高中英语语法之定语从句
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高中英语定语从句详解Ⅰ、概念:(1) 定语从句:在主从复合句中用作定语得从句叫定语从句。
定语从句一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。
(2) 先行词:被定语从句修饰得成份。
先行词可以为一个词,短语,或整个主句。
(3)引导定语从句得词叫关系词,分为关系代词与关系副词。
关系词得作用:1) 引导定语从句,连接主句与从句,相当于一个连词;2) 必在从句中作某个句子成份(可以做主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语)常用得关系代词: that、which、who、whom、whose,当关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时,关系代词可以省略。
常用得关系副词(在从句中只作状语): when(时间状语)、why(原因状语)、whe re(地点状语)可以修饰人得关系代词:that, who,whom,whose可以修饰事得关系代词:that, which, as,whose,The student who answered the question was John、Iknow thereasonwhy he wasso angry、The boy (whom) you are talkingto is mybrother、I'd like a roomwhose window facesthe sea、定语从句三步:第一找出先行词;第二瞧先行词在定语从句中得语法功能(做主语、宾语、表语或状语);第三选择合适得关系词。
Ⅱ、几个关系代词得基本用法:●that:可指人或物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语。
(指人时,相当于who或whom;指物时,相当于which)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句;不可置于介词后作宾语) 如:1、A letterthat/which is written in pencil is difficult to read、(主语)2、Do you know the gentleman that/whospoke just now?3、You can takeanything ( that)you like、(宾语)4、Whatis thequestion(that/which) they aretalking about?5、Hereis theman (who/whom/that) you want tosee、6、She's no longerthe girl( that) sheused to be before、(表语)7、Ourhometown isno longer theone (that)it usedto be、(=Our hometown isnot the same as it used tobe、= Our hometown is differentfrom what itusedtobe。
定语从句在复合句中充当定语的从句叫定语从句。
定语从句的作用相当于形容词,用来修饰主句中的某一名词或代词或整个主句,所以,也称作形容词性从句。
被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词,定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。
在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫关系词。
一、关系词有关系代词和关系副词两种(一)关系代词引导的定语从句引导定语从句的关系代词主要有who, whom, whose, which, that,as等。
它们分别代替前面的先行词,并在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。
1.who指人,在定语从句中作主语。
What was the name of the man who lent you the money?借钱给你的那人叫什么名字?(定语从句修饰先行词the man)He who laughs last laughs best.谁笑到最后谁笑得最好。
(定语从句修饰先行词he)The chairman of the meeting, who spoke first, sat on my right.会议主席坐在我右边,他先发言。
(定语从句修饰先行词the chairman)2.whom指人,在定语从句中做宾语。
在口语或非正式文体中,whom可省略或可用who来代替,但在介词后面以及在非限制性定语从句中只能用whom。
There are some people (whom/who)we like and others (whom/who) we dislike.有些人我们是喜欢的,有些人则是我们讨厌的。
(定语从句分别修饰先行词people, others)The people whom I work with are all friendly.和我一起工作的人都很友好。
(定语从句修饰先行词the people,介词后)Mr Carter, whom I spoke to on the phone last night, is very interested in our plan.昨晚我在电话里和卡特先生交谈过,他对我们的计划很感兴趣。
行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开,通常翻译成主句的并列句。
关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
His brother who is now a lawyer always encourages him to go to college.他那个现在是律师的哥哥总是鼓励他上大学。
(他还有其他的哥哥)His brother, who is now a lawyer, always encourages him to go to college.他的哥哥,现在是律师,总是鼓励他上大学。
(他只有一个哥哥)一、关系代词的使用【例句观察】①She is the woman (whom / that / who)I wanted to see yesterday. 她是我昨天想看的那个女的。
②The package (which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你扛着的包裹马上要拆开。
③Obama won the Nobel Prize for Peace in the year 2009, which we hadn't expected. Obama在2009年得诺贝尔和平奖是大家都没想到的。
④Your parents are the ones to whom you can turn when you are in trouble. 你父母是你困难时可以求助的人。
【例句分析】①whom / that / who指人,在限制性定语从句中作wanted to see的宾语,可以省略。
②which / that指物,在限制性定语从句中作are carrying的宾语,可以省略。
③which指前面主句内容,在非限制性定语从句中作宾语,但不能省略。
④whom前有介词to,虽然作宾语,但不能省略。
定语从句语法归纳及练习一、基本概念(一)定语从句在复合句中作定语,修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
(二)先行词被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。
一般情况下,定语从句紧跟先行词。
但也有因各种原因定语从句与先行词被分割的现象。
(三)关系代词和关系副词定语从句的引导词。
与先行词关系密切,因此紧跟先行词,并在定语从句中充当一个成分。
关系代词有:who, whom, which, that和whose, 另外,as也可充当关系代词。
关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。
关系副词有:when, where和why。
在定语从句中充当状语。
二、关系代词的用法(一)基本用法根据先行词的不同,和在从句中所充当的成分不同,选用不同的关系代词。
如下表:例如:(注意关系代词在定语从句中所充当的成分)① Do you know the professor who/that will give us a speech next week? (作主语)② I read a report about his new novel that/ which will soon be published. (作主语)③ The plan that/which they argued about was settled at last. (作宾语)④ This is the new secretary (who/whom/that)I would like to introduce to you. (作宾语)⑤ The soldier whose legs were badly wounded was operated on without delay. (作定语)注意:关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语时可以省略,充当主语时则不能。
(见上例③④)(二)关系代词that代替which的一些情况which, that 在代替物时,一般可以通用。
高一英语重点语法英语笔记--定语从句定语从句是高中英语第一大语法内容,必须清晰掌握。
接下来小编为大家!整理了高一英语学习的内容,一起来看看吧01定语从句基本概念在复合句中,修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
02定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
常见的关系代词包括 that, which, who(宾格 whom,所有格 whose),as 等。
关系副词包括where, when, why 等。
关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
03定语从句的分类根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。
1. 限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去。
例如:Any man that / who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing.任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。
2. 非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
例如:The house,which we bought last month,is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的.注意:非限定性定语从句中不能使用关系代词 that。
04关系代词的用法1. thatthat 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。
在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语,作宾语可省略。
例如:Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。
(that作主语)The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。
(that作宾语)2. whichwhich 用于指物,在句中作主语、宾语或表语,作宾语可省略。
高考英语语法定语从句考点突破一、基本概念1.定语从句:在一个主从复合句中修饰某一个名词、代词或修饰整个主句的从句叫定语从句。
换句话说,定语从句就是用来作定语的句子。
2.先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
先行词前一般用the ,但在指“一个”概念时可用 a , an 。
3.关系代词/ 关系副词:连接先行词和定语从句的词叫关系词,根据其在从句中作用分为关系代词或关系副词。
若先行词在从句中作主语、宾语和定语等,应用关系代词引导定语从句;若先行词在从句中作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语等,应用关系副词引导定语从句。
4.定语从句的位置:一般紧跟在先行词后面。
但有时因句子结构的需要,定语从句和先行词被某些成分隔开。
5.引导定语从句的关系词分为二类:关系代词:that, which ,who, whom ,whose , as关系副词:when, where, why二、基本用法1.关系代词的基本用法(见下表):2.使用关系代词时应注意的几个问题:a. 在以下几种情况下只使用that不用which。
1.先行词是不定代词时,如: all, anything, everything, nothing, something, little, few, much。
1.I told him all (that) I know.2.He gave her everything (that) he had.2.先行词被all, every, any, the very, the only, the just等修饰时。
1.I have read all the books (that) you gave me.2.You can take any book (that) you like.3.先行词被序数词和形容词的最高级修饰时。
1. This is the best book (that) I have ever read.2. The second place (that) I want to visit is Shanghai.4.先行词既有人又有物时。
【高中英语】英语语法讲解之定语从句(一)定语从句的结构:在复合句中,修饰某个名词或代词的句子(做这个名词或代词的定语)叫定语从句,定语从句一般放在被修饰的名词或代词后面,被修饰的名词或代词叫做定语从句的先行词,它与定语从句之间要有一个词连接,这个词指代先行词的内容叫做关系词(关系代词或关系副词:that,which,who,whose,when,where,why)。
先行词在定语从句中充当主语,宾语,时间,地点,原因状语。
结构:先行词+关系词+定语从句。
1.thereshesawawallofwaterthatwasquicklyadvancingtowardsher.2.在日本,有人看到其他人在谈论他们时,会认为这意味着钱。
4.theparkhasaconservationcenterthathelpsprotectmarineanimalsandtheirhabitatsin theriversandcoastalwatersofasia.5.访客可以在他们可以看到的地方查看他们在自己的房间内看到的东西。
6.oprahwinfreyisablackwomanwhoserisetofameisaninspiringstory.(二)定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句:限定性定语从句:从句对先行词进行必要的描述或说明,缺少它,则句义显得不完整,从句与先行词紧密相连。
非限制性定语从句:补充和解释先行词。
它与先行词之间用逗号分隔。
1.beforeshecouldmove,sheheardaloudnoise,whichgrewtoaterribleroar.2.树木一棵接一棵地被水砍倒,水的深度必须达到米。
3.flora,whosebeautifulhairanddresswereallcoldandwet,startedcrying.4.他们的演讲包括节奏和押韵词,这些词经常引起听众的掌声。
高中英语语法知识总结:定语从句易错点1 关系代词与关系副词的混用1.定语从句相当于一个形容词,起定词作用,修饰名词或代词2.定语从句的引导词的三种功用:( 1)引导定语从句(2)替代先行词(3)在定语从句中充当一定的成分。
3.解题要领:根据定语从句中所缺成分来确定是用关系代词还是关系副词,决不要因先行词是时间名词就用when,是地点名词就用where。
易错点2 关系代词who、whom、whose的误用对于定语从句关系词的考查,首先要确定从句是什么类型的从句,然后再分析关系词在从句中的成分,最后选择正确的词。
要求考生具有一定的句子分析能力,和理解能力。
如果缺少主宾表,要用that或which,缺少状语用关系副词when,where,why,缺少定语用whose。
易错点3 关系代词that和which的误用只用which,不能用that的情况(1) 在介词提前到关系代词之前形成"介词+关系代词"结构来修饰表事物的先行词时,关系代词必须用which.如:☞The house in which we live is very large. 我们住的房子非常大。
这就是老师正在谈及的那本参考书。
注意:如果介词不放在修饰事物的限定性定语从句的句首, which就可换为that,如:☞This is the question which/that we’ve had so much discussion about. =This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion. 这就是我们已经多次讨论过的问题。
(2) 先行词为"those+表事物的复数名词"时,关系代词通常只用which 而不用that。
如:☞Students should keep in mind those regulations which restrict their behavior.学生应牢记那些规范自己的行为准则。
高中英语语法之定语从句一、关系代词引导的定语从句1、that 指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语which 指物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语(作宾语时可以省略)who 指人在从句中作主语,宾语或表语whom 指人在从句中作宾语whose 指人或物在从句中作定语as 指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语but 指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语注意:指物时,whose+名词=the+名词+of which或 of which+the+名词2、as 的用法(1)常用于下列结构:such…as; so…as;the same…as; as…as注意:the same…as 表示同一类,不同一个the same…that 表示同一个(2)as与which的区别a、位置不同as可放在主句后,主句前或主句中间;which只能放在主句后。
b、as起连接作用,表达说话人的观点、看法,并指出主句内容的根据或出处,意为“正如,正像”。
Which相当于并列句,可以用and this来代替,意为“这一点,这件事’”。
注意:as常用于下列结构:as we know/ as is known to all, as we all can see, as has been said before/above,as might be excepted, as is often the case, 一般不能用which 代替as。
c、在从句中作主语时,which既可作系动词be的主语也可作实义动词的主语,而as只可作系动词be的主语。
二、只用that不用which的情况1、.先行词为all , much, everything, nothing , something ,anything, nothing, none, the one等不定代词时2、先行词被only, any, few, little, no , all, just , very ,right等修饰时.3、当先行词是最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。
定语从句2导言说英文中一个大句译时注意这一语言差异,对掌握英语很有帮助。
定语从句是将定语扩大成一个完整句子,由关系代词或副词引导,放在所要修饰的名词之后,通常称被修饰的名词为先行词。
●主系定语从句表语先行词关系代词在从句中做主语▲由关系代词引导的定语从句who代替人,在从句中做主语或宾语。
which代替物,在从句中做主语或宾语。
whom代替人,在从句中做宾语。
that可以与who which whom换用。
●主系定语从句表语定语从句先行词关系代词在从句中做主语●主系定语从句表语定语从句先行词关系代词在从句中做主语●主系定语从句表语●定语从句主语表语注:关系代词在从句中做宾语时可以省略。
定语从句练习1..2..3..4..5..6.?7..8..9..孙老师特别提示:请网上的同学务必要自己做一下上面的句子,然后再听老师的讲解。
基本句型的好坏将直接影响到高考作文分数的高低。
我们发现很多好学生写出的句子存在着大量的错误,请同学们注意改正,避免在高考中丢分。
定语从句练习答案1..The girt who you met yesterday is my teacher’s sister .2..The old lady who you had looked after died yesterday.3..The wallet that you picked up yesterday is my teacher’s.4..The building which is being built is our new library.The building which they are building is our new library.5..The girt that you want to marry is a thief.6.?Who7..The wallet which I lost yesterday is in the bag of our monitor.8..The BMW which I had bought was stolen.9..A person who knows “how” will find a job and a person who knows “why” will be a boss .Do you know the boy who is running after the dog that is running after the cat that is runningafter the rat that is eating the cake that was madeby my mother who my father married yesterday?▲关系代词whose的用法●这就是那个男孩,●=the boy’s●你认识那个女孩吗?=the girl’s▲介词后的关系代词有时关系代词在从句中不是做动词的宾语而是做介词的宾语。
高中英语语法:定语从句知识点在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词,用作定语的从句叫做定语从句(attributive clause)。
被定语从句所修饰的词叫做先行词(antecedent)。
定语从句必须放在先行词之后。
引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词who、whom、whose、which、that 和关系副词when、where、why等。
一、关系代词和关系副词的功能关系代词和关系副词功能有三个:1)用来引导定语从句,在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用,使二者联系起来。
2)关系代词和关系副词可作定语从句的一个成分。
关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语;关系副词可作状语。
3)关系代词和关系副词在从句中代替在他前面的先行词。
1、作主语关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词的人称和数应与先行词一致。
All that is needed is a supply of oil.所需要的是大量的油。
(引导词that在句中作主语)The foreigner who visited our class yesterday is from Canada. 昨天到我班来访的外国人来自加拿大。
(引导词who在句中作主语)2、作宾语在定语从句里作宾语的关系代词在口语中常被省去The noodles (that) I cooked were delicious. 我煮的面条美味可口。
(引导词that,可省略)The fish (which) we bought wes not fresh. 我们买的鱼不新鲜。
(引导词which,可省略)3、作定语关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。
This is the boy whose mother is our Chinese teacher. 这就是那个男孩,他母亲是我们的语文老师。
注意:关系代词whose在从句中与它所修饰的词一起作介词宾语时,可以跟介词放在主语和从句之间。
The boss in whose company Mr. Kang worked called at the hospital. 老板到医院拜访了康先生,康先生在他的公司里工作。
高中英语定语从句
定语从句是英语语法中的一种句型,它用于描述一个名词或代词,并对其进行限定和修饰。
在高中英语中,定语从句常常出现在阅读材料和写作中,因此掌握定语从句的用法对于英语学习者非常重要。
以下是一些高中英语定语从句的基本规则和示例:
1.关系词:关系词是在定语从句中引导名词或代词的词语,如that、which、who、whose等。
关系词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。
例如:This is the book that I bought yesterday.(这本书是我昨天买的。
2.限制性定语从句:限制性定语从句是对先行词进行限定和修饰的从句,它与先行词关系密切,不用逗号隔开。
例如:I like the music that is soft and gentle.(我喜欢柔和的音乐。
) 3.非限制性定语从句:非限制性定语从句是对先行词进行补充说明的从句,它与先行词关系较松散,用逗号隔开。
例如:My sister, who is a doctor is on duty today.(我姐姐今天是值班医生。
)
4.as引导的定语从句:as可以作为关条词,引导定语人句,表示“正如、就像”等意思。
例如:As is known to all,the earth is round.(众所周知,地球是圆的。
)
总之,定语从句是高中英语学习中非常重要的一部分,需要学生熟练掌握其基本规则和用法,并在实际语境中灵活运用。
高中英语语法基础——定语从句知识点归纳讲解(附同步练习)★先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
通常情况下,引导词前面的名词即为从句的先行词。
★关系词:引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
也可以称作引导词。
①关系代词:who,whom,which,that,whose,as,在从句内作主语、宾语等名词性成分。
②关系副词:when,where,why在从句内作状语。
(一). 使用who、whom、which、that的定语从句1. whoThis is the boy who plays basketball very well.This is the teacher who is teaching us English.▲who 指人, 在从句中作主语。
2. whomThis is the boy (whom) I often help.The man is our headmaster (whom) you met just now.I met the girl (whom) you often praise.▲whom 指人,在从句中作宾语, 可省略。
3. whichThis is the farm which keeps many cows.This is the farm (which ) I visit every year.▲which 指事物, 在从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略。
4. that以上三种情况均可用that。
指人或指物,可作主语和宾语,作宾语时可省略。
(二). 使用whose的定语从句Do you know the girl whose father is mayor.I used to work in an office whose window faces north.I work in a school whose students are excellent.▲whose 指人或物的所属关系,表示“某人的”或“某物的”。
定语从句讲解一、详细的定语从句讲解定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分,定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。
状语从句分为时间状语从句,结果状语从句,让步状语从句,原因状语从句,条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。
名词从句包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型。
(一)限定性定语从句1. that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。
而且,如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置2. which作宾语时,根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系,先行词与which之间的介词不能丢3. 代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括all, anything, much等,这时的that常被省略4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语5. where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句6. when引导定语从句表示时间〔注〕值得一提的是,表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.I still remember the first time I met her.Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.7. whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用there is来引导(二)非限定性定语从句:非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常和主句间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分2. 在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at whichAttitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变,这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。
高中英语:定语从句语法总结定语从句必备知识1.定语从句在复合句中,修饰名词、代词或整个句子的从句叫作定语从句。
定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。
(定语从句作后置定语)2.先行词被定语从句所修饰的词或句子叫先行词,作先行词的可以是:(1)一个词(通常是名词,也可以是代词)This is the place which is worth visiting.这是值得参观的地方。
He laughs best who laughs last.谁笑到最后,谁笑得最好。
(2)一个短语Many life's problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.许多以前可以通过询问家庭成员、朋友或者同事就能解决的生活问题,是现在的大家庭无力解决的。
(3)一个分句The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people have realized how diverse languages could be.希腊人认为,语言结构和思维过程之间存在着某种联系。
这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。
(4)一个完整的句子I found an old man lying on the ground and I took him to hospital in a taxi immediately, which was why I was late that morning.我发现一个老人躺在马路上,我立即乘出租车把他送到了医院,这就是那天上午我迟到的原因。
英语语法定语从句基础知识学习定语从句在复合句中作定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名次或代词即现行词。
定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
关系代词有:which、that、who、whom 、whose 关系副词有:when 、where、why 定语从句的引导词既起引导从句的作用,同时又担任从句的主语、宾语、定语(whose)、和状语,在限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词可以省略,在非限制性定从中不可省。
考点一、由which、that引导的定从,在从句中作主语、宾语,指物The building which/that stands near the river is our school.I lost the book (which/that)you gave me.考点二、由who、whom、that、whose在从句中主语、宾语、定语This is the man who/that helped me.I don’t know the man (who/whom/that)you talked with.Nobody wants the house whose roof has fallen in.the roof of which has fallen in.of which the roof has fallen in.考点三、使用关系副词应注意下列几点:1. 关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+ which结构:when = on (in, at, during…) + which where = in (at, on…) + which why = for whichI was in Beijing on the day when (= on which) he arrived.The office where (= in which) he works is on the third floor.This is the chief reason why (= for which) we did it.2. 当先行词是表时间和表地点的词时,一定要注意分析从句的结构,如果缺少主语或宾语时,关系词应该用which 或that; 缺少时间状语或地点状语时,才能用when 或where,I’ll never forget the day when my hometown was liberated.I’ll neve r forget the days which / that we spent together last summer.His father works in a factory where radio parts are made.His father works in a factory which / that makes radio parts.3. when 和where 既可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句。
一、定语从句(Adjective Clause)定语从句是在一个句子中修饰名词或代词的从句。
它通常由关系代词或关系副词引导,用来修饰前面的名词或代词,并且在句子中充当定语的角色。
定语从句是英语语法中最具挑战性的一部分之一,也是高中英语中常出现的难点之一。
定语从句的引导词主要有关系代词who, whom, whose, which和关系副词when, where, why。
在选择合适的引导词时,我们需要根据先行词的不同特点来决定。
1. 关系代词who/whom关系代词who用于指人作主语,whom用于指人作宾语。
例如:- The girl who is standing over there is my best friend.(那个站在那边的女孩是我最好的朋友。
)- The man whom you met yesterday is my brother.(你昨天见到的那个男人是我兄弟。
)2. 关系代词whose关系代词whose用于指人或物,表示所属关系。
例如:- The book whose cover is red belongs to me.(那本封面红色的书是我的。
)- The boy whose sister is a doctor is very smart.(那个姐姐是医生的男孩非常聪明。
)3. 关系代词which关系代词which用于指物作主语或宾语,常用于修饰句子中的非限定性从句。
例如:- I have a dog which is very cute.(我有一只非常可爱的狗。
)- The car which I bought last month is very expensive.(我上个月买的那辆车很贵。
)4. 关系副词when, where, why关系副词when用于指时间,where用于指地点,why用于指原因。
例如:- That was the day when we had a great party.(那一天是我们举办盛大派对的日子。
定语从句语法归纳及练习一、语法知识归纳基本概念(一)定语从句在复合句中作定语,修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
(二)先行词被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。
一般情况下,定语从句紧跟先行词。
但也有因各种原因定语从句与先行词被分割的现象。
(三)关系代词和关系副词定语从句的引导词。
与先行词关系密切,因此紧跟先行词,并在定语从句中充当一个成分。
关系代词有:who, whom, which, that和whose, 另外,as也可充当关系代词。
关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。
关系副词有:when, where和why。
在定语从句中充当状语。
小总结:关系词的作用有哪些?二、关系代词的用法(一)基本用法根据先行词的不同,和在从句中所充当的成分不同,选用不同的关系代词。
如下表:例如:(注意关系代词在定语从句中所充当的成分)① Do you know the professor who/that will give us a speech next week? (________)② I read a report about his new novel that/ which will soon be published. (________)③ The plan that/which they argued about was settled at last. (________)④ This is the new secretary (who/whom/that) I would like to introduce to you. (________)⑤ The soldier whose legs were badly wounded was operated on without delay. (________)注意:关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语时可以省略,充当主语时则不能。
(见上例③④)(二)关系代词that代替which的一些情况which, that 在代替物时,一般可以通用。
但在有些情况下,只用that。
(1)先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词修饰时。
例如:① This is the best that has been used against pollution.② English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years.⑵先行词是序数词,或它前面有一个序数词时。
例如:① This is the last place (that) I want to visit.② It is the first American movie of this kind that I’ve ever seen.⑶先行词是all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等代词时。
例如:① You should hand in all that you have.② We haven’t got much that we can offer you.⑷先行词前面有the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all, much, every等修饰时。
例如:① The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.② The little money (that) he had was stolen.(5)以which或who开头的问句例如:Who is the man that is standing over there?(6)先行词既有人又有物时。
例如:① Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?② The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station.(7)主句已有疑问词who 或which时。
例如:① Which is the bike that you lost?② Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting?(三)宜用who, 而不用that的一些情况⑴先行词是one, ones, anyone时。
例如:① One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.② Don’t tell anyone about the news who should n’t to know it.⑵先行词是those时。
例如:① Those who were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes made of the magic cloth.(四)与whose有关的问题⑴ whose是代词的所有格,它既可以代人也可以代物。
例如:① I saw a woman whose bag was stolen.② Please show me the book whose cover is red.⑵当whose表示物与物的所有格关系时,亦可用of which的形式。
例如:① The building ,whose roof is red, will be a new restaurant.→ The building, the roof of which is red ,will be a new restaurant.或→ The building, of which the roof is red ,will be a new restaurant.三、介词前提的问题关系代词在定语从句中充当介词宾语时,介词可以前提至关系代词前。
例如:Have you seen the pen (which) I wrote the note with just now? (which作介词with的宾语)→Have you seen the pen with which I wrote the note just now?但是,要注意的是:⑴介词前提后,先行词是人或物,关系代词分别只能用whom和which,而不再用that或who。
⑵介词前提后,关系代词不再能省略。
⑶有些含有介词的短语动词中的介词不能前提,如:look for, look after, take care of等。
例如:错误:Who is the old man to that you were talking to?正确:Who is the old man to whom you were talking ? 或Who is the old man (that/ whom) you were talking to?错误:These are the sheep of which the boy took care.正确:These are the sheep (which/that) the boy took care of.“介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词或者形容词最高级。
如:He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life.练一练1.There are three bedrooms in the house,_____ is Mary's.A the smallest of whichB the smaller of whichC the smallest of themD the smallest one2.1)I have three children,and two of _____ are doctors.2)I have three children, two of ____ are doctors.3.There two thousand students in our school,____ are girls.A two-thirds in whichB two-thirds in themC two-thirds of themD of whom two thirds4. I have bought two ballpens,_____ writes well.A neither of themB none of themC neither of whichD none of which如何选择适当的介词(1)根据定语从句中谓语动词的习惯搭配来决定。
1. Do you like the book she spent $10?2. Do you like the book she paid $10?3. Do you like the book she learned a lot?4. Do you like the book she often talks?(2)根据先行词的搭配习惯来决定。
1.the money ___________which you were to buy dog foodis gone.(你应该用来买狗粮的钱不见了)2.This is the book___________which the main character is a soldier.(这是那本主要人物是士兵的书。
)(3)根据定语从句所表达的意义来确定.Air,__________ which man can’t live, is really important.He was educated at the local high school,_____he went on to Beijing University.A. after whichB. after thatC. in whichD. in that四、关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句中的主谓一致关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词在人称和数上应与先行词一致。