AmbikaMIDIimplementationchart

12 encoders on each channel strip for optimum instant access • Simple intuitive operation • 96-KHz enabled • Superior signal processing with 40-bit fl oating-point arithmetic • Fully integrated into the NEXUS audio networkAURATUSThe basic idea behind the AURATUS was to develop a compact digital con-sole suitable for predefi ned workfl ows in radio and TV production. Therefore AURATUS features not only a hardwired bus structure but also a user inter-face optimised for quick and simple operation. This ensures that new users will experience a shallow learning curve and secure operation. All relevant channel parameters are adjusted easily using the dual encoders in the chan-nel strip, or alternatively in the master section.The console dimensions are designed for optimal access to all controls and easy viewing of displays and indicators. AURATUS offers a very comfort a ble and convenient working depth. Furthermore, the meter bridge is ex t reme l y low due to the 16:10 screens employed. This provides excellent visual con-tact with the recording studio, video screens / or the stage.AURATUS has several features designed specifi cally for the broadcaster such as audio-follows-video features, remote-controlled fader (On/Off) function, two freely assignable function keys per channel, extensive cue-light signalling, customizable N-1 buses, and timers capable of counting down as well as up.The NEXUS XCMC plug-in card, which is just 3 U × 4 HP in size, handles all the AURATUS audio processing and control data. The card has full access to all audio resources on the NEXUS network and offers the full number of channels and buses even at a sampling rate of 96 KHz.AURATUS supports stereo and multichannel confi gurations. Depending on the actual confi guration, the following resources are available: 46 or 54 input channels, 4 stereo groups, 4 stereo sums, 2 stereo aux buses, 4 mono aux buses, 8 mono mix-minus (N–1) buses, stereo or 5.1 monitoring buses for monitoring the live mix- or playback.The AURATUS offl ine editor offers time and cost benefi ts on tight production schedules. The offl ine editor makes it possible to confi gure an AURATUS while it is still in use on another production. All preparatory work including channel assignments, channel confi gurations etc. are made in a stand-alone editor application running on a Windows PC. Projects are then loaded into the console from SD cards. It also works the other way round. Projects are imported from the console for further processing in the offl ine editor. Console•Modular, custom confi guration, up to 24 faders•Free assignment of audio channels to channel strips•8 operating layers, freely assignable•Instant access to 2 pre-selected layers per channel strip•Master section for monitoring, automation, Logic Control, and commu-nications•Ultra-low power consumption — 16 channel strips consume just86 watts•Console does not require a fan•Talkback-microphone port•Script rest (optional)•Gooseneck / console lamps (optional)User Interface•12 encoders with LED arcs and 14 illuminated keys per channel strip •OLED displays for channel name and layer assignment indication•Hi-res TFT modules for viewing meters and other parameters •Optional integrated NEXUS control PC with built in keyboard•Master section with dual concentric rotary encoders and graphical TFT displays for direct access to console functions such as:• Signal-processing modules• Monitoring path• Bus routing• Automation menu (snapshots)• Timer• TFT displayDisplays and Indicators•Hi-resolution level and dynamics meters on each channel strip:• G raphic EQ curve and panner position display• D ynamics module curve view• B us routing (including pre/post, mute and control groups)• T ouch-controlled information pop-up window for displaying numeric values of recently adjusted mixing parameters•Hi-resolution level and dynamics meters on the master TFT screen:• P ermanent level metering of all bus channels• F urther graphical display areas with characteristics curves• T imer view: 2 independent timers that can be controlled by internal or external eventsAdditional Functions•Stereo link: Input-channel stereo linking (including dynamics side-chain key signals)•Link groups: Audio parameters of multiple channels can be grouped for simultaneous control and adjustment•Master-slave groups: Link selected channels to any master channel •Spill: Instant access to audio parameters which are not available on the console surfaceInputs and outputs•Custom confi gurable I/O interfaces provided by the NEXUS audio network•Microphone inputs: 32-bit TrueMatch A/D converter, > 158 dB (A) dyna-mic range @ 24 dBu•Line inputs: 24-bit TrueMatch A/D converter, > 133 dB (A) dynamic range @ 24 dBu•Line outputs: 24-bit D/A converter, 131 dB (A) dynamic range (typical) @ 24 dBu•Digital audio formats: AES/EBU, AES 42 and S/PDIF, MADI, ADAT, TDIF, SD-SDI and HD-SDI, Dolby E®, Dante•Sample rates 44.1/48 kHz, 88.2/96 kHz•Sample-rate converters (either standard or optional depending on the card type)•XLR, BNC, RJ45, fi bre-optic, or D-Sub ports Console Ports•2x Headphones outputs (6.3 mm jack sockets)•Meter/Goniometer (8 channels): D-sub (15-pin)•1x Talkback microphone: XLR-3, female•Nearfi eld speakers: XLR-3, maleMonitoring Paths• 5.1 monitoring channel (2.0 monitoring channel in stereo mode)•Stereo channel (“Play Back Channel”)• 5.1 solo bus (stereo bus in stereo mode)•Stereo PFL busStatic Automation• A snapshot stores the audio parameters of all processing channels for later recall. Each project holds up to 99 snapshots.•Partial snapshots are also possible, storing only selected settings. Logic Control•Many AURATUS parameters are integrated into the fl exible and comprehensive NEXUS Logic Control system•Audio-follows-video function includes remote-controlled dynamics •Fader-On-backstop function can be queried•40 freely confi gurable user keys in the central master section •Freely confi gurable display areas on the central TFT screen SynchronisationThe NEXUS / AURATUS system synchronises to the following sources:•NEXUS XCPU controller cards with high-precision word clock generators as studio master clock•External word clock or video (requires NEXUS XSYNC card)•Digital audio inputs•Word-clock-failure auto detection and click-free switchover to different source in order of priorityAURUS, AURATUS, CRESCENDO, ON AIR fl ex, CANTUS, CINETRA, NEXUS, and TrueMatch RMC Series are developed and produced by Stage Tec Entwicklungsgesells-chaft in Germany.AURUS , AURATUS , CANTUS , NEXUS , and TrueMatch are national and international registered trademarks of Stage Tec Entwicklungsgesellschaft für professionelleAudiotechnik mbH, Berlin (Germany). Neither presence nor absence of trademark or brand designations or trade descriptions in this manual should be regarded as affecting the legal status of any trademark.The information given in this manual is subject to change without notice. Errors excepted.Stage TecEntwicklungsgesellschaft für professionelle Audiotechnik mbH Tabbertstraße 10-11D-12459 Berlin /G ermany Phone: +49 30 639902-0Telefax: +49 30 639902-32E-Mail: offi***************Signal Processing•40-bit fl oating-point format•Processor-card connection through a single RJ45 link carrying both control messages and the digital audio needed for talkback and moni-toringSignal-Processing Modules (per Channel)•Input Gain•Expander / Noise Gate•EQ & Filter (Multiband, High-Pass & Low-Pass Filter, High & Low Shelving)•Delay •Insert•Direct-Out (Pre/Post Fader)•Compressor / Limiter •Mute•Pre/post-fader bus routing (Aux, N–1)•Pre/post fader listening & metering •Pan (multichannel capable)Reliability•Redundant power supplies (AURATUS and NEXUS), fi bre-optic cables and cards•Automatic self-test and error-message routing via NEXUS •Hot-swap enabledVersions•Consoles available with 8, 16, or 24 channel strips •Custom master-section positioning •Variants: desktop, fi tted, or with console stand •Also available with narrow side panelsPhysical Dimensions•Control surface operating depth: 625 mm •Channel spacing: 38 mm •Console depth: 777 mm•Width (with standard side panels): 814 mm (8 faders), 1146 mm (16 faders), 1479 mm (24 faders)•Height: 313 mm (desktop variant), 1033 mm (with stand)。

cubase中英文对照AAC automatic ampltiude control 自动幅度控制AB AB制立体声录音法Abeyancd 暂停，潜态A-B repeat A-B重复ABS absolute 绝对的，完全的，绝对时间ABS american bureau of standard 美国标准局ABSS auto blank secrion scanning 自动磁带空白部分扫描Abstime 绝对运行时间A.DEF audio defeat 音频降噪，噪声抑制，伴音静噪ADJ adjective 附属的，附件ADJ Adjust 调节ADJ acoustic delay line 声延迟线Admission 允许进入，供给ADP acoustic data processor 音响数据处理机ADP(T) adapter 延配器，转接器ADRES automatic dynamic range expansion system 动态范围扩展系统ADRM analog to digital remaster模拟录音、数字处理数码唱盘ADS audio distribution system 音频分配系统A.DUB audio dubbing 配音，音频复制，后期录音ADV advance 送入，提升，前置量ADV adversum 对抗ADV advancer 相位超前补偿器Adventure 惊险效果AE audio erasing 音频（声音）擦除AE auxiliary equipment 辅助设备Aerial 天线AES audio engineering society 美国声频工程?会AF audio fidelity 音频保真度AF audio frequency 音频频率AFC active field control 自动频率控制AFC automatic frequency control 声场控制Affricate 塞擦音AFL aside fade listen 衰减后（推子后）监听A-fader 音频衰减AFM advance frequency modulation 高级调频AFS acoustic feedback speaker 声反馈扬声器AFT automatic fine tuning 自动微调AFTAAS advanced fast time acoustic analysis system 高级快速音响分析系统After 转移部分文件Afterglow 余辉，夕照时分音响效果Against 以??为背景AGC automatic gain control 自动增益控制AHD audio high density 音频高密度唱片系统AI advanced integrated 预汇流AI amplifier input 放大器输入AI artificial intelligence 人工智能AI azimuth indicator 方位指示器A-IN 音频输入A-INSEL audio input selection 音频输入选择Alarm 警报器ALC automatic level control 自动电平控制ALC automatic load control自动负载控制Alford loop 爱福特环形天线Algorithm 演示Aliasing 量化噪声，频谱混叠Aliasing distortion 折叠失真Align alignment 校正，补偿，微调，匹配Al-Si-Fe alloy head 铁硅铝合金磁头Allegretto 小快板，稍快地Allegro 快板，迅速地Allocation 配置，定位All rating 全（音）域ALM audio level meter 音频电平表ALT alternating 震荡，交替的ALT alternator 交流发电机ALT altertue 转路ALT-CH alternate channel 转换通道，交替声道Alter 转换，交流电，变换器AM amperemeter 安培计，电流表AM amplitude modulation 调幅（广播）AM auxiliary memory 辅助存储器Ambience 临场感，环绕感ABTD automatic bulk tape degausser磁带自动整体去磁电路Ambient 环境的Ambiophonic system 环绕声系统Ambiophony 现场混响，环境立体声AMLS automatic music locate system自动音乐定位系统AMP ampere 安培AMP amplifier 放大器AMPL amplification 放大AMP amplitude 幅度，距离Amorphous head 非晶态磁头Abort 终止，停止（录制或播放）A-B TEST AB比较试听Absorber 减震器Absorption 声音被物体吸收ABX acoustic bass extension 低音扩展AC accumulator 充电电池AC adjustment caliration 调节-校准AC alternating current 交流电，交流AC audio coding 数码声，音频编码AC audio center 音频中心AC azimuth comprator 方位比较器AC-3 杜比数码环绕声系统AC-3 RF 杜比数码环绕声数据流（接口）ACC Acceleration 加速Accel 渐快，加速Accent 重音，声调Accentuator 预加重电路Access 存取，进入，增加，通路Accessory 附件（接口），配件Acryl 丙基酰基Accompaniment 伴奏，合奏，伴随Accord 和谐，调和Accordion 手风琴ACD automatic call distributor 自动呼叫分配器ACE audio control erasing 音频控制消磁A-Channel A（左）声道Acoumeter 测听计Acoustical 声的，声音的Acoustic coloring 声染色Acoustic image 声像Across 交叉，并行，跨接Across frequency 交叉频率，分频频率ACST access time 存取时间Active 主动的，有源的，有效的，运行的Active crossover 主动分频，电子分频，有源分频Active loudsperker 有源音箱Armstrong MOD 阿姆斯特朗调制ARP azimuth reference pulse 方位基准脉冲Arpeggio 琶音Articulation 声音清晰度，发音Artificial 仿??的，人工的，手动（控制）AAD active acoustic devide 有源声学软件ABC auto base and chord 自动低音合弦Architectural acoustics 建筑声学Arm motor 唱臂唱机Arpeggio single 琶音和弦，分解和弦ARL aerial 天线ASC automatic sensitivity control 自动灵敏度控制ASGN Assign 分配，指定，设定sap audio signal processing 音频信号处理ASS assembly 组件，装配，总成ASSEM assemble 汇编，剪?ASSEM Assembly 组件，装配，总成Assign 指定，转发，分配Assist 辅助（装置）ASSY accessory 组件，附件AST active servo techonology 有源伺服技术A Tempo 回到?速Astigmatism methord 象散法B band 频带B Bit 比特，存储单元B Button 按钮Babble 多路感应的复杂失真Back 返回Back clamping 反向钳位Back drop 交流哼声，干扰声Background noise 背景噪声，本底噪声Backing copy 副版Backoff 倒扣，补偿Back tracking 补录Back up 磁带备份，支持，预备Backward 快倒搜索Baffle box 音箱BAL balance 平衡，立体声左右声道音量比例，平衡连接Balanced 已平衡的Balancing 调零装置，补偿，中和Balun 平衡=不平衡转换器Banana jack 香蕉插头Banana bin 香蕉插座Banana pin 香蕉插头Banana plug 香蕉插头Band 频段，Band pass 带通滤波器Bandwidth 频带宽，误差，范围Band 存储单元Bar 小节，?杆BAR barye 微巴Bargraph 线条Barrier 绝缘（套）Base 低音Bass 低音，倍司（低音提琴）Bass tube 低音号，大号Bassy 低音加重BATT battery 电池Baud 波特（信息传输速率的单位）Bazooka 导线平衡转接器BB base band 基带BBD Bucket brigade device 戽链器件（效果器）B BAT Battery 电池BBE 特指BBE公司设计的改善较高次谐波校正程度的系统BC balanced current 平衡电流BC Broadcast control 广播控制BCH band chorus 分频段合唱BCST broadcast （无线电）广播BD board 仪表板Beat 拍，脉动信号Beat cancel switch 差拍干扰消除开关Bel 贝尔Below 下列，向下Bench 工作台Bend 弯曲，滑音Bender 滑音器BER bit error rate 信息差错率BF back feed 反馈BF Backfeed flanger 反馈镶边BF Band filter 带通滤波器BGM background music 背景音乐Bias 偏置，偏磁，偏压，既定程序Bidirectional 双向性的，8字型指向的Bifess Bi-feedback sound system 双反馈系统Big bottom 低音扩展，加重低音Bin 接收器，仓室BNG BNC连接器（插头、插座），卡口同轴电缆连接器Binaural effect 双耳效应，立体声Binaural synthesis 双耳合成法Bin go 意外现象Bit binary digit 字节，二进制数字，位Bitstream 数码流，比特流Bit yield 存储单元Bi-AMP 双（通道）功放系统Bi-wire 双线（传输、分音）Bi-Wring 双线BK break 停顿，间断BKR breaker 断电器Blamp 两路电子分音Blanking 关闭，消隐，断路Blaster 爆裂效果器Blend 融合（度）、调和、混合Block 分程序，联动，中断Block Repeat 分段重复Block up 阻塞Bloop （磁带的）接头噪声，消音贴片BNC bayonet connector 卡口电缆连接器Body mike 小型话筒Bond 接头，连接器Bongo 双鼓Boom 混响，轰鸣声Boomy 嗡嗡声（指低音过强）Boost 提升（一般指低音），放大，增强Booth 控制室，录音棚Bootstrap 辅助程序，自举电路Both sides play disc stereo system双面演奏式唱片立体声系统Bottoming 底部切除，末端切除Bounce 合并Bourclon 单调低音Bowl 碗状体育场效果BP bridge bypass 电桥旁路BY bypass 旁通BPC basic pulse generator 基准脉冲发生器BPF band pass filter 带通滤波器BPS band pitch shift 分频段变调节器BNC bayonet connector 卡口电缆连接器Body mike 小型话筒Bond 接头，连接器Bongo 双鼓Boom 混响，轰鸣声Boomy 嗡嗡声（指低音过强）Boost 提升（一般指低音），放大，增强Booth 控制室，录音棚Bootstrap 辅助程序，自举电路Bottoming 底部切除，末端切除Bounce 合并Bourclon 单调低音Bowl 碗状体育场效果BP bridge bypass 电桥旁路BY bypass 旁通BPC basic pulse generator 基准脉冲发生器BPF band pass filter 带通滤波器BPS band pitch shift 分频段变调节器BR bregister 变址寄存器BR Bridge 电桥Break 中止（程序），减弱Breathing ?息效应B.Reso base resolve 基本解析度Bridge 桥接，电桥，桥，（乐曲的）变奏过渡Bright 明亮（感）Brightness 明亮度，指中高音听音感觉Brilliance 响亮BRKRS breakers 断路器Broadcast 广播BTB bass tuba 低音大喇叭BTL balanced transformer-less 桥式推挽放大电路BTM bottom 最小，低音BU backup nuit 备用器件Bumper 减震器Bus 母线，总线Busbar 母线Buss 母线Busy 占线BUT button 按钮，旋钮BW band width 频带宽度，带度BYP bypass 旁路By path 旁路BZ buzzer 蜂音器C cathode 阴极，负极C Cell 电池C Center 中心C Clear 清除C Cold 冷（端）CA cable 电缆Cable 电缆Cabinet 小操纵台CAC coherent acoustic coding 相干声学编码Cache 缓冲存储器Cal calando 减小音量CAL Calendar 分类CAL Caliber 口径CAL Calibrate 标准化CAL Continuity accept limit 连续性接受极限Calibrate 校准，定标Call 取回，复出，呼出Can 监听耳机，带盒CANCL cancel 删除CANCL Cancelling 消除Cancel 取消Cannon 卡侬接口Canon 规则Cap 电容Capacitance Mic 电容话筒Capacity 功率，电容量CAR carrier 载波，支座，鸡心夹头Card 程序单，插件板Cardioid 心型的CATV cable television 有线电视Crispness 脆声Category 种类，类型Cartridge 软件卡，拾音头Carrkioid 心型话筒Carrier 载波器Cart 转运Cartridge 盒式存储器，盒式磁带Cascade 串联Cassette 卡式的，盒式的CAV constant angular velocity 恒角速度Caution 报警CBR circuit board rack 电路板架CC contour correction 轮廓校正CCD charge coupled device 电荷耦合器件CD compact disc 激光唱片CDA current dumping amplifier 电流放大器CD-E compact disc erasable 可抹式激光唱片CDG compact-disc plus graphic 带有静止图像的CD唱盘CD constant directional horn 恒定指向号角CDV compact disc with video 密纹声像唱片CE ceramic 陶瓷Clock enable 时钟启动Cell 电池，元件，单元Cellar club 地下俱乐部效果Cello 大提琴CEMA consumer electronics manufacturer'sassociation （美国）消费电子产品制造商?会CENELEC connector 欧洲标准21脚AV连接器Cent 音分Central earth 中心接地CES consumer electronic show（美国）消费电子产品展览会CF center frequency 中心频率Cross fade 软切换CH channel 声道，通道Chain 传输链，信道Chain play 连续演奏Chamber 密音音响效果，消声室CHAN channel 通道Change 交换Chapter 曲目Chaper skip 跳节CHAE character 字符，符号Characteristic curve 特性曲线Charge 充电Charger 充电器Chase 跟踪Check 校验CHC charge 充电CH - off 通道切断Choke 合唱Choose 选择Chromatic 色彩，半音Church 教堂音响效果CI cut in 切入CIC cross interleave code 交叉隔行编码CIRC circulate ?环Circuit 电路CL cancel 取消Classic 古典的Clean 净化CLR clear 归零Click 嘀哒声Clip 削波，限幅，接线柱CLK clock 时钟信号Close 关闭，停止CLS 控制室监听Cluster 音箱阵效果CLV ceiling limit value 上限值CMP compact 压缩CMPT compatibility 兼容性CMRR common mode rejection ratio 共模抑制比CNT count 记数，记数器CNTRL central 中心，中央 CO carry out 定位输出Coarse 粗调Coax 同轴电缆Coaxial 数码同轴接口Code 码，编码Coefficient 系数Coincident 多信号同步Cold 冷的，单薄的Color 染色效果COM comb 梳状（滤波）COMB combination 组合音色COMBI combination 组合，混合COMBO combination 配合，组合Combining 集合，结合COMM communication 换向的，切换装置Command 指令，操作，信号COMMON 公共的，公共地端Communieation speed 通讯速度选择COMP comparator 比较器COMP compensate 补偿Compact 压缩Compander 压缩扩展器Compare 比拟Compatibility 兼容Compensate 补偿Complex 全套设备Copmoser 创意者，作曲者Compressor 压缩器COMP-EXP 压扩器Compromise （频率）平衡Computer 计算机，电脑CON concentric cable 同轴电缆CON console 操纵台CON controller 控制器Concentric 同轴的，同心的Concert 音乐厅效果Condenser Microphone 电容话筒Cone type 锥形（扬声器）CONFIG 布局，线路接法Connect 连接，联络CORR correct 校正，补偿，抵消Configuration 线路布局Confirmation 确认Consent 万能插座Console 调音台Consonant 辅音Constant 常数CONT continuous 连续的（音色特性）CONT control 控制，操纵Contact 接触器Content 内容Continue 连续，继续Continue button 两录音卡座连续放音键Contour 外形，轮廓，保持Contra 次八度Contrast 对比度Contribution 分配Controlled 可控的Controller 控制器CONV conventional 常规的CONV convert 变换CONV convertible 可转换的Copy 复制Correlation meter 相关表Coupler 耦合Cover 补偿Coverage 有效范围CP clock pulse 时钟脉冲CP control program 控制程序CPU 中央处理器CR card reader 卡片阅读机CRC cyclic redundancy check ?环冗余校验Create 建立，创造Crescendo渐强或渐弱Crispness 清脆感CRM control room 控制室CROM control read only memory 控制只读存储器Crossfader 交叉渐变器Cross-MOD 交叉调制Crossover 分频器，换向，切断Cross talk 声道串扰，串音Crunch 摩擦音C/S cycle/second 周/秒CSS content scrambling system 内容加密系统CST case style tape 盒式磁带CT current 电流CTM close talking microphone 近讲话筒CU counting unit 计数单元Cue 提示，选听Cue clock 故障计时钟Cueing 提示，指出Cursor 指示器，光标Curve （特性）曲线Custom 常规CUT 切去，硬切换D double 双重的，对偶的D drum 鼓，磁鼓DA delayed action 延迟作用D/Adigital/analog 数字/模拟DAB digital audio broadcasting 数字音频广播Damp 阻尼DASH digital audio stationar head 数字固定磁头Dashpot 缓冲器，减震器DAT digital audio tape 数字音频磁带，数字录音机DATA 数据DATAtron 数据处理机DATE 日期DB(d decibel 分贝DB distribution 分线盒DBA decibel asolute 绝对分贝DBA decibel adjusted 调整分贝DBB dynamic bass boost 动态低音提升DBK decibels referred to one kilowatt 千瓦分贝DBm decibel above one milliwatt in 600 ohms 毫瓦分贝DBS direct broadcast satellite 直播卫星DBX 压缩扩展式降噪系统DC distance controlled 遥控器DCA digital command assembly 数字指令装置DCE data circuit terminating equipment数据通讯线路终端设备DCF digital comb filter 数字梳状滤波器DCH decade chorus 十声部合唱DCP date central processor 数据中心处理器DD direct drive 直接驱动DD dolby digital 数字杜比DDC direct digital control 直接数字控制DDS digital dynamic sound 数字动态声DDT data definition table 数据定义表Dead 具有强吸声特性的房间的静寂DEC decay 衰减，渐弱，余音效果Decibel 分贝Deck 卡座，录音座，带支加的，走带机构Deemphasis 释放Deep reverb 纵深混响De-esser 去咝声器DEF defeat 消隐，静噪Delete 删除Delivery end 输入端DEMO demodulator 解调器Demo 自动演奏Demoder 解码器Density 密度，声音密度效果Detune 音高微调，去谐DepFin 纵深微调Depth 深度Denoiser 降噪器Design 设计Destroyer 抑制器DET detector 检波器Deutlichkeit 清晰度DEV device 装置，仪器DEX dynamic exciter 动态激励器DF damping factor 动态滤波器DFL dynamic filter 动态滤波DFS digital frequency synthesizer 数字频率合成器DI data input 数据输入Diagram 图形，?理图Dial 调节度盘Difference 不同，差别DIFF differential 差动Diffraction 衍射，绕射Diffuse 传播Diffusion 扩散DIG digit 数字式Digital 数字的，数字式，计数的Digitalyier 数字化装置DIM digital input module 数字输入模块DIM diminished 衰减，减半音Dimension 范围，密度，尺寸，（空间）维，声像宽度Din 五芯插口（德国工业标准）DIN digital input 数字输入DIR direct 直接的，（调音台）直接输出，定向的Direct box 指令盒，控制盒Direct sound 直达声Directory 目录Direction 配置方式Directional 方向，指向的Directivity 方向性DIS display 显示器DISC disconnect 切断，开路DISC discriminator 鉴相器Disc 唱盘，唱片，碟Disc holder 唱片抽屉Disc recorder 盘片式录音机Dischage 释放，解除Disco 迪斯科，迪斯科音乐效果Discord 不谐和弦Disk 唱盘，碟DISP display 显示器，显示屏Dispersion 频散特性，声音分布Displacement 偏转，代换Distortion 失真，畸变DIST distance 距离，间距DIST district 区间Distributer 分配器，导向装置DITEC digital television camera 数字电视摄像机Dim 变弱，变暗，衰减DIV divergence 发散DIV division 分段DIV divisor 分配器Diversity 分集（接收）Divider 分配器Divx 美国数字视频快递公司开发的一种每次观看付费的DVD DJ Disc Jocker 唱片骑士DJ dust jacket 防尘罩DJ delay 延迟DLD dynamic linear drive 动态线性驱动DLLD direct linear loop detector 直接线性环路检波器DME digital multiple effector 数字综合效果器DMS date multiplexing system 数据多路传输系统DMS digital multiplexing synchronizer数字多路传输同步器DMX data multiplex 数据多路（传输）DNL dynamic noise limiter 动态噪声抑制器DNR dynamic noise reduction 动态降噪电路DO dolly out 后移DO dropout 信号失落DOB dolby 杜比DOL dynamic optimum loudness 动态最佳响度Dolby 杜比，杜比功能Dolby Hx Pro dolby Hx pro headroom extension system 杜比Hx Pro动态余量扩展系统Dolby NR 杜比降噪Dolby Pro-logic 杜比定向逻?Dolby SR-D dolby SR digital 杜比数字频谱记录Dolby Surround 杜比环绕Dome loudspeaker 球顶扬E early warning 预警E earth 真地，接地E error 错误，差错（故障显示）EA earth 地线，真地EAR early 早期（反射声）Earphone 耳机Earth terminal 接地端EASE electro-acooustic simulators for engineers工程师用电声模拟器，计算机电声与声学设计软件Eat 收取信号EBU european broadcasting union 欧洲广播联盟EC error correction 误差校正ECD electrochomeric display 电致变色显示器Echo 回声，回声效果，混响ECL extension zcompact limitter 扩展压缩限制器ECM electret condenser microphone 驻极体话筒ECSL equivalent continuous sound level 等级连续声级ECT electronec controlled transmission 电控传输ED edit editor 编?，编?器Edit 编?Edge tone 边棱音EDTV enhanced definition television增强清晰度电视（一种可兼容高清晰度电视）E-DRAW erasable direct after write 可存可抹读写存储器EE errors excepted 允许误差EFF effect efficiency 效果，作用Effector 操纵装置，效果器Effects generator 效果发生器EFM 8/14位调制法EFX effect 效果EG envelope generator 包络发生器EIA electronec industries association（美国）电子工业?会EIAJ electronic industries association Japan 日本电子工业?会EIN einstein 量子摩尔（能量单位）EIN equivalent input noise 等效输入噪声EIO error in operation 操作码错误Eject 弹起舱门，取出磁带（光盘），出盒EL electro luminescence 场致发光ELAC electroacoustic 电声（器件）ELEC electret 驻极体Electret condenser microphone 驻极体话筒ELF extremely low frequency 极低频ELEC electronec 电子的Electroacoustics 电声学EMI electro magnetic interference 电磁干扰Emission 发射EMP emphasispo 加重EMP empty 空载Emphasis 加重EMS emergency switch 紧急开关Emulator 模拟器，仿真设备EN enabling 启动Enable 赋能，撤消禁止指令Encoding 编码End 末端，结束，终止Ending 终端，端接法，镶边ENG engineering 工程Engine 运行，使用ENG land 工程接地Enhance 增强，提高，提升ENS ensemble 合奏ENS envelope sensation 群感Eensemble 合奏Eensemble 合奏ENT enter 记录Enter 记入，进入，回车Entering 插入，记录Entry 输入数据，进入ENV envelope 包络线Envelopment 环绕感EOP electronic overload protection 电子过载保护EOP end of program 程序结束EOP end output 末端输出EOT end of tape 磁带尾端EP extend playing record 多曲目唱片EP extended play 长时间放录，密录EPG edit pulse generator 编?脉冲发生器EPS emergency power supply 应急电源EQ equalizer 均衡器，均衡EQ equalization 均衡EQL equalization 均衡Equal-loudness contour 等响曲线Equipped 准备好的，已装备Equitonic 全音Equivalence 等效值ER erect 设置ER error 错误，误差ERA earphone 耳机Eraser 抹去，消除Erasing 擦除，清洗Erasure 抹音Erase 消除，消Er early 早期的ERCD extended resolution CD 扩展解析度CD EREQ erect equalizer均衡器（频点）位置（点频补偿电路的中点频率）调整ERF early reflection 早期反射（声）Ernumber 早期反射声量Error 错误，出错，不正确ES earth swith 接地开关ES electrical stimulation 点激励Escqpe 退出ETER eternity 无限Euroscart 欧洲标准21脚AV连接器Event 事件EVF envelope follower包络跟随器（音响合成装置功能单元）EX exciter 激励器EX exchange 交换EX expanding 扩展EXB expanded bass 低音增强EXC exciter 激励器EXCH exchange 转换Exclusive 专用的Excursion 偏移，偏转，漂移，振幅EXP expender 扩展器，动态扩展器EXP export 输出Exponential horn tweeter 指数型高音号角扬声器Expression pedal表达踏板（用于控制乐器或效果器的脚踏装置）EXT extend 扩展EXT exterior 外接的（设备）EXT external 外部的，外接的EXT extra 超过EXTN extension 扩展，延伸（程控装置功能单元）Extract 轨道提出EXTSN extension 扩展，延伸（程控装置功能单元）F fast 快（速）F feedback 反馈F forward 向前F foot 脚踏（装置）F frequency 频率F function 功能Ffactor 因子，因素，系数，因数Fade 衰减（音量控制单元）Fade in-out ?入?出，慢转换Fader 衰减器Fade up 平滑上升Failure 故障Fall 衰落，斜度Faraday shield 法?第屏蔽，静电屏蔽FAS full automatic search 全自动搜索Fast 快速（自动演奏装置的速度调整钮）Fastener 接线柱，闭锁Fat 浑厚（音争调整钮）Fattens out 平直输出Fault 故障，损坏Fader 衰减器，调音台推?电位器（推子）Fading in 渐显Fading out 渐显False 错误Fancier 音响发烧友Far field 远场FatEr 丰满的早期反射FB feedback 反馈，声反馈FB fuse block 熔丝盒F.B fiver by 清晰FBO feedback outrigger 反馈延伸FCC federal communications commission （美国）联邦通信委员会FD fade depth 衰减深度FD feed 馈入信号FDR fader 衰减器FeCr 铁铬磁带Feed 馈给，馈入，输入Feeder 馈线Feed/Rewind spool 供带盘/倒带盘Ferrite head 铁氧体磁头F.&B. forward and back 前后FET field effect technology 场效应技术FF flip flop 触发器FF fast forward 快进FG flag generator 标志信号发生器FI fade in 渐进Field 声场Field pickup 实况拾音File 文件，存入，归档，数据集，（外）存储器Fill-in 填入FILT filter 滤波器Final 韵母Fine 微调Fingered 多指和弦Finger 手指，单指和弦FIN GND 接地片Finish 结束，修饰FIP digital frequency display panel 数字频率显示板FIR finite-furation impulse response有限冲激响应（滤波器）Fire 启动Fix 确定，固定Fizz 嘶嘶声FL fluorescein 荧光效果Flange 法兰音响效果，镶边效果Flanger 镶边器Flanging 镶边Flash 闪光信号Flat 平坦，平直Flat noise 白噪声Flat tuning 粗调Flex 拐点FLEX flexible cord 软线，塞绳FLEX frequency level expander 频率扩展器FLEXWAVE flexible waveguide 可弯曲波导管FLG flanger 镶边器Flip 替换，调换Floating 非固定的，悬浮式的Floppy disc 软磁盘FLTR filter 滤波器Fluorescent display 荧光显示器Flute 长笛Flutter 一种放音失真，脉冲干扰，颤动FLW follow 跟踪，随动FLY 均衡器FM fade margin 衰落设备FM frequency modulation 调频广播FM/SW telescopic rod aerial 调频/短波?杆天线FO fade out 渐隐Focus 焦点，中心点Foldback 返送，监听Foot(board) 脚踏板（开关控制）Fomant 共振峰Force 过载，强行置入Format 格式，格式化，规格，（储存器中的）信息安排Forward 转送FPR floating point routine 浮点程序FPR full power response 全功率响应FR frequency 频率FR frequency response 频率响应Frame ?面，（电视的）帧Frames 帧数Free 剩余，自由Free echoes 无限回声（延时效果处理的一种）Free edge 自由折环（扬声器）FREEQ frequency 频率F.Rew fast rewind 快倒Freeze 凝固，声音骤停，静止Frequency divider 分频器Frequency shifter 移频器，变频器Fricative 擦音Front 前面的，正面的Front balance 前置平衡Front process 前声场处理FRU field replaceable unit 插件，可换部件FS frequency shift 频移，变调FS full short 全景FT facility terminal 设备（输出）端口FT fine tuning 微调FT foot 脚踏装置FT function tist 功能测试FT frequency tracke 频率跟踪器FTG fitting 接头，配件FTS faverate track selection 最佳声迹选择Full 丰满，饱和Full auto 全自动Full effect recording 全效果录音Full range 全音域，全频g-hG gate 门（电路）G ground 接地GA general average 总平均值Gain 增益，提衰量Game 卡?OK音响效果Gamut 音域Gap 间隔，通道Gate 噪声门，门，选通Gated Rev 选通混响（开门的时间内有混响效果）GB 吉字节Gear 风格，格调GEN generator （信号）发生器General 综合效果Generator 信号发生器GEQ graphie equalizier 图示均衡器GD ground 接地Girth 激励器的低音强度调节Glide strip 滑奏条（演奏装置）GLLS-sando 滑降（演奏的效果）Global 总体设计GM genertal MIDI 通用乐器数字接器GND ground 地线，接地端 GP group 编组GPR general purpose receiver 通用接收机GPI general purpose interface 通用接口设备Govern 调整，控制，操作，运转GR group 组合Gramophone 留声机，唱机Graphic equalizer 图示均衡器，图表均衡器GRND ground 接地Groove 光盘螺旋道的槽Group 编组（调音台），组Growler 线圈短路测试仪GT gate 门，噪声门GT gauge template 样板GTE gate 门（电路）GTR gate reverb 门混响Guard 保护，防护装置GUI graphical user interface 图形用户接口Guitar 吉它Guy ?线Gymnasium 体育馆效果Gyrator 回旋器HQAD high quality audio disc 高品位音频光盘HR handing room 操作室HR high resistance 高阻抗（信号端子的阻抗特性）HRTF head-related transfer function 人脑相关转换功能HS head set 头戴式耳机HS hybrid system 混合系统HT home theater 家庭影院，家庭剧场Hubrid 混合网络，桥接岔路Hum 交流哼声，交流低频（50Hz）噪声Hum and Noise 哼杂声，交流噪声Humidity 湿度，湿气HUT homes using TV 家用电视HVDS Hi-visual dramatic sound 高保真现场感音响系统HX headroom extension 动态余量扩展（系统）（一种杜比降噪系统），净空延伸H horizonal 水平（状态）H hot 热（平衡信号端口的“热端”）Hall 厅堂效果Handle 手柄，控制HAR harmonec 谐波Hard knee 硬拐点（压限器）Harmonic 谐波Harmonic distortion 谐波失真Harmonic Generator 谐波发生器Harmonize （使）和谐，校音Harmony 和谐Harp 竖琴Hash 杂乱脉冲干扰Hass effect 哈斯效应HD harmonic distortion 谐波失真HDCD high definition compatible digital高分辨率兼容性数字技术HDTV hight definiton television 高清晰度电视Head 录音机磁头，前置的，唱头Head azimuth 磁头方位角Head gap 磁头缝隙Headroom 动态余量，动态范围上限，电平储备Headphone 头戴式耳机Headset 头带式耳机Heavy metel 重金属HeiFin 垂直微调Hearing 听到，听觉Heat sink 散热板Help （对程序的）解释HF high frequency 高频，高音Hi hign 高频，高音HI band 高频带Hi-end 最高品质，顶级Hi-BLEND 高频混合指示High cut 高切High pass 高通Highway 总线，信息通道Hi-Fi high fidelity 高保真，高保真音响Hiss 咝声Hi-Z 高阻抗HL half reverb 大厅混响Hoghorn 抛物面喇叭Hoisting 提升Hold 保持，无限延续，保持时间Holder 支架，固定架Hold-off 解除保持Home 家庭，实用Home theatre 家庭影院Horizontal 水平的，横向的Horn 高音号角，号筒，圆号Hornloaded 号角处理Hot 热端，高电位端Hour 小时Howling 啸叫声Howlround 啸叫H.P headphone 头戴式耳机HPA haas pan allochthonous 哈斯声像漂移HPF high pass filter 高通滤波器HQ high quality 高质量，高品位Hyper Condenser 超心型的HZ hertz 赫兹H hard 硬的（音响效果特征）相位相关心形话筒PCM precision capacitor microphone 精密电容话筒PCM pulse code modulation 脉冲编码调制PCM card 波形扩充卡（增加新音色）PC-COC pure copper continuous casting 连续铸造纯?导线PD power divider 功率分配器PD power doubler 功率倍增器PD program directive 程序指令PD pro-digital 专业数字接口PD protective device 保护装置PDM pulse density modulation 脉冲密度调制PDP plasma display panel 等离子显示板PDS partitioned data set 分区数据组PDS programmable data system 程序可控系统PDS power distribution system 配电系统PE phase encoding 相位编码PE program execution 程序执行Peak 峰值，削波（灯）Peak and dip 峰式频率欧洲标准21脚AV接口Pedal 踏板PEM pulse edge molulation 脉冲边缘调制Pentatonic 五声调式PEQ parameter equalizer 参量均衡器PERC percussion 打击乐器PERCUS 打击乐器Performance 施行，表演，表现，演出Permalloy head 坡莫合金磁头Permutator 转换开关，变换器Perspective 立体感Perform 执行，完成，施行Period 周期PFL per fader louder speaker 衰减前监听，预监听PG pulse generator 脉冲发生器PGM program 节目，程序Pgmno/Step 节目号码/步骤Pgmtime 节目时间PH phase 相位PH phasemeter 相位仪PHA phase 相位Phantom 幻像电源，幻象供电Phase 相位，状态Phase REV 倒相（电路）Phaser 移相器Phasing 相位校正，移相效果Phon 方（响度单位）Phone 耳机，耳机插口Phoneme 音素Phono(phonograph) 唱机PHS phaser 移相器Physiological acoustics 生理声学PI phase inversion 倒相PIA peripheral interface adapter 外围接口适配器Pianotron 电子钢琴Piano 钢琴Piano whine 钢琴鸣声Piccolo 短笛Pick-up 拾音器，唱头，传感器Piezoelectric polymer earphone 压电聚合物耳机Pilot 指示器，调节器Pilot jack 监听插孔Pin 针型插口，不平衡音频插口PIN position indercator 位置指示器PIN positive-intrinsic-negative 正-本-负Pinboard 转接板，插接板Ping 爆鸣声，声响Pink noise 粉红噪声Pipe 管，笛Pitch 音高，音调Pitch shifter 变调器，移频器PK peak 削波（灯），峰值PL parental lock 防止误动Natural 自然的，天然的，固有的Naught 零，无价值NC network controller 网络控制器NC numberical control 数字控制NC needle chatter 唱针噪声Nazard 三倍音Near field 近场NEG negative 负，阴（极）NEMO 实况转播NEP noise equivalent power 噪声等效功率News 人声广播音响效果，新闻Next 下一个，唱片跳回下曲键NF NFB negative feedback 负反馈NG no go 不通，不工作NG noise generator 噪声发生器Ni-Cd nickel-cadmium 镍镉充电电池NICAM near instantaneous companded audio multiplex 准瞬时压扩声音多路复用，电视丽音，数字多路伴音系统NIL 零点Noise 噪音Noise gate 噪声门，选通器Noise suppressor 噪声抑制器NOM nominal 标称的，额定的Non-direction 全向的，无指向性的Nonieme 九倍音NOP no operation 无操作指令NOR(NORM) normal 普通的，标准的，正常的，常规的NORM 平均值Normal frequency 简正（共振）频率Notch 触点Note 符号，注释，音调，音律，记录Notice 注意事项，简介NO number 数字，号码NR noise ratio 噪声比NR noise reduction 降噪，噪声消除NR number 数字，编号NAB national association of broadcasters国家广播工作者?会NTSC national television system committee（美国）国家电视系统委员会，正交平衡调幅制彩色电视制式Null 空位，无效的NV noise variance 噪声方差NVT network virtual terminal 网络虚拟终段MODEM modulator demodulator 调制解调器Moderato 中速Modifier 调节器Modify 修改，调试，摩机，限定Modulator 调制器Module 模块，组件，因数，程序片MOL maximum output level 最大输出电平MON monitor 监听，监视器MONI 监听，调音师Monkey chatter 串音，邻频干扰，交叉失真Mono 单声道，单一Monopit 单声变调Motor cue 换机信号，切换信号MOS metal-oxide semiconductor 金属氧化物半导体Motor 马达，电机Movie theater 影剧院Moviola 声?剪?机Moving-iron loudspeaker 舌簧扬声器MPEG motion picture coding experts group活动图像编码专家组，数字声像信息压缩标准MPF master pre feed 主控前馈送MPH multiple phaser 多级移相器MPO maximum power output 最大输出功率MPO music power output 音乐输出功率MPR master pre return 主控前返回MPS main power switch 主电源开关MPS manual phase shifter 手控相移器MPS microphone power supply 话筒电源MPS microprocessor system 多用途取样系统MPX multiplex 多路传输，多次重复使用，多路转换，复合MPX multiplexer 多路转换器，多路调制器MPX VCO 多路解调压控振荡MQSS music quick select system 快速音乐选择系统MR memory read 存储器读出MS manual search 手动检索MS middle side 一种迭合录音技术MS(MSEC) millisecond 毫秒MSSS multi space ound system 多维空间声系统MST(MSTR) master 主控MSW microswitch 微动开关MT multi track 多轨MTD multiple delay 多次延时MTR magnetic tape redorder 磁带记录器MTR micro-wave transmission 微波传输MTR motor 电动机MTS multi-channel television sound 多声道电视伴音MTV music TV 音乐电视（节目）MUF maximum usable frequency 最高可用频率MULT multiplier 倍增器，光电倍增管Multi 并联的，多路系统Multidimention control 声场展宽控制，多维控制Multiband 多频段Multi-echo 多重回声Multi plex 多路传声Multitap 转接，（多插头）插座Multiple channel 多通道Multiple effects 综合效果处理装置Multiple jack 多眼插座Multisound ?始音色MUPO maximum undistorted power output最大不失真输出功率MUSE multiple sub-Nyquist sompling encoding 多重奈奎斯特取样编码MIDI 格式文件MIDI 信息，全过程。

—1 —The G11 provides total of 22 guitar cabinet emulations of all modeling amps.Cabinet Simulations offer the sonic response of each amp’s cabinet when using G11 connected to a real amplifier.In addition, G11 provides 70 pre-loaded high-resolution impulse response (IR data) of the cabinets that were captured by placing the microphone in three different positions. Each cabinet has a recording where the mic was placed 1-inch away (2.5 cm approx.), a recording where the mic was placed 12-inches away (30 cm approx.), and one where the mic was placed in the Room.IR Data offer a full variety of sonic responses when using G11 connected DIRECT OUT to a PA or monitor system.*No. 17 has a 4th IR (MSV_Mix), which is a mix of the recording of the mic at 1-inch and in the room.12-Inches—2 —The G11 provides bass cabinet emulations of 12 classic amp cabinets. In addition, the G11 provides 36 pre-loaded high-resolution impulse response (IRs), three different micpositions for each of the 12 cabinets. IRs offer a full variety of sonic responses when going directly to a PA or monitor system.* Bass cabinets with tweeters use mixes of On Mic and Tweeter IR data.Copying or reprinting this manual in part or in whole without permission is prohibited.Product names, registered trademarks and company names in this document are the property of their respective companies.All trademarks and registered trademarks in this document are for identification purposes only and are not intended to infringe on the copyrights of their respective owners.©2021 ZOOM CORPORATION Z2I-4521-01[ Bass cabinets ][ Bass cabinets with tweeters ]On Mic 2 ( D57 )RoomTweeter Mix : On Mic ( D20 ) + Tweeter ( D57 )。

eexcellence in dependable automationFMEDA including SFF determinationand PFD calculationProject:HART multiplexer KFD2-HMM-16 together with KFD0-HMS-16 and 2700 HART Signal MultiplexerCustomer:Pepperl+Fuchs GmbHMannheimGermanyContract No.: P+F 02/4-11Report No.: P+F 02/4-11 R006Version V1, Revision R1.2, July 2002Stephan AschenbrennerCONFIDENTIAL INFORMATIONManagement summaryThis report summarizes the results of the analysis carried out on the HART multiplexerKFD2-HMM-16 together with KFD0-HMS-16 and the 2700 HART Signal Multiplexer.The assessment does not contain an evaluation of the correct functioning of the HARTmultiplexer but a statement about the interference freeness on the safety related 4..20mAloop when used for HART communication with regard to the suitability in part for Safety Instrumented System (SIS) usage in a particular Safety Integrity Level (SIL).The failure rates are based on the Siemens standard SN 29500.According to table 2 of IEC 61508-1 the average PFD for systems operating in low demandmode has to be ≥10-4 to < 10-3 for SIL 3 safety functions and ≥10-3 to < 10-2 for SIL 2 safetyfunctions. However, as the modules under consideration are only one part of an entire safetyfunction they should not claim more than 10% of this range, i.e. they should be better than orequal to 10-4 for SIL 3 and better than or equal to 10-3 for SIL 2.The modules under evaluation can be considered to be Type B components. However, the components that can contribute to a disturbance of the safety system are considered to be TypeA components.For Type A components the SFF has to fulfill the requirements as stated in table 2 ofIEC 61508-2 which are the following:Hardware fault tolerance (HFT)0 1 2 SIL 2 60% ≤ SFF < 90% SFF < 60%SIL 3 90% ≤ SFF < 99% 60% ≤ SFF < 90% SFF < 60%The following tables show under which conditions the critical components of the two modulesthat can contribute to a disturbance of the safety system fulfill this requirement (considering onlyone communication line being part of the safety function).Table 1: KFD2-HMM-16 together with KFD0-HMS-16 without additional module interfaceT[Proof] = 1 year T[Proof] = 5 years T[Proof] = 10 yearsPFD AVG = 1.23E-06PFD AVG = 6.13E-06PFD AVG = 1.23E-05than 10% of this range, i.e. to be better than or equal to 10-3. The PFD values even fulfill the requirements of higher SILs but the system does only fulfill the architectural constraints requirements (HFT/SFF) for SIL 2 which are set by table 2 of IEC 61508-2 for type A components having a hardware fault tolerance of 0.If the HART multiplexer KFD2-HMM-16 and KFD0-HMS-16 are used together with the module interface as described in section 4.1 then two de-coupling capacitors have to fail to bring the (sub)system into a dangerous state. This corresponds to a hardware fault tolerance of 1.Table 2: KFD2-HMM-16 together with KFD0-HMS-16 with additional module interface T[Proof] = 1 year T[Proof] = 5 years T[Proof] = 10 yearsPFD AVG = 6.13E-08PFD AVG = 3.07E-07PFD AVG = 6.13E-07than 10% of this range, i.e. to be better than or equal to 10-4. The PFD values even fulfill the requirements of a higher SIL but the system does only fulfill the architectural constraints requirements (HFT/SFF) for SIL 3 which are set by table 2 of IEC 61508-2 for type A components having a hardware fault tolerance of 1.Table 3: 2700 HART Signal MultiplexerT[Proof] = 1 year T[Proof] = 5 years T[Proof] = 10 yearsPFD AVG = 2.50E-07PFD AVG = 1.25E-06PFD AVG = 2.50E-06than 10% of this range, i.e. to be better than or equal to 10-4. The PFD values even fulfill the requirements of higher SILs but the system does only fulfill the architectural constraints requirements (HFT/SFF) for SIL 3 which are set by table 2 of IEC 61508-2 for type A components having a hardware fault tolerance of 1.The calculations are based on the assumption that the HART multiplexer are mounted in an environment that is IP 54 compliant (e.g. housing, control cabinet or control room).Table of ContentsManagement summary (2)1Purpose and Scope (5)2Project management (5)2.1Roles of the parties involved (5)2.2Standards / Literature used (5)2.3Reference documents (6)2.3.1Documentation provided by the customer (6)2.3.2Documentation generated by (6)3Description of the HART communication (7)4Description of the analyzed modules (8)4.1KFD2-HMM-16 and KFD0-HMS-16 (8)4.22700 HART Signal Multiplexer (11)5Failure Modes, Effects, and Diagnostics Analysis (12)5.1Description of the failure categories (12)5.2Methodology – FMEDA, Failure rates (12)5.2.1FMEDA (12)5.2.2Failure rates (12)5.2.3Assumption (13)6Results of the assessment (13)6.1KFD2-HMM-16 and KFD0-HMS-16 (15)6.22700 HART Signal Multiplexer (17)7Terms and Definitions (19)8Status of the document (20)8.1Liability (20)8.2Releases (20)8.3Release Signatures (20)1 Purpose and ScopeThis report shall describe the results of the FMEDAs carried out on the HART multiplexer KFD2-HMM-16 together with KFD0-HMS-16 and the 2700 HART Signal Multiplexer.It shall be shown that the HART multiplexer do not electrically interfere with the connected safety related system when using the 4..20mA loop for the HART communication.It shall be assessed whether these modules meet the Probability of Failure on Demand (PFD) requirements for SIL 2 / SIL 3 sub-systems according to IEC 61508 with regard to the interference freeness on the safety related 4..20mA loop.The assessment does neither consider any calculations necessary for proving intrinsic safety nor an evaluation of the correct functioning of the HART multiplexer.Pepperl+Fuchs GmbH contracted in May 2002 with the FMEDA and PFD calculation of the above mentioned modules.2 Project management2.1 Roles of the parties involvedPepperl+Fuchs Manufacturer of the HART multiplexer. Did the FMEDAs together with the determination of the Safe Failure Fraction (SFF) and calculated the Probability of Failure on Demand (PFD)using Markov models.2.2 Standards / Literature usedThe services delivered by were performed based on the following standards / literature.[N1] IEC 61508-2:1999 Functional Safety of Electrical/Electronic/ProgrammableElectronic Safety-Related Systems[N2] ISBN: 0471133019 Electronic Components: Selection and Application Guidelinesby Victor MeeldijkJohn Wiley & Sons[N3] FMD-91, RAC 1991 Failure Mode / Mechanism Distributions[N4] SN 29500 Failure rates of components2.3 Reference documents2.3.1 Documentation provided by the customer[D1] DL0799, DL0800 of 21.04.01 Circuit diagram for KFD2-HMM-16 and KFD0-HMS-16 [D2] 107905 Bill of material for KFD2-HMM-16[D3] ES-984240/1-A1 of 18.11.99 Circuit diagram for 2700 HART Signal Multiplexer(Mother Board Multiplexer / Interface Circuit)[D4] CL-984240/1-A4 of 24.03.99 Bill of material for 2700 HART Signal Multiplexer (MotherBoard)[D5] ES-984240/2-A1 of 18.11.99 Circuit diagram for 2700 HART Signal Multiplexer(µProcessor Board)[D6] CL-984240/2-A3 of 16.03.99 Bill of material for 2700 HART Signal Multiplexer(µProcessor Board)[D7] Datasheet metallized polyester capacitor WIMA MKS 2 2.3.2 Documentation generated by [R1] FMEDA KFD2-HMM-16 V1 R1.0 – Analysis of 24.06.02[R2] FMEDA KFD2-HMM-16 V1 R1.0 – Results of 24.06.02[R3] FMEDA MUX 2700 V1 R1.0 – Analysis of 24.06.02[R4] FMEDA MUX 2700 V1 R1.0 – Results of 24.06.023 Description of the HART communicationThe HART1 protocol is supported by many conventional 4..20 mA field devices, which thus enable digital communication for configuration and servicing purposes. Many device parameters and also the measured values themselves can thus be digitally transferred to and from the device. This digital communication runs in parallel with the 4..20 mA signal on the same cable. This is possible through a current modulation, which is superimposed on the user signal.Figure 1: Modulated HART signalHART is a master-slave protocol: A field device does only respond when requested (except in "Burst mode").The message duration is several hundred milliseconds, so that between two and three messages can be transferred per second.On HART, there are three groups of commands:• The "Universal" commands; these must be supported by all field devices;• The "Common practice" commands; these are pre-defined commands, suitable for many field devices, which, if they are supported by the device, must be implemented in the pre-defined form;• Device-specific commands; these are commands, which are particularly suitable for this field device.1 HART = Highway Addressable Remote Transducer4 Description of the analyzed modulesIn safety-related applications the HART communication is used to provide additional (non safety-related) information about statuses and reading, allow for better preventive maintenance and thus improve the integrity of the field instrumentation.For this purpose the HART multiplexer have to be directly connected to the field wiring of the respective safety-related system (see Figure 2).Figure 2: Connection of the HART multiplexer with the safety-related system4.1 KFD2-HMM-16 and KFD0-HMS-16The HART multiplexer KFD2-HMM-16 can operate up to 256 analog transmitters. The built-in slave unit operates the first 16 loops, and a maximum of further 15 KFD0-HMS-16 slaves can be connected.The power supply (24 VDC nominal voltage) is provided via the power rail or terminals 17 and 18. The optional slave units or the RPI control module are connected with the master via a 14-core flat cable. Its connector is placed on the same housing side as the terminals for the RS 485 interface and the voltage supply.The analog signals for each unit are connected separately via a 26-core cable. 16 leads are provided for the HART signals of the analog instrument circuits, the other 10 are connected to ground.The minimum load resistance of the analog instrument circuits is 230 Ω (min. load resistance in accordance with the HART specification), the max. load resistance is 500 Ω. Load resistances of up to 1000 Ω are possible, however, resistance values greater than 500 Ω can interfere with the HART communication.A process control system or a PC can be connected via a RS 485 interface (terminals 13, 14 and 15). Up to 31 KFD2-HMM-16 can be operated on one RS 485 interface. Terminals 19, 20 and 21 can be used to connect additional stations to the RS 485 interface. The DIP-switch on the housing front is for the setting of the RS 485 address and the baud rate.Figure 3: Block diagram of KFD2-HMM-1626 pin connectorfor up to16 analog signal sources 14 pin connector for up to 15 KFD0-HMS-16 devicesFigure 4: Block diagram of KFD2-HMS-16The HART multiplexer KFD2-HMM-16 (KFD0-HMS-16) has only one de-coupling capacitor for each analog signal as can be seen in Figure 3 and Figure 4, but can be connected to a module interface as shown in Figure 5 to also have the ground de-coupled by a second capacitor. Figure 5: Block diagram HART multiplexer with module interface for loop 1 and 24.2 2700 HART Signal MultiplexerThe Mux2700 HART Multiplexer provides 32 signal channels for connection to “smart” transmitters or control devices supporting digital communication according to the HART standard.Two Decoupling Capacitors are provided, one for each signal connection.Both + Ve (positive) & - Ve (negative) signal wires are therefore decoupled from DC signal. Only the high frequency digital HART protocol signal passes through to the internal Multiplexer circuitry.It acts as a gateway between a workstation - typically a PC - and the field instrumentation.Each Mux2700 is networked simply by connecting the high-speed RS485 output in multidrop configuration. The Mux2700 interrogates each field device, under the supervision of the workstation, retrieving information for storage in its internal database, which can then be accessed at ease.Figure 6: Block diagram of 2700 HART Signal Multiplexer5 Failure Modes, Effects, and Diagnostics Analysis5.1 Description of the failure categoriesThe fail-safe state is defined as the HART multiplexer is not communicating.Failures are categorized and defined as follows:A safe failure (S) is defined as a single failure that causes the HART multiplexer not to communicate.A dangerous failure (D) is defined as a single failure that disturbs the safety system connected to the HART multiplexer.A “don't care” failure (#) is defined as a single failure of a component that is part of the safety function but has no effect on the safety function of the module / (sub)system.5.2 Methodology – FMEDA, Failure rates5.2.1 FMEDAA Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a systematic way to identify and evaluate the effects of different component failure modes, to determine what could eliminate or reduce the change of failure, and to document the system in consideration.An FMEDA (Failure Mode Effect and Diagnostic Analysis) is an FMEA extension. It combines standard FMEA techniques with extension to identify online diagnostics techniques and the failure modes relevant to safety instrumented system design. It is a technique recommended to generate failure rates for each important category (safe detected, safe undetected, dangerous detected, dangerous undetected, fail high, fail low) in the safety models. The format for the FMEDA is an extension of the standard from MIL STD 1629A, Failure Modes and Effects Analysis.5.2.2 Failure ratesThe failure rate data used by in this FMEDA are from the Siemens SN 29500 failure rate database. The rates were chosen in a way that is appropriate for safety integrity level verification calculations. It is expected that actual field failure results with average environmental stress will be superior to the results predicted by these numbers.The user of these numbers is responsible for determining their applicability to any particular environment. Accurate plant specific data is preferable to general industry average data. Industrial plant sites with high levels of stress must use failure rate data that is adjusted to a higher value to account for the specific conditions of the plant.5.2.3 AssumptionThe following assumptions have been made during the Failure Modes, Effects, and Diagnostic Analysis of the HART multiplexer.• Failure rates are constant, wear out mechanisms are not included.• Propagation of failures is not relevant.• All component failure modes are known.• The repair time after a safe failure is 8 hours.• The average temperature over a long period of time is 40°C.• The stress levels are average for an industrial environment.• All modules are operated in the low demand mode of operation.• Only one communication line is considered to be part of the safety function.6 Results of the assessment did the FMEDAs supported by Pepperl+Fuchs.The analysis has shown that only a couple of components of the HART multiplexer can be found where potentially dangerous failure exist. All other component failures can only lead to the defined safe state but can never disturb the connected safety-related system. The following critical points were identified:1. Short circuits (to ground, to power or between each other) of the signal lines from theinterconnection terminal to the field side of the de-coupling capacitors;2. Short circuit of the de-coupling capacitor.For the calculation of the Safe Failure Fraction (SFF) the following has to be noted:λtotal consists of the sum of all component failure rates. This means:λtotal = λsafe + λdangerous + λdon’t care2SFF = 1 – λdu / λtotalFor the FMEDAs the following failure modes and below mentioned distributions were used. Capacitor fixed plastic (in accordance with [N3])Failure Mode Distribution (in %)Short 40 Open 42 Change in value 182 These are all failures that have no impact on the safety function. The behavior of the system is neither dangerous nor safe.Capacitor Al-ELKO (in accordance with [N3]) Failure ModeDistribution (in %)Short 38 Open 31 Seal failure31For the calculation of the PFD the following Markov models for a 1oo1 and 1oo2 architecture were used. As there are no explicit on-line diagnostics, no state “dd” – dangerous detected is required. As after a complete proof all states are going back to the OK state no proof rate is shown in the Markov models but included in the calculation.The proof time was changed using the Microsoft® Excel 2000 based FMEDA tool of as a simulation tool. The results are documented in the following sections.Figure 7: Markov model for a 1oo1 architectureAbbreviations: d The system has failed dangerous s The system has failed safe λd Failure rate of dangerous failures λs Failure rate of safe failures βCommon cause factor (set to 5%)T Repair Repair time τRepair Repair rate (1 / T Repair )Figure 8: Markov model for a 1oo2 architecture6.1 KFD2-HMM-16 and KFD0-HMS-16Item 1. of the critical points identified in section 6 can be excluded according to draft IEC 60947-5-3 A.1.2 if:• The HART multiplexer are mounted in a housing of minimum IP 54• The base material used is according to IEC 60249, the design and use of the printed board is according to IEC 60326 T3 and the creepage distances and clearances are designed according to IEC 60664-1 (1992) with pollution degree 2 / installation category III, or• The printed side(s) are coated with an insulation material in accordance to IEC 60664-3 (1992)Clearances and creepage distances according to IEC 60661-1 with pollution degree 2 / installation category II for a nominal voltage of 24 VDC are given in Table 4.Table 4: Clearances and creepage distances according to IEC 60661-1Clearances (table 2) Creepage distances (table 4) Printed wiring material 0,1 mm 0,04 mmAccording to Pepperl+Fuchs the base material used is according to IEC 60249 and the minimum creepage distances and clearances are 0,15 mm. This is considered to be sufficient as the interesting distances are part of an energy-consuming equipment supplied from fixed installation, i.e. installation category II. In addition the HART multiplexer is not a safety critical system itself but is connected to one. Thus there are no to special requirements with regard to reliability and availability (see section 2.2.2.1.1 of IEC 60664-1) and installation category III does not apply.Item 2. of the critical points identified in section 6 was analyzed in form of a FMEDA under the assumptions described in section 5.2.3 and 6.The following failure rates and SFF were calculated for the de-coupling capacitor:λtotal = 7,00E-10 1/hλsafe = 2,94E-10 1/hλdangerous = 2,80E-10 1/hλdon’t care = 1,26E-10 1/hSFF = 60,00% (HFT = 0)NOTE: As all faults of the additional electronic will either contribute to λsafe or λdon’t care with regard to the interference freeness on the 4..20mA signal the failure modes of the different components were not explicitly analyzed and are not part of the above mentioned failure rates.The PFD was calculated for three different proof times using the Markov model as described in Figure 7.T[Proof] = 1 year T[Proof] = 5 years T[Proof] = 10 yearsPFD AVG = 1.23E-06PFD AVG = 6.13E-06PFD AVG = 1.23E-05than 10% of this range, i.e. to be better than or equal to 10-3. The PFD values even fulfill the requirements of higher SILs but the system does only fulfill the architectural constraints requirements (HFT/SFF) for SIL 2 which are set by table 2 of IEC 61508-2 for type A components having a hardware fault tolerance of 0.The following figure shows the result of the PFD calculation for T[Proof] = 1 year.Figure 9: PFD for T[Proof] = 1 yearIf the HART multiplexer KFD2-HMM-16 and KFD0-HMS-16 are used together with the module interface as described in section 4.1 then two de-coupling capacitors have to fail to bring the (sub)system into a dangerous state. This corresponds to a hardware fault tolerance of 1.The PFD was calculated for three different proof times using the Markov model as described in Figure 8.T[Proof] = 1 year T[Proof] = 5 years T[Proof] = 10 yearsPFD AVG = 6.13E-08PFD AVG = 3.07E-07PFD AVG = 6.13E-07than 10% of this range, i.e. to be better than or equal to 10-4. The PFD values even fulfill the requirements of a higher SIL but the system does only fulfill the architectural constraints requirements (HFT/SFF) for SIL 3 which are set by table 2 of IEC 61508-2 for type A components having a hardware fault tolerance of 1.The following figure shows the result of the PFD calculation for T[Proof] = 1 year and β = 5% (maximum common cause factor for a logic sub-system according to IEC 61508-6).Figure 10: PFD for T[Proof] = 1 year and β = 5%6.2 2700 HART Signal MultiplexerItem 1. of the critical points identified in section 6 can be excluded according to draft IEC 60947-5-3 A.1.2 if:• The HART multiplexer are mounted in a housing of minimum IP 54• The base material used is according to IEC 60249, the design and use of the printed board is according to IEC 60326 T3 and the creepage distances and clearances are designed according to IEC 60664-1 (1992) with pollution degree 2 / installation category III, or• The printed side(s) are coated with an insulation material in accordance to IEC 60664-3 (1992)Clearances and creepage distances according to IEC 60661-1 with pollution degree 2 / installation category II for a nominal voltage of 24 VDC are given in Table 5.Table 5: Clearances and creepage distances according to IEC 60661-1Clearances (table 2) Creepage distances (table 4) Printed wiring material 0,1 mm 0,04 mmAccording to Pepperl+Fuchs the base material used is according to IEC 60249 and the minimum creepage distances and clearances are 0,25 mm. This is considered to be sufficient as the interesting distances are part of an energy-consuming equipment supplied from fixed installation, i.e. installation category II. In addition the HART multiplexer is not a safety critical system itself but is connected to one. Thus there are no to special requirements with regard to reliability and availability (see section 2.2.2.1.1 of IEC 60664-1) and installation category III does not apply.Item 2. of the critical points identified in section 6 was analyzed in form of a FMEDA under the assumptions described in section 5.2.3 and 6.The following failure rates and SFF were calculated for the two de-coupling capacitors: λtotal = 3,70E-09 1/h λsafe = 1,22E-09 1/h λdangerous = 1,42E-09 1/h λdon’t care = 1,06E-09 1/h SFF = 61,62% (HFT = 1)NOTE: As all faults of the additional electronic will either contribute to λsafe or λdon’t care with regard to the interference freeness on the 4..20mA signal the failure modes of the different components were not explicitly analyzed and are not part of the above mentioned failure rates. As two de-coupling capacitors have to fail to bring the (sub)system into a dangerous state a hardware fault tolerance of 1 is considered.The PFD was calculated based on the failure rate of the Al-ELKO as a worst case assumption for three different proof times using the Markov model as described in Figure 8.T[Proof] = 1 yearT[Proof] = 5 yearsT[Proof] = 10 yearsPFD AVG = 2.50E-07PFD AVG = 1.25E-06PFD AVG = 2.50E-06than 10% of this range, i.e. to be better than or equal to 10-4. The PFD values even fulfill the requirements of a higher SIL but the system does only fulfill the architectural constraints requirements (HFT/SFF) for SIL 3 which are set by table 2 of IEC 61508-2 for type A components having a hardware fault tolerance of 1.The following figure shows the result of the PFD calculation for T[Proof] = 1 year and β = 5% (maximum common cause factor for a logic sub-system according to IEC 61508-6).Figure 11: PFD for T[Proof] = 1 year and β= 5%7 Terms and DefinitionsFMEDA Failure Mode Effect and Diagnostic AnalysisHFT Hardware Fault ToleranceLow demand mode Mode, where the frequency of demands for operation made on a safety-related system is no greater than one per year and no greater than twicethe proof test frequency.λtotal Total failure rate λ (overall failure rate of all components)λsafe Failure rate λ of all safe failuresλdangerous Failure rate λ of all dangerous failuresλdu Failure rate λ of dangerous undetected failuresPFD Probability of Failure on DemandPFD AVG Average Probability of Failure on DemandSFF Safe Failure Fraction summarizes the fraction of failures, which lead to a safe state and the fraction of failures which will be detected bydiagnostic measures and lead to a defined safety action.SIF Safety Instrumented FunctionSIL Safety Integrity LevelSIS Safety Instrumented System8 Status of the document8.1 Liability prepares FMEDA reports based on methods advocated in International standards. Failure rates are obtained from a collection of industrial databases. accepts no liability whatsoever for the use of these numbers or for the correctness of the standards on which the general calculation methods are based.8.2 ReleasesVersion: V1Revision: R1.2Version History: V0, R1.0: Initial version, June 19, 2002V0, R1.1: Failure rates for the de-coupling capacitors of the MUX 2700corrected; section 2.3.2 completed; failure modes of Al-ELKO insection 6 added; June 24, 2002V1, R1.0: Comments after review integrated, June 27, 2002V1, R1.1: Management summary corrected; section “Purpose and Scope”modified, June 28, 2002V1, R1.2: Management summary changed; section “Purpose and Scope”modified, July 3, 2002AschenbrennerAuthors: StephanReview: V0, R1.0: Werner Bansemir (P+F), June 24, 2002V0, R1.1: Peter Müller (), June 26, 2002Release status: released to Pepperl+Fuchs8.3 Release SignaturesDipl.-Ing. (Univ.) Stephan Aschenbrenner, Senior Project ManagerDipl.-Ing. (Univ.) Rainer Faller, Principal Partner。

Table of contentsIntroduction (2)minilogue Key Features (2)Block Diagram (3)Controls and Connections (4)Front Panel Controls (4)Rear Panel Connections (5)Turning the minilogue On and O ff (6)Playing Programs and Sequences (8)Selecting and Playing a Program (8)Using Favorites (9)Playing the Sequencer (10)Programs (11)Program Architecture (11)Creating Sounds (12)Saving a Program (13)Basic Parameter Editing (14)Voice modes (23)Sequencer ..........................................................25Edit Mode .. (31)How to enter the Edit mode (31)PROGRAM EDIT mode (33)SEQ EDIT mode (37)GLOBAL EDIT mode (40)Other functions (47)Tuning (47)Restoring the Factory settings (47)Shortcuts using the SHIFT button (49)Understanding MIDI (50)Connecting Devices via MIDI and USB (50)MIDI-Related Settings (52)Program List (54)Speci fi cations (56)MIDI Implementation Chart (57)minilogue Key Features• 4-voice polyphonic synthesizer with onboard effects & sequencer.• All-new innovative redesign of analogue synth circuitry.• Instant recall of 100 factory Presets plus 100 additional user Programs.• 8 Voice Modes (mono, poly, unison, duo, etc.) offer maximum flexibility.• 41 dedicated panel controls deliver immediate parameter access.• Real-time oscilloscope provides visual feedback of parameter changes.• 16-step polyphonic sequencer can automate up to 4 synth parameters.• Sync In and Sync Out jacks allow you to expand your session setup.Block DiagramFront Panel ControlsThis diagram shows the layout of the front panel knobs, switches, and buttons.1. MASTER knob2. TEMPO knob3. OCTAVE switch4. Slider5. VCO 16. VCO 2OCTAVE switchWAVE switchPITCH knobSHAPE knob7. VCO 2 MODULATIONCROSS MOD DEPTH knobPITCH EG DEPTH knobSYNC switchRING switch8. MIXERVCO 1 knobVCO 2 knob 9. FILTERCUTOFF knobRESONANCE knobEG INT knobFILTER TYPE switchKEY TRACK switchVELOCITY switch10. AMP EG11. EGATTACK knobDECAY knobSUSTAIN knobRELEASE knob12. LFOWAVE switchEG MOD switchRATE knobINT knobTARGET switch13. DELAYHI PASS CUTOFF knobTIME knobFEEDBACK knobOUTPUT ROUTING switch14. Display15. EDITEDIT MODE buttonEXIT buttonWRITE button16. PROGRAM/VALUE knob17. SEQUENCER1–8/9–16 buttonsPLAY buttonREC buttonREST button18. Buttons 1–819. SHIFT buttonRear Panel ConnectionsThe illustration below shows a typical example of connections for the mini -logue. Connect your equipment according to the needs of your own system.You must make connections with the minilogue turned off. Failure to observe this precaution may cause malfunctions and/or damage to your speaker system.MicrophoneTurning the minilogue On and O ffBefore you turn the minilogue On:Connect the AC adapter and other equipment.1. Connect the included AC adapter to the DC 9V jack located on the rearpanel.Use only the included AC adapter. Using any other AC adapter maycause malfunctions.2. Plug the AC adapter into an AC outlet.3. Hook the AC adapter cable onto the cable hook to relieve stress on theconnector and to prevent the cable from accidently being pulled out.When disconnecting the power supply, do not use excessive force when removing the cable from the hook. Doing so may damage the plug.4. Make sure that any external output devices such as powered monitorspeakers are turned off before connecting them to the minilogue.TIP If you want to connect a MIDI device or computer to the minilogue’s MIDI connectors or USB B connector in order to use the minilogue’skeyboard and controllers to control an external MIDI tone generator,or if you want to use another MIDI keyboard or a sequencer to playthe minilogue’s sound generator, you will need to configure the set-tings. For details, (“Understanding MIDI”, p. 50).Turning the minilogue On1. Make sure that both the minilogue and any external output devices suchas powered monitor speakers are turned off, and turn the volume of all devices all the way down.2. Hold down the Power switch on the rear panel of the minilogue; once the“minilogue” logo appears in the display, take your finger off the Power switch.3. Turn on any external output devices such as powered monitor speakers.4. Adjust the volume of your external output equipment, and adjust theminilogue’s volume using the MASTER knob.Turning the minilogue O ffAny Program data in the minilogue that has not been saved will be lost when the power is turned off. Be sure to save any Program and other important data that you have edited (“Saving a Program”, p. 13).1. Turn the MASTER knob of the minilogue to the left to turn the volumeall the way down.Also, turn the volume all the way down on any external output devices that might be connected, such as powered monitor speakers.2. Hold down the Power switch on the rear panel of the minilogue; to turnoff the power after the display goes blank, take your finger off the powerswitch.Once you have turned the minilogue off, wait about 10 seconds before turning the minilogue on again.Auto Power O ff FeatureThe minilogue features an Auto Power Off feature that can automatically turn the minilogue off after 4 hours have elapsed with no operation of the knobs, switches, buttons, or keyboard of the minilogue. By default, the factory setting for the Auto Power Off is enabled. The Auto Power Off can be disabled using the steps below.1. Press the EDIT MODE button.The minilogue will enter the Edit Mode, and the display will look like the illustration shown below.2. Turn the PROGRAM/VALUE knob, and se -lect GLOBAL EDIT.TIP GLOBAL EDIT can also be selected by pressing the EDIT MODE button.3. Press button 6 twice.“Auto Power Off” will be displayed.4. Turn the PROGRAM/VALUE knob, and select “Off”.5. Press the EXIT button.The minilogue will enter the Play mode, and the display will indicate theSelecting and Playing a ProgramThe minilogue comes equipped with 200 Programs. Of those, 100 are ready-to-play preset Programs and 100 locations are available to save your own sounds and custom edits.Each Program includes settings for the sound, as well as sequence data and Voice mode settings.1. Enter the Play mode.When the minilogue is turned on, it will automatically enter the Play mode. In the Play mode, verify that all of the EDIT MODE and 1–8/9–16 buttons on the front panel are unlit.TIP If the EDIT MODE button or the 1–8/9–16 button is lit, press the EXIT button. The PLAY or REC buttons will light to indicate when the sequence data saved in a Program is being played back or is recording. You can still select other Pro -grams in this state, but press the PLAY button if you wish to stop the Sequencer.2. Turn the PROGRAM/VALUE knob to select a Program.The display will indicate the Program name and number.The minilogue comes with 100 preset Programs (001–100) as part of the fac -tory preload data. These preset Programs are instantly accessible and ready for you to enjoy. For details, refer to “Program List” (p. 54).TIP Hold down the SHIFT button while turning the PROGRAM/VALUEknob to skip through the Program List in increments of 10.TIP In addition to showing Program name and number, the display canalso be used as an oscilloscope , to show the electrical signals created by the waveform of the sound. For details on the display, refer to “Os -cilloscope” (p. 45).3. Adjusting the OCTAVE range, using the Slider, and changing the VoiceMode.As you play, you can use the five-way OCTAVE Switch to transpose the playing area of the keyboard by ± 2 octaves.In addition, you can move the Slider from left to right to add real-time performance control.TIP The parameter assigned to the slider will vary depend -ing on the Program. Rrefer to “Program List” (p. 54) to see which parameter is assigned to the slider in each Program.TIP The Slider Assign function in PROGRAM EDIT mode isused to assign parameters to the slider (“Slider Assign”, p. 33).In the Play mode, the LEDs below buttons 1–8 show the Voice mode status of the cur -rent Program. You can use these buttons 1–8 to switch between the different modes. For details, refer to “Voice modes” (p. 23).Using FavoritesRecalling your Favorite ProgramsThe minilogue includes a Favorites func-tion , which can be used to instantly recall any one of the up to eight Programs that you have previously registered as Favorites on the minilogue.1. In the Play mode, press one of the but -tons from 1–8 while holding down the SHIFT button.The Favorite Program previously regis -tered to that button will be recalled, and the Program name and number will beindicated in the display.Registering your Favorite ProgramsYou can register up to eight Programs that you particularly like as Favorite Programs.1. In Play mode, turn the PROGRAM/VALUE knob to select a Program you like.The display will indicate the Program name and number.2. Hold down one of the buttons from1–8 while keeping the SHIFT button pressed.The Program will be registered as a Fa -vorite program, and “Registered to Fa -vorite” will be indicated in the display.TIP The favorite Programs that youregister will be saved in the Global settings.Playing the SequencerEach Program in the minilogue includes sequence data. In this section, we’ll play the sequence data saved as part of the preset Programs.1. Turn the PROGRAM/VALUE knob to selecta Program.The display will indicate the Program name and number.2. Press the PLAY button in the SEQUENCERsection.The sequence data that is recorded in the cur -rent Program will begin playing.The 1–8 buttons will light up in steps while the sequencer is playing.TIP The Sequencer tempo is set for each Program in the SEQ EDIT modeand saved as part of the Program, but you can adjust the tempo from 56.0 to 240.0 BPM (Beats Per Minute) by turning the TEMPO knob.3. Press the PLAY button once more to end the Sequencer playback.Program ArchitectureEach minilogue Program includes settings for the Oscillators, Mixer, Filter, EGs and LFO, as well as a 16-Step Sequencer plus Effects.Try editing each related parameter, and enjoy changing the sounds of the mini-logue.Creating SoundsEditing a program means changing the Program’s parameters to alter its sound.There are two way to create sounds on the minilogue.• Select an existing Program that’s close to the sound you want, and edit that Program’s parameters to achieve your own custom sound.• You can also initialize all the Program parameters or use the Panel Load func-tion to create your own sound from scratch.Editing an Existing Program1. In Program mode, select the Program that you want to use as a startingpoint.2. Use the knobs and switches on the front panel.Take a moment to consider the differences between the current Program and the sound you have in mind, and use the front panel controls to edit the necessary parameters.TIP For details on how the pitch, sound, and volume change when using the knobs and switches, refer to “Basic Parameter Editing” (p. 14).We recommend that you save the Program on the minilogue afterediting the sound. Any edits that you make will be lost if you turn offthe power or recall a different Program. For details, refer to “Saving aProgram” (p. 13).Creating a Program from ScratchTo create a sound from scratch, we recommend that you use the Panel Load function. This will load the current settings of each front panel control and provide a simple starting point for your iconic creations.As you explore the front panel controls, you can see how each parameter will affect the sound, making it easier to understand how each section of the mini-logue functions and how the parameters interact.Panel Load functionPress the PLAY button while holding down the SHIFT button. The sound will change to reflect the panel settings, and “Load Panel” will be indicated in the display.Saving a ProgramWe recommend that you save your Program on the minilogue after editing the sound.Any edits that you make to the current program will be lost if youturn off the power or recall a different program before saving.1. Edit the program in Play mode.For details, refer to “Basic Parameter Editing” (p. 14).2. Press the WRITE button; the minilogue will enter the Write standbymode, and the WRITE button will blink.The message “Where to write?” will appear in the display.3. Turn the PROGRAM/VALUE knob to select the Program number whereyour new sound will be saved.Programs 1–100 are preset Programs, and Programs 101–200 are user Pro-grams.TIP Press the EXIT button to cancel the operation.4. Press the WRITE button once more.The Program will be saved in internal memory, and the message “Com-plete” will appear in the display..Never turn off the power while Programs are being saved. Doing somay destroy the internal data.Basic Parameter EditingIn this section, we’ll explain the basic parameters that make up a program. The basic parameters are assigned to the knobs and switches on the front panel. VCO 1, VCO 2VCO: Voltage Controlled OscillatorThere are two oscillators in the minilogue. Os-cillator Parameters include the settings for thepitch of the sound (OCTAVE, PITCH) and thewaveform (WAVE, SHAPE).OCTAVE switch [16’, 8’, 4’, 2’]The pitch of oscillators 1 and 2 can be set inoctave steps.WAVE switch [, , ]This sets the waveforms for oscillators 1 and 2.Square wave: This waveform is used for electronic and wind instrument sounds.Triangle wave: This waveform has a rounder feel than the sawtooth or square wave.Sawtooth wave: This waveform is used to create sounds typical of analog syn-thesizers, such as synth basses and brass.PITCH knob [−1200 (1200)The pitch, or tuning, of the Oscillators can be set using one-cent steps.SHAPE knob [0...1023]This knob will determine the final shape, complexity, or duty-cycle (Square) of the selected waveform.VCO 2 MODULATIONOscillator 2 includes powerful oscillator sync, crossmodulation, and ring modulation functions.CROSS MOD DEPTH knob [0...1023]Cross Mod (Modulation) allows Oscillator 1 to mod -ulate the pitch of Oscillator 2.Turning the knob to the right results in stronger modulation.PITCH EG DEPTH knob [−4800 (4800)The Pitch EG (Envelope Generator) can be used to change the Pitch of Oscilla -tor 2 over time. In the center position, no effect is applied.Positive values (turning the knob to the right of center) increase the Pitch EG effect; turning the knob to the left of center increases the Pitch EG effect using an inverted image of the EG shape (negative values). To learn more about the EG settings, refer to “EG” (p. 20).1023SYNC switch [OFF, ON]Oscillator sync is a popular effects for creating edgy synth leads.ON (up position): With this type of modulation, the phase of oscillator 2 is forc -ibly synchronized to the phase of oscillator 1. This adds harmonic overtones to the frequency of oscillator 2, making a complex waveform.RING switch [OFF, ON]Ring Modulation outputs the sum and difference of the frequencies created by the two oscillators. Adjust the pitch of Oscillator 2 to create non-tonal and me -tallic sounds.ON (up position): Oscillator 1 is used to ring modulate oscillator 2.MIXERThe mixer is used to set the relative levels of the three signal sources—Oscillator 1, Oscillator 2, and the Noise generator before they enter the filter.VCO 1 knob [0...1023]VCO 2 knob [0...1023]These knobs control the output levels of oscillator 1 and 2.NOISE knob [0...1023]Use this knob to set the output level of the noise generator.Noise (white noise) can be used on its own, or mixed with the Oscilla -tors to create percussion instrument sounds, or sound effects such as surf.SyncVCO 1 WaveVCO 2 Wave (output)FILTERVCF: Voltage Controlled FilterThe low-pass filter shapes the tone by selectively filtering cer -tain parts of the harmonic spectrum of the sound generatedby the Oscillators and the Noise generator.CUTOFF knob [0...1023]This knob is used to set the cutoff frequency. Harmonic con -tent above the cutoff frequency will be filtered out.Turning the knob to the left will lower the cutoff frequency,and turning the knob to the right will raise the cutoff frequen -cy.If the CUTOFF value is set too low, the volume maybe extremely low.RESONANCE knob [0...1023]Also known as Peak or Q, the RESONANCE control adds additional emphasis to the overtones occurring at the CUTOFF frequency, giving a distinctive char -acter to the sound.TIP The overtones that are emphasized will change depending on the cut -off frequency. For this reason, it’s good to adjust the CUTOFF knob while adjusting the RESONANCE knob.When emphasizing the overtones in this way, the sound may distort depending on the cutoff frequency or the input audio.Low resonance value High resonance valueEG INT knob [−100%...0...+100%]The Envelope Generator (EG) can be used to control the CUTOFF, or Filter fre -quency, over time using this EG INT (intensity) knob.To learn more about the EG settings (“EG”, p. 20).With this knob in the center position (0%), no EG is applied to the Filter.Rotating the knob to the left of center increases the EG intensity, but with the polarity of the EG inverted.Rotating the knob to the right of center increases the EG intensity effect.FILTER TYPE switch [2-POLE, 4-POLE]The filter type (roll off) can be set to either 2-POLE (12 dB per octave) or 4-POLE (24 dB per octave).2-POLE : Gently cuts off the upper harmonics, creating a more natural sound.4-POLE : Cuts off the upper harmonics more sharply than the 2-POLE.KEY TRACK switch [0%, 50%, 100%]Key tracking allows the note played on the keyboard to influence the cutoff frequency of the filter. This is useful when you want higher notes to have more upper harmonics, or to appear brighter, than lower notes.0% (lower position): No keyboard tracking will be applied.50% (center position): The cutoff frequency will change at half the rate/slope as the pitch of the keyboard.100% (upper position): The cutoff frequency will change at the same rate/slope as the pitch of the keyboard.Time TimeHzVELOCITY switch [0%, 50%, 100%]Specifies how the velocity (keyboard playing dynamics) will affect the cutoff frequency, allowing louder notes to appear brighter, etc.0% (lower position): Velocity will not affect the cutoff frequency.50% (center position): Velocity will affect the cutoff frequency, but at only half the amount produced at 100%.100% (upper position): Playing the keys harder will increase the cutoff frequen -cy, while playing the keys softer will decrease the cutoff frequency.AMP EGVCA: Voltage Controlled Amplifier / EG: Envelope GeneratorThe AMP (VCA) controls the output level ofthe minilogue, before the Master control. TheAMP Envelope Generator provides a precisecontrol signal that varies over time to modifythe VCA level.ATTACK knob [0...1023]The ATTACK specifies the time required for the EG to reach its maximum level once a new note is playedDECAY knob [0...1023]The DECAY specifies the time required for the EG to fall to the preset Sustain level once the Attack portion of the EG is complete.SUSTAIN knob [0...1023]The SUSTAIN specifies the level that will be maintained while the key is held down (or a trigger is applied).RELEASE knob [0...1023]The RELEASE specifies the time required for the EG to reach its minimum level(zero) once the key or trigger is released.TimeTime Time TimeEGEG: Envelope GeneratorThe EG provides a precise control signal thatvaries over time. This signal can be used tomodify the Pitch of Oscillator 2, the FilterCUTOFF frequency, and the Speed or Intensi -ty of the LFO. The EG signal is available at the VCO 2 MODULATION PITCH EG INT knob, the FILTER EG INT knob, and the LFO EG MOD switch. This switch can be set to allow the EG signal to control either the RATE or INT (In-tensity), in conjunction with the LFO RATE and INT knobs.ATTACK knob [0...1023]The ATTACK specifies the time required for the EG to reach its maximum level once a new note is played.DECAY knob [0...1023]The DECAY specifies the time required for the EG to fall to the preset Sustain level once the Attack portion of the EG is complete.SUSTAIN knob [0...1023]The SUSTAIN specifies the level that will be maintained while the key is held down (or a trigger is applied).RELEASE knob [0...1023]The RELEASE specifies the time required for the EG to reach its minimum level(zero) once the key or trigger is released.TimeLFOLFO: Low Frequency OscillatorThe Low Frequency Oscillator creates a re-peating cyclical signal. You can choose oneof three LFO waveforms.Depending on its target, the LFO can pro-vide vibrato (PITCH); Tonal changes to theOscillators (SHAPE); or Wah-Wah (CUTOFF) effectsWAVE switch [, , ]The LFO can be set to a square wave (), a triangle wave (), or a sawtooth wave ().EG MOD switch [OFF, RATE, INT]The EG can modify either the speed (RATE) or depth (INT) of the LFO, in con-junction with the RATE and INT knobs.RATE knob [0...1023 / 4, 2, 1, 0, 3/4...1/64]The rate knob adjusts the speed of the LFO.Turning the knob to the right will increase the LFO speed.TIP The values indicated here depend on the LFO BPM Sync settings in the PROGRAM EDIT mode. When LFO BPM Sync is Off, the avail-able values are 0–1023; and when LFO BPM Sync is On, the availablevalues are from 4–1/64 (“LFO BPM Sync”, p. 34).INT knob [0...1023]The INT knob adjusts the intensity of the LFO.Turning the knob to the right will increase the LFO intensity.TARGET switch [CUTOFF, SHAPE, PITCH]Selects the parameter where the LFO modulation will be applied. CUTOFF: Modulation is applied to the FILTER CUTOFF knob setting. SHAPE: Modulation is applied to the VCO 1, 2 SHAPE knob settings. PITCH: Modulation is applied to the VCO 1, 2 PITCH knob settings.DELAYThe Delay effect is combined with a HighPass filter. This allows you to create a widerange of sounds.HI PASS CUTOFF knob [0...1023]Adjusts the cutoff frequency of the high-pass filter. Sounds and harmonic com-ponents below the HI-PASS CUTOFF frequency will be attenuated.Turning the knob to the right will increase the cutoff frequency.TIME knob [0...1023]This knob specifies the delay time.Turning the knob to the right will make the delay time longer.FEEDBACK knob [0...1023]The Feedback knobs controls the regeneration of the Delay effect.Turning the knob to the right will increase the amount of feedback.OUTPUT ROUTING switch [BYPASS, PRE FILTER, POST FILTER]Using this switch, you can specify where in the signal chain the Delay effect is being applied.The circuit routing is shown below. Also, refer to the block diagram (“Block Diagram”, p. 3).BYPASS: In this mode, the Delay and Hi Pass Filter are bypassed, and no effect is applied to the sound.PRE FILTER: The original sound is output before the Hi Pass Filter, and the Hi Pass Filter is applied only to the delayed sound.POST FILTER: This Hi Pass Filter is applied to both the original (dry) sound, and the delayed sound.Voice modesThe Voice mode is set as a Program parameter,and you can see which Voice mode is being usedby looking at which of the buttons 1–8 is lit. Fordetails, refer to “Program List” (p. 54).There are 8 different Voice modes, and buttons1–8 are used to switch between them. Turningthe VOICE MODE DEPTH knob controls a spe -cific parameter unique to each Voice mode.Voice mode listSequencerIn this section, we’ll explore real-time recording, step recording, and motion se-quence recording, as well as how to edit the recorded sequences (step edit). Real-Time RecordingRecording a performanceThis feature allows you to record your minilogue keyboard performance and to add overdubs in real time.section to play the sequencer.The PLAY button will light.2. Press the REC button.Real-time recording will begin, and the RECbutton will light.3. Play the keyboard.The notes that you play on the keyboard will be overdubbed (added to the recording of the sequence data).4. Press the REC button once more to stop the recording.The REC button will go dark.TIP Press the REC button once more to start recording again.5. Press the PLAY button to finish real-time recording.The PLAY button will go dark.Deleting the sequencer dataPress the REST button to erase or delete existing notes in the sequence duringreal-time recording.Step Recording1. Press the REC button in the SEQUENCER section while the sequencer isstopped.“STEP REC” and “STEP 1” will be indicated in the display.If the sequence has already been recorded, the note names will be indicated in the display.TIP Select the step you wish to edit. Use buttons 1–8to select steps 1–8, and use buttons 1–8 while holding the SHIFT button to select steps 9–16.2. Use the keyboard, REST button and other controls to edit the notes.When you record a note, rest, or tie in step mode, the display will automati-cally move to the next step.Recording notesThe note name for the keys you press on the keyboard will be indicated in the display. Check the note name in the display, and if it is correct, release your finger to record that note and to move to the next step.If the note name is not correct, just play the correct key while continuing to hold down the wrong key. Check the note indicated in the display, and take your finger off the keyboard to move to the next step.You can also record chords that you play on the keyboard. The number of notes in a chord will depend on the Voice mode of the current Program (“Voice modes”, p. 23).TIP The note length during recording is determined by the Default Gate Time value that is set in the SEQ EDIT mode. If you turn the PRO-GRAM/ VALUE knob while playing the keyboard, the gate time foronly the note(s) you played will be changed when recording.Recording a restYou can record a rest by pressing the REST button.Recording a tiePress the REST button while holding down a key. The note will be tied to the next note and recorded.3. When the set number of steps have finished recording, step recordingwill automatically end. Pressing the REC button at any step during re-cording will stop the step recording at that step.TIP The number of steps is set for each Program, and you can change the number of steps using the Step Length function in the SEQ EDITmode. For details, refer to “Step Length” (p. 37).Motion Sequencing allows you to record the flipping of switches and the turn-ing of knobs as part of the sequence, and recreate those motions automatically during playback.Four Motion Sequences can be recorded on the minilogue, which can includes changes to all knobs and switches (except for the MASTER knob, TEMPO knob, and OCTAVE switches).1. Press the PLAY button to play the sequencer.2. Press the REC button.Real-time recording will begin.3. Move the knobs and switches on the minilogue.A Motion Sequence of the knobs and switches you moved will be recorded.You can record up to 4 Motion Sequences for the knobs and switches.If you exceed this limit, the message “Motion Full” will be indicated inthe display, and the display will enter MOTION CLEAR in the SEQ EDIT mode. When this happens, delete a previously-recorded Motion Sequence before recording a new one (“Deleting a Motion Sequence”, p. 28).4. After the set number of steps have finished recording, the Motion Se-quence will automatically finish recording as well.Up to 4 Motion Sequences can be recorded, which includes changes to the knobs and switches. Knobs and switches that have already been recorded can be rerecorded as well.TIP The number of steps is set for each Program, and you can change the number of steps using the “Step Length” function in the SEQ EDITmode. For details, refer to “Step Length” (p. 37).。

AMBA(Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture)，即高级微控制器总线体系。

目前，AMBA总线标准一共有四套版本，各个版本的协议都沿用至今。

1)第一套AMBA 1.0总线。

2)第二套AMBA 2.0总线。

3)第三套AMBA 3.0 AXI总线。

4)第四套AMBA4.0总线。

➢AMBA1.0只包含ASB总线和APB总线，这时候的总线协议都是三态总线，但是三态总线要设计者花很多的精力去注意时钟。

➢AMBA2.0总线新增了AHB总线，并且采用了分享型的互连结构，增加了新的特性。

➢为了顺应快速发展的SoC技术，ARM公司推出了具有更强灵活性的AMBA3.0 AXI总线。

➢2010年ARM公司发布了SoC片上总线标准的新版本AMBA4.0总线，由AXI4、AXI4-Lite、AXI4-Stream三种标准构成。

AMBA4.0规范是多家企业共同为行业而设定的，包括业界领先的OEM厂商、半导体及EDA供应商等。

AMBA4.0规范的特殊设计将使嵌入式系统达到过去只有台式电脑、笔记本电脑和网络设备才能达到的水准。

1AMBA 2.0版本标准2.0版AMBA标准定义了三种不同的总线：●AHB(Advanced High-performance Bus)高级高性能总线；●ASB(Advanced System Bus)高级系统总线；●APB(Advanced Peripheral Bus)高级外设总线。

典型的基于AMBA总线的系统框图如图：大多数挂在总线上的模块(包括处理器)只是单一属性的功能模块：主模块或者从模块。

主模块是向从模块发出读写操作的模块，如CPU，DSP等；从模块是接受命令并做出反应的模块，如片上的RAM，AHB／APB 桥等。

另外，还有一些模块同时具有两种属性，例如直接存储器存取(DMA)在被编程时是从模块，但在系统读传输数据时必须是主模块。

如果总线上存在多个主模块，就需要仲裁器来决定如何控制各种主模块对总线的访问。

AccessoriesInstallation.................................. 117ACCESSORY (Ignition KeyPosition) .......................................51AddingAutomatic TransmissionFluid ....................................... 161Brake Fluid................................. 163Clutch Fluid................................ 163Differential Oil ...........................161Engine Coolant ..........................156Engine Oil ..................................152Manual Transmission Fluid.......162Power Steering Fluid................. 165Windshield Washer Fluid......... 160Additional Safety Information ......... 18Door Locks................................... 19Head Restraint Position .............. 18Seat-back Position ....................... 18Driving with Pets......................... 19Storing Cargo Safely ................... 19Additives, Engine Oil..................... 154AdjustmentsHeadlights (182)Head Restraints ...........................60Mirrors .........................................69Seats.............................................. 55Steering Wheel ............................45Airbag (SRS) .....................................12Air Cleaner...................................... 166Air ConditioningMaintenance............................... 175Usage......................................81, 88Air Outlets (Vents) .....................80, 87Air Pressure, Tires......................... 174Alarm, Anti-theft............................. 107Alcohol and Drugs ...........................26Aluminum Wheels, Cleaning ........ 195Antenna, Cleaning.......................... 194Antifreeze........................................ 156Anti-lock Brakes (ABS)Description.................................230Fluid ............................................164Indicator Light .............................33Operation.................................... 131Anti-theft Steering ColumnLock ..............................................51Anti-theft System............................ 107Appearance Care............................ 193Ashtrays .. (75)Audio Controls, Remote ................104Audio System....................................93Automatic Climate ControlSystem ..........................................87Automatic Speed Control ................47Automatic Transmission ............... 126Capacity, Fluid ...........................228Checking Fluid Level................ 161Shifting ....................................... 126Shift Lever Positions ................. 126Shift Lock Release ..................... 129Shift Position Indicator (35)Baby, Holding a................................21Back-up Lamp Replacement ......... 188BatteryCharging SystemIndicator...........................32, 215Jump Starting .............................210Maintenance............................... 170Specifications .............................229Before Driving................................ 109Belts, Seat . (5)CONTINUEDBeverage Holder ..............................73Body Repair ....................................200Brakes ............................................. 130Anti-lock System (ABS) ............ 131Break-in, New Linings............... 110Fluid............................................ 163Light, Burned-out ......................188Parking .........................................71System Indicator.......................... 32Wear Indicators ......................... 130Brakes, ABSDescription.................................230Operation.................................... 131System Indicator.......................... 33Braking System.............................. 130Break-in, New Car.......................... 110Brightness Control,Instruments..................................41Brights, Headlights..........................40Bulb Replacement.......................... 184Back-up Lights........................... 188Brake Lights............................... 188Ceiling Lights............................. 189Courtesy Lights ......................... 189Front Side Marker Lights......... 186Headlights. (184)License Plate Lights ..................189Parking Lights ........................... 186Rear Side Marker Lights .......... 187Specifications .............................229Trunk Light................................ 191Turn Signal Lights..................... 185Bulbs, Halogen . (184)Cables, Jump Starting with ........... 210Cancel Button ...................................49Capacities Chart .............................228Carbon Monoxide Hazard...............26Cargo, Loading............................... 118Car Seats for Children .....................20Cassette PlayerCare............................................. 106Operation...................................... 98CAUTION, Explanation of ................ii CD Changer.................................... 100Ceiling Lights ...................................76Certification Label ..........................226Chains ............................................. 181Change OilHow to (154)When to ...................................... 146Changing a Flat Tire ...................... 203Changing Engine Coolant............. 157Charging System Indicator .....32, 215Check Engine Light................. 33, 216CheckingAutomatic TransmissionFluid ....................................... 161Battery Condition ...................... 170Brake Fluid................................. 163Clutch Fluid................................ 165Differential Oil ...........................162Drive Belts.................................. 176Engine Coolant ..........................156Engine Oil .................................. 152Fuses ...........................................218Manual Transmission Fluid...... 162Power Steering Fluid................. 165Checklist, Before Driving.............. 120Child Safety.......................................20Cigarette Lighter.............................. 74Cleaner, Air..................................... 166CleaningAluminum Wheels..................... 195Antenna....................................... 194Exterior.......................................194Interior........................................ 197Leather........................................ 197Seat Belts.................................... 197Vinyl............................................ 197Windows..................................... 198Wood Trim ................................. 197CLEAN Light.................................. 106Climate Control System ..................87Clock, Setting the............................. 72Clutch Fluid.................................... 165Code, Audio system....................... 105CO in the Exhaust............................26Cold Weather, Starting in.............. 122Compact Spare ...............................202Console Compartment.....................73Controls, Instruments and ..............29CoolantAdding ........................................ 156Checking .................................... 156Proper solution .......................... 156Temperature Gauge ....................37Corrosion Protection ..................... 199Courtesy Lights ................................76Crankcase Emission ControlSystem ........................................235Cruise Control Operation ................47Customer Relations Office (241)DANGER, Explanation of.................. ii Dashboard ........................................30Daytime Running Lights .................40Dead Battery, What to do ..............210Defog and Defrost...................... 86, 91Defogger, Rear Window.................. 44Defog, Rear Window........................44Defrosting the Windows............86, 91Dexron ® II AutomaticTransmission Fluid.................... 161Differentral Oil ...............................162Dimensions.....................................228Dimming the Headlights................. 40DipstickAutomatic Transmission........... 161Engine Oil ..................................152Directional Signals ...........................41Disabled, Towing Your Car if .......223Disc Brake Wear Indicators..........130Disposal of Used Oil...................... 155DoorsLocking and Unlocking...............52Lockout Prevention .....................52Monitor Light. (34)Power Door Closers ....................53Power Door Locks....................... 52DOT Tire Quality Grading ............233Downshifting, 6-speed ManualTransmission.............................. 123Drive Belts ......................................176Driving ............................................ 119Economy..................................... 116In Bad Weather..........................135In Foreign Countries .....................111Driving Position MemorySystem (61)Economy, Fuel ...............................116Emergencies on the Road .............201Battery, Jump Starting ..............210Changing a Flat Tire .................203Charging System Indicator.......215Check Engine Light ..................216Checking the Fuses...................218Low Oil Pressure Indicator.......214Malfunction Indicator Lamp .. (216)CONTINUEDManually ClosingtheMoonroof.........................217Overheated Engine ...................212Emergency Brake ............................71Emergency Flashers........................ 44Emission Controls ..........................235EngineBelts............................................ 176Check Light..........................33, 216Coolant Temperature Gauge...... 37Malfunction IndicatorLamp.................................33, 216Oil Pressure Indicator .........32, 214Oil, What Kind to Use (15)3Overheating ...............................212Specifications .............................229Ethanol in Gasoline........................ 111Evaporative Emission controls .....235Exhaust Fumes.................................26Exhaust Gas RecirculationSystem ........................................236Expectant Mothers, Use of SeatBelts by.........................................10Exterior, Cleaning the . (194)Fabric, Cleaning............................. 197Fan, Interior................................ 81, 92Features, Comfort andConveniences...............................79Filling the Fuel Tank ..................... 112FiltersFuel............................................. 167Oil................................................ 154First Gear, Shifting......................... 128Flashers, Hazard Warning ..............44Flat Tire, Changing a .....................203FluidsAutomatic Transmission........... 161Brake........................................... 163Clutch .........................................165Differential Oil ...........................162Manual Transmission ............... 162Power Steering .......................... 165Windshield Washer ....................... 160FM Stereo RadioReception...................................... 94Four-way Flashers............................44Front End, Towing by Emergency Wrecker.. (223)Fuel.................................................. 110Fill Door and Cap ...................... 112Filter ............................................167Gauge............................................ 37Octane Requirement .................110Oxygenated................................ 110Reserve Indicator......................... 35Tank, Filling the ........................112Fuel Mileage, Improving............... 116Fuel Station Procedures ................ 112Fuses, Checking the . (218)Gasohol........................................... 111Gasoline .......................................... 110Filter............................................ 167Fuel Reserve Indicator ................35Gauge............................................ 37Octane Requirement .................110Oxygenated Fuels...................... 110Tank, Filling the ........................112Gauges ..............................................36Engine Coolant Temperature.....37Fuel ...............................................37GAWR(Gross Axle Weight Rating) (137)Gearshift Lever PositionsAutomatic Transmission (126)6-speed ManualTransmission (123)Glass Cleaning (198)Glove Box (54)GVWR (Gross Vehicle WeightRating) (137)Halogen Headlight Bulbs (184)Hazard Warning Flashers (44)HeadlightsAiming (182)Daytime Running Lights (40)High Beam Indicator (35)High Beams, Turning on (40)Low Beams, Turning on (40)Reminder Chime (40)Replacing Halogen Bulbs (184)Turning on (40)Head Restraints (60)Heating and Cooling (80)High Altitude, Starting at (122)High-Low Beam Switch (40)High Speed, Shifting at (124)Holding a Baby (20)Hood, Opening the (113)Horn (49)Hot Coolant, Warning about (156)Hydraulic Clutch (165)Hydroplaning (136)Identification Number, Vehicle (226)If Your Car has to be Towed (223)IgnitionKeys (50)Switch (51)Timing Control System (236)Important Facts AboutAirbags (13)Indicator Lights, InstrumentPanel (31)Infant Restraint (19)Inflation, Proper Tire (177)Inside Mirror (69)Inspection, Tire (178)Instrument Panel (30)Instrument Panel Brightness (41)Interior Cleaning (197)Interior Lights (76)Introduction (i)Jacking Up the Car (205)Jack, Tire (204)Jump Starting (210)Keys (50)Label, Certification (226)Lane Change, signaling (41)Lap Belt (7)Lap/Shoulder Belts (6)Leaking of Exhaust into Car (26)Leather, Cleaning (197)Lighter, Cigarette (74)CONTINUED。

ear decomposition Euler tourtechnique connected componentstreefunctionsspanning forest minimum-cost spanning forest 3-edge connected components strong orientation s-tnumberingtriconnectedcomponents2-edge connected components planarityeardecompositionopen four-vertexconnectivity biconnectedcomponentsa Random Access Machineglobal memory for the PRAMa Random Access Machine for the PRAM00.0050.010.0150.020.0250.030.0350.040.0450.05020004000600080001000012000140001600018000S e c o n d s List Size EREW List Ranking Prefix Sum (Scan)Sequential List Ranking on the ACU (* 1/10)CREW List Ranking (* 1/10)running on the Front End NETPAD ear.cforkthe input graph is contained in a filecallrequestedge list containedin the arguments perform the computation running on the DPUcallear.m earsub.m procedure call normalcopyIn use or blockIn to get datafrom the front endconvert the inputfile into an edge listin the local memory the function call structure for invoking MasPar routines from the NETPAD(transfer of data)(transfer of control)return exitthe output graph convert the resultin the local memory into a NETPAD file use or blockOut to transfer datato the Front End copyOut function returnthe function call return structure after the execution of the MasPar routinestransferof control transfer ofdatarotation routines list ranking query routine forrange minimumbuild table for range minimumsegmented rotation least commonancestor preorder numberingbuildEuler tourconnected components spanning forest minimum−cost spanning forestear decompositionstrong orientationfinding all cut edges commonly used subroutinesgraph application routines(kernel)ear decomposition open00.20.40.60.811.2020004000600080001000012000140001600018000S e c o n d s 2 * (# of edges)Finding a Spanning Forest (m = (3/2)n)MasPar SPARC II 00.050.10.150.20.250.30.350.40.450.5020004000600080001000012000140001600018000S e c o n d s 2 * (# of edges)Finding a Spanning Forest (m = n^(3/2))MasPar SPARC II 00.050.10.150.20.250.30.350.40.450.5020004000600080001000012000140001600018000S e c o n d s 2 * (# of edges)Finding a Spanning Forest (m = (n^2)/4)MasPar SPARC II020406080100020004000600080001000012000140001600018000S p e e d u p F a c t o r Number of Processors (P)Finding A Spanning Forest (m = (3/2)n)Sequential/Parallel P/log^2(P)020406080100120020004000600080001000012000140001600018000S p e e d u p F a c t o r Number of Processors (P)Finding A Spanning Forest (m = n^(3/2))Sequential/Parallel P/log^2(P)020406080100020004000600080001000012000140001600018000S p e e d u p F a c t o r Number of Processors (P)Finding A Spanning Forest (m = (n^2)/4)Sequential/Parallel P/log^2(P)00.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.8020004000600080001000012000140001600018000S e c o n d s 2 * (# of edges)Minimum Spanning Forest (m = (3/2)n)MasPar SPARC II00.20.40.60.81020004000600080001000012000140001600018000S e c o n d s 2 * (# of edges)Minimum Spanning Forest (m = n^(3/2))MasPar SPARC II00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.8020004000600080001000012000140001600018000S e c o n d s 2 * (# of edges)Minimum Spanning Forest (m = (n^2)/4)MasPar SPARC II050100150200250300350020004000600080001000012000140001600018000S p e e d u p F a c t o r Number of Processors (P)Minimum Spanning Forest (m = (3/2)n)Sequential/Parallel 0.25 P/log(P)020406080100120140160020004000600080001000012000140001600018000S p e e d u p F a c t o r Number of Processors (P)Minimum Spanning Forest (m = n^(3/2))Sequential/Parallel 0.1 P/log(P)020406080100120020004000600080001000012000140001600018000S p e e d u p F a c t o r Number of Processors (P)Minimum Spanning Forest (m = (n^2)/4)Sequential/Parallel 0.09 P/log(P)00.20.40.60.811.21.4020004000600080001000012000140001600018000S e c o n d s 2 * (# of edges)Finding All Cut Edges (m = (3/2)n)MasPar SPARC II 00.10.20.30.40.50.60.7020004000600080001000012000140001600018000S e c o n d s 2 * (# of edges)Finding All Cut Edges (m = n^(3/2))MasPar SPARC II 00.10.20.30.40.50.60.7020004000600080001000012000140001600018000S e c o n d s 2 * (# of edges)Finding All Cut Edges (m = (n^2)/4)MasPar SPARC II020406080100020004000600080001000012000140001600018000S p e e d u p F a c t o r Number of Processors (P)Finding All Cut Edges (m = (3/2)n)Sequential/Parallel P/log^2(P)020406080100120020004000600080001000012000140001600018000S p e e d u p F a c t o r Number of Processors (P)Finding All Cut Edges (m = n^(3/2))Sequential/Parallel P/log^2(P)020406080100120020004000600080001000012000140001600018000S p e e d u p F a c t o r Number of Processors (P)Finding All Cut Edges (m = (n^2)/4)Sequential/Parallel P/log^2(P)00.20.40.60.811.21.4020004000600080001000012000140001600018000S e c o n d s 2 * (# of edges)Strong Orientation (m = (3/2)n)MasPar SPARC II 00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.8020004000600080001000012000140001600018000S e c o n d s 2 * (# of edges)Strong Orientation (m = n^(3/2))MasPar SPARC II00.10.20.30.40.50.60.7020004000600080001000012000140001600018000S e c o n d s 2 * (# of edges)Strong Orientation (m = (n^2)/4)MasPar SPARC II020406080100020004000600080001000012000140001600018000S p e e d u p F a c t o r Number of Processors (P)Strong Orientation (m = (3/2)n)Sequential/Parallel P/log^2(P)020406080100020004000600080001000012000140001600018000S p e e d u p F a c t o r Number of Processors (P)Strong Orientation (m = n^(3/2))Sequential/Parallel P/log^2(P)020406080100020004000600080001000012000140001600018000S p e e d u p F a c t o r Number of Processors (P)Strong Orientation (m = (n^2)/4)Sequential/Parallel P/log^2(P)00.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.82020004000600080001000012000140001600018000S e c o n d s 2 * (# of edges)Ear Decomposition (m = (3/2)n)MasPar SPARC I00.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.8020004000600080001000012000140001600018000S e c o n d s 2 * (# of edges)Ear Decomposition (m = n^(3/2))MasPar SPARC I00.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.8020004000600080001000012000140001600018000S e c o n d s 2 * (# of edges)Ear Decomposition (m = (n^2)/4)MasPar SPARC I050100150200020004000600080001000012000140001600018000S p e e d u p F a c t o r Number of Processors (P)Ear Decomposition (m = (3/2)n)Sequential/Parallel 2 P/log^2(P)050100150200250300350400020004000600080001000012000140001600018000S p e e d u p F a c t o r Number of Processors (P)Ear Decomposition (m = n^(3/2))Sequential/Parallel 4 P/log^2(P)050100150200250300350400020004000600080001000012000140001600018000S p e e d u p F a c t o r Number of Processors (P)Ear Decomposition (m = (n^2)/4)Sequential/Parallel 4 P/log^2(P)。

IndexAccessoriesInstallation................................... 95ACCESSORY(Ignition Key Position).............. 46AddingAutomatic TransmissionFluid........................................ 128Brake Fluid................................ 130Clutch Fluid............................... 131Engine Coolant......................... 123Engine Oil.................................. 119Manual Transmission Fluid... 129Power Steering Fluid .............. 132Windshield Washer fluid......... 127Additional Safety Information..... 15Door Locks.................................. 15Driving with Pets ....................... 16Seat-back Position..................... 15Storing Cargo Safely ................. 16Additives, Engine Oil.................. 120AdjustmentsMirrors......................................... 55Seats.............................................. 50Steering Wheel (41)Airbag (SRS).................................... 11Air Cleaner.................................... 133Air Conditioning............................. 66Maintenance.............................. 141Usage............................................ 66Air Outlets (Vents)......................... 64Air Pressure, Tires ...................... 142Alcohol and Drugs.......................... 23Alcohol in Gasoline ........................ 88Antifreeze...................................... 123Anti-lock Brakes (ABS)Description................................ 188Indicator Light...................32, 108Operation................................... 108Anti-theft Steering ColumnLock.............................................. 46Appearance Care.......................... 155Ashtrays........................................... 60Audio System.................................. 71Automatic. Speed Control............. 42Automatic Transmission............ 102Capacity, Fluid.......................... 186Checking Fluid Level.............. 128Shifting....................................... 102Shift Lever Positions............... 102Shift Lock Release. (105)BatteryCharging System Light............. 31Jump Starting............................ 171Maintenance.............................. 136Specifications............................ 187Before Driving................................ 87Belts, Seat.......................................... 4Body Repair................................... 161BrakesAnti-lock System (ABS).......... 107Break-in, New Linings.............. 88Fluid............................................ 130Light, Burned-out.................... 148Parking......................................... 57System Light............................... 31Wear Indicators........................ 106Brakes, ABSDescription................................ 188Operation................................... 108System Indicator................32, 108Braking System............................ 106Break-in, New Car . (88)CONTINUEDIndexBrightness Control,Instruments................................. 38Brights, Headlights........................ 37Bulb ReplacementBack-up Lights (151)Brake Lights .....................150,151Front Parking Lights .............. 149Front Side Marker Lights...... 149Headlights................................. 148High-mount Brake Light........ 151License Plate Lights................ 152Rear Side Marker Lights........ 150Specifications............................ 187Turn Signal Lights .................. 149Bulbs, Halogen (148)Cables, Jump Starting With ....... 172Capacities Chart........................... 186Carbon Monoxide Hazard ............ 24Cargo, Loading............................... 96Cassette PlayerCare............................................... 85Operation...............................75, 82CAUTION, Explanation of (ii)Certification Label....................... 184Chains............................................. 147Change OilHow to........................................ 121When to...................................... 113Changing a Flat Tire................... 165Changing Engine Coolant........... 124Charging System Light.........31, 176Check Engine Light..............32, 177CheckingAutomatic TransmissionFluid........................................ 128Battery Condition..................... 136Brake Fluid................................ 130Clutch Fluid............................... 131Engine Belts.............................. 142Engine Coolant......................... 123Engine Oil.................................. 119Fuses........................................... 179Manual Transmission Fluid... 129Power Steering Fluid .............. 132Checklist, Before Driving............. 98Child Safety..................................... 17Cigarette Lighter........................... 60Cleaner, Air.. (133)CleaningExterior...................................... 156Interior ....................................... 159Seat Belts................................... 159Vinyl............................................159CLEAN Light................................. 85Clock, Setting the........................... 58Clutch Fluid................................... 131CO in the Exhaust........................ 190Cold Weather, Starting in........... 100Compact Spare.............................. 164Console Compartment................... 59Consumer Information................ 195Controls, Instruments and............ 27CoolantAdding........................................ 123Checking.................................... 123Proper Solution......................... 123Temperature Gauge.................. 35Corrosion Protection................... 160Crankcase Emission ControlSystem........................................ 190Cruise Control Operation.............. 42Cup Holder....................................... 59Customer Relations Office.........195IndexDANGER, Explanation of.............. ii Dashboard........................................ 28Daytime Running Lights.............. 37Dead Battery, What to Do........... 171Defects, Reporting Safety ............ 25Defogger, Rear Window ............... 40Defrosting the Windows............... 70DEXRON® II AutomaticTransmission Fluid.................. 128Dimensions.................................... 186Dimming the Headlights .............. 37DipstickAutomatic Transmission........ 128Engine Oil.................................. 119Directional Signals......................... 38Disabled, Towing Your Car If ... 182Disc Brake Wear Indicators....... 106Disposal of Used Oil..................... 122DoorsLocking and Unlocking............ 47Power Door Locks ..................... 47DOT Tire Quality Grading......... 145Downshifting, 5-speed ManualTransmission (101)Driving (97)Economy...................................... 94In Bad Weather......................... 108In Foreign Countries.. (89)Economy, Fuel................................ 94Emergencies on the Road........... 163Battery, Jump Starting............ 171Changing a Flat Tire............... 165Charging System Light........... 176Check Engine Light................. 177Checking the Fuses................. 180Low Oil Pressure Light........... 175Malfunction IndicatorLamp....................................... 177Manually Closing Moonroof .. 178Overheated Engine.................. 173Emergency Brake.......................... 57Emergency Flashers...................... 40Emission Controls........................ 190EngineBelts............................................ 142Check Light........................32, 177Coolant Temperature Gauge (35)Malfunction IndicatorLamp.................................32, 177Oil Pressure Light..............31, 175Oil, What Kind to Use ............. 120Overheating............................... 174Specifications............................ 186Ethanol in Gasoline........................ 88Evaporative EmissionControls...................................... 190Exhaust Fumes............................... 24Expectant Mothers, Use ofSeat Belts by................................ 10Exterior, Cleaning the.. (156)Fabric, Cleaning........................... 159Fan, Interior.................................... 66Fan, Radiator.................................. 26Features, Comfort andConvenience................................ 63Filling the Fuel Tank.................... 90FiltersFuel (134)Oil (121)CONTINUEDIndexFirst Gear, Shifting...................... 1015-speed Manual TransmissionChecking Fluid Level.............. 1295-speed Manual Transmission,Shifting the................................ 101Flashers, Hazard Warning ........... 40Flat Tire, Changing a.................. 165FluidsAutomatic Transmission........ 128Brake.......................................... 130Clutch ......................................... 131Manual Transmission.............. 129Power Steering......................... 132Windshield Washer.................. 127FM Stereo RadioReception............................... 72, 78Folding Rear Seat........................... 51Foreign Countries, Driving in...... 89Four-way Flashers......................... 40Front End, Towing by Emergency Wrecker...................................... 182Fuel................................................... 88Fill Door and Cap ....................... 90Filter........................................... 134Gauge............................................ 35Octane Requirement.. (88)Oxygenated................................. 88Tank, Filling the ........................ 90Fuses, Checking the .. (179)Gas Mileage, Improving................ 94Gasohol.............................................88Gasoline............................................ 88Filter........................................... 134Gauge............................................35Octane Requirement................. 88Tank, Filling the ........................ 90Gas Station Procedures................. 90GaugesEngine Coolant Temperature.. 35Fuel............................................... 35Gearshift Lever PositionsAutomatic Transmission........ 1025-speed Manual Transmission ..................................................101Glass Cleaning.............................. 160Glove Box . (57)Halogen Headlight Bulbs............ 148Hazard Warning Flashers ............ 40HeadlightsDaytime Running Lights.......... 37High Beam Indicator................. 33High Beams, Turning on.......... 37Low Beams, Turning on........... 37Reminder Chime........................ 37Replacing Halogen Bulbs ....... 148Turning on................................... 37Heating and Cooling...................... 64High Altitude, Starting at.......... 100High-Low Beam Switch ............... 37Hood, Opening the.......................... 91Horn.................................................. 45Hot Coolant, Warning about...... 123Hydraulic Clutch.......................... 131Hydroplaning . (109)Identification Number,Vehicle ....................................... 184If Your Car Has to be Towed.....182IndexIgnitionKeys..............................................45Switch........................................... 46Timing Control System........... 191Indicator Lights, InstrumentPanel.............................................29Infant Restraint.............................. 19Inflation, Proper Tire .................. 143Inside Mirror................................... 55Inspection, Tire............................. 142Instrument Panel............................ 28Instrument Panel Brightness....... 38Interior Cleaning.......................... 159Interior Lights................................ 61Introduction. (i)Jacking up the Car....................... 166Jack, Tire....................................... 165Jump Starting.. (171)Keys (45)Label, Certification...................... 184Lane Change, Signaling................ 38Lap/Shoulder Belts.......................... 6Lap Belt.............................................. 6Leaking of Exhaust into Car ....... 24Lighter, Cigarette.......................... 60LightsBulb Replacement.................... 148Indicator....................................... 29Parking......................................... 37Turn Signal................................. 38Loading Cargo................................ 96LOCK (Ignition Key Position)..... 46LocksAnti-theft Steering Column..... 46Fuel Fill Door.............................. 90Glove Box.................................... 57Power Door.................................. 47Trunk ........................................... 48Low Coolant Level....................... 123Lower Gear, Downshifting to a. 101Low Oil Pressure Light.........31, 175Lubricant Specifications Chart. 186Luggage. (96)Maintenance................................... 111Periodic Items..............................117Record................................. 115-116Schedule.............................. 113-114Malfunction IndicatorLamp.....................................32, 177Manual Transmission.................. 101Manual Transmission Fluid....... 129Maximum Shift Speeds............... 102Meters, Gauges............................... 34Methanol in Gasoline..................... 89Mirrors, Adjusting......................... 55Moonroof ......................................... 54Closing Manually..................... 178Operation. (54)Neutral Gear Position ................. 104New Vehicle Break-in................... 88Normal Shift Speeds.................... 101NOTICE, Explanation of................ ii Numbers, Identification.. (184)CONTINUED。