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Chapter06 Documents7.ppt_5n7bki8e1e2bkksr0cr5bs0cn5btr5bsnqjp0bsn1bslju12f12f16z
Basic documents Basic documents are those that exporters are required to provide by the price terms, including commercial invoices, bills of lading, insurance policies, etc.
Financial documents Commercial documents refer to commercial invoices, documents evidencing the title of ownership, or other nonnonfinancial documents.
6.1 General Introduction
• 6.1.3 The rules about documents according to UCP600
About the “documental conditions” About the issuer About original documents, copies and signature About the dates of documents About the period and place for presentation
Date and place of issue Tenor Payee Drawer Amount Drawn clause and interest clause Drawee
Drafts drawn under a letter of credit
• 6.2.3 Frequently found discrepancies with drafts • (1) Drafts are presented after the expiry date of the credit. • (2) The amount of the draft is greater that that of the credit. • (3) The tenor is not as shown in the credit. • (4) The drafts are not drawn on the bank specified in the credit. • (5) The drafts are not endorsed or endorsed incorrectly. • (6) The drawer of the drafts is not the beneficiary of the credit. • (7) There is no signature of the drawer. • (8) There is no drawn clause as specified in the credit. • (9) The number of the credit is missing or incorrect. • (10) The credit requires no drafts, but the drafts are still included in the documents.
Financial documents Commercial documents refer to commercial invoices, documents evidencing the title of ownership, or other nonnonfinancial documents.
6.1 General Introduction
• 6.1.3 The rules about documents according to UCP600
About the “documental conditions” About the issuer About original documents, copies and signature About the dates of documents About the period and place for presentation
Date and place of issue Tenor Payee Drawer Amount Drawn clause and interest clause Drawee
Drafts drawn under a letter of credit
• 6.2.3 Frequently found discrepancies with drafts • (1) Drafts are presented after the expiry date of the credit. • (2) The amount of the draft is greater that that of the credit. • (3) The tenor is not as shown in the credit. • (4) The drafts are not drawn on the bank specified in the credit. • (5) The drafts are not endorsed or endorsed incorrectly. • (6) The drawer of the drafts is not the beneficiary of the credit. • (7) There is no signature of the drawer. • (8) There is no drawn clause as specified in the credit. • (9) The number of the credit is missing or incorrect. • (10) The credit requires no drafts, but the drafts are still included in the documents.
北邮计算机视觉chp06
*方向角：
[i, j ] Sector( [i, j])
2013年8月2日星期五
北京邮电大学自动化
2013年8月2日星期五
北京邮电大学自动化
24
1）求图像与高斯平滑滤波器卷积:
S[i, j ] G[i, j; ] I [i, j ]
2）使用2x2 一阶有限差分计算偏导数的两个阵列P与Q：
P[i, j ] ( S[i, j 1] S[i, j ] S[i 1, j 1] S[i 1, j ]) / 2 Q[i, j ] ( S[i, j ] S[i 1, j ] S[i, j 1] S[i 1, j 1]) / 2
2013年8月2日星期五
北京邮电大学自动化
6
4 、边缘检测算法
基本步骤：
（1）滤波：边缘检测算法主要是基于图像强度的一阶和二阶导数，但导 数的计算对噪声很敏感，因此必须使用滤波器来改善与噪声有关的边缘检 测器的性能．需要指出，大多数滤波器在降低噪声的同时也导致了边缘强 度的损失，因此，增强边缘和降低噪声之间需要折衷． （2）增强：增强边缘的基础是确定图像各点邻域强度的变化值．增强算 法可以将邻域（或局部）强度值有显著变化的点突显出来．边缘增强一般 是通过计算梯度幅值来完成的． （3）检测：在图像中有许多点的梯度幅值比较大，而这些点在特定的应 用领域中并不都是边缘，所以应该用某种方法来确定哪些点是边缘点．最 简单的边缘检测判据是梯度幅值阈值判据． （4）定位：如果某一应用场合要求确定边缘位置，则边缘的位置可在子 像素分辨率上来估计，边缘的方位也可以被估计出来．
2
y
2 e 4
2 2
x2 y2 2 2
Chapter-6Syntactic-level
第5页，共39页。
The second example presents us with a more
difficult reading experience. The impressions
are integrated into a single complex
awareness of a number of things. It begins
第13页，共39页。
第8页，共39页。
Coordination is common, therefore, in narratives, conversational anecdotes and list.
Coordination can also produce monotony, is often used in informal situations.
sentences has close relationship with the expression of meaning. Different choices apply in different circumstances.
Generally speaking, complex sentences are used to present the reader with a complex structrue of ideas,a complex reading experience. Syntactic complexity suggests psychological complexity. It is also a device for distancing.
第3页，共39页。
Contrast the different stylistic effects created by the following two examples:
The second example presents us with a more
difficult reading experience. The impressions
are integrated into a single complex
awareness of a number of things. It begins
第13页，共39页。
第8页，共39页。
Coordination is common, therefore, in narratives, conversational anecdotes and list.
Coordination can also produce monotony, is often used in informal situations.
sentences has close relationship with the expression of meaning. Different choices apply in different circumstances.
Generally speaking, complex sentences are used to present the reader with a complex structrue of ideas,a complex reading experience. Syntactic complexity suggests psychological complexity. It is also a device for distancing.
第3页，共39页。
Contrast the different stylistic effects created by the following two examples:
公共政策的经济分析英文Chap06-Political-Economy课件
– If they agree on quantity, stop. Otherwise, continue process with new tax shares.
• Would converge to r*, which is Pareto efficient.
8
Direct Democracy: Feasibility of Lindahl’s procedure
• Each person demands more fireworks as the share of costs paid falls.
• Shares add up to one: SA+SE=1 • Lindahl prices: Each person faces a “personalized price”
• Although the rules are familiar, potential problems with them.
10
Direct Democracy: Majority Voting rule example
• 3 people have to choose among 3 levels of missile provision
– The quantity B would win in an election of B vs. C (by a vote of 2-1, with Cosmo and George voting for B).
– The quantity C would win in an election of A vs. C (by a vote of 2-1, with Elaine and George voting for B).
• Would converge to r*, which is Pareto efficient.
8
Direct Democracy: Feasibility of Lindahl’s procedure
• Each person demands more fireworks as the share of costs paid falls.
• Shares add up to one: SA+SE=1 • Lindahl prices: Each person faces a “personalized price”
• Although the rules are familiar, potential problems with them.
10
Direct Democracy: Majority Voting rule example
• 3 people have to choose among 3 levels of missile provision
– The quantity B would win in an election of B vs. C (by a vote of 2-1, with Cosmo and George voting for B).
– The quantity C would win in an election of A vs. C (by a vote of 2-1, with Elaine and George voting for B).
MBA全套教材_服务市场(英文版课件)Chap06
• on average costs of relationship maintenance are lower than new customer costs
• employee retention is more likely with a stable customer base
• lifetime value of a customer can be very high
McGraw-Hill
© 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies
9
SM
Strategies for Building Relationships
McGraw-Hill
• Foundations: – Excellent Quality/Value – Careful Segmentation
– increasingly buys more and more from a particular supplier
– provides constructive feedback/suggestions
• Exhibits Psychological Commitment
– wouldn’t consider terminating the relationship-psychological commitment
• Explain why and how to estimate customer lifetime value
• Specify the foundations for successful relationship marketing--quality core services and careful market segmentation
• employee retention is more likely with a stable customer base
• lifetime value of a customer can be very high
McGraw-Hill
© 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies
9
SM
Strategies for Building Relationships
McGraw-Hill
• Foundations: – Excellent Quality/Value – Careful Segmentation
– increasingly buys more and more from a particular supplier
– provides constructive feedback/suggestions
• Exhibits Psychological Commitment
– wouldn’t consider terminating the relationship-psychological commitment
• Explain why and how to estimate customer lifetime value
• Specify the foundations for successful relationship marketing--quality core services and careful market segmentation
新航道雅思 剑桥6阅读题目讲解
剑桥雅思6阅读试题重点讲解TEST ONEReading Passage 1 Australia’s Sporting Success平行的顺序：1-7题单独看8 (C段) 9, 10 (D段) 11 (F段) 12 (E段) 13 (F段)颜老师重点点评:1.1-7题都比较好定位2.第6题里的funded对应A段里的underpin和finance3.第3题主要是通过看它和B段后半部分的对应，这里可能会误选C4.第8题要把camera看成前面所说的SWAN的一部分，所以为澳洲独有Reading Passage 2 Delivering the Goods平行的顺序：14-17单独看18(A段) 19(B段) 20(C段) 21(D段) 22(E段)23(从全文来看) 24(E段) 25(G段) 26(I段)颜老师重点点评:1.14-17题都比较好定位2.第22题NG的判断来源是E段3.23-26题要通过篇章中关键词在原文里的定位，如24题component和25题bulk cargo;4.26题定位在I段，这里可以采取排除法，fares没有tariff概括全面Reading Passage 3 Climate Change and the Inuit平行的顺序：27-32单独看33(C段L3) 34 35(C段L5) 36(C段倒数L2) 37(D段L2) 38(D段L4)39(D段L5) 40(D段倒数L2)颜老师重点点评:1.27-32题都比较好定位，干扰项也比较简单2.33-40题也要把握篇章里已经给出的信息的提示3.33题impossible对应原文out of the question4.40题因为后面讲的是expensive, 所以这里应该定位到原文里的$7,000,用importedTEST TWOReading Passage 1 Advantages of Public Transport平行的顺序：1－5 (单独平行，有明显提示)6 7(第1段) 11 8(第2段) 9 (第3段) 10 (第5段) 12 (第6段)13 (第A段)颜老师重点点评:该文1－5平行得非常清楚，6－10题出现得也非常集中，要善于把握; 11－13题原文分隔较远，但是地名定位非常明确；1.第3题干扰项可能为VIII，但是相比IV明确提到incomes的问题则逊色；2.第8题选择NG是老技巧概念(tram network)重现而关系(dangerous)不重现；3.11－13题配对干扰项很弱，答案较唯一，但注意11题里讲Perth拥有minimaltransport是说其不好Reading Passage 2 Greying Population Stays in the Pink平行的顺序：14(第1段) 15 (第2段) 16(第3段) 17 18(第4段) 19(第5段) 20(第6段) 21 22(第7段)23(第8段) 24(第9段) 25(第10段) 26(第11段)颜老师重点点评:该文实在算是大礼！！！平行不需要，定位也很明显，期望你在此文抢分！1.第17题可能会选C，但严格根据原文还是M-medicine更符合Reading Passage 3 Numeration平行的顺序：32 27 (第2段) 33 28 34 (第3段) 35 36 29 37(第4段) 38 30 (第5段) 39 31(第6段) 40 31(第7段)颜老师重点点评:该篇27－31题可以算是第2－7段的概括，而32－40都是细节题；虽然该篇题材有些深奥，但是总体上每题定位都很明确，27－31的干扰项也很弱；1.第27题对应第2段倒数第4行，尤其是题目里的necessary对应原文的paramount (very important之意)；2.第28题对应第3段倒数第1－3行，hand signal对应第4行的gestures;3.第29题对应第4段最后，尤其是civil role是witness in court的意译；4.第30题对应第5段全段到最后to arithmetic;5.第31题可以和第39题的解答互相提醒；6.36和40题的NG答案都符合概念重现而关系不重现；TEST THREEReading Passage 1平行的顺序：1－5 (单独平行，有明显提示)6 7 10 (C段) 11(D段) 8(E段) 12(H段) 9 (I段)13 (全文)颜老师重点点评:该文1－5平行得非常清楚，所有题目的定位也非常明确；4.第4题干扰项可能为F段，但是相比E段明确提及cultures则逊色；5.第7题注意原文只是说某人的观点，所以为NG；6.第8题选择NG是考察E段的整体含义，并无biased之义；7.第10题可以和第6题互相促进Reading Passage 2 Motivating Employees under Adverse Conditions平行的顺序：14-18 (单独平行)19(THE CHALLENGE第1段) 20 21 (KEY POINT ONE) 22 25 (KEY POINT TWO) 23(KEY POINT THREE) 24(KEY POINT FIVE) 26 27(KEY POINT SIX)颜老师重点点评:把握小标题！该文关于人力资源管理，术语简单但是关系复杂，一定要把题目里的名词定位准确，而14-18及25-27题里的干扰项作用都很弱；2.第16，17，18题都谈到了reward的问题，FOUR的主题句在第2句(personalize对应选项里的match)，FIVE和SIX的都在第1句(contingent对应选项里的link;transparent对应选项里的fair);3.第21题题目里的teamwork和原文里的independent矛盾，故选N；4.第23题属于概念重现但是关系不重现，故选NG;5.第25题的定位在POINT TWO而不是ONE，这里主要抓原文里的internallymotivated和B选项里的external对应；Reading Passage 3 The Search for the Anti-aging Pill平行的顺序：28 29(第1段) 30 31 (第2段) 32 (第3段)34 36 33 35 (第6段) 37 (第5段)38 39 40(第8段)颜老师重点点评:该篇平行上没有任何难度，像做听力一样，所以虽然题材深奥，但也算是题目送出的大礼了，特别是38-40题，定位准确后解决起来则没有任何难度；7.第31题选择NG有通过第30和32题‘两边夹’的意味；8.第35题的答案对应的是第6段倒数第4行的however, 所以选择neither; TEST FOURReading Passage 1 Doctoring Sales平行的顺序：1－7 (单独平行，有明显提示)8(B段) 9 (C段) 10(D段) 11(E段) 12(F段) 13(G段)颜老师重点点评:该文平行的压力几乎没有，希望你珍惜，1-7题备选项都写得概括，有些存在干扰项，可以先试验性地解答8.第1题干扰项可能为ii，但是这里明显是在举例；9.第3题主要是通过该段最后一句得出10.第12题选择NG是考察drug samples的概念重现，关系不重现；Reading Passage 2 Do literate women make better mothers?平行的顺序：14-18 (Summary单独平行) 15(第1段) 17 18(第2段) 14(第3段) 16(第4段)19(第4段) 20(第5段) 21 23(第5,6段) 22 24(第6段) 26(第8段) 27(第9段)颜老师重点点评:该文平行开始有一定难度，但是在看到第5段起一定要能把14-18题限定在前4段，而这里干扰项都不算难；而25-26的平行还是比较明显的；另20-24集中在第6段，一定要能看清楚实验的不同对象，这些不同对象的特征，以及实验前后不同对象的变化；6.第14题对应第3段里的adults;7.第15和18题都可以猜，maternal指母亲方面的；8.第17题的定位可以借鉴题目里给出的attitude to children；9.第19题对应第4段，原文只是提到总数3,00, 所以局部1,000属于NG;10.第23题里的woman是84，虽然进步了但还是比5段里提到的80高，所以选N;11.第24题对应第6段最后一句，这里只有比较，所以表示程度的severely属于NG；malnutrition是mal(不好的，坏的)作前缀Reading Passage 3平行的顺序：27-30 (单独平行) 40 (单独平行)31 (A段) 32 (B段) 33 (C段) 34 (D段)35 (E1段1行) 36(E1段2行) 37 (E2段2行) 38 (E3段2行) 39 (E4段2行)颜老师重点点评:该篇平行上没有任何难度，像做听力一样，F段不需要看，而且题材也不深奥，干扰项也不太难，真算是题目送出的大礼了！！！9.第27-30题没有任何干扰项影响！！10.第31题可能对A段最后一个生词有疑惑，但是还是要判断出B选项最明显；recalcitrant这里和difficult同义；11.第33题C选项对应C段第一句话里的knowledge和help;12.第35题定位时候注意题目里produce对应原文develop;13.第36题定位时候注意题目里detailed对应原文explicit;14.第37题定位时候注意题目前面的through以及后面的useful;15.第38题定位时候注意题目后面的trained对应原文里的training;16.第39题定位时候注意题目里的recognize对应原文distinguish, 分辨;17.第40题选出来不难，这里前半部分crisis management对应A-D段，prevention对应E；G TEST ONE15-21注意可以多次使用选项16. 可能会误选A，但是注意A说的是学生来自不同的国家，而不是学校本身在这些国家有分校17. 对应every second yearReading Passage The Water Crisis平行的顺序：28-34单独平行35(A段第2行) 36(A段倒数第3行) 37(C段第2行) 38(E段第1行)39(F段第2行) 40(G段倒数第2行)颜老师重点点评:该文平行没有任何难度，尤其是摘要方面，十分分散，定位好第35题后即非常流畅，一定要加以利用；同时标题选择干扰项也不算多；12.第28题，A段全文没有明显主题句，主要这里要把握demand;13.第30题, C段主题句是第一句，这选项里some指的就是国家；14.第35题要注意把握全部摘要定位的开始，所以rising dramatically对应原文的upward trend,该题本身定位可以考虑people和increasingly对应原文citizens 和more;15.第36题题干里的global对应原文里的world;16.第37题题干里的recycling对应原文里的recycling;17.第38题定位比较遥远，主要是题干后面的used water对应原文里的used water;18.第39题题干里的environmental对应原文里的environment;19.第40题可能会误写agricultural yield, 但是题干里后面说的是suffered by manycountries, 所以要注意搭配，应该从原文后面找，故写water deficit, 这里主要是题干里的worsen和原文里的add to对应.G TEST TWO5. hotel对应G选项里的hospitality, 这里说的permanent实际上主要是为了和J选项里的casual区分12. 答案为T，因为学生们在半小时之上就可以了，题干里的45分钟属于半小时之上；15. 选项里的prioritize是个很好的词，是priority的动词形式，即:使…优先；这里选项是section B内容的最好概括；25. acknowledge, 承认；对应H段里的plagiarize为剽窃之意Reading Passage PTEROSAURS平行的顺序：28-34单独平行36 37(D段) 39(E段) 35(G段) 40(H段) 38(I段)颜老师重点点评:该文平行没有任何难度，35-40题的定位和解答都非常容易，问题主要在28-34的倒标题选择上，需要把握速读( 尤其是C, F,G段)，暂时的放弃和试验性的解答；20.第29题题干的意思是“被确认实际称为ptersaur的该种生物的鉴定”，这里creature和pterosaur之间省略了that/which；D段主要说的就是petersaur的命名过程，所以符合答案；21.第30题的干扰项可能是C段，但是F段更加明显地突出了conflicting theories的意思，比如第1句里的disagreement和中部的the competing argument; C段虽然也有controversy的说法，但是C段其实只说明了1种，即现在的观点，起的是和B段contrast的作用，所以C段不存在conflicting的问题；22.第34题的干扰项也可能是C，但是这里G段拥有更concrete的evidence, 而C段说的还主要是believe的情况;。
Chap-6-Business-Continuity-and-Disaster-Recovery
6
BUSINESS CONTINUITY/DISASTER RECOVERY PLANNING
The first step of BCP is generally a risk assessment that assists in finding the most important processes that support the business. The business continuity plan focuses on the availability of these processes
overall business continuity and disaster recovery strategy.
11
DISASTERS AND OTHER DISRUPTIVE EVENTS
natural calamities, such as earthquakes, floods, tornados, severe thunderstorms and fire,
The restoration plan that is used to return operations to normality whether in a restored or new facility
10
IS BUSINESS CONTINUITY/DISASTER RECOVERY PLANNING a major component of an organization's
7
BUSINESS CONTINUITY/DISASTER RECOVERY PLANNING
BCP is primarily the responsibility of senior management
BUSINESS CONTINUITY/DISASTER RECOVERY PLANNING
The first step of BCP is generally a risk assessment that assists in finding the most important processes that support the business. The business continuity plan focuses on the availability of these processes
overall business continuity and disaster recovery strategy.
11
DISASTERS AND OTHER DISRUPTIVE EVENTS
natural calamities, such as earthquakes, floods, tornados, severe thunderstorms and fire,
The restoration plan that is used to return operations to normality whether in a restored or new facility
10
IS BUSINESS CONTINUITY/DISASTER RECOVERY PLANNING a major component of an organization's
7
BUSINESS CONTINUITY/DISASTER RECOVERY PLANNING
BCP is primarily the responsibility of senior management
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Needs can be defined as cognitive groupings or clusters of outcomes that are viewed as having critical psychological or physiological consequences.
Slide 6-12
Slide 6-4
Motivation and Effort
Figure 6-1
Slide 6-5
Discussion Questions
What makes you decide to direct your effort to work assignments rather than taking a break or wasting time?
Figure 6-2
Slide 6-8
Expectancy Theory, Cont’d
Expectancy represents the belief that exerting a high level of effort will result in the successful performance of some task.
Past accomplishments, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion, emotional cues
Slide 6-9
Sources of Self-Efficacy
Figure 6-3y, Cont’d
Slide 6-19
Goal Setting Theory, Cont’d
Why do specific and difficult goals have such positive effects?
Assignment of a specific and difficult goal shapes people’s own self-set goals — the internalized goals that people use to monitor their own task progress. Goals trigger the creation of task strategies, defined as learning plans and problem-solving approaches used to achieve successful performance.
Slide 6-3
What is Motivation?
Motivation is defined as a set of energetic forces that originates both within and outside an employee, initiates work-related effort, and determines its direction, intensity, and persistence.
Can be positive, negative, or zero
Slide 6-11
Expectancy Theory, Cont’d
What exactly makes some outcomes more “positively valenced” than others? In general, outcomes are deemed more attractive when they help satisfy needs.
Slide 6-2
Learning Goals, Cont’d
What is psychological empowerment, and what four beliefs determine empowerment levels? How does motivation affect job performance and organizational commitment? What steps can organizations take to increase employee motivation?
Commonly Studied Needs in OB
Table 6-1
Slide 6-13
Expectancy Theory, Cont’d
Extrinsic motivation is motivation that is controlled by some contingency that depends on task performance. Intrinsic motivation is motivation that is felt when task performance serves as its own reward. OB on Screen
Slide 6-16
Goal Setting Theory
Goal setting theory views goals as the primary drivers of the intensity and persistence of effort.
Assigning employees specific and difficult goals will result in higher levels of performance.
Employee behavior is directed toward pleasure and away from pain or, more generally, toward certain outcomes and away from others.
Slide 6-7
Expectancy Theory
Motivational Force = E P x Σ*(P O) x V] The Σ symbol in the equation signifies that instrumentalities and valences are judged with various outcomes in mind. Motivational force equals zero if any one of the three beliefs is zero.
Expectancy is a subjective probability, ranging from 0 to 1 that a specific amount of effort will result in a specific level of performance (abbreviated E → P). Self-efficacy is defined as the belief that a person has the capabilities needed to execute the behaviors required for task success.
Learning Goals
What is motivation? What three beliefs help determine work effort, according to expectancy theory? What two qualities make goals strong predictors of task performance, according to goal setting theory? What does it mean to be equitably treated according to equity theory, and how do employees respond to inequity?
Instrumentality represents the belief that successful performance will result in some outcome(s). Instrumentality is a set of subjective probabilities, each ranging from 0 to 1 that successful performance will bring a set of outcomes (abbreviated P → O). Valence reflects the anticipated value of the outcomes associated with performance (abbreviated V).
Slide 6-20
Goal Setting Theory, Cont’d
Moderators on Task Performance
Feedback consists of updates on employee progress toward goal attainment. Task complexity reflects how complicated the information and actions involved in a task are, as well as how much the task changes. Goal commitment is defined as the degree to which a person accepts a goal and is determined to try to reach it.
What is a difficult goal?
Slide 6-17
Goal Difficulty and Task Performance
Figure 6-4
Slide 6-18
Settings and Tasks Used in Goal Setting Research
Table 6-3
Slide 6-12
Slide 6-4
Motivation and Effort
Figure 6-1
Slide 6-5
Discussion Questions
What makes you decide to direct your effort to work assignments rather than taking a break or wasting time?
Figure 6-2
Slide 6-8
Expectancy Theory, Cont’d
Expectancy represents the belief that exerting a high level of effort will result in the successful performance of some task.
Past accomplishments, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion, emotional cues
Slide 6-9
Sources of Self-Efficacy
Figure 6-3y, Cont’d
Slide 6-19
Goal Setting Theory, Cont’d
Why do specific and difficult goals have such positive effects?
Assignment of a specific and difficult goal shapes people’s own self-set goals — the internalized goals that people use to monitor their own task progress. Goals trigger the creation of task strategies, defined as learning plans and problem-solving approaches used to achieve successful performance.
Slide 6-3
What is Motivation?
Motivation is defined as a set of energetic forces that originates both within and outside an employee, initiates work-related effort, and determines its direction, intensity, and persistence.
Can be positive, negative, or zero
Slide 6-11
Expectancy Theory, Cont’d
What exactly makes some outcomes more “positively valenced” than others? In general, outcomes are deemed more attractive when they help satisfy needs.
Slide 6-2
Learning Goals, Cont’d
What is psychological empowerment, and what four beliefs determine empowerment levels? How does motivation affect job performance and organizational commitment? What steps can organizations take to increase employee motivation?
Commonly Studied Needs in OB
Table 6-1
Slide 6-13
Expectancy Theory, Cont’d
Extrinsic motivation is motivation that is controlled by some contingency that depends on task performance. Intrinsic motivation is motivation that is felt when task performance serves as its own reward. OB on Screen
Slide 6-16
Goal Setting Theory
Goal setting theory views goals as the primary drivers of the intensity and persistence of effort.
Assigning employees specific and difficult goals will result in higher levels of performance.
Employee behavior is directed toward pleasure and away from pain or, more generally, toward certain outcomes and away from others.
Slide 6-7
Expectancy Theory
Motivational Force = E P x Σ*(P O) x V] The Σ symbol in the equation signifies that instrumentalities and valences are judged with various outcomes in mind. Motivational force equals zero if any one of the three beliefs is zero.
Expectancy is a subjective probability, ranging from 0 to 1 that a specific amount of effort will result in a specific level of performance (abbreviated E → P). Self-efficacy is defined as the belief that a person has the capabilities needed to execute the behaviors required for task success.
Learning Goals
What is motivation? What three beliefs help determine work effort, according to expectancy theory? What two qualities make goals strong predictors of task performance, according to goal setting theory? What does it mean to be equitably treated according to equity theory, and how do employees respond to inequity?
Instrumentality represents the belief that successful performance will result in some outcome(s). Instrumentality is a set of subjective probabilities, each ranging from 0 to 1 that successful performance will bring a set of outcomes (abbreviated P → O). Valence reflects the anticipated value of the outcomes associated with performance (abbreviated V).
Slide 6-20
Goal Setting Theory, Cont’d
Moderators on Task Performance
Feedback consists of updates on employee progress toward goal attainment. Task complexity reflects how complicated the information and actions involved in a task are, as well as how much the task changes. Goal commitment is defined as the degree to which a person accepts a goal and is determined to try to reach it.
What is a difficult goal?
Slide 6-17
Goal Difficulty and Task Performance
Figure 6-4
Slide 6-18
Settings and Tasks Used in Goal Setting Research
Table 6-3