2011年职称英语理工A、B级新增文章含个人翻译46奇妙的超级材料

2011年理工类职称英语教材新增文章阅读理解新增文章（共6篇）目录：第二篇(C级)：World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict第六篇(C级)：Weaving with Light第三十四篇(B级)：Batteries Built by Viruses第三十八篇(B级)：Longer Lives for Wild Elephants第四十五篇(A级)：Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others第四十六篇(A级)：Marvelous Metamaterials第二篇World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some PredictIn a finding that may speed efforts to conserve oil，scientists in Kuwait predict that world conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014.This prediction is almost a decade earlier than some other predictions. Their study is in ACS’Energy&Fuels1.Ibrahim Nashawi and colleagues point out that rapid growth in global oil consumption has sparked a growing interest in predicting "peak oil". "Peak oil" is the point where oil production reaches a maximum and then declines. Scientists have developed several models to forecast this point，and some put the date at 2020 or later. One of the most famous forecast models is called the Hubbert model2.It assumes that global oil production will follow a bell shaped curve3.A related concept is that4 of "Peak Oil." The term "Peak Oil" indicates the moment in which world wide production will peak，afterwards to start on irreversible decline.The Hubbert model accurately predicted that oil production would peak in the United States in 1970.The model has since gained in popularity and has been used to forecast oil production worldwide.However，recent studies show that the model is insufficient to account for5 more complex oil production cycles of some countries. Those cycles can be heavily influenced by technology changes，politics，and other factors，the scientists say.The new study describes development of a new version of the Hubbert model that provides a more realistic and accurate oil production forecast. Using the new model，the scientists evaluated the oil production trends of 47 major oil-producing countries，which supply most of the world’s conventional crude oil6.They estimated that worldwide conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014，years earlier than anticipated. The scientists also showed that the world’s oil reserves7are being reduced at a rate of 2.1 percent a year. The new model could help inform energy-related decisions and public policy debate，they suggest.词汇：conserve v.保护，保存 irreversible adj.不可逆的，不可改变的crude oil原油spark v.闪耀;激发;鼓舞 insufficient 不充分的，不足的curve n.曲线注释：1.ACS’Energy&Fuels：ACS是American Chemical Society(美国化学学会)的缩写。

第四十五篇Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like OthersLow-salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others，according to a study by a Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences1 food scientist. The research indicates that genetic factors influence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat.Those conclusions are important because recent，well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food2 have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others3，pointed out John Hayes，assistant professor of food science，who was lead investigator4 on the study.Diets high in salt can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke. That is why public health experts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that are enjoyable to eat. This study increases understanding of salt preference and consumption.The research involved 87 carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and chips，on multiple occasions，spread out over weeks5.Test subjects were 45 men and 42 women，reportedly healthy，ranging in age from 20 to 40 years. The sample was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes. They rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale，ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind.“Most of US like the taste of salt. However，some individuals eat more salt，both because they like the taste of saltiness more，and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food. "said Hayes." Supertasters，people who experience tastes more intensely，consume more salt than nontasters do. Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor，and at least for these foods，more is better，so the supertasters seem to like them more.”However，supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese，Hayes noted. "For example，cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy flavors from fermented milk，but also bitter tastes from ripening that are blocked by salt," he said. "A supertaster finds low-salt cheese unpleasant because the bitterness is too pronouncedo6."Hayes cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named Fox and a geneticist named Blakeslee，showing that individuals differ in their ability to taste certain chemicals. As a result，Hayes explained，we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists，and this variation is as normal as variations in eye and hair color.“Some people，called supertasters，describe bitter compounds as being extremely bitter，while others. called nontasters，find these same bitter compounds to be tasteless or only weakly bitter，"he said." Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological difterences in food preference because supertasting7 is not limited to bitterness. (476)词汇：publicize v.引起公众对…的注意;(用广告)宣传 ferment v.(使)发酵geneticist n.遗传学家dietary adj.饮食的;规定食物的 acuity n.敏锐;尖锐注释：1.Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences：即Penn State University-College of Agricultural Sciences 宾州州立大学农学院。

2011职称英语理工类（A、B）阅读理解和完型填空新增文章（原文、练习、译文及答案）阅读第三十四篇：病毒电池Batteries Built by VirusesWhat do chicken pox, the common cold, the flu, and AIDS have in common? They're all disease caused by viruses, tiny microorganisms that can pass from person to person. It's no wonder1 that when most people think about viruses, finding ways to steer clear of2 viruses is what's on people's minds。

Not everyone runs from the tiny disease carriers, though3. In Cambridge, Massachusetts4, scientists have discovered that some viruses can be helpful in an unusual way. They are putting viruses to work, teaching them to build some of the world's smallest rechargeable batteries。

Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair, but they're not so strange for engineer Angela Belcher, who first came up with5 the idea. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, she and her collaborators bring together different areas of science in new ways. In the case of the virus-built batteries, the scientists combine what they know about biology', technology and production techniques。

2011年理工类职称英语教材新增文章阅读理解新增文章（共6篇）目录：第二篇(C级)：World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict 世界原油产量可能提前十年达到峰值第六篇(C级)：Weaving with Light编织灯光第三十四篇(B级)：Batteries Built by Viruses第三十八篇(B级)：Longer Lives for Wild Elephants野生大象寿命更长第四十五篇(A级)：Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others咸度味感因人而异第四十六篇(A级)：Marvelous Metamaterials不可思议的超材料第二篇World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some PredictIn a finding that may speed efforts to conserve oil，scientists in Kuwait predict that world conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014.This prediction is almost a decade earlier than some other predictions. Their study is in ACS’Energy&Fuels1.Ibrahim Nashawi and colleagues point out that rapid growth in global oil consumption has sparked a growing interest in predicting "peak oil". "Peak oil" is the point where oil production reaches a maximum and then declines. Scientists have developed several models to forecast this point，and some put the date at 2020 or later. One of the most famous forecast models is called the Hubbert model2.It assumes that global oil production will follow a bell shaped curve3.A related concept is that4 of "Peak Oil." The term "Peak Oil" indicates the moment in which world wide production will peak，afterwards to start on irreversible decline.The Hubbert model accurately predicted that oil production would peak in the United States in 1970.The model has since gained in popularity and has been used to forecast oil production worldwide.However，recent studies show that the model is insufficient to account for5 more complex oil production cycles of some countries. Those cycles can be heavily influenced by technology changes，politics，and other factors，the scientists say.The new study describes development of a new version of the Hubbert model that provides a more realistic and accurate oil production forecast. Using the new model，the scientists evaluated the oil production trends of 47 major oil-producing countries，which supply most of the world’s con ventional crude oil6.They estimated that worldwide conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014，years earlier than anticipated. The scientists also showed that the world’s oil reserves7 are being reduced at a rate of 2.1 percent a year. The new model could help inform energy-related decisions and public policy debate，they suggest.词汇：conserve v.保护，保存irreversible adj.不可逆的，不可改变的crude oil原油spark v.闪耀;激发;鼓舞insufficient 不充分的，不足的curve n.曲线注释：1.ACS’Energy&Fuels：ACS是American Chemical Society(美国化学学会)的缩写。

2011年职称英语完型填空新增文章译文---理工类运动的年轻人智商更高理A瑞典歌德堡大学健康科学研究院和该校校医院的一项最新研究表明，身体健康的年轻人智商更高，进入大学学习的可能性也更高。

研究结果发表在美国国家科学院学报上。

这项研究的取样样本是1950-1976年入伍的120万新兵。

这些新兵报到时接受了体能测试和智能测试，研究人员对这两类测试数据进行了分析。

研究表明，健康的体能和优秀的只能测试结果之间的联系很明显。

最突出的就是科学思维和语言理解能力与身体健康有关。

但是智商测试结果中只是健康在起作用，而与力量无关。

“身体健康是指，一个人心肺功能好，能将充分的氧气源源不断地输入给大脑，”瑞典歌德堡大学健康科学研究院教授和瑞典歌德堡大学健康科学研究院校医院首席内科医师Michael Nilsson如是说，“也许这就是为什么智商测试结果与健康之间存在明显联系，而与肌肉力量无关的原因之一。

我们还发现生长因子也很重要。

”通过研究双胞胎的数据，研究人员可以得出结论，智商差异来自后天的环境因素而不是先天的基因，身体健康，智商越高。

“我们还发现，在15-18岁之间加强身体锻炼的青少年往往认知能力也较强，”瑞典歌德堡大学健康科学研究院研究员，Aby健康中心医师Maria Aberg说，“倘若情况果然如此，那么体育应成为学校中重要的一门学科，而且如果我们想要学好数学和其他理论学科，体育课是非常有必要的。

”研究人员还将新兵服兵役入伍报到时的体格测试和智商测试的结果与他们后来生活中的社会经济地位进行了比较。

那些18岁时身体健康的人学历更高，很多都能胜任高要求的工作。

吸烟会加重青少年的抑郁情绪理B有些青少年可能会一口接一口地吸烟来消除抑郁，进行所谓的“自我治疗”。

然而加拿大Toronto和Montreal大学的科学家却发现，事实上，吸烟会加重某些青少年的抑郁情绪。

“这项研究是检验吸烟是否可以给青少年带来精神欢愉的几项研究之一，”首席研究员Michael Chaiton如是说，他是Toronto大学Ontario烟草研究组织的助理研究员，“尽管吸烟能在短时间能起到自我治疗的作用，能振奋精神，但根据青少年自我报告的情况，我们发现，从长远看，吸烟的青少年往往有更多的抑郁症状。

第六篇Weaving with LightIn the Sierra Madre mountain range of west central Mexico1，the native Huichol people2 live much the way their ancestors did-without electricity. That's because it's too expensive to string power lines3 to the remote mountain areas where they live. To help support themselves，the Huichol create beautiful artwork. They sell their art in cities hundreds of miles away from their villages. And without electricity-at home or on the road，they can only work during daylight hours. When it gets dark，they must stop whatever they’re doing.Now，a team of scientists，designers，and architects is using4 new technologies to provide the Huichol with light after the sun sets The scientists' technique involves weaving tiny electronic crystals into fabrics that can be made into clothes，bags，or other items.By collecting the sun’s energy during the day，these lightweight fabrics provide bright white light at night. Their inventors have named the fabrics "Portable Lights." Portable Lights have the potential totransform the lives of people without electricity around the world，says project leader Sheila Kennedy.“Our invention，〞Kennedy says，“came from seeing how we could transform technology we saw every day in the United States and move it into new mar kets for people who didn’t have a lot of money.〞At the core of5 Portable Light technology are devices called high-brightness light-emitting diodes，or HB LEDs6.These tiny lights appear in digital clocks，televisions，and streetlights.LEDs are completely different from the light bulbs. Most of those glass bulbs belong to a type called incandescent lights. Inside，electricity heats a metal coil to about 2,200 degrees Celsius. At that temperature，bulbs give off light we can see.Ninety percent of energy produced by incandescent lights，however，is heat - and invisible. With all that wasted energy，bulbs bum out quickly. They are also easily broken.LEDs，on the other hand，are like tiny pieces of rock made up of molecules that are arranged in a crystal structure. When an electric current passes through an LED，the crystal structure produces light.Unlike incandescent bulbs，they can produce light of various colors. Within an LED，the type of molecules and their particular arrangement determines what color is produced.词汇：Portable adj.轻便的，手提式的incandescent adj.白灼的Light-emitting diode(LED) 发光二极管coil n.线圈，卷，圈Bulb n.灯泡;球状物molecule n.分子注释：1.Sierra Madre mountain range of west central Mexico：墨西哥中西部的马德雷山脉。

2011年职称英语理工类阅读理解新增文章答案（共6篇）第二篇(C级)：World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict 词汇：conserve v.保护，保存 irreversible adj.不可逆的，不可改变的crude oil原油spark v.闪耀;激发;鼓舞 insufficient 不充分的，不足的curve n.曲线注释：1.ACS’Energy&Fuels：ACS是American Chemical Society(美国化学学会)的缩写。

该学会成立于1876年，现已成为世界最大的科技协会。

多年来，ACS一直致力于为全球化学研究机构、企业及个人提供高品质的文献资讯及服务。

ACS出版的期刊有34种，这些期刊在化学领域中是被引用次数最多的化学期刊，Energy&Fuels即是其中一本。

2.the Hubbert model：赫伯特模型是美国地质学家M.King Hubbert于1956年创建的，这是一个随时间增长的模型，Hubbert将其引入油气田开发，经推导使其成为一个可以预测油气田累积产量、瞬时产量、年产量和可采储量等多项开发指标的多功能预测模型。

3.a bell shaped curve：钟形曲线4.that of peak oil：that指代concept。

5.account for：说明，解释6.conventional crude oil：常规原油7.oil reserves：石油储量。

通常使用复数形式reserves。

答案与题解：1.B spark一词做及物动词使用时有“发动”、“激发"的意思，在此意为stimulated，即“引发”，这个句子的意思是：全球石油消费的快速增长已引发了对“石油峰值”预测的兴趣。

2.D 此句接下来的句子中所提到的a related concept即是与a bell shaped curve相关的概念，也就是说，接下来的这个句子对a bell shaped curve做了解释，即世界石油生产达到最大峰值后将下降。

2011年全国职称英语等级考试真题及答案理工类DA limitB systemC procedureD status11 She always finds fault with everything.A simplifiesB evaluatesC examinesD criticizes12 The view from my bedroom window was absolutely spectacular.A magnificentB generalC traditionalD strong13 At that time，we did not fully grasp the significance of what had happened.A giveB understandC attachD lose14 They converted the spare bedroom into an office.A reducedB movedC turnedD reformed15 Jane said that she couldn't tolerate the long hours.A spendB takeC lastD stand第2部分：阅读判断（第16-22题，每题1分，共7分）下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C.Lakes, Too, Feel Global WarmingThere's no doubt: In the last few decades, the average temperature on Earth has been higher than it's been in hundreds of years. Around the world, people are starting to measure the effects of global warming - and trying to figure out what to do about it.Scientists recently used satellites to study the temperatures of lakes around the world, and they found that lakes are heating up.Between 1985 and 2009, satellites recordedthe nighttime temperatures of the surfaces of 167 lakes. During those 24 years, the lakes got warmer - by an average of about 0.045 degree Celsius per year.In some places, lakes have been warming by as much as 0.10 degree Celsius per year. At that rate, a lake may warm by a full degree Celsius, or 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit, in just 10 years. That difference may seem small - you might not even notice it in your bathtub. But in a lake, slightly warmer temperatures could mean more algae, and algae can make the lake poisonous to fish.The study shows that in some regions, lakes are warming faster than the air around them. This is important because scientists often use measurements of air temperature to study how the Earth is warming. By using lake temperatures as well, scientists can get a better picture of global warming.The scientists say data on lakes give scientists a new way to measure the impact of climate change around the world.That's going to be useful, since no country is too big or too small to ignore climate change. Scientists aren't the only ones concerned. Everyone who lives on Earth is going to be affected by therapidwarming of the planet.Many world leaders believe we might be able to do something about it, especially by reducing the amount of greenhouse gases we put into the air.That's why the United Nations started the Framework Convention on Climate Change, or UNFCCC. Every year the convention meets, and representatives from countries around the world gather to talk about climate change and discuss global solutions to the challenges of a warming world.16 Scientist have been keeping records of lake temperatures for over 30 years.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned17 The temperatures of lakes around the world have increased greatly between 1985 and 2009.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned18 Lakes seem to be warming faster in Asia.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned19 A slight temperature increase in a lake could be harmful to fish.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned20 Scientists generally focus on air temperatures when studying global warming.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned21 Globle warming is less threatening to small countries.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned22 UNFCCC's annual meeting will be held in Mexico this year.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned第3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第23～30题，每题1分，共8分）下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个最佳标题；（2）第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。

2011年全国职称英语等级考试真题及答案理工类2011年全国职称英语等级考试真题及答案理工类（B级）第1部分：词汇选项（第1-15题，每题1分，共15分）下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。

1 Marsha confessed that she know nothing of computer.A hopedB answeredC admittedD reported2 We need to extract the relevant financial data.A storeB saveC reviewD obtain3 Mr. Henley has accelerated his sale of shares over the past year.A heldB increasedC expectedD offered4 The police believe the motive for the murder was jealousy.A choiceB ideaC decisionD reason5 The high-speed trains can have major impact on our livesA effortB problemC influenceD concern6 His shoes were shined to perfection.A clearedB washedC mendedD polished7 We explored the possibility of expansion at the conference.A offeredB includedC investigatedD accepted8 The study also notes a steady decline in the number of college students taking science courses.A continuousB relativeC generalD sharp9 Anderson left the table，remarking that he had some work to do.A sayingB doubtingC thinkingD knowing10 We have to act within the existing legal framework.A limitB systemC procedureD status11 She always finds fault with everything.A simplifiesB evaluatesC examinesD criticizes12 The view from my bedroom window was absolutely spectacular.A magnificentB generalC traditionalD strong13 At that time，we did not fully grasp the significance of what had happened.A giveB understandC attachD lose14 They converted the spare bedroom into an office.A reducedB movedC turnedD reformed15 Jane said that she couldn't tolerate the long hours.A spendB takeC lastD stand第2部分：阅读判断（第16-22题，每题1分，共7分）下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C.Lakes, Too, Feel Global WarmingThere's no doubt: In the last few decades, the average temperature on Earth has been higher than it's been in hundreds of years. Around the world, people are starting to measure the effects of global warming - and trying to figure out what to do about it.Scientists recently used satellites to study the temperatures of lakes around the world, and they found that lakes are heating up.Between 1985 and 2009, satellites recordedthe nighttime temperatures of the surfaces of 167 lakes. During those 24 years, the lakes got warmer - by an average of about 0.045 degree Celsius per year.In some places, lakes have been warming by as much as 0.10 degree Celsius per year. At that rate, a lake may warm by a full degree Celsius, or 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit, in just 10 years. That difference may seem small - you might not even notice it in your bathtub. But in a lake, slightly warmer temperatures could mean more algae, and algae can make the lake poisonous to fish.The study shows that in some regions, lakes are warming faster than the air around them. This is important because scientists often use measurements of air temperature to study how the Earth is warming. By using lake temperatures as well, scientists can get a better picture of global warming.The scientists say data on lakes give scientists a new way to measure the impact of climate change around the world.That's going to be useful, since no country is too big or too small to ignore climate change. Scientists aren't the only ones concerned. Everyone who lives on Earth is going to be affected by therapidwarming of the planet.Many world leaders believe we might be able to do something about it, especially by reducing the amount of greenhouse gases we put into the air.That's why the United Nations started the Framework Convention on Climate Change, or UNFCCC. Every year the convention meets, and representatives from countries around the world gather to talk about climate change and discuss global solutions to the challenges of a warming world.16 Scientist have been keeping records of lake temperatures for over 30 years.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned17 The temperatures of lakes around the world have increased greatly between 1985 and 2009.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned18 Lakes seem to be warming faster in Asia.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned19 A slight temperature increase in a lake could be harmful to fish.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned20 Scientists generally focus on air temperatures when studying global warming.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned21 Globle warming is less threatening to small countries.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned22 UNFCCC's annual meeting will be held in Mexico this year.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned第3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第23～30题，每题1分，共8分）下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个最佳标题；（2）第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。

7.Carbon-based Alternative 碳基替代燃料1.Although recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxious pollutants from individual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has been steadily increasing.Consequently, more than 100 cities in the United States still have levels of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and ozone (generated by photochemical reactions with hydrocarbons from vehicle exhaust) that exceed legally established limits. There is a growing realization that the only effective way to achieve further reductions in vehicle emissions-short of a massive shift away from the private automobile- is to replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline with cleaner-burning fuels such as compressed natural gas. liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, or methanol.1.尽管近几年来私人机动车辆排放的有害污染物已有相当程度的减少，但这类车辆的数量却仍在稳定地增长。

2011年职称英语教材综合类A、B级补全短文word汇总DAt the US Obesity Society's annual meeting, one person correlated obesity with car accident deaths, and another correlated obesity with suicides.(3) No one asked whether there was really a cause-and-effect relationship3. "The funny thing was that everyone took it seriously," Oliver said.In a 1960s study, children were shown drawings of children with disabilities and without them, and a drawing of an obese child. They were asked which they would want for a friend? (4) The obese child was picked last.Three researchers recently repeated the study using college students. Once again, almost no one, not even obese people, liked the obese person. "Obesity was stigmatized," the researchers said.But, researchers say, getting thin is not like quitting smoking. People struggle to stop smoking, and, in the end, many succeed. Obesity is different. But, not because obese people don't care. (5) Science has shown that they have limited personal control over their weight. Genes also play a part.第十三篇 The Value of MotherhoodIn shopping malls, the assistants try to push you into buying “a gift to thank her for her unselfish love”. When you log onto1a website, a small pop-up2 invites you to book a bouquet for her. Commercial warmth and gratitude are the atmosphere being spread around for this special Sunday in May.(1) The American version of Mother's Day was thought up as early as 1905, by Anna Jarvis, as a way of recognizing the real value of motherhood.The popularity of Mother's Day around the world suggests that Jarvis got all she wanted. In fact, she got more - enough to make her horrified.(2) According to a research by the US card company Hallmark, 96 percent of Americanconsumers celebrate the holiday. They buy, among other things, 132 million cards. Mother's Day is the No 1 holiday for flower purchases. Then there are the various commodities, ranging from jewelry and clothes to cosmetics and washing powder, that take advantage of the promotion opportunities. Because of this, Jarvis spent the last 40 years of her life trying to stop Mother's Day. One protest against the commercialization of Mother's Day even got her arrested – for disturbing the peace, interestingly.(3) But what's more, commercialism changes young people's attitude towards motherhood. As Ralph Fevre, a reporter at the UK newspaper The Guardian, observe, traditionally "motherhood is something that we do because we think it's right." But in the logic of commercialism, peopleneed something in exchange for their time and energy. A career serves this purpose better.(4) In addition, women are being encouraged to pursue any career they desire. So they work hard and play hard. Becoming a mother, however, inevitably handicaps career anticipation.(5) As a result, motherhood has suffered a huge drop in status since the 1950s.According to The Guardian, there are twice as many child-free young women as there were a generation ago. Or, they put off the responsibility of parenting until later in their lives.So, Fevre writes that the meaning of celebrating Mother's Day needs to be updated: "It is to persuade people that parenting is a good idea and to honor people for their attempt to be good people."Ludwig Van BeethovenLudwig van Beethoven, a major composer of the nineteenth century, overcame many personal problems to achieve artistic greatness.Born in Bonn, Germany, in 1770, he first studied music with the court organist, Gilles van der Eeden. His father was excessively strict and given to heavy drinking. (1) When his mother died, Beethoven, then a young man, was named guardian of his two younger brothers.Appointed deputy court organist to Christian Gottlob Neefe at a surprisingly early age in 1782, Beethoven also played the harpsichord and the viola. In 1792 he was sent to Vienna by his patron, Count Ferdinand Waldstein, to study music under Haydn.Beethoven remained unmarried. (2) Because of irregular payments from his publishers and erratic support from his patrons, he was troubled by financial worries throughout his adult life. Continually plagued by ill health, he developed an ear infection which led to his tragic deafness in 1819.(3) In spite of this handicap, however, he continued to write music. He completed mature masterpieces of great musical depth: three piano sonatas, four string quartets, the Missa Solemnis, and the 9th Symphony. He died in 1827. (4) His life was marked by a passionate dedication to independence.Noting that Beethoven often flew into fits of rage, Goethe once said of him, “I am astonished by his talent, but he is unfortunately an altogether untamed personality.” (5) Although Beethoven’s personality may have been untamed, his music shows great discipline and control, and this is how we remember him best.Einstein Named “Person of the Century”Albert Einstein， whose theories on space time and matter helped unravel the secrets of the atom and of the universe， was chosen as “Person of the Century” by Time magazine on Sunday.A man whose very name is synonymous with scientific genius， Einstein has come to represent more than any other person the flowering of 20th century scientific though that set the stage for the age of technology.“The world has changed far more in the past 100 years than in any other century in history. The reason is not political or economic， but technological—technologies that flowed directly from advances in basic science，” wrote theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking in a Time essay explaining Einstein’s significance. （1）“Clearly， no scientist better represents those advances than Albert Einstein.”Time chose as runner-up President Franklin Roosevelt1 to represent the triumph of freedom and democracy over fascism， and Mahatma Gandhi2 as an icon for a century when civil and human rights became crucial factors in global politics.“What we saw was Franklin Roosevelt embodying the great theme of freedom’s fight against totalitarianism， Gandhi personifying the great theme of individuals struggling for their rights， and Einstein being both a great genius and a great symbol of a scientific revolution that brought with it amazing technological advances that helped expand the growth of freedom，”said Time Magazine Editor Walter Isaacson.Einstein was born in Ulm， Germany in 1879. （2）In his early years，Einstein did not show the promise of what he was to become. He was slow to learn to speak and did not do well in elementary school. He could not stomach organized learning and loathed taking exams3.In 1905， however， he was to publish a theory which stands as one of the most intricate examples of human imagination in history. （3）In his “Special Theory of Relativity，” Einstein described how the only constant in the universe is the speed of light.Everything else—mass，weight， space， even time itself—is a variable. And he offered the world his now-famous equation： energy equals mass times the speed of light squared—E=mc2.（4）“Indirectly， relativity paved the way for a new relativism in morality， art and politics，” Isaacson wrote in an essay explaining Time’s choices. “There was less faith in absolutes， not only of time and space but also of truth and morality. ”Einstein’s famous equation was also the seed that led to the development of atomic energy and weapons. In 1939， six years after he fled European fascism and settled at Princeton University， Einstein，an avowed pacifist4， signed a letter to President Roosevelt urging the United States to develop an atomic bomb before Nazi Germany did.（5）Roosevelt heeded the advice and formed the “Manhattan Project” that secretly developed the first atomic weapon. Einstein did not work on the project.Einstein died in Princeton， New Jersey in 1955.完形填空。

2011全国职称英语考试目录2011年职称英语—综合类—阅读理解新增文章中文译文 (2)综合类---C级2第八篇当代婚姻 (2)综合类---B级2第三十八篇对年轻人的过高期望 (2)综合类---A级2第四十七篇多不胜选 (2)2011年职称英语—理工类—阅读理解新增文章中文译文 (3)理工类---C级3第二篇世界原油产量可能提前十年达到峰值 (3)第六篇编制灯光 (3)理工类---B级4第三十四篇病毒电池 (4)第三十八篇野生大象寿命更长 (4)理工类---A级4第四十五篇咸度味感因人而异 (4)第四十六篇不可思议的超材料 (5)2011年职称英语—卫生类—阅读理解新增文章中文译文 (5)卫生类---C级5第三篇厨房油烟可致癌 (5)卫生类---B级6第十八篇老年糖尿病患者进行体育锻炼可以取代胰岛素治疗 (6)第二十四篇遏制虐待儿童现象 (6)卫生类---A级7第三十四篇警惕抗菌药物的耐药性 (7)2011全国职称英语考试2011年职称英语—综合类—阅读理解新增文章中文译文综合类---C级第八篇当代婚姻如今的婚姻出什么严重问题了吗？在过去50年中，美国的离婚率暴涨：现在几乎50%的婚姻以离婚告终，证据显示，情况还将持续恶化。

据美国国家联合会的发言人称，如果这种趋势持续下去，将导致家庭的破裂。

一些未来学家预测，100年后的美国人将平均至少结四次婚，而婚外恋甚至将比现在更为普遍。

那问题的原因是什么？现状真的如此糟糕吗？第一个问题的答案十分简单：婚姻早已不像它过去那样非有不可了。

从好些年前开始，经济需求已经只是婚姻的部分基础。

过去，由于女性除了家庭以外没有任何工作，她们常常在经济上依赖丈夫。

现在，随着高薪女性的增多，情况也已经改变。

因此，她们觉得没有必要被一段失败的婚姻捆住手脚。

回答第二个问题，前景似乎不像它看起来那么令人悲观。

尽管离婚率升高，但世纪结婚率并没有下降，所以说结婚还是挺流行的。

除此之外，现在许多恋人同居但并不急着领证。

*第三十四篇Batteries Built by VirusesWhat do chicken pox，the common cold, the flu，and AIDS have in common? They’re all disease caused by viruses，tiny microorganisms that can pass from person to person．It's no wonder1 that when most people think about viruses, finding ways t0 steer clear of2 viruses is what's on people's minds．Not everyone runs from the tiny disease carders, though3．In Cambridge, Massachusetts4, scientists have discovered that some viruses can be helpful in an unusual way．They are putting viruses to work, teaching them to build some of the world's smallest rechargeable batteries．Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair，but they're not so strange for engineer Angela Belcher，who first came up with5the idea．At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, she and her collaborators bring together different areas of science in new ways．In the case of the virus-built batteries, the scientists combine what they know about biology, technology and production techniques．Belcher's team includes Paula Hammond，who helps put together the tiny batteries, and Yet-Ming Chiang，an expert on how to store energy in the form of a battery．“We’re working on things we traditionally don’t associate with nature．”says Hammond．Many batteries are already pretty small．You can hold A．C and D batteries6 in your hand．The coin—like batteries that power watches are often smaller than a penny．However。

A级完型填空新增文章教材第十五篇文章Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ ScoresYoung adults who are fit have a higher IQ and are more likely to go on to university，reveals a major new study carried out at the Sahlgrenska Academy and Sahlgrenska University Hospital．The results were recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)． The study involved l.2 million Swedish men doing military service who were born between l950 and l976．The research group analysed the results of both physical and IQ tests the youngsters took fight after they started serving the army．The study shows a clear link between good physical fitness and better results for the IQ test．The strongest links are for logical thinking and verbal comprehension．But it is only fitness that plays a role in the results for the IQ test，and not strength．“Being fit means that you also have good heart and lung capacity and that your brain gets plenty of oxygen，”says Michael Nilsson，professor at the S ahlgrenska Academy and chief physician at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital．“This may be one of the reasons why we can see a clear link with fitness，but not with muscular strength．We are also seeing that there are growth factors that are important．”By analysing data for twins，the researchers have been able to determine that it is primarily environmental factors and not genes that explain the link between fitness and a higher IQ．“We have also shown that those youngsters who improve their physical fitness between ages of l5 and l8 increase their cognitive performance," says Mafia Aberg，researcher at the Sahlgrenska Academy and physician at Aby health centre．“This being the case6，physical during is a subject that has an important place in schools，and is an absolute must if we want to do well in maths and other theoretical subjects.”The researchers have also compared the results from fitness tests service national service with the socio-economic status of the men later in life．Those who were fit at l8 were more likely to go into higher education，and many secured more qualified jobs．B级完型填空新增文章教材第十二篇文章Smoking Can Increase Depressive Symptoms in TeensWhile some teenagers may puff on cigarettes to "self-medicate" against the blues，scientists at the University of Toronto and the University of Montreal have found that smoking may actually increase depressive symptoms in some teens.“This observational study is one of the few to examine the perceived emotional benefits of smoking among teens,” says lead researcher Michael Chaiton，a research associate at the Ontario Tobacco Research Unit of the University of Toronto．“Although cigarettes may appear to have self-medicating effects or to improve mood，in the long term we found that teens who started to smoke reported higher depressive symptoms.”As part of the study，some 662 high school teenagers completed up to 20 questionnaires about their use of cigarettes to affect mood．Secondary schools were selected to provide a mix of French and English participants，urban and rural schools，and schools located in high, moderate and low socioeconomic neighbourhoods．Participants were divided into three groups: never smokers；smokers who did notuse cigarettes to self-medicate，improve mood or physical state；smokers who used cigarettes to self-medicate．Depressive symptoms were measured using a scale that asked how felt too fired to do things：had trouble going to sleep or staying asleep；felt unhappy，sad，or depressed；felt hopeless about the future；felt vexed，antsy or tense；and worried too much about things．"Smokers who used cigarettes as mood improvers had higher risks of elevated depressive symptoms than teens who had never smoked," says co-researcher Jennifer 0’Loughlin，a professor at the University of Montreal Department of Social and Preventive Medicine．"0ur study found that teen smokers who reported emotional benefits from smoking are at higher risk of developing depressive symptoms."The association between depression and smoking exists principally among teens that usecigarettes to feel better．"It’s important to emphasize that depressive symptom scores were higher among teenagers who reported emotional benefits from smoking after they began to smoke," says Dr．Chaiton．C级完型填空新增文章教材第三篇文章What Is the Coolest Gas in the Universe?What is the coldest air temperature ever recorded on the Earth? Where was this low temperature recorded? The coldest recorded temperature on Earth was -91℃ which occurred in Antarctica in 1983．We encounter an interesting situation when we discuss temperatures in space. Temperatures in Earth orbit actually range from about +120℃to -120℃．The temperature depends upon whether you are in direct sunlight or shade．Obviously, -l20℃ is colder than our body can safely endure．Thank NASA science for well-designed space suits that protect astronauts from these temperature extremes．The space temperatures just discussed affect only Our area of the solar system．Obviously，it is hotter closer to the Sun and colder as we travel away from the Sun．Astronomers estimate temperatures at Pluto are about -210℃．How cold is the lowest estimated temperature in the entire universe? Again，it depends upon your location．We are taught it is supposedly impossible to have a temperature below absolute zero，which is-273℃，at which atoms do not move．Two scientists，whose names are Cornell and Wieman，have successfully cooled down a gas temperature barely above absolute zero．They won a Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001 for their work—not a discovery，in this case．Why is the two scientists' work so important to science?In the l920s，Satyendra Nath Bose was studying an interesting theory about particles we now call photons．Bose had trouble convincing other scientists to believe so he contacted Albert Einstein．Einstein's calculations helped him theorize would behave as Bose thought——but only at very cold temperatures．Scientists have also discovered that ultra-cold atoms can help them make the world's atomic clocks even more accurate．These clocks are so accurate today they would only lose 0ne second every six million years! Such accuracy will help us travel in space because distance is velocity times time (d=v×t)．With the long distances involved in space travel to know time as accurately as possible to get accurate distance．A级阅读理解新增文章教材第四十六篇文章Marvelous MetamaterialsInvisibility cloaks would have remained impossible，forever locked in science fiction．had it not been for the development of metamaterials. In Greek, "meta" means beyond, and metamaterials car do things beyond what we see in the natural world —like shuffle light waves around an object，and then bring them back together．If scientists ever manage to build a full—fledged invisibility cloak，it will probably be made of metamaterials．"We are creating materials that don't exist in nature, and that have a physical phenomenon that doesn't exist in nature," says engineer Dentcho Genov. "That is the most exciting thing." Genov designs and builds metamaterials--such as those used in cloaking--at Louisiana Tech University in Ruston, Louisiana.An invisibility cloak will probably not be the first major accomplishment to come from the field of metamaterials．Other applications are just as excitin．In many labs，for example，scientists are working on building a hyperlens．A lens is a device ——usually made of glass——that can change the direction of light waves．Lenses are used in microscopes and cameras to focus light，thus allowing a researcher to see small things or a photographer to capture image of things that are far away．A hyperlens，however，would be made of metamaterials．And since metamaterial s can do things with light that ordinary materials can't，the hyperlens would be a powerful t001．A hyperlens would allow researchers to see things at the smallest scale imaginable—as small as the wavelength of visible light．Genov points out that the science of metamaterials is driven by the imagination：If someone call think of an idea for a new behavior for fight，then the engineers can find a way to design a device using metamaterials．"We need people who can imagine," he says．Since 2006，many laboratories have been exploring other kinds of metamaterials that don't involve just visible light．In fact，scientists are finding that almost any kind of wave may respond to metamaterials．At the Polytechnic University of Valencia in Spain．Jose Sanchez-Dehesa is working with acoustics, or the science of sound．Just as an invisibility cloak shuffles waves of light，an "acoustic" cloak would shuffle waves of sound in a way that's not found in nature．In an orchestra hall, for example．an acoustic cloak could redirect the sound waves——so someone sitting behind a column would hear the same concert as the rest of the audience．without distortion．Sanchez-Dehesa，an engineer，recently showed that it's possible to build such an acoustic cloak，though he doubts we'11 see one any time soon．"In principle，it is possible," he says，but it might be impossible to make one, he adds．Other scientists are looking into ways to use larger metamaterials as shields around islands or oil rigs as protection from tsunamis．A tsunami is a giant．destructive wave．The metamaterial would redirect the tsunami around the rig or island．and the wave would resume its ioumey on the other side without causing any harm．练习：1．What is true for metamaterials?They are nonexistent in nature．2．A hyperlens is a more powerful tool than a traditional lensas it can help scientists to see even the wavelengths of visible light．3．Scientists at the Polytechnic University of Valencia try to invent an acoustic cloak that can shuffle waves of sound．4．According to Sdnchez—Dehesa,it is possible to build an acoustic cloak in theory but far from．reality．5．What ways are some scientists looking into to protect the island and oil；rig from tsunamis? (Read the last paragraph．)Surround them with metamaterials as protective shields．A级阅读理解新增文章教材第四十五篇文章Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like OthersLow—salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others，according to a study by a Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences food scientist．The research indicates that genetic factors influence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat．Those conclusions are important because recent，well—publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others，pointed out John Hayes，assistant professor of food science，who was lead investigator 0n the study．Diets high in salt Can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke．That is why public health experts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that are enjoyable to eat．This study increases understanding of salt preference and consumption．The research involved 87 carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and chips，on multiple occasions，spread out over weeks．Test subjects were 45：men and 42 women, reportedly healthy，ranging in age from 20 t0 40 years．The sample was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes．They rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale，ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind．“Most of us like the taste of salt．However，some individuals eat more salt，both because they like the taste of saltiness more，and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food,” said Hayes. “Supertasters, people who experience tastes more intensely, consume more salt than nontasters do. Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor, and at least for these foods, more is better, so the supertasters seem to like them more.”However, supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese，Hayes noted．“For example，cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy flavors from fermented milk，but also bitter tastes from ripening that are blocked by salt，” he said．“A supertaster finds low-salt cheese unpleasant because the bitterness is too pronounced6．”Hayes cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named Fox and ageneticist named Blakeslee，showing that individuals differ in their ability to taste certain chemicals．As a result，Hayes explained，we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists，and this variation is as normal as variations in eye and hair color．“Some people，called supertasters，describe bitter compounds as being extremely bitter，while others，called nontasters，find these same bitter compounds to be tasteless or only weakly bitter．”he said．“Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in food preference because supertastin7 is not limited to bitterness．(476)1．In paragraph 2，John Hayes points out thatmany people accept low—salt tasteless food reluctantly2．The fourth paragraph describes brieflyhow to select subjects and what to do in the research．3. The article argues that supertasters1ike snack foods as saltiness is their primary flavor．4. Which of the following applies to supertasters in terms of bitter taste?They prefer high—salt cheese．which tastes less bitter．5. What message do the last two paragraphs carry?Taste acuity is genetically determined．A级阅读理解新增文章教材第三十四篇文章Batteries Built by VirusesWhat do chicken pox，the common cold, the flu，and AIDS have in common? They’real disease caused by viruses，tiny microorganisms that can pass from person to person．It's no wonder1 that when most people think about viruses, finding ways t0 steer clear of viruses is what's on people's minds．Not everyone runs from the tiny disease carders, though．In Cambridge, Massachusetts, scientists have discovered that some viruses can be helpful in an unusual way．They are putting viruses to work, teaching them to build some of the world's smallest rechargeable batteries．Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair，but they're not so strange for engineer Angela Belcher，who first came up with the idea．At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, she and her collaborators bring together different areas of science in new ways．In the case of the virus-built batteries, the scientists combine what they know about biology, technology and production techniques．Belcher's team includes Paula Hammond，who helps put together the tiny batteries, and Yet-Ming Chiang， an expert on how to store energy in the form of a battery．“We’re working on things we traditionally don’t associate with nature．” says Hammond．Many batteries are already pretty small．You can hold A．C and D batteries in your hand．The coin—like batteries that power watches are often smaller than a penny．However。