山西省晋中市平遥中学2019_2020学年高二历史下学期在线学习质量检测试题

山西省晋中市平遥中学2019-2020学年高二下学期在线学习质量检测历史试题一、选择题（共48分,每小题2分）1.商鞅自魏国入秦,宣讲法家理论并提出了废井田、重农桑、奖励军功等发展策略,被秦孝公任命为左庶长,主持变法。

商鞅被秦孝公重用的关键在于A.秦孝公下决心要变法图强B.当时群雄并起战争不断C.变法主张迎合了现实需要D.奴隶主贵族势力已普遍衰落2.战国后期，秦国建造了一批大型水利工程，如郑国渠、都江堰等，一些至今仍在发挥作用，这些工程能够在秦国完成，主要是因为A. 公田制度逐渐完善B. 铁制生产工具普及C. 交通运输网络通畅D. 国家组织能力强大3.吴起在楚国实行变法,提出了“使私不害公,馋不蔽忠,言不取苟合,行不取苟容,行义不顾毁誉”的主张。

此主张旨在A.废除世卿世禄制B.整顿官场风气C.削弱王室的特权D.废除分封制度4.根据文献记载:拓跋贵族“每有骑战,驱夏人(汉人)为肉篱”,反映北魏当时A.阶级矛盾尖锐B.统治阶级内部矛盾尖锐C.民族矛盾尖锐D.汉族内部矛盾尖锐5.吴宗国在主编的《中国古代官僚政治制度研究》中写道:北朝的强盛来自体制的力量……交替的“胡化”和“汉化”……扭转了魏晋以来的帝国颓势,并构成了走出门阀士族、通向重振的隋唐大帝国的历史出口。

作者旨在强调A.北朝统治政策缺乏稳定性B.北魏因改革成为了强大帝国C.隋唐统治重创了士族势力D.孝文帝改革有重大历史进步性6.“神宗既用王安石为参知政事,安石为帝言天下财利所当开辟敛散者,帝然其说,遂创立制置三司条例司”“以通天下之利”。

这说明,王安石变法初期的改革重点在于A.分散宰相权力B.加强皇权C.加强军事实力D.增加财政收入7.古代关于租佃关系的认识有三种:一种认识是为富不仁,把地主的富列入不仁之列;另一种认识是各得其所;而更多人认定的则是地主对佃户行仁义,养活了租佃者。

据此可知A.第一种认识更符合实际B.租佃关系认知呈多样性C.第三种认识更符合史实D.三种认识均不正确8.下图取材于某中学生创作的关于俄国农奴制改革的漫画。

山西省晋中市平遥县第二中学2019-2020学年高二历史12月月考试题（分值100分时间90分钟）一、选择题(共25小题,每小题2分,共50分)1.孔子说：“学而优则仕”，而他的弟子曾参要求“士不可以不弘毅，任重而道远。

仁以为己任，不亦重乎？死而后已，不亦远乎？”这表明儒家A．强调学养与修养并重 B．具有强烈的社会责任意识C．以“仁”为思想核心 D．注重追求功名的官本位思想2.孔子主张对鬼神敬而远之，把讨论和解决人世间的实际问题放在中心位置，而老子重视天人关系，认为“道”是凌驾于天人之上的天地万物的本原，并提出“天法道，道法自然”的思想，两人不同的天人观A．是不同时代背景的反映 B．孰优孰劣十分明显C．折射出两种不同的人生追求 D．是继承与背离传统文化的结果3.民弱国强，民强国弱。

故有道之国，务在弱民……民，辱则贵爵，弱则尊官，贫则重赏。

”上述言论体现的是A.君民对立、加强统治的法家思想B.实行仁政、缓和矛盾的儒家思想C.消除等级、主张兼爱的墨家思想D.憎恶权术、无为而治的道家思想4.德国哲学家雅斯贝斯认为：公元前8世纪到公元前3世纪在中国、希腊都曾有过思想文化的飞跃，是人类精神的大觉醒时期。

“人类精神的大觉醒”产生的条件有①铁器的使用促进了社会经济的新发展②社会关系发生重大变化③分裂割据，社会矛盾尖锐复杂④百花齐放，百家争鸣局面形成A．①③④ B．②③④ C．①②③ D．①②④5.斯塔夫里阿诺斯在《全球通史》中说：“秦朝灭亡后，法家学说信誉扫地，而儒家学说被长期推崇为官方教义。

不过，从某种意义上说，这也是法家的一个胜利。

”“这也是法家的一个胜利”指的是A．法家学说被董仲舒全面吸收 B．法家思想是董仲舒新儒学的核心C．儒家思想已经失去了先秦的“民本”特色 D．“独尊儒术”体现了法家的思想专制原则6.朱熹指出：“小道不是异端，小道亦是道理，只是小。

如农囿、医卜、百工之类，却有道理在。

”朱熹在此A．号召重视科学理论探究 B．主张格物以明其中之理C．倡导科学实验探索真理 D．重视传统经验总结积累7.“虎溪三笑”讲的是儒者陶渊明、道士陆修静、僧人慧远一起品茗畅谈、乐而忘返的故事。

2018—2019学年度高二第二学期考试历史试题本试卷满分100分考试时间60分钟一、选择题（共25小题，每小题3分，共75分）1.“繆力本业……事末利及怠而贫者，举以为收孥（官奴）”与“夫工固圣王之所欲来，商又使其愿出于途者，盖皆本也”。

这两种截然不同的观点源于A. 二者的文化素养B. 法家与儒家对抗C. 社会发展需求D. 代表的社会阶层【答案】C【解析】【详解】根据题干“繆力本业事末利及怠而贫者,举以为收孥(官奴)”可知其反映的是重农抑商政策,结合所学可知,这一政策是为了维护封建社会的小农经济;根据材料“夫工固圣王之所欲来,商又使其愿出于途者,盖皆本也”可知其反映的是工商皆本的思想,结合所学可知,这一思想是在商品经济发展的情况下出现的,由此可得出,这两种思想观点的出现是源于社会经济发展的需求,故C项正确. ABD 三项均不符合材料的主旨,应排除.2.孟子曰“圣王不作，诸侯放恣，处士横议，杨朱、墨翟之言盈天下。

天下之言不归杨，则归墨。

”这反映出当时的儒家学说A. 居于百家一言B. 地位日趋稳固C. 成为主流学说D. 融合佛道思想【答案】A【解析】【详解】材料大意是：（如今）圣王不出现，诸侯放纵恣肆，隐居不仕的人横发议论，杨朱、墨翟的言论充塞天下，天下的言论，不是归向杨朱一派，就是归向墨翟一派。

据材料可知，儒家学说居于百家一言，故A项正确；战国时期，儒家思想没有受到统治者重用，地位并未稳固，故排除B。

儒家思想成为主流思想是在西汉，与材料时间不符，故排除C；融合佛道思想是在宋朝时，与材料时间不符，故D项错误。

3.汉代董仲舒将日食等自然界的灾异现象与君主的作为联系起来，君主也常以罪己方式来应对灾异。

到了清代，出现日食时则要求官员到礼部集合，长跪至日食结束，否则被皇帝训斥。

这反映出A. “天人感应”的意图被曲解B. 皇帝推卸政治责任C. “敬天”传统受统治者重视D. 君主专制得到强化【答案】D【解析】材料反映了汉代董仲舒依据“天人感应”思想将自然界的灾异现象与君主的行为联系起来，促使君主以罪己方式应对灾异，以达到对君主劝诫的目的；而到了清朝出现日食时则皇帝要求官员在礼部集合长跪至日食结束，上述变化反映了清朝君主专制得到空前强化，故选D。

2019-2020学年高二下学期学业水平历史试题2020.3.21本试卷共70小题，满分100分。

考试用时90分钟。

注意事项：1.答卷前，考生务必用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔将自己的姓名和考生号填写在答题卡上，用2B铅笔将试卷类型（A）填涂在答题卡上。

2.选择题每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑；如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案；不能答在试卷上。

不按以上要求作答的答案无效。

考生必须保持答题卡的整洁，考试结束后，答题卡交回。

一、单项选择题：本大题40小题，每小题1分，共40分。

在每小题列出的四个选项中，只有一项是最符合题目要求的。

1.自古以来，中国人就有祭祖的习俗。

有助于形成这种认祖归宗情结的是A. 分封制B. 宗法制C. 世袭制D. 等级制【答案】B【解析】本题考查对宗法制的理解。

“同祖同宗”、“认祖归宗、”“寻根问祖”、“叶落归根”的纽带是血缘关系。

宗法制它是用血缘纽带来维系统治的。

所以答案选B。

2.奠定中国二千多年封建社会政治制度基本格局的是A. 禅让制B. 分封制C. 宗法制D. 中央集权制度【答案】D【解析】据题干“奠定中国二千多年封建社会政治制度基本格局”并结合所学知识可知，秦朝专制主义中央集权制度奠定中国二千多年封建社会政治制度基本格局，故D正确；禅让制是原始社会末期民主推选首领的制度，故A排除；分封制是周代天子分封诸侯的制度，故B排除；宗法制是周代贵族血缘等级制度，故C排除。

3.在我国古代选官制度中最能体现公开、平等、竞争、择优原则的是A. 察举制B. 九品中正制C. 科举制D. 征辟制【答案】C【解析】本题主要考查学生对教材知识的理解能力，难度较低。

由题干“公开、平等、竞争、择优原则”可知应为科举制。

察举制是由地方长官在辖区内随时考察、选取人才并推荐给上级或中央，经过试用考核再任命官职，考察内容重德行，决定权掌握在地方长官手中，并不平等，公开。

九品中正制是由中正官对当地的人物的德才进行评定，划分为九等，根据品级进行授官的制度，也不一定公开、平等。

山西省晋中市平遥县第二中学2019-2020学年高二历史10月月考试题一、选择题(共25小题,每小题2分,共50分)1.西方有学者认为:“促成中国文明的内聚性的最重要因素,也许是通称为儒家学说的道德准则。

”材料中的“儒家学说的道德准则”是指（）A．民贵君轻 B．天人感应C．和谐中庸 D. 三纲五常2.“仁”是孔子思想的核心,下列对孔子“仁”的认识正确的是( )①“仁”的基本含义就是“己所不欲,勿施于人”②“仁”包含了民本思想,包括了对百姓的关心和爱护③“仁”就是孔子提倡的道德观和伦理观④“仁”完整地体现了新兴地主阶级的利益和要求A．①②③④ B．①②③C．②③④ D．①③④3.春秋战国时期的百家争鸣奠定了中国传统文化的基础，其中儒家思想( )A．提供了积极进取和改革精神 B. 提供了政治理想和道德准则C．提供了无为的哲学思想 D．提供了兼爱思想4.读下图，根据所学判断，在地区④产生的代表性著作是( )A．《春秋》 B．《孟子》C．《荀子》 D．《离骚》5.两汉时期流行一句谚语：“遗子黄金满籯（竹笼），不如一经。

”这句谚语反映了当时（）A．科举取士深入人心 B．儒家思想备受重视C．商品经济发展迅猛 D．重农抑商思想严重6.有人说：“董仲舒新儒学的基础是‘天人感应’学说。

”董仲舒下列言论中，哪一说法比较完整地表达了这一观点( )A．“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”B．天子受命于天，天下受命于天子C．“薄赋敛，省徭役，以宽民力”D．“君为臣纲，父为子纲，夫为妻纲”7.“国家将有失道之败，而天乃先出灾害以谴告之，不知自省，又出怪异以警惧之，尚不知变，而伤败乃至”。

这一学说（）A．反映了国家衰败在所难免 B．成为皇权神化的理论依据C．对君权有一定的限制作用 D．有利于人与自然和谐相处8.董仲舒声称，他的学说完全由他在《春秋》中所发现的原理推导出来。

他说的许多道理是因袭传统的：道之具是仁、义、礼和乐。

这反映出董仲舒的学说( )A．将《春秋》之说发展至完善 B．是专业性和杂糅性的结合体C．迎合儒学传统和新时代需要 D．对传统经典的基础性较凸显9.国内某重点大学的校训取自中国古代某位思想家的“博学之，审问之，谨思之，明辨之，笃行之”，该思想家应该是（）A．朱熹 B．孟子C．董仲舒 D．孔子10.下图是某道观中朱熹、文昌帝君、孔子三人的拜祭雕像。

英语试题第二部分阅读理解（共两节，满分60 分）第一节（共15 小题；每小题3分，满分45 分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C 和D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并填在答题卡上Foods of the FutureWe asked young scientists to write an advertisement that answers this question: How will food options, food availability, and individuals’ food choices change in the future?A selection of their suggested marketing campaigns is below. Read previous NextGen V oices survey results at /collection/nextgen-voices.— Jennifer SillsPersonalized Meal PlansSend us your DNA, and we will predict your food preferences! Receive your personalized food basket, with a day-by-day diet program. We will send you full meals and personalized smoothies (水果奶昔) based on your genetic taste tendency. Ada Gabriela Blidner Twitter:@adagbbFresh FruitIf you miss sweet temperate fruits, welcome to our Moon Farm. Our fruit trees are planted in hybrid-soil and artificial air that reproduce Earth’s environment from 5000 years ago. Pick fruits with your family or ship to your doorstep with MoonEx. Freshness guaranteed.Yongsheng Ji Email: jiyongshengkey@MeatOur steaks are sourced from natural grasslands, where cattle now fill the ecological roles. With Food Footprint feeding system, we enhance natural grazing (放牧) to improve animal growth effectively while minimizing methane production and water consumption. At only $219.00/kg (including carbon taxes and ecological taxes), our steaks are affordable for the whole family.Falko Buschke Email: falko. buschke@gmail. com21. Which of the following needs you to provide the information of your genes?A. Meat.B. Fresh Fruit.C. NextGen V oices.D. Personalized Meal Plans.22. Who should you contact if you want to have fun with your family?A. Jennifer Sills.B. Yongsheng Ji.C. Falko Buschke.D. Ada Gabriela Blidner.23. Which of the following best describes the steaks in Meat?A. Fresh.B. Green.C. Expensive.D. Personalized.BThe famous Spanish painter Pablo Picasso once said, “Ever y child is an artist. Theproblem he has is how to remain an artist once he grows up.”This is both encouraging and discouraging. The fact that we were all born to be artists is certainly exciting, and yet the reality has proven that remaining one is a task that many of us have failed.Fortunately, some people have seen the problem and want to solve it.Western educators have suggested that we introduce the concept of “STEAM” instead of “STEM” —traditional “core majors” including science, technology, e ngineering, and math —since the “A”, which stands for “arts”, is just as important.And on April 11, China’s Ministry of Education issued a guideline. Colleges and universities are required to provide more art-related courses and students need to earn a certain number of art credits in order to graduate.These efforts came after many scientific studies had found that art education helps students develop self-confidence and teamwork skills, as well as habits of mind such as problem solving and critical thinking, according to The Washington Post.It’s true that none of these skills target specific jobs. But as former US ballet dancer Damian Woetzel told The Atlantic, the purpose of art is “to give kids the tools to become adults who are creative, adaptable, and expressive —capable of having their eyes and ears and senses alive”.And we can now see how we lost track of our born “artist self” on our way to growing up: We failed to keep our capabilities to see, hear and feel, and became blind, deaf and insensitive adults.Hopefully, art education can help turn things around.24. What is the function of the first paragraph?educators?A. Art is as important as traditional “core majors”.B. All of us should learn art in college.C. Traditional “core majors” are out of date.D. Western education is more helpful.26. What can we predict from the guideline issued by China’s Ministry of education?A. More art-related courses will appear in all schools.B. College students will have to gain enough art credits to graduate.C. More students will major in art at colleges and universities.D. Art will become much more important than science.27. What is the best title of the passage?A. Every child is an artistB. Bringing art to lifeC. Learning from the artistsD. Life is artCIt seems every major city and town around the world hosts an annual marathon, with thousands of athletes running a gruelling 42.1 kilometres. While many runners' motivation is to beat their personal best and cross the finishing line without collapsing, they're also doing it for a good cause—to generate funds for charity. But like other major events, the marathon also generates a massive carbon footprint. Thousands travel —some by plane—to the location, and waste from food packaging and goody bags gets left behind by spectators and runners. This is becoming a big issue for cities—how to host a worthwhile event, encouraging people to exercise and help charities, while protecting the environment? Several cities have developed formal plans to reduce their environmental impact and promote sustainable （可持续的）ideas. One event in Wales, for example, introduced recycling for old running kit .It's something that this year's London Marathon tried to tackle by reducing the number of drink stations on the running route, giving out water in paper cups and offering some drinks in eatable seaweed capsules. They also trialled new bottle belts made from recycled plastic so 700 runners could carry water bottles with them during their run. London Marathon eve nt director Hugh Brasner told the BBC: “There are a lot of initiatives （倡议）we are using this year that we think will lead to some huge behavioural changes in the future.”Meanwhile, some people still think running a marathon could be our best foot forward in helping the planet. Dr Andrea Collins from Cardiff University told the BBC: “Training for a marathon makes you more sustainable in day-to-day activities. I started walking or running to work every day and shunning public transport altogether. Being environmentally friendly while training sticks with you and becomes a way of life. ”28. Why do many people enter for a marathon?A. To achieve their own ambitions.B. To generate a massive carbon footprint.C. To improve themselves both physically and mentally.D. To challenge their personal limitations and raise money for charities.29. What did Hugh Brasner think of this year's London Marathon?A. It may bring a large profit to London.B. It saved a lot of water resources and power.C. It may improve people's behaviour in the future.D. It may make Londoners more friendly when running a marathon.30. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “shunning” in the last paragraph?A. Damaging.B. Avoiding.C. Choosing.D. Changing.31. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A. Running a marathon can make more money.B. Running a marathon can do great damage to the earth.C. Running a marathon can change people's life completely.D. Running a marathon can contribute to protecting the earth.DWhen given the choice, about 85% of people say they would not want to know about some negative event far in the future. Yet recently millions around the globe have downloaded FaceApp, which allows users to see how they might age in real life.Many had fun with it, joking that they love the FaceApp old filter. Beneath the humor is a serious subject: How do we learn to relate to our future selves? It’s important that we try to because it could help strengthen the long-term decisions that we make. However, we often fail to make sacrifices for the grayer versions of ourselves.More than half of the respondents(调查对象) in a recent survey of 2,800 Americans said they rarely or never thought about what their lives might be like 30 years from now. This isn’t surprisi ng, since most of us are firmly rooted in the present and thinking about the distant future can seem like a distant priority(优先). My ongoing research might also offer an explanation: We tend to think about our future selves as if they are someone different from who we are today. In an effort to narrow these empathy(共情)gaps, my research workmates and I have tried to humanize（使人性化）people’s future selves in the same way others have tried to humanize charity receivers.Given that a photograph of one hungry child can spark emotional reactions, and cause viewers to donate, we have presented participants with vivid images of their distant selves.That seems helpful. In a recently completed project in Mexico, we found that exposure to future-self images led more people to contribute to their pensions. Despite this research, I’m skeptical that the app users will suddenly increase their pension contributions（养老金供款）and care about their health. The silly app isn’t paired with an immediate opportunity to change any of these things.The lesson from FaceApp shouldn’t be that we need to marry hi-tech visuals with savings for retirement. The lesson, then, takes the form of a question: What more can be done to urge us to think about, care for who we will one day become?32. What can we learn about FaceApp?A. It provides future-self images.B. It is the most downloaded app.C. It helps people make decisions.D. It makes people age in real life.33. Why do most respondents rarely think of their future life?A. They have known future life from FaceApp.B. They fail to make sacrifices for their future.C. They attach greater importance to the present.D. They consider future selves the same as today’s.34. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 5 refer to?A. Completing a project in Mexico.B. Offering aging images of participants.C. Raising contributions among viewers.D. Giving a photograph of a hungry child.35. What’s the author’s attitude to FaceApp?A. Positive.B. Doubtful.C. Ambiguous.D. Unfavorable.第二节(共5小题；每小题3分，满分15分)根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。

2019-2020年高二下学期第二次质量检测历史试题含答案一选择题（每题3分，20题，共60分）1. 有学者认为：“政治与血缘的结合，看似牢不可破，其实不然。

既然周天子授土授民给诸侯叫做‘建国’，诸侯授土授民给卿、大夫叫做‘立家’，因此对于士、庶民而言，就有‘国’与‘家’的对立，他们把自己的宗族称为‘家’，只知效忠于‘家’，而不知效忠于‘国’。

”材料表明()A．周天子是天下人的大宗 B．宗法制与分封制是互为表里的关系C．分封制在历史上的作用是弊大于利 D．分封制隐含着国家分裂割据的因素2. 史学家钱穆在论及唐代的科举时说：“唐代门第势力正盛，在那时推行考试，应考的还是有许多是门第子弟。

门第子弟在家庭中有家教熏染，并已早懂得许多政治掌故，一旦从政，比较有办法。

如是积渐到晚唐，大门第逐步堕落，应考的多数是寒窗苦读的穷书生。

他们除却留心应考的科目，专心在文选诗赋，或是经籍记诵外，国家并未对他们有所谓教育。

门第教训也没有了，政治传统更是茫然无知。

“钱穆认为唐代的科举制() A．摧毁了门阀政治 B．扩大了政权基础C．促进了社会公平 D．与人才培养脱节3. “每年一度的不满意测试……目的就是要阻止任何人成为太受欢迎的人，阻止像庇西特拉图这样的人，企图利用公民大会作为成为僭主的台阶。

每一年，雅典人投票放逐一人达10年之久，这是一种预防犯罪的处罚。

”材料中的“不满意测试”()A．奠定了雅典民主政治的基础 B．使地域政治开始取代血缘政治C．开启了希腊历史的古典时代 D．易导致公民权力的滥用和误用4. 有人认为：罗马人智力不如希腊人，体力不如高卢人，经商的本事不如迦太基人，却能一一打败这些部族，而且在战后还能与这些部族有秩序地和睦共处。

为什么？你会发现，罗马帝国的强大，归根结底是因为它的宽容开放，它的兼收并蓄。

这一认识主要是基于罗马()A．万民法广泛的适用性与实用性 B．较为发达的工商业经济C．帝国凭借军事实力不断进行扩张 D．《十二铜表法》成文化5. “光荣革命”后，内阁大臣由国王任命并对其负责。

山西省晋中市平遥中学2019-2020学年高二下学期在线学习质量检测历史试题解析版一、选择题（共48分,每小题2分）1.商鞅自卫国入秦，宣讲法家理论并提出了废井田、重农桑、奖励军功等发展战略，被秦孝公任命为左庶长，支持变法。

商鞅被秦孝公重用的关键在于A. 秦孝公下决心要变法图强B. 当时群雄并起争霸战争不断C. 变法主张迎合了现实需要D. 奴隶主贵族势力已普遍衰落【答案】C【解析】【详解】由材料“商鞅自卫国入秦，宣讲法家理论并提出了废井田、重农桑、奖励军功等发展战略”可知商鞅提出的废井田、重农桑、奖励军功等措施符合秦孝公富国强兵的现实需要，故C正确；ABD三项都是外因，不是关键因素，故ABD错误。

【点睛】公元前361年，秦孝公继位，各诸侯国会盟拒绝邀请秦国参加，秦孝公受到很大刺激，认为是莫大耻辱，决心发愤图强，实现富国强兵。

商鞅向秦孝公提出废井田、重农桑、奖励军功等发展战略，建议秦孝公及早下决心进行变法改革，富国强兵，引起秦孝公的共鸣。

2.战国后期，秦国建造了一批大型水利工程，如郑国渠、都江堰等，一些至今仍在发挥作用。

这些工程能够在秦国完成，主要是因为A. 公田制度逐渐完善B. 铁制生产工具普及C. 交通运输网络通畅D. 国家组织能力强大【答案】D【解析】【详解】结合所学知识可知，秦国在商鞅变法之后确立了中央集权制度的雏形，国家对社会控制能力较强，能集中全国的人力、物力进行经济建设，因此战国后期秦国出现了一大批的水利工程，D选项符合题意。

商鞅变法时期确立土地私有制，公田制度遭到破坏，A选项说法错误。

铁制生产工具的普及并非只在秦国一地，B选项排除。

秦国的交通运输与其他地区相比并没有多大优势，C选项排除。

3. 吴起在楚国实行变法，提出了“使私不害公，馋不蔽忠，言不取苟合，行不取苟容，行义不顾毁誉”的主张。

此主张旨在（）A. 废除世卿世禄制B. 整顿官场风气C. 削弱王室的特权D. 废除分封制【答案】B【解析】试题分析：材料内容主要体现了要求官员们不要因私而损害公家利益，统治者不要因馋言而使得忠心的人而受到伤害，官员们在言语与行为上不人苟同他人，所以答案B项正确。

A. 秦朝中央机构的决策更科学B. 都通过分权维护了皇帝集权C. 唐朝缺乏监察更易出现权臣D. 都防止了地方剖据势力出现【答案】B【解析】依据所学知识可知，秦朝的三公九卿和唐代的三省六部制都削弱了相权维护了君主集权，故B项正确；三省六部制通过程序性分权比秦朝的三公九卿更为科学一些，故A项错误；唐朝中央有掌管监察的御史台，故C项错误；两者都是中央官制，故D项错误。

3. 据统计，魏晋南北朝时期官绅的墓志多数署郡望（世家大族的籍贯族源地），而唐代官绅墓葬中，80%的墓志署名只写官衔，仅有8%的以郡望署名。

出现这种变化表明A. 民族融合淡化了族群间的差异B. 唐代旧的门阀政治逐渐走向衰落C. 宗法制是维持家族郡望的关键D. 唐代由门第社会向平民社会转变【答案】B【解析】材料信息是魏晋南北朝时期官绅的墓志多数署郡望，而唐代官绅墓葬中较少以郡望署名。

这说明唐代的门阀士族势力逐渐衰落，故B项正确；材料和民族融合无关，故A项错误；材料未体现出宗法制和家族郡望的关系，故C项错误；宋代由门第社会向平民社会转变，故D项错误。

点睛：本题解题的关键是简化材料信息，本题材料可简化为；魏晋南北朝时期官绅的墓志多数署郡望，而唐代官绅墓葬中较少以郡望署名。

由此结合所学知识排除即可。

4. 下表为唐代宰相出身变化表（注：门荫，指门阀士族阶层凭借门第获得官职）。

这种变化产生的主要原因是A. 科举制度的影响B. 加强中央集权的需要C. 分散相权的需要D. 社会文化水平的提升【答案】A点睛：本题解题的关键是认真阅读材料，提炼出图表的信息即可。

图表信息是通过科举进士入仕者越来越多，而门阀士族阶层凭借门第入仕者越来越少，由此结合所学知识判断。

不断加强，地方势力不断削弱；选官趋势逐渐由贵族政治向官僚政治转变。

10. 在清政府看来，《南京条约》是永保和平的“万年和约”，而英国人则把《南京条约》称作“外国对华贸易的大宪章”。

两者对《南京条约》的不同认识说明A. 中英达成协议从此停止战争B. 清政府被迫放弃了闭关锁国政策C. 中英实现了国际贸易的接轨D. 中英对条约的本质认识角度不同【答案】D...........................11. 第二次鸦片战争后，部分官员认为中外冲突的根源在于外国人的嗜利．因此，可以全免关税，让列强放弃公使驻京、赔偿军费、长江通商等条款。