Passage 2【答案】(1) resources, (2) rewarding, (3) astonishing, (4) wonderful, (5) common, (6) disappearing, (7) recognized, (8) restoration,(9) With your help, we can keep restoring the land to the state that the past once knew(10) future generations can see for themselves what it is that made America great(11) To send donations, or for more information, write to: America the Beautiful Fund【原文】For over 200 years, the natural resources of America have been rewarding us with a rich and wonderful life. And the astonishing beauty of the land itself may be the most wonderful of all.But the beauty that was once common across out land is slowly disappearing. In many parts of our country, the land can no longer be recognized for what it once wa s. That’s why, 22 years ago, the America the Beautiful Fund was founded for the preservation and restoration of the natural wonders of America. With your help, we can keep restoring the land to the state that the past once knew. And preserve it, so future generations can see for themselves what it is that made America great.Support the America the Beautiful Fund, The future of our land may depend on it. To send donations, or for more information, write to: America the Beautiful Fun, 219 Shoreham Building, Washington, D.C. 20005.Passage 3【答案】(1) Environmental, (2) treatments, (3) damage, (4) dryers, (5) brightness, (6) split, (7) scissors, (8) approach,(9) is a modern technological device available in most cities now(10) all the same, few have imagined a cutting tool as sharp as razors(11) Heated cutting edges with individually adjustable temperatures seal the cuts instantly【原文】How hard is it to get beautiful hair?Beautiful hair cannot be taken for granted. Environmental factors, chemical treatments and the mechanical damage done by combs, brushes and blow dryers all have a bad effect on the hair in the long run .The hair parts into thin pieces, loses its brightness, becomes hard and easily broken and develops split ends.Our heated scissors, a new approach to pretty hair, is a modern technological device available in most cities now. No hairdresser needs to be told how crucial the quality of a pair of scissors is. But all the same, few have imagined a cutting tool as sharp as razors.What’s more, the heating element is located in the interior of the edges, with the best possible heattransference to the cutting edges. Heated cutting edges with individually adjustable temperatures seal the cuts instantly. The cut end of the hair is closed up smoothly and neatly.Passage 4【答案】(1) rural, (2) dissatisfied, (3) solution, (4) registration, (5) urban, (6) enforce, (7) resentment, (8) violence,(9) to make life in the rural areas more attractive, which would encourage people to stay there(10) Facilities in the rural areas, such as transport, health and education services should be improved(11) because the towns themselves cannot be developed without the simultaneous or previous development of the rural area【原文】The over-population of towns is mainly caused by the drift of large numbers of people form the rural areas. These people have become dissatisfied with the traditional life of farming, and have come to the towns hoping for better work and pay.One possible solution to the problem would be to impose registration on town residents. Only officially registered residents would be allowed to live in the towns and the urban population would thus be limited. In practice, however, registration would be very difficult to enforce; it would cause a great deal of resentment, which would ultimately lead to violence.The only long-term solution is to make life in the rural areas more attractive, which would encourage people to stay there. This could be achieved by providing encouragement for people to go and work in the villages. Facilities in the rural areas, such as transport, health and education services should be improved. Education should include training in improved methods of farming and other rural industries, so as to develop a more positive attitude towards rural life. The improvement of life in the villages is very important, because the towns themselves cannot be developed without the simultaneous or previous development of the rural area.Passage 5【答案】(1) critical, (2) goals, (3) share, (4) beliefs, (5) concerned, (6) arguments, (7) values, (8) express,(9) are not logical, professors personally point out the false reasoning in your argument(10) whether you really accept these premises, and to understand whether or not you draw logical conclusions(11)disagree with your professors in class, you should be prepared to offer a strong argument in support of your idea【原文】Encouragement of critical thinking in students is one of the goals of most colleges anduniversities. Few professors require students to share the professors’ own beliefs. In general, professors are more concerned that students learn to question and critically examine the arguments of others, including some of their own beliefs or values. This does not mean that professors insist that you change your beliefs, either. It does mean, however, that professors will usually ask you to support the views you express in class or in your writing.If your arguments are not logical, professors personally point out the false reasoning in your argument. Most professors want you to learn to recognize the premises of your arguments, to examine whether you really accept these premises, and to understand whether or not you draw logical conclusions. Put it this way：Professors don’t tell you what to think; they try to teach you how to think.On the other hand, if you intend to disagree with your professors in class, you should be prepared to offer a strong argument in support of your idea. Arguing just for the sake of arguing usually does not promote a critical examination of ideas. Many professors interpret it as rudeness.Passage 6【答案】(1) complex, (2) selecting, (3) contacting, (4) periodicals, (5) article, (6) print, (7) rarely, (8) publication,(9) as well as valuable pieces of advice on the legal and business aspects of publishing(10) what some very successful technical writers, editors, and publishers have to say about writing and publishing in today’s competitive marketplace(11) For no matter br illiant and well written your work is, it’s limited value unless you get it into print【原文】To help guide you through the complex world of publishing this book includes advice on selecting your writing topic, contacting prospective periodicals and publishers, organizing your article or book, and getting it into print.Also in these pages is rarely collected information on the technical publication markets as well as valuable pieces of advice on the legal and business aspects of publishing. The latter include copyrights, contracts, and taxes. And for inspiration, you’ll read what some very successful technical writers, editors, and publishers have to say about writing and publishing in today’s competitive marketplace. Indeed, the theme of this book is marketing as my primary aim is to help you market your technical writing to make it more publishable. For no matter brilliant and well written your work is, it’s limited value unless you get it into print.Passage 7【答案】(1) worth, (2) imagination, (3) colorful, (4) electronic, (5) ultimate, (6) print, (7) superior, (8)abstract,(9) intensive or prolonged a person’s formal schooling may be, he is only partially educated(10) He knows that the most vital ingredient in the making of decisions is sequential thought(11) then let us by all means put an end to print, for print is the natural habitat of ideas【原文】It is not true that one picture is worth a thousand words. It takes only a few words -- if they are the right words -- to ignite the imagination and produce pictures far more colorful than anything within the range of electronic communications.Yet the ultimate importance and power of print is represented not by its superior images but by its ability to convey abstract ides. No matter how intensive or prolonged a person’s formal schooling may be, he is only partially educated if he is unable to think abstractly. He knows that the most vital ingredient in the making of decisions is sequential thought. This is what is meant by abstract thought. No other medium of communications can equal the speed and accuracy of print in moving an abstraction from one human brain to another. If we are looking for a way to kill philosophy, then let us by all means put an end to print, for print is the natural habitat of ideas.Passage 8【答案】(1) photograph, (2) chemicals, (3) substances, (4) intense, (5) weaker, (6) negative, (7) represents,(8) far-reaching,(9) Life would not be the same without the camera, the motion picture, and the television set(10) he was not in a position to know the effect on society which his new drug would produce(11) So the effect of penicillin on human societies was to make them much larger, by adding millions of people to the numbers which existed before【原文】How is a photograph produced? It is produced by the effect of light on certain chemicals. Certain chemical substances change when light reaches them. Where the light is intense they get very dark. Where weaker light reaches them they get less dark. For this reason the negative picture taken by a camera represents light objects as dark shapes，and dark objects as lighter shapes. It was possible to take photographs only when scientists had discovered something about the effects of light.Scientific discoveries have important effects on society. The discoveries about light made by scientists had far-reaching effects. Life would not be the same without the camera, the motion picture, and the television set. When Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin，he was not in a position to know the effect on society which his new drug would produce. The effect of penicillin on a human body is to kill some of the dangerous germs which enter the body. Penicillin kills these germs quickly，before they have time to Produce very harmful effects on the Sick person. Before penicillin wasp discovered，millions of people died every year of the diseases caused by thesegerms. The number of deaths was greatly reduced by Penicillin. So the effect of penicillin on human societies was to make them much larger, by adding millions of people to the numbers which existed beforePassage 9【答案】(1) private, (2) available, (3) remain, (4) interest, (5) repayment, (6) standard, (7) contributes, (8) slave,(9) do not take loans from rich countries because they prefer to remain independent(10)make funds available to another country in order to gain power over that country(11)improves its standard of living by developing its resources, it will be able to buy more goods from the country which has given help【原文】Banks and private money-lenders are unwilling to make funds available to a poor farmer who cannot repay his loan. But if no one 1endshlm money he must remain poor. For this reason some governments now make funds available t0 poor farmers and do not expect Payment of interest or early repayment of the loan.A poor farmer who obtains a loan from a rich money lender cannot improve his standard of living He only contributes to the money 1enders income and improves the money lender’s standard of living. In fact he becomes the slave of the money lender and cannot get free. Some Poor countries do not take loans from rich countries because they prefer to remain independent：They do not wish to contribute to the income and power of the rich countries. It is probably unwise to take a loan, if this involves losing ones freedom.A rich country should not make funds available to another country in order to gain power over that country. On the other hand a loan wisely given and wisely used can contribute to the impro vement of a poor country’s standard of living. Even if a rich country 1ends money to a poor country without expecting interest, this is a kind of investment. When the Poor country improves its standard of living by developing its resources, it will be able to buy more goods from the country which has given help, both countries will become richer as a result.Passage 10【答案】(1) based, (2) stories, (3) passed, (4) way, (5) beginning, (6) up, (7) storyteller, (8) basis,(9) a mouth after it was published his publisher told him that a thousand copies had already been sold(10)and the novelist told the American that 10,000 copies had been sold(11)I multiplied the number by ten to give him a true idea of the success of the book【原文】Many stories about famous people are not based on facts. They are like some of the stories which people tell about their friends，which are passed from a friend to a friend’s friend and so on.A story which is passed from mouth to mouth in this way, may be batter in the end than it was in the beginning but probably it will end up as a very different story. Each storyteller adds something or leaves something out or changes something，so by the time the story is written in a book it is a long way from any basis in fact.An English novelist wrote a new book and a mouth after it was published his publisher told him that a thousand copies had already been sold that evening the novelist had a meal with his publisher and an American friend. They talked about the new book，and the novelist told the American that 10,000 copies had been sold. Later the publisher asked him why he had not been more accurate. “To an American，”said the novelist，“a thousand is nothing. I multiplied the number by ten to give him a true idea of the success of the book.” T his novelist was not famous for his accuracy but for his novels；he knew how to tell stones His best novel will probably live for a long time.Passage 11【答案】(1) inherited, (2) purchased, (3) northern, (4) department, (5) settled, (6) charmed, (7) Eventually, (8) crime,(9) totally unprepared when I returned home one evening to an answering machine filled with horribly threatening messages(10) drunk, armed with a 19-inch double-edged knife and just minutes from my door.(11) In spite of my 10-year personal protection, I live with the fear that he will return unsupervised to my community.【原文】When my father died 15 years ago, my brother and I inherited the old Midwestern farmhouse our grandparents had purchased in the 1930s. I was the one who decided to make a life in this village, population 350, in northern Michigan.A job in the English department of a nearby college quickly followed. I settled into small-town life, charmed by a community where your neighbors are also your friends and no one worries about locking a door. Eventually I forgot about the big-city stress of crowds, noise and crime.I was totally unprepared when I returned home one evening to an answering machine filled with horribly threatening messages. Shocked and frightened, I called 911, and soon my would-be attacker was arrested, according to police, drunk, armed with a 19-inch double-edged knife and just minutes from my door.It was revealed in court evidence that he was a mental patient who had fallen through the cracks of the mental health system. In spite of my 10-year personal protection, I live with the fear that he willreturn unsupervised to my community. Time and again, colleagues and friends have urged me to get a gun to protect myself.Passage 12【答案】(1) struggle, (2) fumble, (3) cheerful, (4) remind, (5) getting, (6) turn, (7) section, (8) sip,(9) They give people an opportunity to laugh at themselves at familiar situations(10) Old people whose grown children pay little attention to them can chuckle at their neglect and loneliness(11) A cartoon combines art and humor because when it is skillfully done, a simple line drawing anda few words can make people laugh【原文】Millions of people struggle out of bed each morning, fumble into some clothes, and make their way to a cup of coffee and the morning newspaper. They need something cheerful to remind them that the rest of the day will be less difficult than getting up. This need may be the reason that many of them turn their half-opened eyes to the comics section of the newspaper as they sip first cups of coffee of the day.Cartoons reflect the times and the troubles and worries of people. They give people an opportunity to laugh at themselves at familiar situations. They also make fun of the problems that people make for themselves-like making a problem out of which type on. Cartoons provide scapegoats (替罪羊). They also help people to see the humor in a not-so-funny situation. Cartoons also make people laugh at their own personal worries. Young people who are not always sure of how te act can smile at their awkwardness. Old people whose grown children pay little attention to them can chuckle at their neglect and loneliness. Everyone’s problems are made bigger-than-life in the comics. Perhaps the problems seem funny because there is humor in something that is real being made unreal.A cartoon combines art and humor because when it is skillfully done, a simple line drawing and a few words can make people laugh. Their troubles seem less important, and they enjoy life more fully.Passage 13【答案】(1) affected, (2) trial, (3) packaged, (4) discipline, (5) preferences, (6) psychological, (7) associated,(8) key,(9) For primitive man, activity during the daytime meant hunting and attacking, which he soon saw red, the color of blood and the fire(10) People when exposed to bright red, show an increase in breathing rate, heart beat and blood pressure(11) Further analysis shows that a vivid yellow can produce a more basic state of alarm【原文】Human feelings are affected by color unconsciously. Manufacturers have discovered by trial and error that sugar sells badly in green wrappings that blue foods are considered by consumers as tasteless, and that cosmetics should never be packaged in brown. These discoveries have grown into a whole discipline of color psychology. Some of our preferences are clearly psychological. Dark blue is the color of the night sky and therefore associated with quiet and calm, Whitish yellow is a key color in association with energy.For primitive man, activity during the daytime meant hunting and attacking, which he soon saw red, the color of blood and the fire. So it was natural that green, the complementary color to red, should be associated with passive defense. Experiments have shown that colors also have a direct psychological effect. People when exposed to bright red, show an increase in breathing rate, heart beat and blood pressure. Red is exciting. Similar exposure exciting, it was chosen as the signal for danger.Further analysis shows that a vivid yellow can produce a more basic state of alarm. So fire engines and ambulances in some advanced countries are now rushing around in bright yellow colors that stop traffic dead.Passage 14【答案】(1) recommended, (2) proportions, (3) judgment, (4) creativity, (5) depression, (6) vulnerable, (7) inadequate, (8) provoke,(9) For some people, however, the problem is not so much setting aside time to sleep as falling asleep(10) To train your body to get to sleep more easily, try these tips:(11) However, you shouldn’t play down chronic lack of sleep because you lose physically and mentally when you don’t sleep【原文】A resent poll by the National Sleep Foundation found that two-thirds of the U.S. population gets less than the recommended hours of sleep at night. That means sleeplessness is of epidemic proportions in this country.Whether it’s the result of insomni a (失眠症) or today’s burn-the-midnight-oil lifestyle, not getting enough sleep to poor judgment, lack of creativity, impaired memory, even depression. It also can make you more vulnerable to infections. Researchers have found that inadequate sleep over just six nights impairs metabolic and hormonal functions. Over time, this can provoke the onset or increase the severity of high blood pressure and Type Ⅱ diabetes (糖尿病).For some people, however, the problem is not so much setting aside time to sleep as falling asleep. Wakefulness is often the result of bad sleep habits. Sleeping in for hours on weekends, forexample, confuses body’s internal clock and leads to wide-eyed nights and dazed mornings. So will long naps, although shorts ones to pay back sleep lost the night before or in anticipation of a late night are O.K.To train your body to get to sleep more easily, try these tips: stick to a regular bedtime schedule; try to avoid intense mental activities before bedtime; consider getting rid of or hiding your bedside clock; watch what you eat; limit alcohol consumption and avoid tobacco; abd do exercise.If sleep trouble or daytime drowsiness persists, consult a doctor. However, you shouldn’t play down chronic lack of sleep because you lose physically and mental ly when you don’t sleep.Passage 15【答案】(1) reduce, (2) consuming, (3) increased, (4) subsequent, (5) whether, (6) account, (7) factors, (8) associated,(9) women who reported drinking around half a drink a day had a i5% lower chance of developing chronic high blood pressure than women who gave up drinking altogether(10) moderate amounts of alcohol may relax blood vessels, thus reducing the chance of developing high blood pressure(11) Light beer drinking seemed to be the most beneficial form of alcohol in reducing the risk of high blood pressure.【原文】A few drinks a week may slightly reduce a woman’s chance of developing high blood pressure, or hypertension, but consuming more than a drink a day puts her at increased risk, Harvard researchers report.The researchers looked at alcohol intake and subsequent high blood pressure reported by more than 70,000 women. They followed the women for 28 years to see whether they developed hypertension, taking into account other factors known to be associated with high blood pressure, such as weight, physical activity, age, and smoking.The researchers found that women who reported drinking around half a drink a day had a i5% lower chance of developing chronic high blood pressure than women who gave up drinking altogether. By contrast, women who drank more than 1.5 drinks a day, or more than 10 drinks weekly, had a 30% increased chance of developing chronic high blood pressure.Dr. Ravi Thadhani is an assistant professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School. He noted that moderate amounts of alcohol may relax blood vessels, thus reducing the chance of developing high blood pressure, while high levels of alcohol may injure those vessels, boosting high blood pressure risk. The investigators also examined whether the type of alcohol consumed made a difference. They found that the higher consumption of beer, wine and hard liquor seemed equally harmful. Light beer drinking seemed to be the most beneficial form of alcohol in reducing the risk of high blood pressure.Passage 16【答案】(1) forever, (2) brakes, (3) top, (4) free, (5) landed, (6) drowning, (7) woke, (8) extremely,(9) He told my wife, Dana, and me that I might never be able to breathe on my own again(10) Suddenly it dawned on me that I was going to be a huge burden to everybody, that I had ruined my life and everybody else’s.(11) But the time would come when everybody had to leave, and I’d lie there and stare at the wall, stare at the future, stare in disbelief.【原文】On Memorial Day weekend, 1995, my world changed forever. I was competing in a horse-skill event in Virginia when my horse, Buck, decided to put on the brakes just before the third jump. When he stopped suddenly, the force carried me over the top of his head. My hands got entangled in the bridle(缰绳), and I couldn’t get an arm free to break my fall. All six-feet-four-inches and 215 pounds of me landed headfirst. Within seconds I was paralyzed from the neck down and fighting for air like a drowning person.I woke up five days later in the intensive-care unit at the University of Virginia hospital. Dr. John Jane, head of the hospital, said that I was extremely lucky to have survived. He told my wife, Dana, and me that I might never be able to breathe on my own again. Dr. Jane said my skull would have to be reconnected to my spinal column. He wasn’t sure if the operation would be successful, or even if I could survive.Suddenly it dawned on me that I was going to be a huge burden to everybody, that I had ruined my life and everybody else’s. As family and friends visited, I was very excited. I would feel so grateful when someone came a long way to cheer me up. But the time would come when everybody had to leave, and I’d lie there and stare at the wall, stare at the future, stare in disbelief.Passage 17【答案】(1) considered, (2) discussed, (3) member, (4) allowing,(5) vacation, (6) meal, (7) home, (8) dines,(9) The average French family spends almost half their money on food(10) The meal is begun almost like a ceremony as the father gives everyone some wine(11) slicing a piece for each member of the family. After this, the family begins their meal and conversation together.【原文】The French family meal is considered an important time of togetherness. Problems and ideas are discussed while everyone enjoys the meal. Since this is an important part of the day for each member of the family, they each make a point of allowing time for this meal, which may last fromtwo to four hours. During this time the family may talk together about the day’s events, vacation plans, events in the news, and so on. Most French families have this large meal at noon. However, in cases when the father or children do not come home during the middle of tile day, the family dines together in the evening. Food is a very important part of the French way of life.The average French family spends almost half their money on food. The family meal is especially important to the mother since she has spent much of her day shopping for and preparing the food with care. The meal is begun almost like a ceremony as the father gives everyone some wine. He may then give everyone a slice of bread after making the sign of the cross over the loaf with the knife. Often the mother slices (切片) the bread for the family by holding the bread against herself and slicing a piece for each member of the family. After this, the family begins their meal and conversation together.Passage 18【答案】(1) features, (2) occupational, (3) illustrated, (4) hesitate, (5) appearance, (6) Depression, (7) surveys, (8) exception,(9) and Americans are still moving on in their search for better opportunities(10) parks are specially equipped to accommodate mobile homes for migrants on the move to find jobs(11) has been heavily featured in literature and the cinema【原文】Mobility has always been one of the main features of the US civilization. Such geographic, sociological and occupational mobility was best illustrated in the winning of the west and is still true today: the US citizen, unlike most Europeans, does not hesitate to change jobs or cities.The appearance of the automobile made this easier and in the late 1920s, during the Great Depression, whole families took to roads, looking for jobs.Today, recent surveys show a trend toward stabilization with the exception of recent immigrants--but the pioneer and frontier spirit is still very much alive, and Americans are still moving on in their search for better opportunities. On the outskirts (郊区) of big cities, parks are specially equipped to accommodate mobile homes for migrants on the move to find jobs, but also to satisfy a taste to change and novelty which is a basic characteristic of the US social fabric. This wandering has been heavily featured in literature and the cinema and is often pictured as necessary to the fulfillment of an individual’s fate or of a people’s destiny.Passage 19【答案】(1) medical, (2) appear, (3) faced, (4) heavily, (5) normal, (6) liver, (7) improves, (8) carrying, (9) The researchers tested 69 people, both before and after they had taken part in a ten-week。
