2006年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解【圣才出品】

【人大】【中国人民大学】【基础英语真题】2006年【英语专业考研】中国人民大学英语专业---2006年基础英语考研真题中国人民大学2006年硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：354基础英语I. Sentence Completion (30 points)Directions: Write in the blank the letter of the item which best completes each sentence.1. Jean ______ her mother in character.a. takes afterb. inheritsc. initiatesd. embarrasses2. They reported the loss and gave all the necessary ______ to the police.a. happeningsb. qualificationsc. characteristicsd. particulars3. Generous public funding of basic science would ______ considerable benefits for the country's health, wealth and security.a. result fromb. settle downc. lie ind. lead to4. When people become unemployed, it is ______ which is often worse than lack of wages.a. lazinessb. povertyc. idlenessd. inability5. National poverty was ______ by rapid population growth.a. strengthenedb. reinforcedc. aggravatedd. reduced6. What a sad sight, with all the shops ______ and the people gone.a. shuttledb. shutteredc. shuttlesd. shutters7. The carpenter helped me to _______ the cabinet at the base to keep it from tipping.a. wedgeb. wrenchc. yoked. tuck8. The dentist had to _______ the tooth as it was badly decayed.a. pull offb. releasec. extractd. alleviate9. Children and old people do not like having their daily _______ upset.a. habitb. practicec. routined. custom10. ________ when she started complaining.a. Not until he arrivedb. No sooner had he arrivedc. Hardly had he arrivedd. Scarcely did he arrive11. These things have nothing to do with each other. They are totally _________ .a. irrelevantb. unrelatedc. irreconcilabled. irreplaceable12. _______ the Foreign Minister but the Prime Minister too.a. They not only sawb. They saw not onlyc. Not only did they seed. Not only they saw13. Professor Smith and Professor Brown will ________ in giving the class lecturesa. alterb. changec. alternated. differ14. One of the wrong notions about science is that many scientific discoveries have comeabout_______.a. accordinglyb. accidentallyc. artificiallyd. additionally15. When he was a student, his father gave him a monthly ________ towards his expenses.a. currencyb. payc. allowanced. permission16. No amount of sophistry can justify one country's intervention in the _______ affairs of anothercountry.a. insideb. ownc. internald. intentional17. His story of rescuing ten drowning men totally by himself was ______.a. wonderfulb. incrediblec. indignantd. immense18. I punished the child _______ he should make the same mistake.a. sinceb. becausec. unlessd. lest19. Since Helen is my wife, it is difficult for me to be ______ about her talent.a. objectiveb. single-mindedc. overwhelmedd. subjective20. Every day I walk _______ London Theatre.a. passb. pastc. throughd. across21. Courageous people think quickly and act without _______.a. hesitationb. complaintc. considerationd. anxiety22. I've only recently _______ Shakespeare with profit and pleasure.a. followedb. exploredc. actedd. evaluated23. Arriving anywhere with these possessions, he might just as easily ______ for a month or a year as for a single day.a. arrangeb. innovatec. put upd. adapt24. It is unlikely he can significantly contribute to the highly competitive strategies thatfood_____demands.a. retailb. retainc. retailingd. retaining25. Investors said they were "surprised and encouraged" by the sentiment, although other shareholders seemed ______ to having Prosser in the role.a. resilientb. resolutec. resoundingd. resigned26. Sir Ian's _______ from some of his other duties would be a constructive signal to investors that we are being listened to.a. resignationb. withdrawalc. returnd. response27. Walt Disney's board is stepping up plans to find a new ruler to save the Magic Kingdom and fight off a $54 billion hostile _____ from Comcast, the US cable giant.a. purchaseb. bidc. cofferd. merger28. In Hong Kong's huge Ocean Terminal shopping complex Prudential has opened a shop alongside ______ fashion brands such as Prada and Ralph Lauren.a. inspiringb. operationalc. aspirationald.mind-bending29. Potential customers are ushered through the glass doors into a waiting room with_____ colors and product literaturespread over the table.a. mutinousb. mutablec. mutedd. musty30. The firm's _______ appears on buses in Bangkok and hoardings in Hong Kong, while itsred-and-white motif unconsciously echoes the colors of HSBC, a British institution known to millions of customers across Asia。

目　录2007年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解2006年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解2005年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解2004年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解2003年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解2002年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解2007年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解I. Fill in the blanks with the right linguistic concepts (10 points). 1.Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the ______ it is associated with. 2. ______ s a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix of a longer form already present in the language. For example，the verb edit was formed from editor by dropping the supposed derivational suffix -or. 3.Some morphemes like –ish,-ness，-ly，-dis，trans-.un- are never words by themselves but are always parts of words. These affixes are ______ morphemes. 4. ______ an be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society. 5. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”, which is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking，listening，writing and reading. The lager is concerned about the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors. 6. H.P.Grice believes that there is a set of assumptions guiding the conduct of conversation. This is what he calls the Cooperative Principle. According to the maximum of ______: Do not say what you believe to be false or for which you lack evidence. In other words，speak truthfully; do not lie. 7. ______ proposes that every speaker knows a set of principals which apply to all languages and also a set of parameters that can vary from one language to another, but only within certain limits. 8. ______ refers to varieties of a language used by individual speakers，with peculiarities of pronunciation，grammar and vocabulary. In fact，no two speakers speak exactly the same dialect. Each speaker has certain characteristic features of his own in his way of speaking. 9.According to ______ period hypothesis，in child development there is a period during which language can be acquired more easily than at any other time. The period lasts until puberty (around age 12 or 13 years), and is due to biological development.10. ______ refers to ties and connections which exist within texts. They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses.答案：I. 1. meaning2.Back-formation3.bound4.Pragmaticsngue6.quality7. Generative Grammar8.Idiolect9.Critical10.CohesionII. Give short answer to the following questions (10 points)I. Explain criterion-referenced and norm-referenced language tests.答案：Tests can be categorized into two major groups: norm-referenced tests and criterion-referenced tests. These two tests differ in their intended purposes, the way in which content is selected, and the scoring process which defines how the test results must be interpreted.A test that measures student knowledge and understanding in relation to specific standards or performance objectives is called criterion-referenced testing (CRT). It measures students’ performance in relation to standards, not in relation to other students; all students may earn the highest grade if all meet the established performance criteria. CRTs report how well students are doing relative to a pre-determined performance level on a specified set of educational goals or outcomes included in the school, district, or state curriculum.A test designed to measure and compare individual students’performances or text results to those of an appropriate peer group (that is,norm group) at the classroom, local or, national level is called norm-referenced testing (NRT). Students with the best performance on a given assessment receive the highest grades. It is generally used to help teachers select students for different ability level reading or mathematics instructional groups.2. Explain the seven types of meaning and use examples to illustrate your ideas.答案：The seven types of meaning were first postulated by G. Leech. They are respectively illustrated as follows:(1) Conceptual meaning, which refers to logical, cognitive, or denotative content. This type of meaning is “denotative” in that it is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it denotes, or refers to. It overlaps to a large extent to the concept of reference, but Leech also uses the short form “sense” for the same indication. So Leech’s conceptual meaning contains two parts: sense and reference.(2) Connotative meaning, what is communicated by virtue of what language refers to. It refers to some additional, especially emotive, meaning.(3) Social meaning, referring to what is communicated of the social circumstances of language use.(4) Affective meaning, which refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.(5) Reflected meaning, which refers to what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression.(6) Collocative meaning, what is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word.The five types of meanings from (2) to (6) are collectively known as Associative meaning in the sense that an elementary associationist theory of mental connections is enough to explain their use.(7) Thematic meaning, what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis. It is more peripheral since it is only determined by the order of the words in a sentence and the different prominence they each receive.III. Read the following passage carefully and then state your own position concerning the use of knowing some linguistics. (10 points) One famous scholar says that language is an interesting subject to study on its own right, for the simple reason that everybody uses it every day. It is unbelievable that we know very little about something we are so familiar with. Just a few questions will arouse our interest in language. Why should we call the thing we sit on chair? Can’t we call chair table and table chair? How is it that children don’t seem to make a big effort in learning their first language while we adults have to work very hard to learn a second language? Why can we talk about yesterday and last year while cats and dogs never seem to make noises about their past experience? Do you think we can think as clearly without language as with language? Does language determine what we think or thought determines what we say? These questions make us curious about language and linguistics can satisfy our curiosity. To seek the answer to any of these questions is a good reason for studying linguistics.答案：Language is essential to human beings; it plays a central role in our lives as individual and social beings. We have to be fully aware of the nature and mechanism of our language, or we will be ignorant of what constitutes our essential humanity. Therefore, there is every necessity to study language. And Linguistics serves as a way for us to learn more about language, and to explain some phenomena which we have taken granted for but which in fact is quite interesting or puzzling. For example, with the help of linguistics, people could explain why we call the thing we sit on a “chair”but not a “cat” or “dog”, or why we can talk about yesterday and even tomorrow while animals can not. These two kinds of phenomena are all attributed to the design features of language which make it unique from and advantageous over animal languages. The linguists have found that human language is arbitrary because there is no “natural” connection between a linguistic and its meaning. What’s more, human language has also the property of displacement which enables the language users to talk about things and events not present in the immediate environment.Linguistics does not only try to explain the phenomena of language itself, but also try to study the interrelation between it and other aspects of the whole human society. Thus, we have sociolinguistics, which studies the relation of language with society, and which tries to clear out the relationship of language to the society and culture; psycholinguistics, which aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when we use language, how we as infants acquire our mother tongue, how we memorize, and how we process the information we receive in the course of communication; applied linguistics, which relates some findings in linguistic studies to the solution of such practical problems as the recovery of speech ability, foreignlanguage teachings.Of course, the present linguistic studies can not explain adequately all the phenomena concerned with language, for example, whether it is language determines culture or that culture determines language. Even with the theories which seem to work well on certain aspects of language we should not stay satisfied; for the theory is now accepted as true only because it haven’t been proved wrong.2006年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解I. Fill in the blanks with the right linguistic concepts (22 points).1. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as (1) and (2) . The former refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing.2. (3) grammars attempt to tell what is in the language, while (4) grammars tell people what should be in the language. Most contemporary linguists believe that whatever occurs naturally in the language should be described.3. (5) studies how the speech sounds are made, transmitted, and received, and (6) studies the rules governing the structure, distribution and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.4. Words which have different meanings but are written differently and sound alike are called (7) .5. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is (8) and performance.6. There are two fields of morphology: the study of (9) and the study of (10) .7. “The world is like a stage” is an example of (11) , and “All theworld is a stage” is an example o-f (12) . They are often used in analyzing features of literary language.8. (13) studies meaning in language, (14) s about principles of forming and understanding correct English sentences, and (15) is concerned with the internal organization of words. They are all among the main branches of linguistics.9. (16) is the study of the language-processing mechanisms. It is concerned with the storage, comprehension, production and acquisition of language; (17) , on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society. They both belong to branches of macrolinguistics.10. The part of linguistics that studies the language of literature is called (18) . It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style.11. Children frequently say tooths and mouses, instead of teeth and mice. These are examples of (19) .12. (20) is a relatively complex form of compounding in which a new word is formed by joining the initial part of one word and the final part of another word.For example, the English word smog is made from (21) and (22) .答案：(1) langue (2) parole (3) descriptive (4) prescriptive (5) phonetics(6) phonology (7) homophones (8) competence (9) inflectional　(10) lexical/derivational (11) simile (12) metaphor (13) semantics(14) syntax(15) morphology (16) psycholinguistics (17) sociolinguistics (18) stylistics(19) overgeneralization (20) blending (21) smoke (22) fogII. Give brief definitions of the following terms (18 points).1. Phoneme2. CALL3. IC analysis4. Linguistic relativity5. Silent period6. Gradable antonym答案：1. Phoneme. It refers to the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language. For example, in English, /p/ is described as a phoneme.2. CALL. It is the abbreviation of computer-assisted language learning, which refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language. In this kind of CALL programs, the computer leads the student through a learning task step-by-step, asking questions to check comprehension. Depending on the student’s response, the computer gives the student further practice or progresses to new material.3. IC analysis. IC analysis (immediate constituent analysis) refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups(orphrases),which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached. In practice, for the sake of convenience, we usually stop at the level of word.4. Linguistic relativity. This is one of two points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. It states that similarity between languages is relative, the greater their structural differentiation is, the more diverse their conceptualization of the world is. For example, not every language has the same set of words for the colors; in Spanish there is no word that corresponds to the English meaning of “blue”.5. Silent period. It refers to a period in the initial phase of the language acquisition process, during which children acquiring a new language in natural settings are silent and concentrate on comprehension. And they may respond, if necessary, only in a non-verbal way or by making use of a set of memorized phrases. This phenomenon is also observed when we see how children acquire their mother tongue.6. Gradable antonym. Gradable antonyms are antonyms that are gradable because there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair. For example, cold and warm constitute a pair of gradable antonyms.III. Give Short answers to the following questions (40 points):1. In what ways do people cooperate in their conversations?答案：In daily conversations people do not usually say things directly but tend to imply them, and according to Grice, they seem to observe willingly or unwillingly certain principle, which is called “cooperativeprinciple”: “Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs，by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged”. Under this principle, there are four maxims, namely, Quantity, Quality, Relation, and Manner.2. How is the illocutionary act different from the perlocutionary act?答案：An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something. Thus, if someone says “Morning”, we can ask questions like “What did he mean?” and the answer could be “He offered a greeting.”A perlocutionary act, however, is the effect of the utterance. By telling somebody something the speaker may change the opinion of the hearer on something, or mislead him, or surprise him, or induce him to do something, and so on. Therefore, the perlocutionary act of the saying “Morning” could be to keep friendly relations with the hearer.3. Why did Chomsky make the distinction between deep and Surface structures?答案：In generative grammar, deep structure is the abstract syntactic representation of a sentence, the underlying level of structural organization which specifies all the factors governing the way the sentence should be interpreted. On the other hand, surface structure is the final stage in the syntactic representation of a sentence, which provides the input to the phonological component of the grammar, and which thus most closely corresponds to the structure we articulate and hear.According to Chomsky, it is necessary to make the distinction, since it ishelpful to differentiate and analyze syntactic structures such as “John is easy to please” and “John is eager to please”, and also to disambiguate structures like “the shooting of the hunters”. More importantly, it reflects two of the stages of how the language is processed through the generative grammar: the deep structure, which an underlying structure, has to be transformed to the surface structure via a set of transformational rules.4.What are the major concerns of pragmatics?答案：Pragmatics is the study of the language in use. It is mainly about how speakers use language appropriately and effectively in accordance with a given context. It is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader). It has more to do with participants of communication and context in which communication takes place. Hence the study of speaker meaning, that of contextual meaning, of what is unsaid but communicated.5. For the system of transitivity, Halliday identified six kinds of process, each with different types of participants. List four of the processes and comment on the effectiveness of such classification.答案：For the system of transitivity, Halliday has identified six kinds of process, and four of them are material process, relational process, behavioral process, and mental process.Such a classification has a lot to do with the systemic-functional approach of grammar interpretation. The classification of the system of transitivity helps reveal the functions of the components in relation to the whole clause; it is an interpretation of grammar in terms of ideationalfunction. These six types of process have divided up the semantic system of ideational function, by showing the various ways of language to react on the material world around us, and make sense of their experience of what goes on around them and inside them, or in other words, to perform the ideational function.IV. Answer the following questions, citing examples to support your ideas (40 points).1. What are the seven functions of human language?答案：According to Hu Zhuanglin, language has at least seven functions, and they are illustrated as follows:1) Informative function. It means that language is the instrument of thought and language serves an informational function when used to tell something. It is also called ideational function in the framework of functional grammar. The declarative sentences such as “This is a book.” are the typical illustration of this function.2) Interpersonal function. The interpersonal function means people can use language to establish and maintain their status in a society. It is the most important sociological use of language. In the framework of functional grammar, this function is concerned with interaction between the addresser and addressee in the discourse situation and the addresser's attitude toward what he speaks or writes about. For example, the ways in which people address others and refer to themselves (such as Dear Sir, Dear Professor, Johnny, yours, your obedient servant) indicate the various grades of interpersonal relations.3) Performative function. The performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons, as in marriage ceremonies, the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children, the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony, and the cursing of enemies. The kind of language employed in performative verbal acts is usually quite formal and even ritualized. The performative function can extend to the control of reality as on some magical or religious occasions. For example, in Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy) as a means of controlling the forces which the believers feel might affect their lives.4) Emotive function. The emotive function is one of the most powerful uses of language because it is so crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something. It is a means of getting rid of the nervous energy when people are under stress, for example, swear words, obscenities, involuntary verbal reactions to beautiful art or scenery; conventional words/phrases, for example. God, My, Damn it, Wow, Ugh, Ow, etc.5) Phatic communion. The phatic communion refers to the social interaction of language. People always use some small, seemingly meaningless expressions such as Good morning, God bless you, Nice day, etc., to maintain a comfortable relationship between people without any factual content.6) Recreational function. The recreational function means people use language for the sheer joy of using it, such as a baby’s babbling or a chanter’s chanting.7) Metalingual function. The metalingual function refers to the fact that people can use language to talk about itself. For example, I can use the word “book” to talk about a book, and I can also use the expression “the word book” to talk about the sign “b-o-o-k” itself.2. What are the major types of semantic Changes?答案：There are mainly three kinds of semantic changes, namely, broadening, narrowing, and meaning shift. Class shift and folk etymology also contribute to change in meaning　(1) BroadeningBroadening is a process to extend or elevate the meaning from its originally specific sense to a relatively general one．For instance，the word holiday used to mean“holy day”in religious English. Today it means“a day for rest”regardless of its religious nature.(2) NarrowingContrary to broadening，the original meaning of a word can be narrowed or restricted to a specific sense．A typical example is the word meat which originally meant "food". In the course of time, the range of meaning was narrowed to mean specifically "the flesh of animals used as food".(3) Meaning shiftAll semantic changes involve meaning shift．Yet, in its narrow sense, meaning shift refers to the change of meaning, which has nothing to do with generalization or restriction. What makes the meaning of a word different isits departure from its original domain as a result of its metaphorical usage. For instance，the word bead originally means “prayer”, but later it refers to “the prayer bead”, the visible manifestation of a prayer, finally “small, ball-shaped piece of glass, metal or wood”.(4) Class shiftBy shifting the word class one can change the meaning of a word from a concrete entity or notion to a process or attribution. This process of word formation is also known as zero-derivation, or conversion. The word engineer as a noun means “a person trained in a branch of engineering”, but it means “to act as an engineer” or “to plan, to maneuver” when used as a verb.(5) Folk etymologyIt refers to a change in form of a word or phrase resulting from an incorrect popular notion of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous. As a result of this modification，the word sparrowgrass in English derived from asparagus; the Spanish cucaracha changed into English cockroach．V. Translate the following into Chinese (30 points). Suppose that John Smith, happily married to Mary Smith, addresses his wife as “Mary, Smith, how many times have I asked you not to flip through the TV channels?” There would be reason to took beyond the words for the “meaning” of this unusual form of address. Mr. Smith may address his wife as “Mary Smith” to show his exasperation, as in this example. By addressing her as “Mary Smith” instead of the usual “Mary”, he conveys frustration and annoyance. His choice of name thus “means” that he is exasperated. Contrast the tone of that Sentence With a similar one in whichJohn Smith addressed Mary Smith as “dear”. The level of meaning that conveys the language user’s feelings, including his attitude or evaluation in shaping his use of language is Called affective meaning or emotive meaning. It is largely a parasitic category in the sense that to express our emotions we depend on the mediation of other categories of meaning as conceptual, connotative or social. For example, nigger, originally a word denoting a certain race, has virtually become a term of abuse or contempt; and a similar development has occurred with part of the political vocabulary, such as fascist.【参考译文】假设约翰·史密斯开心地娶了玛丽小姐后却这样称呼他的妻子：“玛丽·史密斯，我告诉过你多少次了，换台时不要老那么快！”撇开字面意思，这不寻常的称呼的出现是有理由的。

育明教育——中国考研专业课辅导第一品牌育明教育，创立于2006年，由北京大学、中国人民大学、中央财经大学、北京外国语大学的教授投资创办，并有北京大学、清华大学、中国人民大学、北京师范大学、复旦大学等知名高校的博士和硕士加盟，是一个最具权威的全国范围内的考研专业课辅导机构。

全国统一咨询热线：400-6998-626【育明教育·5大优势】信息·最权威：北大、人大、中财老师创办经验·最丰富：五年专注考研专业课辅导培训考点·最精准：连续五年考点命中率高达85%以上规划·最可行：协助学员制定个性化全程复习指导规划咨询·最专业：北大、清华、北外师资全天候进行答疑解惑中国人民大学2005年硕士生入学考试试题招生专业：英语语言文学考试科目：基础英语英文写作英汉互译考试时间：1月23日上午考题编号：336基础英语I. Sentence Completion (20 points)Directions: Write in the blank the letter of the item which best completes each sentence.1. The ties that bind us together in common activity are so _____ that they can disappear at anymoment.a. tentativeb. tenuousc. restrictived. consistente. tenacious2. I did not anticipate reading such a ____ discussion of the international situation in the morningnewspaper, normally, such a treatment could be found only in scholarly magazines.a. eruditeb. arrogantc. ingeniousd. overte. analytical3. We need more men of culture and enlightenment; we have too many ____ among us.a. boorsb. studentsc. philistinesd. pragmatistse. philosophers4. The Trojan War proved to the Greeks that cunning and ____ were often more effective than military might.a. treacheryb. artificec. strengthd. wisdome. beauty5. His remarks were filled with ___ which sounded lofty but presented nothing new to the audience.a. aphorismsb. platitudesc. bombastd. adagese. symbols6. Achilles had his ____, Hitler had his elite Corps.a. myrmidonsb. antagonistsc. arachnidsd. myriadse. anchorites7. In order to photograph _____ animals, elaborate flashlight equipment is necessary.a. predatoryb. wildc. nocturnald. livee. rare8. He was deluded by the ____ who claimed he could cure all diseases with his miracle machine.a. salesmanb. inventorc. charlatand. doctore. practitioner9. The attorney protested that the testimony being offered was not ____ to the case and askedthat it be stricken from the record as irrelevant.a. favorableb. coherentc. harmfuld. beneficiale. germane10. Automation threatens mankind with an increased number of ____ hours．a. meagerb. uselessc. actived. complexe. idle11. I was so bored with the verbose and redundant style of that writer that I welcomed thechange to the ____ style of this author．a. prolixb. consistentc. tersed. logisticale. tacit12. Such doltish behavior was not expected from so ____ an individual．a. exasperatingb. astutec. cowardlyd. enigmatice. democratic13. Disturbed by the ____ nature of the plays being presented，the Puritans closed the theaters in1642．a. mediocreb. fantasticc. moribundd. salaciouse. witty14. John left his position with the company，because he felt that advancement was based on____ rather than ability．a. chanceb. seniorityc. nepotismd. superciliousnesse. maturation15. He became quite overbearing and domineering once he had become accustomed to the ____shown to soldiers by the native; he enjoyed his new sense of power．a. abilityb. domesticityc. deference。

全国⾃考《现代语⾔学》历年真题及详解【圣才出品】2015年10⽉全国⾃考《现代语⾔学》真题及详解课程代码：00830选择题部分I.Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully.Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(2%×10=20%)1.A study of the features of the English language used in Charles Dickens’time can be regarded as a _____study.A.diachronicB.prescriptiveC.synchronicD.historical【答案】C【解析】研究某⼀时期的语⾔特征属于共时研究，故选C项。

2.Of the following consonants,_____is dental.A.[t]B.[p]C.[?]D.[θ]【答案】D【解析】[θ]是⾆齿⾳，故D项正确。

[t]是齿龈⾳（alveolar），[p]爆破⾳（plosive），[?]是腭⾳（palatal）。

3.The inflectional morpheme in the word“deforestated”is_____.A.de-B.forestC.-ateD.-ed【答案】D【解析】曲折词素指的是不改变单词意思⽽改变单词词性的词素，-ed将单词由动词变为形容词，属于曲折词素，故D项正确。

de-和-ate是派⽣词素，forest是词根。

4.The syntactic rules of any language are_____in number,and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.A.finiteB.non-finiteC.infiniteD.definite【答案】A【解析】任何语⾔的句法规则都是有限的，但是⼈们能够制造并理解⽆数句⼦，这是由语⾔的递归性和⼆重性决定的，故A项正确。

1.3考研真题与典型题详解I。

Fill in the blanks。

1。

The features that define our human languages can be called ______ features. (北二外2006研) 2。

Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language。

(北二外2003研）3. Language, broadly speaking， is a means of______ communication.4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences ba sed on limited rules. This feature is usually termed______5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______。

6。

Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some r ules for people to observe.7。

One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing。

8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. （北二外2003研)9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______. （北二外2004研）10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description， classification and transcription. （北二外2005研)11。

2006年10月全国自考《外语教学法》真题及答案课程代码：00833I. Multiple Choice：(15%)Directions：In this section，you are given 15 questions beneath each of which are four choices marked A，B，C，andD. You are to make the best choice either to complete the incomplete statement or to answer the question. One point is given to each correct choice.1. Which of the following techniques is NOT used in the Grammar-Translation Method?（）A. ReadingB. TranslationC. Written workD. Oral presentation【答案】D2. American structuralism came into being at _________.（）A. the beginning of the 20th centuryB. in the 19th centuryC. in the 1940sD. in the 1930s【答案】A3. Students’ mistakes are ________ corrected in the classrooms of the Direct Method.（）A. neverB. immediatelyC. seldomD. carelessly【答案】B4. Which of the following methods is likely to support the idea that students studyEnglish at different levels?（）A. The Global MethodB. The Dual Activity MethodC. The Leveled methodD. The ASSRF Method【答案】C5. In the Direct Method ______ are used as teaching units.（）A. wordsB. phrasesC. sentencesD. discourses【答案】C6. _______ wrote a book of Greek Grammar.（）A. Apollonius DyscolusB. Dianysius.ThraxC. Noam ChomskyD. M.A.K.Halliday【答案】B7. Many proponents of the Communicative Approach advocate the use of _______materials in the language classrooms.（）A. classicB. authenticC. modernD. oral【答案】B8. ________ is particularly interested in the relationship between sentences and the contexts and situation in which they are used.（）A. Transformational GrammarB. PragmaticsC. StructuralismD. The Situational Approach【答案】B9. In the recent development of FLT, there has been an emphasis on（）A. a practical knowledge of the grammar of languageB. a decisive role of teachersC. students’ performance and reflectionsD. the individual as learner【答案】D10. According to the Grammar-Translation Method, Latin grammar was consideredto be the ______ grammar.（）A. best and oldestB. most logical and well-organizedC. most widely learnedD. most popular【答案】B11. According to Morrow, activities that are truly communicative have threefeatures. They are information gap, ________ and _________.（）A. choice, feedbackB. choice, situationC. situation, discourseD. discourse, function【答案】A12. In Chomsky’s opinion, linguistic competence refers to the _________ of thelanguage that a native speaker possesses.（）A. inborn deviceB. universal grammarC. internalized knowledgeD. general principles【答案】C13. In the Communicative Approach group and pair work is favoured to ________ thetime allotted to each student to practice the use of language.（）A. minimizeB. shortenC. maximizeD. reduce【答案】C14. One of the important ways of correcting language mistakes in the Direct Method is _______.（）A. discussionB. explanationC. demonstrationD. self-correction【答案】D15. What’s the ultimate aim of the Dual Activity Method?（）A. To help students overcome their negative feelings.B. To develop students’ independence and autonomy in learning and using the language.C. To enhance students’ self-confidence.D. To create a relaxed, cooperative atmosphere.【答案】BII. Filling Blanks：（20%）Directions：In this section there are 15 statements with 20 blanks . You are to fill in each blank with ONE appropriate word. One point is given to each blank.16. In the Natural Approach, to minimize stress, the learners are not required to________. especially at the beginning stage, but they are expected to make responses.。

2003年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解Ⅰ.Linguistics (20 points)1. What is acoustic phonetics?答案：Acoustic phonetics is a technical area of linguistics. It is the study of sound waves made by the human vocal organs for communication.2. What is register? Use an example to illustrate your idea.答案：There are many social constraints that come into play in controlling which variety from the linguistic repertoire of a speaker is to be used on a particular occasion. The type of language that is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register. The register is determined by three social variables: field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse. For example, an appropriate language to an academic lecture in a college should be formal and polite, which is called register.3. Is there a general trend in language change? Cite examples to support your idea. 答案：There are some recent trends in language change. Firstly, language moves towards greater informality. A London bus notice says, “Please do not speak to the driver while he is driving.” Years ago, this would have been: “Passengers are required not to communicate with the driver while the vehicle is in notion.”Secondly, the influence of American English can be seen. Though petrol, autumn, lift and pavement have not surrendered to gasoline, fall, elevator and sidewalk, words like teenager and commuter have now become well established in British English. Thirdly, English is also influenced by science and technology. As science and technology develop, new words and expressions have been coined one after another, such as space suit and moonscape in space travel, and program and input in computer and internet language.4. Is American English superior to African English? Why or why not?答案：American English is not superior to African English. As different branches of English, African English and American English are equal. Similar as they are, they are influenced by their respective cultural context and thus form respective systems of pronunciation, words and even grammar.。

语言学概论考研真题与典型题详解第2章语言的功能2.1语言的社会功能2.1.1知识要点一、语言和言语1．定义（1）语言是一种特殊的社会现象，是人类作为必不可少的思维工具和最重要的交际工具来使用的一种音义结合的符号系统，包括说话中反复使用的有限的材料和为数不多的规则。

（2）言语是对语言的运用，包括：①言语行为，指人用语言说和写的过程，是人的一种行为；②言语作品，指人说出来的话和写出来的东西，是语言的表现形式，是运用语言工具，表达思想所产生的结果。

2．区别（1）语言是从言语中抽象概括出来的社会公认的词语和规则的总和，是抽象的，不自由的，具有社会性。

言语是个人说和写的行为及说出来的话和写出来的作品，是具体的、自由的、具有个人特点。

（2）语言的规则和材料是有限的。

言语是运用语言产生的言语是无限的。

（3）语言系统是社会共有的交际工具，因而是稳定的，具有相对静止的特点。

言语是人们运用语言进行交际的过程和结果，具有运动状态。

3．联系（1）语言是从言语中概括出来的，存在于言语之中，通过言语表现出来，没有言语就无所谓语言。

（2）语言的存在以言语需要为前提。

（3）言语是对语言的运用，以语言为活动基础，语言在言语中起着规范作用。

二、语言在人类交际工具中的地位语言是人类最重要的交际工具1．语言是一种社会现象，和人类现象有紧密的联系。

2．语言这种交际工具是人类特有的。

3．除语言外，人类还借助其他的交际工具。

（1）文字（2）旗语、电报代码、信号灯（3）面部表情、手势、躯体姿态等非语言工具三、语言的社会本质1．语言是一种社会现象（1）语言中的语音与语义怎样结合成特定的语言成分都是社会习惯所使然，都是约定俗成的。

（2）语言依存于社会①语言是随着社会产生而产生的②语言又是随着人类社会的发展而发展、死亡而死亡的。

（3）社会不能没有语言2．语言具有全民一致性3．语言作为社会现象的特殊性语言是既非基础又非上层建筑的一种特殊的社会现象，它是以交际工具和思维工具的身份来替社会服务的。

2006年考研英语参考答案及详细解答(4) Part B本部分内容请参见Part B（二）答案解析及参考译文Part C篇章导读本文的中心内容为如何改进公众对科学研究的认识。

文章首先提出了虽然不同领域间的相互受益在科学界被广为认同，但公众却不清楚这一事实，之后阐述了改进公众对科学认识的时机已经成熟并讲述了如何提高公众对科学研究的认识，最后作者以农业为例，说明了其它学科领域的研究对生物医学进步所起的作用。

思路解析46.本句的句子主干结构为“……the scientific community could build a more effective case for public support of all science……”，其中“Because……is strong”为because引导的原因状语从句，“by articulating……”为方式状语，在该方式状语中how引导“articulate”的宾语从句。

47.本句的句子主干结构为“……we can work to enhance public appreciation of scientific research……”，其中“by showing……”为方式状语，在该方式状语中how引导“show”的宾语从句。

48.本句为简单句。

句子的主干结构为“……it may appear to have made few significant contributions to biomedicaladvances……”，在该句中“related to human nutrition”为形容词短语作后置定语，修饰前面的“those.”49.本句的主句为“it was……that”的强调句型，其中“at the turn of the century”为时间状语，该时间状语包含一个when引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的“the turn of the century”，该定语从句为连词and连接的并列结构。

2006年南开大学外国语学院专业英语考研真题及详解第一部分英美文学、比较文学与比较文化试题I. Multiple choice: choose the one best answer. Please write all your answers on the Answer Sheets. (20 points)1. Four Quartets was written by ______.A. D.H. LawrenceB. T.S. EliotC. William Butler YeatsD. Robert Bums【答案】B【解析】本题考查《四个四重奏》的作者。

《四个四重奏》是艾略特的作品。

2. Nineteen Eighty-four is ______.A. H.G Well’s last literary attempt to predict the futureB. a novel depicting life in a completely authoritarian stateC. a Blake-like poem replete with apocalyptic visionD. an account of an atomic war【答案】B【解析】本题考查《1984》的相关知识。

《1984》是英国左翼作家乔治·奥威尔于20世纪40年代末所著小说。

此书是经典的反乌托邦小说。

奥威尔刻画了一个令人感到窒息和恐怖的，以追逐权力为最终目标的假想的极权主义社会，通过对这个社会中一个普通人生活的细致刻画，揭示了任何形式下的极权主义必将导致人民甚至整个国家成为悲剧。

3. The experience which William Shakespeare, Sir Philip Sidney, and Edmund Spenser had in common was the following: ______.A. They all wrote poems on the subject of Venus and Adonis.B. They all wrote sonnet sequence.C. They all dedicated poems to the earl of Southampton.D. They all wrote tragedies.【答案】B【解析】本题考查莎士比亚，锡德尼和斯宾塞三人文学的共同点。

2006 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1(10 points)The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population. 1 , homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly 2 . To help homeless people 3 independence, the federal government must support job training programs, 4 the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing.5 everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless. Estimates6 anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million.7 the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is8 . One of the federal government’s s tudies9 that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.Finding ways to 10 this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. 11 when homeless individuals manage to find a 12 that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day 13 the street. Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others, 14 not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday 15 skills needed to turn their lives 16 . Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are _17 programs that address the many needs of the homeless. 18 Edward Zlotkowski, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, _19 it, “There has to be _20 _of programs. What we need is a package deal.”1．[A]Indeed [B]Likewise [C]Therefore [D]Furthermore 2．[A]stand [B]cope [C]approve [D]retain3．[A]in [B]for [C]with [D]toward4．[A]raise [B]add [C]take [D]keep5．[A]generally [B]almost [C]hardly [D]not6．[A]cover [B]change [C]range [D]differ7．[A]Now that [B]Although [C]Provided [D]Except that8．[A]inflating [B]expanding [C]increasing [D]extending9．[A]predicts [B]displays [C]proves [D]discovers10．[A]assist [B]track [C]sustain [D]dismiss11．[A]Hence [B]But [C]Even [D]Only12．[A]lodging [B]shelter [C]dwelling [D]house13．[A]searching [B]strolling [C]crowding [D]wandering14．[A]when [B]once [C]while [D]whereas15．[A]life [B]existence [C]survival [D]maintenance16．[A]around [B]over [C]on [D]up17．[A]complex [B]comprehensive [C]complementary [D]compensating18．[A]So [B]Since [C]As [D]Thus19．[A]puts [B]interprets [C]assumes [D]makes20．[A]supervision [B]manipulation [C]regulation [D]coordination文章中心：完型填空的命题理论规定，文章的中心思想一般体现在文章首段的首句；有时首段首句其他段落的首句共同表达文章中心思想。

2006年北京第二外国语学院611基础英语考研真题及详解【圣才出品】2006年北京第二外国语学院611基础英语考研真题及详解Ⅰ. Structure (20 points, l point each)Directions: In this section, there are 15 sentences each with one word or phrase missing Choose one of the four choices marked A. B. C. and D that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening it.1. I ought to _____ them about the new, but I forgot to do so.A. remember tellingB. remember having toldC. have remembered to tellD. have remembered telling【答案】C【解析】ought to have done表示对过去事情的虚拟，意为“本应该，而实际上并未做”。

remember to do sth.记得去做某事。

remember doing sth.记得做过某事。

2. On that rainy night, John told his father that the lock on the door _____ loose.A. was feltB. felt likeC. was feelingD. felt【答案】D【解析】感官动词feel，taste，sound，smell等无需用被动语态，后面直接加形容词。

3. _____ now, he prefers a quiet life.A. T o be all old manB. Being an old manC. Having been an old manD. Be an old man【答案】B【解析】根据句中的now可判断，空白处需填表示目前状况的短语，选项B现在分词短语做状语，表进行。

2．中国人民大学语言学考研真题及参考答案（2002～2007）中国人民大学2007年语言学考研真题考试科目：专业英语I. Fill in the blanks with the right linguistic concepts (10 points).1.Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the ______ it is associated with. 【答案】meaning2. ______ is a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix of a longer form already present in the language. For example，the verb edit was formed from editor by dropping the supposed derivational suffix -or.【答案】Back-formation3.Some morphemes like –ish,-ness，-ly，-dis，trans-.un-are never words by themselves but are always parts of words. These affixes are ______ morphemes. 【答案】bound4. ______ can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society. 【答案】Pragmatics5. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”, which is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking，listening，writing and reading. The lager is concerned about the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors.【答案】langue6. H.P.Grice believes that there is a set of assumptions guiding the conduct of conversation. This is what he calls the Cooperative Principle. According to the maximum of ______: Do not say what you believe to be false or for which you lack evidence. In other words，speak truthfully; do not lie.【答案】quality7. ______ proposes that every speaker knows a set of principals which apply to all languages and also a set of parameters that can vary from one language to another, but only within certain limits.【答案】Generative Grammar8. ______ refers to varieties of a language used by individual speakers，with peculiarities of pronunciation，grammar and vocabulary. In fact，no two speakers speak exactly the same dialect. Each speaker has certain characteristic features of his own in his way of speaking.【答案】Idiolect9.According to ______ period hypothesis，in child development there is a period during which language can be acquired more easily than at any other time. The period lasts until puberty (around age 12 or 13 years), and is due to biological development.【答案】Critical10. ______ refers to ties and connections which exist within texts. They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses.【答案】CohesionII. Give short answer to the following questions (10 points)I. Explain criterion-referenced and norm-referenced language tests.【答案】Tests can be categorized into two major groups: norm-referenced tests andcriterion-referenced tests. These two tests differ in their intended purposes, the way in which content is selected, and the scoring process which defines how the test results must be interpreted.A test that measures student knowledge and understanding in relation to specific standards or performance objectives is called criterion-referenced testing (CRT). It measures students’ performance in relation to standards, not in relation to other students; all students may earn the highest grade if all meet the established performance criteria. CRTs report how well students are doing relative to a pre-determined performance level on a specified set of educational goals or outcomes included in the school, district, or state curriculum.A test designed to measure and compare individual students’ performances or text results to those of an appropriate peer group (that is, norm group) at the classroom, local or, national level is called norm-referenced testing (NRT). Students with the best performance on a given assessment receive the highest grades. It is generally used to help teachers select students for different ability level reading or mathematics instructional groups.2. Explain the seven types of meaning and use examples to illustrate your ideas. 【答案】The seven types of meaning were first postulated by G. Leech. They are respectively illustrated as follows:(1) Conceptual meaning, which refers to logical, cognitive, or denotative content. This type of meaning is “denotative”in that it is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it denotes, or refers to. It overlaps to a large extent to the concept of reference, but Leech also uses the short form “sense”for the same indication. So Leech’s conceptual meaning contains two parts: sense and reference.(2) Connotative meaning, what is communicated by virtue of what language refers to. It refers to some additional, especially emotive, meaning.(3) Social meaning, referring to what is communicated of the social circumstances of language use.(4) Affective meaning, which refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.(5) Reflected meaning, which refers to what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression.(6) Collocative meaning, what is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word.The five types of meanings from (2) to (6) are collectively known as Associative meaning in the sense that an elementary associationist theory of mental connections is enough to explain their use.(7) Thematic meaning, what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis. It is more peripheral since it is onlydetermined by the order of the words in a sentence and the different prominence they each receive.III. Read the following passage carefully and then state your own position concerning the use of knowing some linguistics. (10 points)One famous scholar says that language is an interesting subject to study on its own right, for the simple reason that everybody uses it every day. It is unbelievable that we know very little about something we are so familiar with. Just a few questions will arouse our interest in language. Why should we call the thing we sit on chair? Can’t we call chair table and table chair? How is it that children don’t seem to make a big effort in learning their first language while we adults have to work very hard to learn a second language? Why can we talk about yesterday and last year while cats and dogs never seem to make noises about their past experience? Do you think we can think as clearly without language as with language? Does language determine what we think or thought determines what we say? These questions make us curious about language and linguistics can satisfy our curiosity. To seek the answer to any of these questions is a good reason for studying linguistics.【答案】Language is essential to human beings; it plays a central role in our lives as individual and social beings. We have to be fully aware of the nature and mechanism of our language, or we will be ignorant of what constitutes our essential。

目　录2011年北京外国语大学中国外语教育研究中心外国语言学及应用语言学真题及详解2012年北京外国语大学中国外语教育研究中心外国语言学及应用语言学真题及详解2013年北京外国语大学中国外语教育研究中心外国语言学及应用语言学真题及详解2014年北京外国语大学中国外语教育研究中心外国语言学及应用语言学真题及详解2015年北京外国语大学中国外语教育研究中心外国语言学及应用语言学真题及详解2011年北京外国语大学中国外语教育研究中心外国语言学及应用语言学真题及详解I. Briefly explain the following terms. (20 points)1．perlocutionary act【答案】According to Austin, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act illocutionary act perlocutionary act. A perlocutionary act is the effect of the utterance. Thus, by saying “Morning!” the speaker has made it clear that he wants to keep friendly relations with the hearer.2．minimal pair【答案】Minimal pairs are the two words which are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string. For example, the English words bear and pear constitute a minimal pair as they differ in meaning and in their initial phonemes /b/ and /p/.3．distinctive feature【答案】The distinctive feature refers to a property which distinguishes one phoneme from another. For example, “voicing” is a distinctive feature, since it plays an important role in distinguishing obstruents in English.4．linguistic variable【答案】Linguistic variable are those where the meaning remain constant but form varies like cat and pussy have the same social meaning but different form. So far pronunciation is concerned house [h] and with [h] has same social meaning with different pronunciation. Here variables are just the tools to analyze the language to set social dimensional society.5．lingua franca【答案】It is a language that is used for communication between different groups of people, each speaking a different language. The lingua franca couldbe an internationally used language of communication (e. g. English), it could be the native language of one of the groups, or it could be a language which is not spoken natively by any of the groups but has a simplified sentence structure and vocabulary and is often a mixture of two or more languages.II. Answer the following questions. (30 points)1．Why do we say linguistics is a science? (10 points)【答案】Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It tries to answer the basic questions “What is language?” and “How does language work?” Linguistics studies not any particular language, e.g. English, Chinese, Arabic, and Latin, but it studies languages in general.It is a scientific study because it is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, what the linguist has to do first is to collect and observe language facts, which arc found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. But the hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation; that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things.（此题考查语言学作为一门学科其科学性，此题开放性试题，从其研究内容及方法角度作答即可。

中国人民大学2006年文学综合考试考研试题
（含文艺学、中国古代文学、中国现当代文学、外国文学）
比较文学与世界文学部分
一、简答题（每题15分。

共30分）
1．以《老人与海》为例，说明海明威的“冰山”理论。

2．以一首著名的象征主义诗歌为例，说明象征主义诗歌的审美价值。

二、论述题（比较文学与世界文学专业考生必答，其他专业考生不用答。

40分）
比较欧洲文学中的一部古典文学作品和一部现当代文学作品，说明欧洲文学中的继承与发展关系。

文艺学试题
一、名词解释（每题5分，共15分）
1．美育
2．现代主义
3．移情
二、简答题（15分）
语言艺术的基本特征
三、论述题（文艺学专业考生必答，其他专业考生不用答，30分）
论创作自由与个性化写作
古代文学部分
1．举例说明韩愈诗歌的基本特点（15分）
2．联系作品分析《三国演义》的悲剧性（15分）
3．鲁迅评《史记》为“史家之绝唱，无韵之《离骚》”，结合《史记》，谈谈你对鲁迅这一评价的理解（古代文学专业考生必须做，其他专业考生不用答，30分）
中国现代文学部分
一、解释题（每题5分，共15分）
1．巴金
2．伤痕文学
3．山药蛋派
二、简答题（15分）
简述“两个口号的论争”的事件及意义
三、论述题（报考中国现当代文学专业的考生必须答此题，其他专业的考生不答此题，30分）
试论与新兴电子传媒和工具相关的流行文化现象的文化特点和文化意义（应结合网络文学或短信文学或博客文学等文化现象）。

1.1 语言学考研真题分析全国各大院校在制定本校英语专业考研考试大纲时，虽然“语言学”科目一般都有指定参考书，但考生在复习中抓不住重点，在考试中生搬硬套，考试成绩不甚理想，所以对各大院校的语言学历年真题分析则显得尤为重要。

分析各大院校的语言学试题能够使考生对“语言学”考试有一个全面的了解，更加清楚出题者的思路，从而正确地制定出复习方法和学习步骤，使复习具有针对性，使复习的效果更上一层楼。

1．考核要求对于“语言学”，全国各大院校自主命题，而且各院校的考核要求水平也有差异，所以没有相应的考试大纲来说明其考核要求。

但国内大部分院校在命题时都会把1999年教育部批准实施的《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》作为指导标准，因此，这个大纲仍能反映目前高校对英语专业学生语言学课程的大体要求。

其要求如下：语言学课程的目的在于使学生了解人类语言研究的丰富成果，提高其对语言的社会、人文、经济、科技以及个人修养等方面重要性的认识，培养语言意识，发展理性思维。

语言学课程的开设有助于拓宽学生的思路和视野，全面提高学生的素质。

授课内容可包括：（a）语言与个性；（b）语言与心智；（c）口语与书面语；（d）语言构造；（e）语言的起源；（f）语言变迁；（g）语言习得；（h）语言与大脑；（i）世界诸语言与语言交际；（j）语言研究与语言学。

需要注意的是，个别院校语言学试题涉及的范围与《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》指明的授课内容会略有出入，考生复习时应以报考院校所指定参考书的内容为主要参照依据。

2．试题类型和出题形式通过分析全国众多院校“语言学”的历年真题，其题目类型大致包括选择题、判断正误题、填空题、术语解释题、音标题、问答题、翻译及写作等，具体归纳如下：（1）选择题选择题出题形式一般为一个留有空白的英文句子，要求考生从所给的四个选项选出正确答案。

如：According to ______ theory, grammar refers to the initial state of the human language faculty.A. Saussure’sB. Bloomfield’sC. Chomsky’sD. Halliday’s选择题考核的内容比较广泛，知识点也比较分散，采用这类题型的院校不多，有西安外国语大学、对外经济贸易大学等。