead.C.The patient had some control over his eye movements.D.The patient knew the movement he or she was making.A.The patient is no technically vegetative.B.The patient can communicate in some way.C.We can train the patient to speak.D.The family members and doctors can provide better care.3.Section A（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________4.Despite his doctor's note of caution, he never______from drinking and smoking.（分数：2.00）A.retainedB.dissuadedC.alleviatedD.abstained5.People with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likelyto______their hearing.（分数：2.00）A.rehabilitateB.jeopardizeC.tranquilizeD.supplement6.Impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did not seem to______Larry in any way in his success.（分数：2.00）A.refuteB.ratifyC.facilitateD.impede7.When the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their plan______.（分数：2.00）A.accordinglyB.alternativelyC.considerablyD.relatively8.It is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can______future adults with appreciation of music.（分数：2.00）A.acquaintB.familiarizeC.endowD.amuse9.If the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy prices______. （分数：2.00）A.level outB.stand oute offD.wear off10.Heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate______from qualified medical personnel.（分数：2.00）A.prescriptionB.palpationC.interventionD.interposition11.Asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, and______of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.（分数：2.00）A.offsetB.intakeC.outletD.onset12.Ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine, ______and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.（分数：2.00）A.salineB.salivaC.scabiesD.scrabs13.The newly designed system is______to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.（分数：2.00）parableB.transmissibleC.translatableD.amenable14.Section B（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________15.Every year more than 1, 000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.（分数：2.00）A.propellingB.prolongingC.puzzlingD.promising16.Improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS. （分数：2.00）A.disgraceB.discriminationC.harassmentD.segregation17.Surviviors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude .（分数：2.00）A.depletionB.dehydrationC.exhaustionD.handicap18.Scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine.（分数：2.00）A.negativeB.confusingC.eloquentD.indistinct19.Top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.（分数：2.00）A.anticipateB.clarifyC.examineD.verify20.His imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.（分数：2.00）A.challengingB.solemnC.hostileD.demanding21.The discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.（分数：2.00）A.erasedB.triggeredC.shadowedD.suspended22.Faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger, so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench it.（分数：2.00）B.eliminateC.assimilateD.puncture23.Some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.（分数：2.00）A.unpredictableB.unconventionalC.unparalleledD.unexpected24.A veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating touchy situation.（分数：2.00）A.estimatingB.handlingC.rectifyingD.anticipating五、PartⅢ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：20.00)A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases,【C1】______a new case report published in PNAS this week. According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth,【C2】______tumors were discovered in her daughter's cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby's cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cells of the mother. But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father,【C3】______would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cells made it into the unborn child's body across the placental barrier. The Guardian claimed this to be the first【C4】______case of cells crossing the placental barrier. But this is not the case — microchimerism,【C5】______cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 75 per cent of cases and to go the other way about half【C6】______. As the BBC pointed out, the greater【C7】______in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer, in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancer cells, which led to the【C8】______of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack against the invaders was launched. 【C9】______, according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of "cancer danger". Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined【C10】______of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby's immune system is extremely low.（分数：20.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.suggestsB.suggestingC.having suggestedD.suggested(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.sinceB.althoughC.whereasD.when(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.whatB.whomD.as(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.predictedB.notoriousC.provenD.detailed(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.whereB.whenC.ifD.whatever(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.as manyB.as muchC.as wellD.as often(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.threatB.puzzleC.obstacleD.dilemma(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.detectionB.deletionC.amplificationD.addition(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.ThereforeB.FurthermoreC.NeverthelessD.Conclusively(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.likelihoodB.functionC.influenceD.flexibility六、PartⅣ Reading Comprehension(总题数：6，分数：60.00)The American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish by half. First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the more cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach to drug development and embracing the long tail of cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group. Pfizer announced that one such drug it's pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug in initial tests, and nine out often is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing drugs toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent? Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In atest of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 percent of the subjects saw their cancer reduced by half. Needless to say, a 100 percent response to a cancer drug (or in this case a drug cocktail) is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would've been tried if two competing companies hadn't sat down and put their heads together. Are there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by walls of competitive interest and proprietary information? Who's to say, but it seems like with the vast amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the odds are pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology's favorite four-letter word: cure.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?（分数：2.00）petition and CooperationB.Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC.The Promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD.Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug(2).In cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals now______.（分数：2.00）A.are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB.are moving towards individualized and targeted treatmentsC.are investing the lion's shares of their moneyD.care only about their profits(3).From the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer that______.（分数：2.00）A.the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB.it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC.other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD.the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy(4).From the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question______.（分数：2.00）A.is nowhere to be foundB.can drive one crazyC.can be multipleD.is conditional(5).The tone of the author of this passage seems to be______.（分数：2.00）A.neutralB.criticalC.negativeD.optimisticLiver disease is the 12th -leading cause of death in the U. S. , chiefly because once it's determined that a patient needs a new liver it's very difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there's no guarantee a transplant will be successful. But researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-grown livers into rats. The livers aren't grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically. With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold (支架) with liver cells isolated from healthy livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days. The team also transplanted some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rats' vascular systems. However, the current method isn't perfect and cannot seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can't keep functioning for more than about 24 hours (hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat transplant). But the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic, but if nothing goes horribly wrong — and especially if stem-cell research establishes a reliable way to create healthy liver cells from the very patients who need transplants — lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.（分数：10.00）(1).It can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended to______.（分数：2.00）A.investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the labB.explore the unknown functions of the human liverC.reduce the incidence of liver disease in the U. S.D.address the source of liver transplants(2).What does the author mean when he says that the livers aren't grown from scratch?（分数：2.00）A.The making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture.B.A huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab.C.The building of the infrastructure of a donor liver.D.Growing liver cells in the donor organ.(3).The biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab until______.（分数：2.00）A.duplicated syntheticallyB.isolated from the healthy liverC.repopulated with the healthy cellsD.the addition of some man-made blood vessels(4).What seems to be the problem in the planted liver?（分数：2.00）A.The rats as wrong recipients.B.The time point of the transplantation.C.The short period of the recellularization.D.The insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels.(5).The research team holds high hopes of______.（分数：2.00）A.creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB.the timetable for generating human livers in the labC.stem-cell research as the future of medicineD.building a fully functioning liver into ratsPatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical burns typically experience severe damage to the cornea—the thin, transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye's focusing ability. In a long-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study, the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, the restored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea. Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful in several patients whose burn injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery. Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient's healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however, stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient's own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring vision, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves. Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries. The results of the study, based at Italy's University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.（分数：10.00）(1).What is the main idea of this passage?（分数：2.00）A.Stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by burns.B.The vision in the eyes blinded by burns for 10 years can be restored.C.The restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for 10 years.D.The burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons.(2).The Italian technique reported in this passage______.（分数：2.00）A.can repair damaged retinasB.is able to treat damaged optic nervesC.is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD.shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea(3).Which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye burns?（分数：2.00）A.The places in which people work.B.The accidents that involve using household cleaning products.C.The mishaps that involve vehicles batteries.D.The disasters caused by battery explosion at home.(4).What is one of the requirements for the current approach?（分数：2.00）A.The stem cells taken from a healthy eye.B.The patient physically healthy.C.The damaged eye with partial vision.D.The blindness due to damaged optic nerves.(5).Which of the following words can best describe the author's attitude towards the new method?（分数：2.00）A.Sarcastic.B.Indifferent.C.Critical.D.Positive.Here is a shaming statistic: divide the US by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday. A typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that. America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies—and are only partly explained by access to healthcare. But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail (开创), after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city's black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively. We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London. What's exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation. Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health, similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health in populations ranging from urban black men to white poor women in rural Appalachia. To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a "soft science" with little that's serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle—fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicine. It's time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society's most deprived members. More important, it's time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor.（分数：10.00）(1).As shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects______.（分数：2.00）A.injustice everywhereB.racial discriminationC.a growing life spanD.health inequalities(2).Which of the following can have a negative impact on health according to the Chicago-based project?（分数：2.00）A.Where to live.B.Which race to belong to.C.How to adjust environmentally.D.What medical problem to suffer.(3).The Chicago-based project focuses its management on______.（分数：2.00）A.a particular medical problem and its related social issueB.racial discrimination and its related social problemsC.the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD.a specific disease and its medical treatment(4).Which of the following can most probably be neglected by sociologists?（分数：2.00）A.The racial perspective.B.The environmental aspect.C.The biological dimension.D.The psychological angel.(5).The author is a big fan of______.（分数：2.00）A.the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB.the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC.the mutual understanding and respect between racesD.public education and health promotionAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine, according to a report published online Thursday, July 8, 2010, in the journal Science. One of the antibodies suppresses 91 percent of HIV strains, more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered, according to a report on the findings published in the Wall Street Journal. The antibodies were discovered in the cells of a 60-year-old African-American gay man whose body produced them naturally. One antibody in particular is substantially different from its precursors, the Science study says. The antibodies could be tried as a treatment for people already infected with HIV, the WSJ reports. At the very least, they might boost the efficacy of current antiretroviral drugs. It is welcome news for the 33 million people the United Nations estimated were living with AIDS at the end of 2008. The WSJ outlines the painstaking method the team used to find the antibody amid the cells of the African-American man, known as Donor 45. First they designed a probe that looks just like a spot on a particular molecule on the cells that HIV infects. They used the probe to attract only the antibodies that efficiently attack that spot. They screened 25 million of Donor 45's cell to find just 12 cells that produced the antibodies. Scientists have already discovered plenty of antibodies that either don't work at all or only work on a couple of HIV strains. Last year marked the first time that researchers found "broadly neutralizing antibodies, " which knock out many HIV strains. But none of those antibodies neutralized more than about 40 percent of them, the WSJ says. The newest antibody, at 91 percent neutralization, is a marked improvement. Still, more work needs to be done to ensure the antibodies would activate the immune system to produce natural defenses against AIDS, the study authors say. They suggest three test methods that blend the three new antibodies together in raw form to prevent transmission of the virus, such as from mother to child; in a microbicide gel that women or gay men could use before sex to prevent infection; or as a treatment for HIV/AIDS, combined with antiretroviral drug. If the scientists can find the right way to stimulate production of the antibodies, they think most people could produce then, the WSJ says.（分数：10.00）(1).We can learn from the beginning of the passage that______.（分数：2.00）A.a newly discovered antibody defeats 91 % of the HIV strainsB.a new antiretroviral drug has just come on the marketC.American researchers have developed a new vaccine for HIVD.the African-American gay man was cured of his HIV infection(2).What is the implication of the antibodies discovered in the cells of the African-American gay man?（分数：2.00）A.They can cure the 33 million AIDS patients in the world.B.They may strengthen the effects of the existing antiretroviral drugs.C.They will kill all the HIV viruses.D.They will help make a quick diagnosis of an HIV infection.(3).The newest antibody found in Donor 45 reflects a dramatic advance in terms of______.（分数：2.00）A.pathologyB.pharmacologyC.HIV neutralizationD.HIV epidemiology(4).According to the study authors, the three test methods are intended to______.（分数：2.00）。