8B Unit 1 现在完成时的时间副词

译林版牛津英语8B语法点复习译林版牛津英语8B语法点复习Unit 1 Present and past现在完成时（1）一、现在完成时的构成现在完成时是由“助动词have(has)+动词的过去分词”构成。

助动词说明该谓语是属于现在时范围。

它和主语的人称、数要保持一致。

过去分词是主要的谓语动词，说明句子的意义。

例句：He has already finished his homework.他已经做完作业了。

He hasn't finished his homework yet.他还没有做完作业。

---Has he finished his homework yet?他已经做完作业了吗？---Yes, he has./ No, he hasn't.是的，做完了。

/不，还没有。

二、现在完成时的用法①表曩昔发生的某一动尴尬刁难目前酿成的影响或成效。

---Would you like some bread?你想要一些面包吗？---No, thanks. I have had my breakfast.不，感谢，我曾吃过早餐了。

（对现在的影响：不饿）---Why don't you drive to your office?你为甚么不开车去办公室啊？---Because my car has broken.因为我的车坏了。

（对目前的影响：车没举措开了）①表示从过去开始一直持续到现在,也许还会继续下去的动作或状态。

He has studied English for 6 years.他已经研究英语六年了。

Mary has been busy since she came back from Hangzhou.自从从杭州回来，玛丽一直在忙。

3、常和目前完成时连用的工夫状语①用副词already和yet。

already一般用于一定句中，yet 一般用于否定句和疑问句中。

We have already finished our homework.我们已完成作业了。

8BU1语法——现在完成时一、现在完成时的用法用法1：表示一个过去发生的动作对现在产生的结果和影响。

Eddie has eaten my food. Eddie吃了我的食物。

用法2：表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在，并有可能继续延续下去的动作或状态。

He has lived here since 1995. 自从1995年以来，他一直住在这儿。

用法3：表示到现在为止，某一个动作发生了多少次I have already read this book many times so far.(到现在为止，我已经读过这本书许多次了)二、现在完成时的句式1.构成助动词has/have +动词的过去分词陈述句They have finished their homework.He has finished his homework.否定句They haven’t finished their homework.He hasn’t finished his homework.一般疑问句Have they finished their homework?Yes, they have. / No, they haven’t.2.动词的过去分词：规则动词的过去分词的构成1.大多数的动词的过去分词是规则的，只需在动词后加-ed；例如：work→worked listen→listened jump→jumped visit→visited2.在以-e结尾的动词后只加-d；例如：close→closed like→liked agree→agreed move→moved3.在以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，应将y改为i再加ed；例如：study→studied carry→carried try→triedworry→worried4.以重读闭音节结尾的动词，要双写末尾的辅音字母再加-ed；例如：stop→stopped drop→dropped不规则动词的过去分词的构成1. 有些动词的原形和过去分词相同；例如：put→put hurt→hurt become→become run→run 2.改变单词中间元音字母；例如：sit→sat win→won hold→held3.把单词结尾的字母d改为t；例如：lend→lent spend→spent send→sent4.以eep结尾的动词，把eep改为ept；例如：keep→kept sleep→slept5. 过去分词以aught或ought结尾；例如：teach→taught buy→bought6.以ay结尾的动词，把ay变成aid；例如：say→said pay→paid7.在原形词尾加n或en；例如：give→given eat→eaten三、现在完成时的时间状语already(用于肯定句), yet(用于否定句和疑问句), since+一点时间, for+一段时间, never, ever, three times(其它表示频率的词, once, twice等)before, recently, in the past/last few years, so far, this month, today, now知识点1：already与yet用法区别already 用于肯定句，一般放在助动词与过去分词之间。

牛津英语8Bunit1 past and present课文要点全解Comic strip1.I've just eaten it我刚把它吃了。

(教材第6页)just此处用作副词，意为“刚刚,刚才”,通常与现在完成时连用。

Mr Wang has just left our classroom,王老师刚刚离开我们的教室。

I've just heard the news.我刚听到这个消息。

[拓展]①just副词，还可意为“正好，恰好;仅仅，只是”，起加强语气的作用。

This jacket is just my size.这件夹克衫正合我的尺码。

He is just a child他仅仅是一个孩子。

I just want to talk to you.我只是想和你谈谈。

②.just own意为“刚才”相当于a moment ago,.常用于句来，用于一般过去时态的句子中。

I met one of my friends in the street just now.我刚才在街上遇到了我的一个朋友。

③just then意为“就在那时”。

Just then, someone knocked at the door.就在那时，有人敲门。

中考●链接I'm not hungry because I have ______had lunch.A.everB. neverC. justD. still解析:我们可用“前后照应法”解答此题。

ever"曾经”;never“从不”;just“刚才，刚刚”;sill 还;仍”。

由主句句意“我不饿”可推知从句句意应为“因为我刚吃过午饭”。

故选C。

答案:C2.Why?为什么? (教材第6页)这是一个省略问句，其完整形式是"Why did you cat my food?。

why引导的特殊疑问句用来询问原因，通常用because (因为)引导的句子来回答。

牛津译林八年级下册8BUnit1 知识梳理一、重点词汇：1. 时态标志词：一般现在时：from time to time=at times一般过去时：in the past现在进行时：at present现在完成时：in/during/over the past/last XX years / just /since /ever /over the years before (在句末，副词) yet recently重要考点：1) already, yet, just区别already, just只能用于肯定句，yet用于否定句和疑问句just只能放在have和done中间，already可以放在have和done中间或句末，yet只能放在句末。

2) since和for的区别，since的用法since+过去时间点；since+时间段 ago；since+从句(一般过去时) ；since doingIt is 时间段 since+从句for+时间段（注意时态未必是完成时，要看有没有持续到现在）3) just和just now的区别：just是现完标志词，just now是过去时4) ever表示的曾经不同于once，是现完标志词，一般用于疑问句，位置在done前面ever句型：It is the 最高级 sth that I have ever done5) before做副词才是现完标志词，做连词不是。

2. used to用法：(1) 句型：过去常常做used to do 过去有 there used to be 过去是 used to be(2) 同义：used to=once(3) 否定形式：usedn’t to didn’t use to(4) 辨析：be used to doing 习惯于做某事 be used to do 被用来做某事3. northern:在中国北部：in the north of China=in the northern part of China4. married:(1) 注意介词：get married to sb.(2) 持续性动词：be married to(3) 变形：marry vt. marry sb. marriage n. (了解)5. in some ways 在某种程度上way的短语：in this way 用这种方法 on the way to 在去某地的路上 in one’s way 挡了某人的道by the way 顺便说一下6. interview vt. 采访，面试 n. 采访，面试考点：区分动词，名词：have interviewed sb. have interviews with sb.7. return vi. 返回 vt. 归还return to return from 不与back共用return sth. to sb.8. abroad adv. 在国外go abroad 持续性动词be abroad 前面不加介词9. exactly adv. 正是，没错考查变形：exact-exactly考查中文提示：正是如此，确切地考查情景交际。

8AU1Gramma: present perfect tense（Good afternoon, boys and girls.welcome to my class.I'm very happy to be here and learn English with you . Today we will learn the grammar part in unit one.）Step1.New words（新授单词）yet /jet/ adv.还，仍recently /ri:sntli/ adv.近来，最近past /pa:st/ adj.过去的already/ɔ:lˈredɪ/adv.已经（At the begining,let’s learn some new words.Read after me/follow me.Now can you please practice these words for yourself ?And next i will check your pronunciation.Now let’s start.5 miniutes for you.time is up.Now please look at the blackboard.Who wants to try?/Any volunteers?/(Don’t be nervous./Come on,you can do it./Just have a try.It doesn’t matter if you make any mistakes.Jessica please.Good/Very good/great/well done/,Sit please.I think you have already mastered this one.）Step2.Lead in(新课导入)I have lived here since I was born.We have lived in this area since then.Now the government has turned part of the town centre into a new park.It has become impossible for us to see each other as often as before.（Invite students to read sentences using present perfect tense before the class.You know, recently,our friend Millie had an interview with Mr Chen to know something about Sunshine Town. Mr Chen, n native of Sunshine Town, offered some information as follows.Now I’d like to Invite someone to read sentences using present perfect tense. Who can read them for us?OK Jessica please. ... Thank u Jessica!）Step3.present perfect tense（现在完成时）1.The structure of present perfect tense.have/has ＋past participle(pp)1.1regular verbWe form the past participles of rugular verbs by adding -ed,just as what we do to form the simple past tenseof these verbs.1.2Irregular verbWe form the past participles of irrugular verbs differently.Here are some examples.Tip：Turn to pages122 and 123 for more changes of irregular verbs.➢Practice1:Write the past participles of the following verbs(After reading these sentences, ask students to find the structure of these sentences with present perfect tense.have/has+doneOkay guys, can u find some similarities among these sentences?/Can you find the same stucture?Halen,you please.yeah,the verb is different.what’s the structure?They all have "have/has+done(past participle)"You are very good at observation! When we see "have/has ＋past participle(pp)" in one sentence, we call it present perfect tense.When can we use have?Some students may answer .when the subject is I/we/you/they,we can use have in thesentances.Of course you are right.You are so clever.And if the subject is a plural form.We use have too.When can we use has?when the subject is he\she\it.That’s right,very good.When the subject is uncountable noun and Third-person singular ,we use has.Next question.1.1 regular verbWhat is past participle?Let’s leaarn about it.When we need to form the past participles.We must divided verbs into two groups.The fist one,look at the screen:regular verbs .And the other one is irregular verbs. The first one,we add ed after the verb.For examples....The second one,verbs ending in e,we add d after the verb.For examples.....Next one,Verbs ending in a consonant + y,y into i than add ed.For examples.....The last one,Short verbs ending in a vowel +a consonant.double the consonant,than add ed.For examples.... So,these are the regular verbs.1.2 Irregular verbNext one,irregular verbs.Now you have some time to read all these verbs.Maybe they are irregular verbs.Maybe they are regular verbs.You can open your book and turn to pages122 and 123 for more changes of irregular verbs.Then we will do some exercise to practise how to form the past participles verbs.➢Practice1:Write the past participles of the following verbs（Are you ready?Let’s go.Look at the screen.There is a table.All of the verbs are divided into two groups.On the left is regular verbs.The words on the right are irregular verbs.So you have some time to finish the exercise.To form the past participles of given verbs.5minutes for you.Let’s start with the left one.The first one,borrow,borrowed.What about hope？Yes,e,so we just add d at the end of the word,hoped.Next one.plan,double the consonant,than add ed,planned.cry,y into i than add ed,cried.watch-watched,enjoy enjoyed.Let’s check it.Are your answers right?I think you are right.Then next one the words on the right.make is an irregular verb,make-made.Next one get,change the vowel,get-got.Next one,send,change the consonant,sent.Next one,say,maybe you have learnt before.The past participle of say is said.Next one grow,The past participle of grow is grown.Very good!The last one,no change,hit-hit.So let’s check it.Are you right?This is the first point-the structure.The secongd one,we’ll learn how to use it.It’s a question.Look at this one.）2.The usage of present perfect tense（时态概念举例说明）1）We use the present perfect tense to talk about an action that started in the past and continues to the present.（表示过去的某一动作一直持续到现在。

8B Unit 1一掌握下面的短语和句型：(Comic strip and Welcome to the unit)1.an hour ago 一个小时前（用于一般过去时）2.(1) not… any more 不再(2) want to do sth 想要干某事(3) play with 和……一起玩，玩弄3.time (1) “时代”，常用复数。

The times are different.时代不同了。

(2)“时间”，不可数名词。

短语和句型：(1) at that time 在那时；at times = from time to time有时；all the time 一直；at the same time 同时；at a time 一次；in time 及时；on time 按时；in no time 立刻，很快；once upon a time 从前(2)It’s time (for sb.) to do sth. 是（某人）做某事的时间了。

(Reading, Vocabulary)1.in fact 事实上2.marry 结婚，娶，嫁（1）marry sb. ＝be/get married to与……结婚（2）be /get married 结婚3.move to 搬到……4.change a lot 变化很大5.in the past 在过去6.Chinese medicine shop 中药店7.turn into （使）变成8.play cards 打牌，打扑克9.play Chinese chess 下棋10.once 从前11.take off （飞机等）起飞land （飞机等）着陆12.It is … to do sth. 做某事是……。

（不定式作主语）13.lonely （情感上）孤独的，寂寞的。

可作表语和定语。

alone （处境上）单独的（地），独立的（地）。

可作表语和状语。

译林版英语八年级下册第一单元现在完成时讲解及练习8B Unit 1Past and Present（第一课时）Grammar I )研究目的】初步认识和了解现在完成时的构成和用法。

课前准备】一、查字典，写出下列单词的意思,并且熟记他们。

（★★★）1、already _____________2、yet ________________3、just ___________________4、ever _________________5、never _____________6、before _________________7、since three years ago _______________8、for three years ______________二、写出下列动词的过去式和过去分词，同时也要熟记。

1、teach_______ ________2、bring _______ ________3、get _______ ________t4、know _______ ________5、grow_______ ________6、find_______ ________7、hold _______ ________8、show_______ ________9、keep_______ ________10、leave_______ ________11、lose_______ ________12、run_______ ________13、swim_______ ________14、drive_______ ________ 15、begin_______ ________三、尝试着阅读下面的知识链接，看看是否可以理解。

知识链接】现在完成时的“完成用法”和“未完成用法”一、现在完成时的结构：助动词have / has +动词的过去分词( Past Participle )其中have / has为助动词,因而它的否定和疑问句形式全部由have / has进行变化。

现在完成时（Present perfect tense）一、结构：1.肯定句：主语+ 助动词动词的过去分词+---.eg. I have seen the film. She has eaten the apple.2.否定句：主语+ 动词的过去分词+---.eg. I haven’t seen the film. She hasn’t eaten the apple.3.一般疑问句：助动词Have/ Has + 主语+ 动词的过去分词+---？eg. Have you seen the film? Has she eaten the apple?二、意义：1.表示过去发生或完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。

常用的时间状语为：already（已经）, yet（还，尚未）, ever（曾经）, never（从未）,just（刚刚）, before（以前）, recently（最近）,2.表示过去已经开始，一直持续到现在的动作或状态（可能还将继续延续下去）。

常用的时间状语为：for + 一段时间（长达一段时间）, since last night（自从昨晚以来）, since I was born（自从我出生以来），over the years（这些年来）, in the past 10 years（在过去的10年里）, so far(迄今为止)，How long, etc.3.表示一个动作直到现在已经发生了多少次。

常用的时间状语为：once(一次), twice(两次), three times(三次), How many times(几次), etc.三.过去分词（V.pp）：1.规则动词的过去分词：和过去式一样，在末尾加“ed”;2.不规则动词的过去分词：参照P122~123不规则动词表。

预习练习一．预习P13动词的过去分词构成方法，并写出下列动词的过去式和过去分词：Regular verbs（规则动词）Irregular verbs（不规则动词）1.travel--- --- 16.be--- ---2.visit --- --- e--- ---3.stop--- --- 18.do--- ---4.chat --- --- 19.go--- ---5.move--- --- 20.see--- ---6.change--- --- 21.give--- ---7.study--- --- 22.put--- ---8.stay --- --- 23.make--- ---9.carry--- --- 24.write--- ---10.try--- --- 25.hold--- ---11.enjoy --- --- 26.lend--- ------ --- 27.catch--- ---13.wait --- --- 28.forget--- ---14.plan --- --- 29.fall--- ---15.rain --- --- 30.draw--- ---二．翻译下列时间状语：1.已经，尚未 3.刚刚 4.以前 5.曾经6.从未9.自从上星期以来10.自从两天前11.自从我们来到无锡12.多少次13.迄今为止14.在过去的5年里三．用现在完成时完成下列句子，并在时间状语下面加下划线：1. Kate ________________ (be) ill for three days.2. I ___________________ (write) a letter to my pen friend recently.3.We _______________________ (study) in Yuqi Junior Middle School since 2010.4.The train __________ just _______________ (leave) the station.5.The twins __________________ (live) here since they were born in 1997.6.Grandpa _________ never _____________ (eat) KFC.7.Spring _____________________ (come) here already.8.__________ you ever ___________ (see) this film before? Yes, I ___________.9.________ Millie ___________ (do) her homework yet? No, she ____________.10.Nothing strange __________ ever ________________ (happen) to our town.11.No one ______________________(visit) Mars so far.12.There _______________________(be) great changes in the past 20 years.13.---How long _________ the Blacks ______________(stay) in China?---For two weeks. They will stay here for another two weeks.14.---How many times ________ Helen __________(travel) by ship? ---Only once.。

八年级英语下册8B unit1知识点&语法汇总重点单词1. present n. 现在，目前；礼物→ adj.目前的，现在的→ vt.呈现；赠送2. pollutionn. 污染；污染物→ pollute vt. 污染3. waste n. 废料；废品→ vt.浪费4. impossible adj. 不可能的→ possible adj.可能的5. communicate vi. & vt. 交流；传达→ communication n. 交流；交际6. exactly adv. 正是，没错→ exact adj. 精确的7. married adj. 已婚的→ marry vt. &vi. 结婚8. recently adv. 近来，最近→ recent ad j. 最近的9. northern adj.北方的，北部的→ north n. 北方st adv. 最近，上一次；最后→ adj. 最后的；最近的；最新的→ vi. 持续，维持词汇详解1.since课本例句：Sure. I’ve lived here since I was born用法解析：since,conj\prep “自…以来”过去的时间点since 1990, since last year 现在完成时+ since + 时间段+ago since three years ago句子（一般过去时）since I went to school 例：Since 1998, we have lived here.He has lived here since he was born.since “既然，由于”例：Since everyone is here, let’s begin our class.2.pastn. 过去，以前；in the past 在过去adj. 过去的，以前的；in the past few years 在过去的几年里prep. 经过walk past the post office走过邮局In the past, there was no underground in Nanjing.Let’s not make the past mistakes.When I walk past the post office, I see a bird flying over the tree.3.presentadj.现在的; 目前的; 出席的n.现在; 礼物; at present 现在；a present for you=a gift for you给你的礼物vt.介绍; 出现; 提出; 赠送;Everyone can be present ed a present at present.4.just 和just nowjust是副词，与现在完成时连用。

八年级英语8B Unit 1 Past and presentGrammar译林版【本讲教育信息】一. 教学内容：8B Unit 1 Past and presentGrammar二. 教学目标：掌握Unit1的语法: Present perfect tense 现在完成时的用法（一）基本概念1、定义现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。

2、构成：have (has) +过去分词。

规则变化的过去分词与过去式的变化一样，在动词词尾加ed; 不规则变化的过去分词见不规则动词表，需要同学们记忆。

3、句型：现以see the film为例将现在完成时的肯定句，否定句和疑问句列表如下：肯定句：I/You/We/They have seen the film. He/She /It has seen the film.否定句：I/You/We/They have not/ haven’t seen the film.He/ She/It has not/hasn’t seen the film.疑问句：Have I/you/they seen the film? Yes, you/ we/I/they have. No, you/ we/I/they haven’t.Has he/she/it seen the film? Yes, he/ she/ it has. No, he/ she/ it hasn’t.（二）用法：现在完成时既涉及过去，又联系现在。

用法一：表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。

常与just（刚刚），already（已经），never（从来没有），ever（曾经），before（以前），yet（仍然），once （一次），twice（两次），many times（很多次），how many times（多少次），so far（迄今为止），during the past（last）three years（最近三年来）等连用。

英语语法什么是时间副词时间副词是用来描述动作、事件或状态发生的时间的词语。

它们可以帮助我们更准确地表达和理解时间的概念。

以下是一些常见的英语时间副词的例子：1. 现在时间副词：- Now（现在）- Currently（目前）- Presently（目前）- Today（今天）- Tonight（今晚）- This week/month/year（本周/本月/今年）2. 过去时间副词：- Yesterday（昨天）- Last week/month/year（上周/上个月/去年）- In the past（过去）- Previously（以前）- Back then（当时）3. 将来时间副词：- Tomorrow（明天）- Next week/month/year（下周/下个月/明年）- In the future（将来）- Soon（很快）- Later（稍后）4. 频率副词（表示动作的频率）：- Always（总是）- Often（经常）- Sometimes（有时）- Occasionally（偶尔）- Rarely（很少）- Never（从不）5. 持续时间副词（表示动作或状态的持续时间）：- For（持续时间，例如：for two hours）- Since（自从某个时间点以来，例如：since yesterday）- All day/night/week（整天/整晚/整周）- Continuously（持续不断地）- Non-stop（不停地）6. 顺序副词（表示动作发生的顺序）：- First（首先）- Then（然后）- Next（接下来）- After（在...之后）- Finally（最后）- Eventually（最终）7. 速度副词（表示动作的速度）：- Quickly（快速地）- Slowly（慢慢地）- Rapidly（迅速地）- Gradually（逐渐地）- Steadily（稳定地）这些时间副词可以帮助我们更准确地描述事件发生的时间、频率、持续时间以及顺序。

现在完成时现在完成时我们从以下几个方面来梳理现在完成时的用法1.现在完成时的"完成用法"1) 现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。

例如：He has turned off the light. 他已把灯关了。

(动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。

)2)也可表示到现在为止多次发生的动作。

e.g. He has watched the film twice. 他已经看过两次这部电影了。

2.现在完成时的"未完成用法"现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。

例如：He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。

现 在 完 成 时 含义 结构 时间状语 过去分词 句式转换句型 与一般过去时的区别 延续vs 非延续 Since & for have been to have gone to have been in(动作起始于1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。

)I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。

(动作开始于5年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。

)此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导)，或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如：up to now，so far到目前为止)等。

例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。

注意：(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词，即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。

如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。

现在完成时的常见频率副词现在完成时是英语语法中的一种时态，用于表示过去发生的动作或事件对现在产生的影响或结果。

在使用现在完成时的句子中，常常会使用频率副词来描述动作的频率，以下是现在完成时常见的频率副词。

1. always（总是）例句：I have always wanted to visit France.（我一直想去法国。

）2. often（经常）例句：She has often seen that movie.（她经常看那部电影。

）3. frequently（频繁地）例句：They have frequently traveled to Europe.（他们频繁地去欧洲旅行。

）4. sometimes（有时候）例句：He has sometimes forgotten his keys.（他有时候忘记钥匙。

）5. occasionally（偶尔）例句：We have occasionally met at the gym.（我们偶尔在健身房碰面。

）6. rarely（很少）例句：He has rarely been late for work.（他很少迟到上班。

）7. never（从不）例句：She has never traveled abroad.（她从未出国旅行过。

）8. ever（曾经）例句：Have you ever eaten sushi?（你曾经吃过寿司吗？）9. already（已经）例句：They have already finished their homework.（他们已经完成了作业。

）10. not yet（还没有）例句：She has not yet received the package.（她还没有收到包裹。

）11. recently（最近）例句：I have recently started learning guitar.（我最近开始学吉他。

）12. lately（近来）例句：He has been playing video games a lot lately.（他最近一直在玩电子游戏。

Unit 1 of 8B讲义：重点语法：现在完成时一、定义：①指过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果；②指过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。

二、结构：have / has + vpp. 常见的时间状语有：before / never/already/ yet/ever/just/recently/twice/ for + 时间段, since +时间点(丛句)等。

三、注意以下几点：1. 短暂性动词不能与表示持续的时间状语连用，他们要作以下变化才能for或since连用：e—2.leave—3.buy—4.borrow—5.die—6.get up—7.join— ( )8.become— 9.begin—①arrive at/in sw. get to/reach sw. come/go/move to sw.→ be in sw./at school/at home/on the farm/be here/be there②come/go back, return → be back come/go out → be out③become → be④close → be closed open → be open⑤get up → be up die → be dead leave sw. → be away from sw.fall asleep/get to sleep → be asleep finish/end → be overmarry → be married⑥start/begin to do sth. → do sth.begin → be on⑦borrow → keep lose → not have buy → have put on → wearcatch/get a cold → have a cold get to know → know⑧have/has gone to → have been in⑨join the league/the Party/the army→ be a league/a Party member/a soldier→ be a member of the league/the Party→ be in the league/the Party/the army2. have (has) been to (去过)have (has) gone to (去了)have (has) been in (在)/3. It’s + 时间 + since + 从句（过去时）的用法。