Victorian Poetry

英语古诗知识点总结IntroductionEnglish poetry has a long and rich history that has evolved over centuries. From its beginnings in Old English with the epic poems of Beowulf and Caedmon, to the Romantic and Victorian eras with poets like William Wordsworth and Lord Byron, English poetry has seen many changes in form, style, and themes. This evolution has been influenced by historical events, cultural shifts, and the work of individual poets who have pushed the boundaries of poetic expression. In this essay, we will explore the key developments in English poetry and the knowledge points that have shaped the art form we know today.Old English PoetryThe earliest form of English poetry can be traced back to the Anglo-Saxon period, which lasted from the 5th century to the Norman Conquest in 1066. The most famous example of Old English poetry is the epic poem Beowulf, which tells the tale of a heroic warrior who battles monsters and dragons. This period also saw the work of Caedmon, who is often considered the first known English poet. Old English poetry typically used a form of alliterative verse, where the first stressed syllable in a line is alliterative with one or more of the following stressed words. The themes of Old English poetry were often centered around heroism, fate, and the struggle between good and evil.Middle English PoetryFollowing the Norman Conquest, the English language underwent significant changes, and by the 14th century, Middle English had emerged as a distinct form of the language. This period saw the development of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, which is considered one of the greatest works in English literature. Chaucer's use of iambic pentameter and rhyming couplets helped to popularize these forms of poetry in English literature.The Renaissance and Elizabethan PoetryThe Renaissance period saw a revival of interest in classical literature and the arts, and this influenced the development of English poetry. During the Elizabethan era, poets like Sir Philip Sidney, Edmund Spenser, and William Shakespeare produced some of the most enduring works in English poetry. Sonnets became a popular form of poetry during this time, and Shakespeare's sonnets in particular are still widely studied and admired for their emotional depth and lyrical beauty.The Metaphysical PoetsIn the 17th century, a group of poets known as the Metaphysical poets emerged, including John Donne, George Herbert, and Andrew Marvell. These poets were known for their use of complex metaphors, extended metaphysical conceits, and paradoxes. Their poetry oftenexplored themes of love, religion, and the nature of existence, and their innovative approaches to language and form had a lasting impact on English poetry.The Romantic EraThe Romantic period in English literature, which lasted from the late 18th century to the mid-19th century, saw a renewed focus on nature, emotion, and the individual. Poets like William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Percy Bysshe Shelley were central figures of this movement. Their poetry celebrated the beauty of the natural world, the power of the imagination, and the importance of individual experience. The Romantic poets also experimented with new forms of poetry, such as the ode and the lyric ballad, and their work had a profound influence on subsequent generations of poets.The Victorian EraThe Victorian era, which followed the Romantic period, saw the rise of poets like Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Robert Browning, and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Victorian poetry often reflected the social and political concerns of the time, addressing issues such as industrialization, urbanization, and the changing role of women in society. The Victorian poets also experimented with different poetic forms and techniques, and their work reflected a wide range of themes and styles.The Modernist MovementThe early 20th century saw the emergence of the modernist movement in English poetry, which was characterized by a break from traditional forms and a focus on innovation and experimentation. Poets like T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and W.B. Yeats were key figures in this movement, and their work pushed the boundaries of poetic expression. Modernist poetry often featured fragmented narratives, unconventional imagery, and a rejection of traditional rhyme and meter.Contemporary PoetryIn the latter half of the 20th century and into the 21st century, English poetry has continued to evolve and diversify. The Beat poets, the confessional poets, and the spoken word movement have all made significant contributions to the art form. Contemporary poets continue to explore new themes, forms, and styles, and English poetry remains a dynamic and vibrant form of artistic expression.ConclusionThe evolution of English poetry is a testament to the enduring power and flexibility of the art form. From its origins in the epic poetry of the Anglo-Saxon period to the innovative and experimental work of contemporary poets, English poetry has continued to adapt and evolve in response to shifting cultural, social, and artistic trends. By understanding the key developments in English poetry and the knowledge points that have shaped its history, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the diversity and richness of this literary tradition.。

THE VICTORIAN AGE (1832-1900)- Historical introduction and general characteristicsThe name of Victorian Age comes from Queen Victoria (1819-1901). She became queen of England and Ireland and the Empress of India when she was very young. She married with Prince Albert who was her cousin. They had 9 children and they married with other European royal families.In 1861 Prince Albert died and Edward, his son, became king when he was 60. Q. Victoria was admired and loved by British people because she introduced a period of stability to Britain, industrialisation and Imperialism.The way of life changed completely: A way based on the ownership of land to a modern urban economy based on trade and manufacturing. This was a time of progress: the telegraph, rail ways, photography, the sewing machine, great manufacturing cities (Manchester, the industrial north cities of England).The imperialism: this is a country of traders, new dominios appeared. More than a quarter of the world was British. Britain also had a very important fleet, which carry the goods to the metropolitan.- Periods:1.- Early Victorian (1832-1848):Technological development and the opening of the reform parliament.The Reform Bill: it was a response to the demands of middle classes, who were taking control of England's economy. It extended the right to vote to all males owning property worth £ 10 or more in annual rent.The State had a system of economic liberalism in which the State doesn't participate in the rules of economy, industry work. There were many abuses from industrialists and manufactures.Gradually there was a great conscious in the society of children's work. The state told that children between 9-14 years could only work no more than 12 hours a day. The working class lived in Slums (neighbourhood very poor).The abolition of the Corn Laws because there were high tariffs established to protect English farm products from having to compete with low prized products imported from abroad. This is the end of protectionism.T here were also a group of reforms who were called the Chartists, they wrote “the people'scharter” (1838). It was a kind of people rights. They asked for a Universal Manhood suffrage.2.- Mid Victorian (1848-70):Because of the new inventions this is a period of prosperity (agriculture, industry...). in 1851 was “The Great Exhibition” in the Chrystal Palace, London. It shows the new inventions and congratulations of English empire.In this period there were a confrontation of ideas:Utilitarianism: it is a theory based on the idea that the rightness or wrongness of an action is determined by whether its consequences are conductive to general utility. The main thinker was Jeremy Bentham (Wrote about social happiness. He believed that individuals acted by self-interest). The utilitarians applied this idea for all the institutions, for everything.Opposed to the utilitarianism: Thomas Carlyle, he thought that intellect had limitations and couldn't explain everything and he turned to the humanism soul, a sort of religious belief was necessary to explain things.It was a group of writers who were shocked for the condition of living in some parts of England and they wrote a series of novels, “condition of England Novels” they were about living in the slums and they critiqued the oppression of working class.Elisabeth Gaskell´s “North and South” and Benjamin Disraelis “Sybil of the two nations”3.- Late Victorian: (1870-1900):The U.K. had more competitors in trade, e.g. The United States and Germany which was becoming an empire.It is a period in which workers began to join in associations, which are called trade unions. The first workers who went together were miners and textile workers. A very important association until today is called The Trade Union Congress (1868), which is the assembly of all the associations. From here we have an order of workers and a political party, Labour Party (1906)GENERAL CHARASTERISTICS OF VICTORIAN LITERATURE1. - Prose: The beginning of a new kind of prose, the lyric prose, is a prose that not only communicate ideas, it express it beautifully. In this time the readers wanted for advice from authority and some writers provided advise, people needed a guide. E.g. Thomas Carlyle, John Henry Newman, Mathew Arnold. It's full of prepositions because of this didactic style and parallelisms.2. - Poetry: It was considered superior than prose, novel theatre. They said that the writing of agenius must be poetry. There were two main romantic inheritances in poetry:1.- the use of retrospective forms: archaic language. They revived many old forms (particularly the mixture of lyric and elegy which influenced others forms like epigram).2.- experimentation with genres. Some poets continued the movement of colloquial diction into poetry (Robert Browning)3. - Novel: The main theme is man in society (family, business, friends...). they don't speak abut the past, speak about things that were happening in that time. (Dickens, Brontës).4. - Drama: Theatre had a little importance (Oscar Wilde, George Bernal Shawn)THE BRONTËS- Charlotte Brontë (1816-1855)- Emily Brontë (1818-1848)- Anne Brontë (1820-1849)Their father, Patrick Brontë was a clergyman in Yorkshire. He had six children, his mother died very soon. The four eldest were sent to a boarding school. The two eldest died of tuberculosis so the four children that remain were educated at home.He encouraged the children to learn by their own. Mr Brontë discussed poetry, history and politics with his children. The children themselves created a world of fantasy. Mr. Brontë gave his son a book of wooden soldiers, the soldiers became for them the centres of an increasingly elaborate set of manuscripts. They created new countries like Angria, Gondal. They wrote little novels of these imaginary countries.They worked as teachers and governess and they wanted to set up their own school. They wen to Brussels to study language.Branwell (the brother) was a very talented as a writer and painter, he took drugs and alcohol and died in 1848. In the funeral Emily caught a cold and it developed into tuberculosis and died in December, a year late Anne also died.- Charlotte Brontë: “Jane Eyre”, the novel examines many sides of the circumstances of women show a new move towards freedom ad equality.- Emily Brontë: “Wuthering Heights”, it is a novel of passion, an early psychological novel.- Anne Brontë: “The Tenant of Wildfell Hall” With an unusual central female character andinvolving complex relationships and problems.CHARLES DICKENSHe was born in the south of England, his father was a clerk, he went to prison and Dickens had to work in a factory (blacking workhouse) when he was 12 years old. He lived in different parts of London and knew poverty and London slums. He used this material in his novels.He became a reporter, he worked in many magazines and published in one of these magazines several sketches of the life and manners of the time these were together in one volume “Sketches by Boz”.He was asked to write “The Pickwick Papers” in 20 monthly numbers. He published his novels by instalments, he had to maintain the interest of the readers in order they want to read the following chapters. While he was writing the novel knew how was the reaction of the people, what people preferred and he could change the direction of the novel. Many critics think that the novels published in this way have a loose structure.He got married Catherine Hogarth, they had ten children, the couple separated because he had an affair with an actress. He went to America twice making them read his novels. He left his last novel unfinished.Sentimental work:- “Oliver Twist” (1837-38): it shows a great concern about social problems. He had very strong opinions against the factories in which children worked. It is a story of a poor boy that worked in a factory and describes his situation. He went away and discovered a band of thieves who taught him to be a thief. The novel is a mixture of melodrama and realism.- “The curiosity shop” (1840-41):This is the story of little Nell, a girl who lives with her grandfather. Her grandparent borrows money to a miser who takes the shop because he can't pay. They have to go away because the miser persecuted them.- “A Christmas Carol”: Scrooge a very bad miser received the visit of 3 ghosts which show past, present and the following Christmas and showed how bad he is.- “David Copperfield” (1949-50): The hero David, becomes the kind of success which Victorians admired, he is rich, he marries, and a general sense of happy ending is given. This novel was based in part of Dickens's own childhood and his success.Works after 1850:- “Bleak house”: it is a satire of the delays of law. It's a process which never ends.- “Hard Times”: it is an attack on capitalism, society and industrial life.- “A Tale of cities”: historical novel on the French revolution.- “ Great expectations”: it is about an orphan who has a secret benefactor. He help a prisoner to escape, the convict later helps him.General characteristics:He saw the world as a fresh experience. He had an extraordinary range of language, he could use colloquial and formal language. Great characters and intense emotionalism.THOMAS HARDY: “Far for the Madding Crowd”The tittle comes from the poem “Elegy written in a country churchyard”. It was published in 1874 in a magazine in serial form. He had to write in the way the readers wanted to know what was going to happen in the next chapter. It had a great success. When it was published he was 33 years old and it was his 4th novel.All Hardy's novels are settled in Wessex (the south west of England where there are a lot of counties, it is an imaginary noun).Hardy was very pessimistic and the main theme of his novels is the struggle of man against the indifferent forces that rule the world, his novels are tragic.In the first chapter, there is an introduction of the two main characters: Gabriel Oak and Bathseba; it is located in the countryside, rural setting.The narrator is omniscient, he controls everything. They are confident, they are sure of them. He goes through the novel controlling the novel, he could also change the point of view.Man in society is the main characteristic of Victorian novels. Gabriel is seen from the point of view of others.The basic idea is that he was just an ordinary man: Hardy conveys these ideas offering images of behaviour.GEORGE ELIOT (1819-1880)Her name was Mary Ann Evans, she used a pseudonym for his publications. She was born in the Church of England. At the school she converted into Methodism, which is very strict in words. She was a very cultivate woman, she was agnostic because of her intellectual formation. She translated religious texts and the critic about it. She was strongly influenced by religious concepts of love, morals, duty and behaviour.She became the assistant editor of a magazine, “The Westmister Review”. She felt strongly in love with the editor but this love was not reciprocated. Later she felt in love with Herbert Spencer but again this relation didn't go well. She met another writer G.H. Lewis, they felt in love and they went to live together until Lewis' death(1878). When he died she married her financial adviser (two years later) and seventeenth months later she died.Works:She translated many religious books. She knew Italian, German... she translated Feverbach's “Essence of Christianity”. It is important because she agreed with Feverbach view that religious beliefs are an imaginative necessity of man and a projection of his interest.Her novels were published by instalments. She has been considered the first modern English novelist.In the first generation the writers considered themselves as providers of advise and public entertainers. They wrote books to enjoy and offer them some advice. The new writers of the second generation took their job very seriously, they considered themselves as novelists, professional writers.Eliot takes her works seriously as novelists, the structure has to be perfect. She was a moral writer in the sense that she believed that the responsibility for a man's life and fate lay firmly on the individual and his moral choices. The individual has to decide in every situation and has the responsibility of his life. But the individual decisions are not external.She wrote: “Adam Bede”, “The Mill on the floss”, “Silas Marner”, “Romola, “Felix Holt”, “Middlemarch”, “Daniel Deronda”.We can represent her novels in two circles:“Middlemarch”: It was published in a serialised for. It is considered a masterpiece. The tittle is the changed name of a city where the action happens, Middlemarch is the provincial of Coventry. This novel is set during the years of the 1st reform bill. It has a multiple plot, with many arguments, several interlocking sets of characters, so she created a network that enclosed the whole life of this city.One of the stories is the story of Dorothea Brooke and Mr. Casaubon. She is an intelligent idealistic young woman and married Mr. Casaubon (a pedant). She wants to share her husband's world. When she married she realized that her husband has plans but didn't worked at them, she loses the respect of him. She begins to fell in love with Ladislaw.Another history is Dr. Lydgate, a young and very ambitious man who had plans, he wants to stablish professionally. A very beautiful woman plans to marry him, her name was Rosamand.They married but it didn't go well because she is materialist and selfish. He gets involved in some problems. In a determined point, Dorothe sees Rosemand and Ladislaw together and she decides not to love him.All the characters Know each other, at the end all the plots have relation between them, it makes a perfect portrait.THOMAS HARDY (1840-1928)He was born in Dorchester. His father was a stonemason and he worked as an apprentice to several architects, learning the profession. He began to write poetry and in the period of 1870-3 he published his first three novels, his great success came with his fourth novel, “Far from the Madding Crowd” (1874). Then he left architecture for novel writer. The most important novels that he published are “The return of the native” (1878), “The major of Casterbridge”(1886), “Tess of the D'urbervilless” (1891), and “Jude de Obscure” (1896).He became a very well known figure in London. His works were very tragic. The critics criticised his two last novels, they said that they were very immoral and pessimistic and because of this he abandoned the fiction novels and wro te only poetry, such as “Wessex Poems” (1898). He called himself “meliorist” and said that the world could be better by human effort. He received a honorary degree from Cambridge University.Work:The main theme is the struggle of man against the indifferent forces that rule the world: how people suffer because of fate who are more powerful than him. The disparity between the things that people wanted to be and the things that actually they are, between human ambition and fate. The fate is completely eternal and is important, also the social conditions.The characters are not the masters of their own fate but they can achieve dignity by endurance. He offers some sense of human in the description of rural characters.“Wesssex” is the name he gave to the south west of England. He changed the names of the places, the villages are real but the name is invented.“Tess of the D'urbervilless” : Tess is a country girl who is seduced by Alec, a rich young man, she gets pregnant and Alec leaves her. The child dies so she is very miserable, she has to work as a maid. She meets another man, angel, who is the son of a priest and they married. In the wedding night, Tess told about Alec and Angel abandoned her.Tess has to accept to become the mistress of Alec because of her bad situation. Angel returns to look for his wife, but Tess and Alec are living together. Tess gets mad and kills Alec. She is hung because of this.OSCAR WILDE (1854-1900)He was born in Dublin. His father was a very famous surgeon and his mother was a very well known poetess in Dublin. She was very controversial, provocative, excentric and Oscar had her influence. He was very estrange physically: tall, fattish, big dreamy eyes, too fleshy, big mouth, at the same time he was beautiful and awful. He dressed extravagantly because he didn't feel ashamed of his appearance.He learnt from his mother how to be funny courageous and he was a transgressor (to break the rules of society). He went to Oxford and he was a very good student. He caught syphilis from a prostitute. At the age of 29 he married Constance Lloyd. They had 2 children but soon Constance was a very sexual object for him. He convinced his wife to stop having sexual relationships, but they continued living together.By this time he wrote books of poems, tales, fairy stories. He was an excellent conversationalist, he speaks beautifully, funny, witty. Some writers said he looked like disgusted at first impression. Under this image, superficial, trivial, he was transcendent, he belonged to a poetical movement called Aestheticism whose motto is art for art sake.In 1891 Oscar met Lord Alfred Douglas (Basic) who was 21 years and Oscar 37. Basic was a young rich selfish, conceited, frivolous, cruel man. Oscar felt in love desperately in love with basic, who introduced him to the world of underground and make Oscar's life very awful. Oscar tried to leave him but he couldn't because he loved him and Bosie threatened Oscar to suicide if Oscar left him. Bosie's father was the marquis of Queensberry, he knew the relation between them and they became enemies.Meanwhile Oscar published his only novel “The portrait of Dorian Gray”, is a sort of gothic novel. Dorian wanted to be young forever. He wanted to try forbidden things.The real success came with his plays: “Lady Wardermere's fan” (1892); “A woman of no importance (1893); “An ideal husband” (1895); “The importance of being Earnest” (1895). ð Witty, funny, word plays, paradoxes.15 days after the streno of the last play Bosies's father left a note in Oscar's club accusing him of being sodomite. Oscar didn't want to answer. Bosie told Oscar to take his father to court because of difamation. The case was a hopeless case, because during the trial all the things they had done appeared and Oscar was arrested and taken to a jury. During this second case all the people he had met in the underground come to the court and told all the things they had done.He was sent to prison. Two years of force labour and his name was a matter of shame. His novels were retired of libraries; his novels never were represented again. His wife changed her surname and her child's. After 2 years he was a broken man and his friends took him to France. Oscar accepted to see Bosie again, who left him when discovered that Oscar didn't write and had lost his glamour.“The Ballad of Reading Gaol” (1898) about his prison experience.The last work published after his death “De Profundis” (1905) is a letter to reproche to Bosie, a confession.ALFRED, LORD TENNYSONHe is the Victorian poet, he wrote the model of Victorian poetry. Queen Victoria was an admirer. She was a widow for 40 years and found consolation in Tennynson's poetry. He is the poet of love and loss.His father was a priest, he was the fourth of twelve children. Their father taught them privately: classical language, philosophy, reading. He went to Cambridge and became friend of a group of artists and writers. One of them was Arthur Hallan, who was his confident, adviser, closest friend. He became engaged Arthur's sister, but died at the age of 22 and this provoqued a great depression in Tennynson, it was the origin of the poem “In Memorian” (1850)Before 1850 he had written many books of poems although they didn't became famous. He became Poet Laureate; before this publication he had the recognition of his works and it gave him a lot of money.Works:“Poems, chiefly lyrical” (1830); “in Memorian” (1850);“The charge of the light Brigade”(1854): it is inspirited on a piece of news on the newspaper about the soldiers who died in the Crimean War.“Maud” (1855): It is a monologue and best seller“Idylls of King” (1859): It is about King Arthur.General characteristics of his literature:Great virtuosity of technique. He studied the poetry of his predecessors and achieved a great technique.He had a great capacity to link scenarios to states of mind. His vision of nature is not idealistic as romantics. He prefers rural things rather than urban.Preoccupation with the problems of his days: about technological changes, he thought that it was positive but he was very worried because of horrors of industrialism (slums, working conditions, working of the children).He was an admirer of Yeats.“In Memorian”He started it in 1833. It is a series of poems put together around the same theme: the death of his friend. More than an elegy is a group of poems about anxieties and doubts about the meaning of life, what a rule of a man was in the world and doubts because of the death of his friend. It is a poet diary upon his reflections on this matter.ROBERT BROWNING (1812-1889)/ ELISABETH BROWNING (1806-1861)Robert is admired for two things:moral toneinnovations in poetry- Robert browning was born in London, he was the son of a banker, and educated basically at home because his father had a great library and he read a lot.At the beginning he wrote personal poems. Some critics attacked his poems and he was embarrassed because of this, so he changed his way of writing( very personal), which became more obscure.After 1936 and during ten years, he wrote plays but without success, but it was a good practice for a new model of poetry which he developed; dramatic monologue. It was his best known kind of poetry because he could write in a personal way under a character.“Dramatics Lyrics” (1842) it was the first collection of this kind of poetry.After 15 years in Italy, he and his son came back to England. He wrote “Dramatis Personae” (1864) which was a monologue; “The Ring and the Book”.- Elizabeth was a very well known poet who was semi-invalid, under the control of her father. She was kept at home, she had a tyrannical father, she was very well educated.She published “Poems” (1844) and Robert read it and enjoyed it very much and they stablished a correspondence. After a time they became engaged secretly. In 1846 they got married secretly and eloped to Italy and stayed there for 15 years. There she discovered that she wasn't invalid and they were very happy. The product of their love is “ Sonnets from the Portuguese” (1850): a sequence of forty four sonnets in which she recorded the stages of her love for Robert Browning, a sequence she presented under the guise of a translation from the Portuguese language.“Aurora Leigh”(1857)Differences between Browning and TennysonTennyson was the Victorian poet who was worried with the topics of the age. But he explored the topics of the day in a different way: faith/doubt, Good/evil.The main difference is the style. Tennyson belonged to the lyrical tradition. Browning had a more colloquial, prosaic tone, his poems are like prose.The social world within which this dilema has to be resolvedThe centre of her novelsA small group of individuals involved in a normal dilema。

英国文学选读整理资料T. S. Eliot1888-1965英国现代主义诗歌代名词◎《普鲁弗洛克的情歌》<The Love Song of J.Alfred>◎《荒原》<The Waste Land> 现代派诗歌经典之作，代表了现代诗歌创作的突出成就William Butler Yeats (1865-1939)去世后被艾略特称为我们时代最伟大的诗人。

文学体裁：诗歌poem，小说novel，戏剧dramaOrigin起源：Christianity 基督教→ bible 圣经 Myth 神话 The Romance of king Arthur and his knights 亚瑟王和他的骑士（笔记）一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类： pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作： The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗 ) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）例子： of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作： Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事 (英国文学史的开端)4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(笔记)Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(书上).歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托马斯.帕希主教代表作：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 罗宾汉和阿林代尔四、The Renaissance (16世纪) 文艺复兴时期（Greek and Roman）戏剧 drama 诗章 canto The term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences.文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴。

维多利亚时期的英国文学（19世纪）1、威廉、华兹华斯：桂冠诗人；《独自云游》《孤独的割麦女》《抒情歌谣集》最杰出的诗篇；《序曲》；2、柯勒律治：《古舟子咏》《忽必烈汗》《克里斯贝尔》3、骚赛：桂冠诗人；《Thalaba the destroyer》是骚赛最重要的长篇史诗之一；另一各是《格拉玛的诅咒》4、乔治、戈登、拜伦：《唐璜》5、雪莱：《阿多尼》，悼念济慈，英国史上最杰出的挽歌之一；《西风颂》、《解放了的普罗米修斯》《致云雀》《诗辩》(A defence of poetry)；6、约翰、济慈：《圣。

阿格尼斯节前夕》是使人最杰出的作品之一；许多颂歌：《秋颂》《夜莺颂》《希腊古翁颂》7、阿尔弗雷德、丁尼生：《Break，break，break，》；《公主》；《悼念In memoriam》英国史上最优秀的挽歌之一;8、罗伯特、布朗宁：首创dramatic monologue；《环与树》英国19世纪最杰出的长诗之一；9、伊丽莎白、布朗宁：《孩子们的哭声》；10、托马斯、昆西：《一个抽鸦片人的独白》，对詹姆斯、乔伊斯和T.S 艾略特产生一定影响；11、沃尔特、司各特：历史小说之父；12、简、奥斯汀13、勃朗特三姐妹14、乔治、艾略特：原名玛丽安、伊万斯；19世界现实主义小说的杰出代表，同时是多产且学识渊博的作家；《亚当、比的》、《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》《织工马南》《米德尔马契》15、盖斯凯尔夫人：《玛丽巴顿》；《夏洛蒂勃朗特传》16、查尔斯、狄更斯：乐观时期：《波兹特写》《匹克维克外传》《雾都孤儿》《老古玩店》；不乐观时期：《美国札记》《董贝父子》《大卫科波菲尔》后期：《荒凉山庄》《艰难时事》《双城记》《远大前程》17、萨克雷：《名利场》《亨利埃斯蒙德》《纽克母一家》18、托马斯、哈代：《远离尘嚣》《还乡》《喀斯特桥市长》《威塞克斯故事集》《列王》the dynasts:哈代思想艺术集大成之作19、约瑟夫、路德亚林、吉普林(Joseph Rudyard Kipling)1907年诺贝尔文学奖；20：约瑟夫、康拉德：《黑暗的心》21：奥斯卡、王尔德。

第一章测试1.Beowulf is an epic of 3182 lines, which is the greatest work of literature ofthe Old English Period.A:错B:对答案:B2.The year 1066 marks the beginning of the Middle English or Anglo-NormanPeriod.A:错B:对答案:B3.Robin Hood is the hero in the collection of 15th-century medieval romances.A:错B:对答案:A4.The Canterbury Tales is a masterpiece by Geoffrey Chaucer, the firstpreeminent English poet in history.A:错B:对答案:B5.The structure of The Canterbury Tales is similar to Boccacio’s Decameron.A:对B:错答案:A6. ( ) refers to a long narrative poem celebrating the great deeds of somelegendary heroes.A:EpicB:LegendC:FableD:Ballad答案:A7.( ) is also known as “head rhyme” or “initial rhyme”.A:AlliterationB:ConsonanceC:AssonanceD:Onomatopoeia答案:A8.Who introduced heroic couplet into England?A:Thomas MaloryB:Alfred the GreatC:Geoffrey ChaucerD:Cynewulf答案:C9.Which of the following works belong to the Old English Period?A:BeowulfB:Morte d’ArthurC:Anglo-Saxon ChronicleD:Christ答案:ACD10.Which of the following literary works come from the Middle English Period?A:The Legend of St. ElenaB:Chanson de RolandC:Piers the PlowmanD:The Ecclesiastical History of England答案:BC第二章测试1.The Faerie Queene, fusing adroitly the strands of legend, fable, and praise ofElizabeth I’s England in iteself, is a masterpiece written by Thomas Wyatt,who introduced sonnet into English poetry.A:对B:错答案:B2.“University Wits” were all graduates from Oxford or Cambridge during the1580s; Christopher Marlowe, Robert Greene, George Peele, Thomas Lodge,Thomas Nash, and Ben Jonson were outstanding representatives of thisschool.A:对B:错答案:B3.Tamburlanine the Great, The Jew of Malta, and The Tragical History of DoctorFaustus are great tragedies written by Christopher Marlowe, the mostprominent figure among the “University Wits.”A:对B:错答案:A4.William Shakespeare had produced 154 sonnets in total, and the first 126sonnets seem to be addressed to a young woman, who possesses extremebeauty.A:错B:对答案:A5.All Shakespeare’s plays take place in England.A:对答案:B6.( ) is a nine-line stanza of eight lines of iambic pentameter plus an iambichexameter.A:Italian sonnetB:Spenserian stanzaC:English sonnetD:Spenserian sonnet答案:B7.Who coined the term “Metaphysical Poets”?A:Andrew MarvellB:Samuel JohnsonC:John DonneD:George Herbert答案:B8.Who is the most popular and most widely respected writer in all Englishliterature?A:John BunyanB:John DonneC:John MiltonD:William Shakespeare答案:D9.Which of the fol lowing adjectives can be used to describe Francis Bacon’sessays?A:freshB:vigorousC:powerfulD:conservative答案:ABC10.Who were dramatists during the Elizabethan Age?A:Thomas NashB:Robert GreeneC:Thomas KydD:Ben Jonson答案:ABCD第三章测试1.Alexander Pope was the representative poet of the neo-classical school, andthe early 18th century has often been named as the Age of Pope.A:对B:错答案:A2.Gulliver’s Travels is the most enduring work by Jonathan Swift, which is asavage satire in the form of a fabulous travelogue.B:错答案:A3.Henry Fielding is regarded as the father of English fiction by Sir Walter Scott,and he had applied first-person narration in his novels.A:错B:对答案:A4.William Blake is renowned now for his Songs of Innocence and Songs ofExperience.A:对B:错答案:A5.Robert Burns wrote in Scottish dialect, and he followed the Scottish songtradition in his poetry.A:错B:对答案:B6.( ) refers to a lyric poem lamenting a dead friend, or a public figure.A:EpicB:OdeC:ElegyD:Sonnet答案:C7.Who defined novel as a genre?A:Henry FieldingB:Samuel JohnsonC:Jonathan SwiftD:Daniel Defoe答案:A8.“Auld Lang Syne” praises ( ).A:friendshipB:freedomC:loveD:patriotism答案:A9.Which of the following are the features of Enlightenment?A:A devotion to harmony, proportion, and balance.B:Profound faith in the powers of human reason.C:Strong belief in imagination.D:Strong belief in the clarity of thought.答案:ABD10.Who are writers of neo-classicism?A:Henry FieldingB:John DydenC:Thomas MoreD:Alexander Pope答案:ABD第四章测试1.The Romantic Age began with the publication of Lyrical Ballads in 1798 andended with the death of Sir Walter Scott in 1832.A:对B:错答案:A2.The romantic poets paid great attention on reason or rationality in theirpoetry.A:错B:对答案:A3.In the preface for the first edition of Lyrical Ballads, Wordsworth put forwardhis principles of poetry.A:对B:错答案:B4.The Revolt of Islam is P. B. Shelley’s first long poem of importance.A:错B:对答案:A5.Jane Austen is the first important English woman novelist, who wrotealtogether six novels.A:对B:错答案:A6.Who is the author of Biographia Literaria?A:William WordsworthB:S. T. ColeridgeC:Robert SoutheyD:P. B. Shelley答案:B7.Which of the following novel by Scott has its spatial setting in England?A:The TalismanB:IvanhoeC:WaverleyD:Quentin Durward答案:B8.Which of the following are ideals advocated by the French Revolution?A:equalityB:reasonC:libertyD:fraternity答案:ACD9.Which of the following are characters from Prometheus Unbound?A:PantheaB:DemogorgonC:Eternal LoveD:Africa答案:ABC10.Which work made Byron famous?A:The Revolt of IslamB:A Defense of PoetryC:Childe Harold’s PilgrimageD:Don Juan答案:C第五章测试1.The critical realists criticised the capitalist social system from a proletarianpoint of view.A:对B:错答案:B2.Alfred Tennyson, Robert Browning, and John Ruskin were all eminent figuresamong the Victorian poets.A:对B:错答案:B3.Dickens took the French Revolution as the background of A Tale of TwoCities, and the two cities are Paris and London.A:错B:对答案:B4.Wuthering Heights, the masterpiece of Emily Brontë, narrates the tragic lovestory of a governess.A:错B:对答案:A5.Thomas Hardy is one of the representatives of English critical realism in theearly part of the Victorian period.A:错B:对答案:A6.Which is the most popular form of all the literary art during the Victorianperiod?A:fictionB:dramaC:proseD:poetry答案:A7.Who wrote the bewitching Sherlock Holmes cycle of detective stories?A:Robert Louis StevensonB:Wilkie CollinsC:Lewis CarrollD:Conan Doyle答案:D8.What is an archetypal Dickensian hero like?A:An adult.B:An orphan.C:A boy.D:A girl.答案:B9.Which of the following are spatial settings in Jane Eyre?A:ThornfieldB:GatesheadC:LowoodD:Ferndean答案:ABCD10.Which of the following characters are included in The Importance of BeingEarnest?A:GwendolynB:AlgernonC:CecilyD:Jack Worthing答案:ABCD第六章测试1.Realism and modernism coexisted in the 20th-century British literature.A:对B:错答案:A2.The theoretical base of modernism is rationalism.A:错B:对答案:A3.Sons and Lovers, an autobiographical novel by D. H. Lawrence, deals with astory of a father’s dominant and debilitating love over the sons.A:错B:对答案:A4.The Waste Land, T. S. Eliot’s masterpiece, uses the past as a ya rdstick tomeasure the present and underscore what is missing from the present.A:对B:错答案:A5.W. B. Yeats played a major role in the Irish literay revival.A:对B:错答案:A6.Who wrote The Time Machine?A:H. G. WellsB:Arnold BennettC:Rudyard KiplingD:John Galsworthy答案:A7.Who won the Nobel Pize in 1923?A:W. B. YeatsB:T. S. EliotC:Virginia WoolfD:James Joyce答案:A8.Which of the following work suggests Eliot had turned conservative?A:Murder in the CathedralB:The Cocktail PartyC:Ash WednesdayD:The Confidential Clerk答案:C9.Who were “Edwardians” as termed by Woolf?A:Arnold BennettB:H. G. WellsC:John GalsworthyD:E. M. Forster答案:ABC10.Which of the following poems are written by Yeats?A:“The Second Coming”B:“Gerontion”C:“Sailing to Byzantium”D:The Waste Land答案:AC。

文学评论·外国文学英国维多利亚时期诗歌的主题分析——以丁尼生、勃朗宁和阿诺德为例彭美佳 首都师范大学外国语学院摘 要：维多利亚时期见证了英国社会的重要变革，两次工业革命的推进与海外殖民掠夺的深入使英国成为世界头号强国。

在文学创作方面，该时期被称为英国文学的“黄金时期”，然而这一阶段诗歌创作却较为平淡，人们耳熟能详的诗人并不多，并且诗人们在写作方面的突破和创新也相对较少。

但作为浪漫主义诗歌向现代主义诗歌的过渡，维多利亚诗歌的地位仍不容忽视。

本文将从主题上分析三位维多利亚时期诗人——阿尔弗莱德•丁尼生、罗伯特•勃朗宁、马修•阿诺德的诗作，并研究诗歌主题与社会历史因素的关联。

关键词：维多利亚诗歌；社会历史因素；阿尔弗莱德•丁尼生；罗伯特•勃朗宁；马修•阿诺德；作者简介：彭美佳（1997.6-），女，汉族，河南人，现就读于首都师范大学外国语学院2018级英语语言文学专业，硕士研究生，主要研究方向：跨文化研究。

[中图分类号]：I106 [文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139(2019)-21-137-01引言：维多利亚时期的英国经历了飞速的变化，科学技术领域取得的突破使人们开始质疑此前尊奉已久的宗教信仰、生死态度和价值观。

本文以维多利亚时期的三大诗人阿尔弗莱德•丁尼生、罗伯特•勃朗宁、马修•阿诺德的作品为例，通过分析诗歌主题来论述其反映出的时代问题。

基于上述研究，读者将进一步了解到诗歌主题与社会历史背景之间的关系。

一、阿尔弗莱德•丁尼生诗歌主题分析维多利亚时期是一个繁华与压抑并存的时期，随着科学技术、尤其是生物学技术的迅速发展，人们对世界的了解更加清晰，也开始质疑传统宗教信仰。

此外，由于教会的堕落腐败，一些激进分子，包括牛津大学的教授，发起了所谓的“牛津运动”并试图转变自己的信仰。

在这项运动的影响下，许多人决定皈依天主教或是选择成为无神论者，这也被后人称为维多利亚时期的“信仰危机”。

1.Imagism（意象派Imagism was a movement in early 20th-century Anglo-American poetry that favored precision of imagery, and clear, sharp language. The Imagists rejected the sentiment and artifice typical of much Romantic and Victorian poetry. This was in contrast to their contemporaries, the Georgian poets, who were by and large content to work within that tradition. Based in London, the Imagists were drawn from Britain, Ireland and the United States. Somewhat unusually for the time, the Imagists featured a number of women writers among their major figures. At the time Imagism emerged, Longfellow and Tennyson were considered the paragons of poetry, and the public valued the sometimes moralizing tone of their writings.2. local colorismlocal colorism is an unique variation of American literary realism. Generally, the wor ks by local colorism are concerned with the life of a small region or province. This ki nd of fiction depicts the characters from a specific setting or of an era, which are mark ed by its customs, dialects, landscape, or other peculiarities that have escaped standar dizing cultural influence. Tasks of local colorism is to wirte or present local characters of their regions in truthful depicton distinguished from others, usually a very small pa rt of the world. they tended to idealize and glorify, but they never forget to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life. Mark Twain's the Adventures of Huckleberry F inn is the most representive one3.the Lost GeneraionThe term of "lost generation" was first used by The lost generation is a term first used by Gertrude Stern(1874--1946), one of the leaders of this group.to describe the post-war I generation of American writers:men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.2>full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.3>the three best-known representatives of lost generation are F.Scott Fitzgerald, hemingway and John dos Passos.4.Stream of consciousnessStream of consciousness: “Stream-of-Consciousness” or “interior monologue”, is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. Those novels broke through the bounds of time and space, and depicted vividly and skillfully the unconscious activity of the mind fast changing and flowing incessantly, particularly the hesitant, misted, distracted and illusory psychology people had when they faced reality. The modern American writer WilliamFaulkner successfully advanced this technique. In his stories, action and plots were less important than the reactions and inner musings of the narrators. Time sequences were often dislocated. The reader feels himself to be a participant in the stories, rather than an observer. A high degree of emotion can be achieved by this technique.5.TranscendentalismTranscendentalism was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture and philoso phy that emerged in New England in the early to middle 19th century. Transcendentali sts spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society. It placed emphasis on spirit, or the Over soul, as the most important thing in the world. I t stressed the importance of individual and offered a fresh perception nature ad symbo lic of the spirit of God. Prominent transcendentalists included Ralph Waldo Emersonand Henry David Thorough.Modernism6.Modernism:It is term referring to the art, poetry, literature, architecture, and philosophy of Europe and America in the early twentieth-century. In general, modernism is marked by the fo llowing characteristics: (1) the desire to break away from established traditions, (2) a quest to find fresh ways to view man's position or function in the universe, (3) experi ments in form and style, particularly with fragmentation--as opposed to the "organic" t heories of literary unity appearing in the Romantic and Victorian periods.7.Free Verse自由诗体:Free verse: free verse is the rhymed or unrhymed poetry composed without attention to conventional rules of meter. Free verse was first written and labeled by a group of French poets of the late 19th century. Their purpose was to deliver poetry from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate the free rhythms of natural speech. Walt Whitman was the precursor who wrote lines of varying length and cadence, usually not rhymed. The emotional content or meaning of the work was expressed through its rhythm. Free verse has been characteristic of the work of many modern American poets, including Ezra Pound and Carl Sandburg.。

丁尼⽣英⽂简介和尤利西斯扥翻译UlyssesAlfred Tennyson, (6 August 1809 – 6 October 1892), much better known as "Alfred, Lord Tennyson," was Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom during much of Queen Victoria's reign and remains one of the most popular poets in the English language.Tennyson, Brow ning and Arnold are generally called “The Big Three” of Victorian poets. Among them, Tennyson was the most popular and gained the title of “poet of the people”. His reputation remained high until his death, declined in the early 20th century, and its rightly very high today.Tennyson was born in Somersby, Lincolnshire, a rector's son and fourth of 12 children. He derived from a middle-class line of Tennyson, but also had a noble and royal ancestry. Tennyson and two of his elder brothers were writing poetry in their teens, and a collection of poems by all three were published locally when Alfred was only 17.He entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1827, where he joined a secret society calledthe Cambridge Apostles. At Cambridge Tennyson met Arthur Henry Hallam, who became his closest friend. His first publication was a collection of "his boyish rhymes and those of his elder brother Charles" entitled Poems by Two Brothers published in 1827. In 1829 he was awardedthe Chancellor's Gold Medal at Cambridge for one of his first pieces, "Timbuctoo". He published his first solo collection of poems, Poems Chiefly Lyrical in 1830. Although decried by some critics as overly sentimental, his verse soon proved popular and brought Tennyson to the attention of well-known writers of the dayReturn to Lincolnshire and second publicationIn the spring of 1831, Tennyson's father died, requiring him to leave Cambridge before taking his degree. He returned to the rectory, where he was permitted to live for another six years, and shared responsibility for his widowed mother and the family. Arthur Hallam came to stay with his family during the summer and became engaged to Tennyson's sister. In 1833 Tennyson published his second book of poetry, which included his well-known poem, "The Lady of Shalott". The volume met heavy criticism, which so discouraged Tennyson that he did not publish again for ten years, although he did continue to write. That same year, Hallam died suddenly and unexpectedly after suffering a cerebral haemorrhage while on vacation in Vienna. Hallam's sudden and unexpected death in 1833 had a profound impact on Tennyson, and inspired several masterpieces. After an unwise investment in business ,Tennyson then moved to London.Third publicationIn 1842 while living modestly in London, Tennyson published two volumes of Poems, of which the first included works already published and the second was made up almost entirely of new poems. They met with immediate success. It was in 1850 that Tennyson reached the pinnacle ofhis career, finally publishing his masterpiece, In Memoriam A.H.H., dedicated to Hallam. Later the same year he was appointed Poet Laureate, succeeding William Wordsworth. In the same year (on 13 June), Tennyson married Emily Sellwood, whom he had known since childhood, in the village of Shiplake. They had two sons. Tennyson died on October 6, 1892 and was buried in the Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.Major works1. Poems by Two Brothers (the 1st collection of poems, 1827)《两兄弟诗集》2. Poems (his 1st important work, a collection of his early poems;1833)《诗集》3. two volumes of Poems (secured his position as the leading poet of his time, 1842; includes The Lady of Shalott, The Lotus Eaters, Ulysses is included) 《诗集》（第⼆卷）4. The Princess (1847)《公主》5. In Memoriam H.H.(1850; succeeded Wordsworth as poet Laureate) 《悼念》6. Maud7. Idylls of the King(1859)《国王诗歌集》8. Crossing the Bar 《过沙洲》9. Break, Break, Break 《浪花拍，拍，拍》Artistic FeaturesTennyson is a great Victorian poet conscious of the situation of his own age. He is the firstmajor writer to express the awareness of the vast extent of geological time that has haunted human consciousness since Victorian scientists exposed the history of the earth’s crust.Tennyson is a real artist. He has the natural power of linking visual pictures with musicalexpressions, and these two with the feelings. He has perfect control of the sound of English, and a sensitive ear, an excellent choice and taste of words. His poetry is rich in poetic images and melodious language, and noted for its lyrical beauty and metrical charm.Tennyson is a moralist. He is closer to Pope and Gray than to, say, Browning. He is aclassical scholar with highly polished style, delicate tunes and faultless verbal rhythms.Although he attacks the evils of his time, especially money-worship, his attacks are most those of a moralist than of a radical reformer. His poetry is full of didacticism. He has made poetry the description of a beautiful and antique world, as if deliberately he is closing his eyes to the ugly industrialism of his own century. His own past, his country’s past, the past of mankind and the past of the world are the theme of his poetry.Tennyson is a great poet of nature. He sees nature as the setting for performances andspectacles as intense and transitory as the emotions which sweep across the mind.Comment on TennysonTennyson is the most representative poet of Victorian age. He has perfect control of thesound of English. His works are not only the products of the creative imagination of a poetic genius but also products of a long and rich English heritage.Tennyson was severely criticized by Imagist poets in the early twentieth century for hisaffectation and wordiness.丁尼⽣尤利西斯诗歌中⽂翻译2007-12-01 16:52这太⽆谓——当⼀个闲散的君主，安居家中，在这嶙峋的岛国，我与年⽼的妻⼦相匹，颁布着不公的法律，治理野蛮的种族，——他们吃、睡、收藏，⽽不理解我。

New Exercises for Victorian LiteratureBesides being a successful novelist, Charlotte Bronte is also gaining a reputation as a good poet. 正确答案：错Which one is NOT Charlotte Bronte’s novel?正确答案： B. Agnes GreyAlmost all the Victorian prose writers oppose philistinism and emphasize spiritual and cultural values of human life.正确答案：对John Ruskin’s book entitled _________ is actually not about painters; it is about the beauty of nature and the importance of the appreciation of nature.正确答案：Modern PaintersOne of Charles Dickens’s best works is______, which is written in the first person and is the most autobiographical of all his books. In writing the novel, Dickens threw into it deep feelings and much of his own experience in his younger days.正确答案：David Copperfieldis one that introduces to the English novel the first governess heroine.正确答案： C. Jane EyreOne of the features of the Victorian age was people’s emphasis on respectab ility.正确答案：对Thomas Hardy’s , one of the century’s finest novels, traces the rise and fall of Michael Henchard, a tough, egotistical fellow who, having committed the folly of drunkenly selling his wife and baby at a fair, turns teetotal and by sheer perseverance rises to wealth as a corn-factor and to respectability as Mayor of Casterbridge.正确答案：The Mayor of the CasterbridgeHardy’s principal works are the Wessex novels, i.e., novels describing the characters and environment of his native countryside. is NOT included.正确答案： D. A Pair of Blue EyesWhich one is NOT William Makepeace Thackeray’s works?正确答案： A. Sylvia’s Lover“Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless?...And if God had gifted me with some beauty, and much wealth, I should have made it a shard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you.” The above quoted passage is most probably takenfrom .正确答案： B. Jane EyreThe Victorian poetry was mainly characterized by experiments with new styles and new ways of expression. Among these famous experimental poets was______who created the verse novel by adopting the novelistic presentation of characters.正确答案： A. Robert BrowningTess of the D’Urbervilles, one of Thomas Hardy’s best-known novels, portrays manas .正确答案： D. having no control over his own fateDickens and Thackeray are novelists of social manners while Hardy and Emily Bronte are well known for their descriptions of romantic passions.正确答案：错’s works are all about the struggle of an individual consciousness towards self-realization, about some lonely and neglected young women with a fierce longing for love, understanding and a full happy life.正确答案： D. George EliotThe following are the common characters shared by the three Bronte sisters EXCEPT . 正确答案： D. unmarriedWhich one is NOT written by Dante Gabriel Rossetti?正确答案： B. Goblin Market“History of the French Revolution” is written by .正确答案： B. Thomas Carlyle’s works are characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos.正确答案： D. Charles DickensWhich one is NOT included in Trollope’s Barsetshire novels?正确答案： D. AutobiographyThe wide currency of Utilitarianism in the Victorian age on the whole dominated popular thinking, but it provoked strong criticism from the major authors of the time, among others, Carlyle and Arnold.正确答案：对“The Sea of Faith// was once, too, at the full, and round earth’s shore// Lat like the folds of a bright girdle furled.” are the lines from Arnold’s poem________.正确答案：Dover BeachBoth Carlyle and Arnold advocate the power of heroes as a solution to Victorian social problems.正确答案：错Which one does NOT belong to Robert Louis Stevenson’s writings manipulating the genres associated with children?正确答案： A. The Black Arrowopposed Darwin’s explanation of ev olution, finding it too mechanistic, and he expounded his own theories in Evolution Old and New, Unconscious Memory, and Luck or Cunning.正确答案： B. Samuel ButlerThe Mill on the Floss is George Eliot’s novel with a heavy autobiographical touch whereas______is often regarded as her masterpiece.正确答案：MiddlemarchThe Victorian drama scene, did not quite regain its value until George Bernard Shaw came on the scene. ________is among one of his most popular early works, the first of its kind to present a prostitue as its major character.正确答案：Mrs. Warren’s ProfessionIn more than one sense the Victorian period was an age of the novel, and all great Victorian novels follow the moral standards.正确答案：对Written in 1837-38, Char les Dickens’s novel tells the story of an orphan boy, whose adventures provide material for a description of the lower depths of poverty in the city of London正确答案：Oliver TwistOscar Wilde’s first play is __________opened in February1892.正确答案： A. Lady Windermere’s Fanbelieves that man’s fate is predeterminedly tragic, driven by a combined force of “nature”, both inside and outside.正确答案： A. Thomas HardyIn what region of England was Emily Bronte raised?正确答案： C. YorkshireThe book News from Nowhere is a , telling the story of a man who falls asleep after an evening at a Socialist League meeting. He wakes in the future to find England transformed into a communist paradise where men and women are free, healthy, and equal.正确答案：Utopian fantasy Utopian storyThe purpose of both The Seven Lamps of Architecture and The Stones of Venice is toglorify , an architecture style distinguished by its high and sharply-pointed arches, which had prevailed in Western Europe from the 12th to the 16th centuries.正确答案：gothic architecture gothic buildingWhich of the following best describes the nature of Thomas Hardy’s later works?正确答案： C. Tragic senseMrs. Gaskell, George Eliot, Charlotte Bronte and Emily Bronte are NOT all .正确答案： C. pseudonymous novelistsThe Oxford Movement reflected the desire of the perplexed Victorians to cling to the old faith in face of doubt and emotional stress.正确答案：对, the pioneer ing woman, according to D. H. Lawrence, was the first novelist that “started putting all the actions inside”.正确答案： C. George EliotMacaulay’s History of England was warmly received by his contemporaries because it had presented a faithful picture of historical events.正确答案：错The statement “It reveals the dehumanizing workhouse system and the dark, criminal underworld life” may well sum up the main theme of Dickens’s .正确答案： A. Oliver TwistMiddlemarch offers a panorama of social life. Although subtitled ________, it is meant to be a miniature of 19th-century English life.正确答案： A Study of Provincial LifeWhich of the following is about the discussion of Tennyson’s aesthetic view of art and artistic creation.正确答案： A. The Lady of ShalottBetween 1859 and 1885 Alfred Tennyson worked this narrative poems based on the stories of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table. Those poems were gathered together as . 正确答案：Idylls of the King_________ is Matthew Arnold’s representative work in social critic ism, in which the author divides the Victorian people into 3 categories: the Barbarians, the Philistines and the Populace. Arnolds recommends Hellenism as a cure for the Victorian society to uphold the sweetness and light of the Greek civilization can offer.正确答案：Culture and AnarchyWhich one is William Makepeace Thackeray’s historical novel?正确答案： A. The History of Henry EsmondRuskin’s aesthetics and the Pre-Raphaelite artistic pursuits anticipate the Art-for-Art’s Sake school represented By Oscar Wilds.正确答案：对Emily Bronte’s novel ________is a pathetic story of love, but a powerful attack on the bourgeois marriage system. It shows that true love in a class society is impossible of attainment.正确答案：Wuthering HeightMy Last Duchess is one of the masterpieces of Robert Browning who made the ________a norm as a poetic form for presenting the internal world of the characters.正确答案：dramatic monologueThackeray’s most successful novel is ________, which gets its title from Bunyan’s novel The Pilgrim’s Progress正确答案：Vanity FairThese works are written by Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell EXCEPT .正确答案： C. Little Dorrit。

19世纪英文诗The 19th century was a time of great change and innovation in English poetry. From the Romantic poets to the Victorian era, the poetry of this period reflects the social, political, and cultural upheavals of the time. In this article, we will explore the key themes, styles, and poets of 19th century English poetry, and examine the lasting impact of this rich literary tradition.One of the defining features of 19th century English poetry is its focus on nature and the individual's emotional response to the natural world. The Romantic poets, such as William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and John Keats, sought to capture the sublime beauty of nature and explore the inner workings of the human soul. Their poetry often celebrated the power of imagination, the importance of individual experience, and the connection between humanity and the natural world.In contrast, the Victorian poets, including Alfred, Lord Tennyson and Robert Browning, grappled with the changing social and industrial landscape of the 19th century. Their poetry reflected the challenges of urbanization, industrialization, and the rise of the middle class. Tennyson's "In Memoriam" and Browning's "The Ring and the Book" are prime examples of Victorian poetry that delves into themes of loss, doubt, and moral ambiguity in the face of modernity.Another important aspect of 19th century English poetry is its experimentation with form and style. The Romantic poets, for example, often used lyrical ballads and sonnets to express their emotions and ideas. Meanwhile, the Victorian poets embraced the dramatic monologue as a way to explore the complexities of human psychology and morality. This diversity of form and style laid the groundwork for the modernist and post-modernist movements that would follow in the 20th century.The legacy of 19th century English poetry is still felt today, as contemporary poets continue to draw inspiration from the themes and techniques of their predecessors. The focus on nature, the exploration of the individual's inner world, and the experimentation with form and style continue to be central to the practice of poetry. Moreover, the socialand political commentary found in the poetry of this period remains relevant in our own time, as poets continue to grapple with issues of identity, inequality, and environmental degradation.In conclusion, 19th century English poetry represents a rich and diverse literary tradition that continues to influence poets and readers alike. From the Romantic celebration of nature and the individual, to the Victorian exploration of modernity and morality, the poetry of this period remains a vibrant and enduring part of the English literary canon. Its themes, styles, and ideas continue to resonate with contemporary audiences, ensuring that the legacy of 19th century English poetry will endure for generations to come.。