现代农业产业化联合体研究文献综述 英语

产业集群外文翻译文献综述(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)英文:How do Industry Clusters Success:A Case Study in China’s Textiles and ApparelIndustriesZhiming Zhang, Chester , & Ning Cao(Institute of Textiles and Clothing,The Hong Kong Polytechnic University) 3. Industry Clusters of Textiles and Apparel in ChinaIndustrial clustering is a new phenomenon in China. Only a few research started to pay attention to it in the 1990s. Wang (2001) described the development of some clusters in the coastal regions of China, and discussed their characteristics, including their localized network. He particularly examined the impact of accidental factor on the formation of clusters, and pointed out that the strength of the impact depended on the congruence of the sector choice, brought about by the accidental factor, with the natural advantages of the region and the rightness of the policy decision of the local government. Thus, the importance of government was emphasized.The first tier of the clusters existed in the late 1970s and early 1980s, when China was first open to the outside world. Taking the advantages of proximity and low labor cost, many Hong Kong textile and apparel companies invested in Pearl River delta, and there appeared a few clusters of textile and apparel firms. These clusters grew fast, as new investments also came from Taiwan and other places, and many local entrepreneurs emerged as well. These clusters include Shenzhen (though later much diluted as it is now one of the largest cities in China), Dongguan (similar to Shenzhen but to a less degree), Humen, Shaxi, and others.Closely following this, the economy in Yangtze River delta developed fast and became very dynamic. Many enterprises of collective ownership and of private ownership established and grew very fast. Many of them were textile and apparel firms. It was typical that these firms clustered together. Several reasons account for their fast growth: First, the entry barrier to the textile and apparel industry was very low in terms of capital and technology. For example, at the beginning, only one manually operated device to knit socks or just a few sewing machines were needed. At the same time, there was almost endless supply of cheap labor, who were farmers eager to leave the land. As the enterprises expanded, some shrewd entrepreneurs lured technicians and skilled labors who were retired from state-owned enterprises to work for them. These firms were most located in towns. The government granted very flexible policies for the growth and operation of these firms. They were much less restricted by the clumsy rules and regulations than the state-owned enterprises, for example, they did not have to offer the so called iron-bowl to their employees, and they had no burden of paymentsto retired employees. On the other hand, these firms were very sensitive and responsive to market changes. Thus, they were very competitive. Second, at that time China was just about to come out of the planned economy when there was insufficient supply of almost everything. Thus, there was never a lack of strong demand for such consumer goods as textiles and apparel. Along with this, little marketing and marketing skills were needed to sell the products. Third, as these firms were started by farmer-entrepreneurs in towns and even villages, they set examples and became models to others. Many times the latter just followed the footprints of the pioneers, starting with the same methods, making the same products, and selling in the same market. As villagers often belong to the same family, they did not view each other as competitors, and helped each other in terms of capital, technique, and even customers through the strong sense of kinship.These firms were the seeds of the industrial clusters of textiles and apparel. Now most of the clusters still distributed in the two areas: Pearl River delta and Yangtze River delta. The former is Guangdong province, and the latter Zhejiang province and southern part of Jiangsu province. These happen to be the most advanced regions in China, in coastal area, with the best infrastructure in information, communication, and transportation. As a matter of fact, most of the clusters are located either beside a highway or very close to a port. They are also very close to major cities, particularly Hong Kong, Guangzhou, and Shanghai.At present the structural development of the textile and apparel industry of China is characterized in two directions: one is a group of large companies based in large cities with capacity in marketing and product development, often operating supply chain regionally even globally; the other is a number of clusters of many small and medium sized firms based in small cities and towns, with featured products and vigorous growth (CNTIC, 2003). Thus, industrial clustering has become one of the two wings of the development of the textile and apparel industry in China. This demonstrates the importance of the clusters.4. Case ObservationWe conducted an industry survey in one industrial cluster, which is a town, calledShengze, located in Wujiang county of Jiangsu province in eastern China. While Shengze had an early history of silk production, it was primarily of agriculture before the late 1970s when China started economic reforms. At that time, the size of the town was about 4 square kilometers with a population of 30,000. Since then, the town has seen enormous growth and become one of the 19 towns with special features designated by CNTIC, and one of the most important textile clusters in China. The focus of Shengze is fabric manufacturing, primarily light weighted fabrics for lining of apparel. Now the size of the town has expanded to 25 square kilo meters with a population of nearly 200,000, most of them migrants from other parts of the country. There are about 1,100 factories, operating about 50,000 looms, all of which are of water-jet or air-jet. It is said to be one of the largest concentration of such looms. The total yearly output is about RMB20 billion (US$2.5 billion). There are about 4,000 selling and buying offices located in the town. The business district of the town is full of such offices, which would impress any visitors to the town. And there is no sign of stopping of the fast growth.This is a qualitative and exploratory study, and in-depth interviews with town officials and entrepreneurs were used to collect information about the industrial cluster. Altogether 3 town officials (Vice Party Secretary of the town, Director of The Town Government Office, and Director of The Town Development Office) and 8 entrepreneurs were interviewed by structured means. During the interviews, in addition to the current situation of the cluster, the history of development was also investigated. Emphases were paid to the following questions: how is the cluster formed; to what degree does township government play a role, and to what degree do market forces promote the clustering; what is the advantages of clustering to the locality and to the enterprises; what are the interactive relationship among the enterprises within the cluster; what is the relationship between the cluster and the external market system; how does the cluster attract the servicing industries; and how does the clustering help the creation of new enterprises and new jobs. These questions have profound policy and marketing implications. Some of the findings to these questions are presented in this paper, with a focus on the origin and growth of the cluster.4.1. Historical factorsIn accordance with the literature (Krugman, 1986), the development of Shengze into a light-fabric cluster was accidental, but on he other hand quite natural with a historical reason. Located in southern China with warm climate, fertile land and abundant water from nearby rivers and lakes, Shengze had been one of the silk centers in China for hundreds of years. Historically, residents of Shengze were skillful in silk production, and many workshops and silk-related businesses were located in Shengze. Merchants from all over the country would flock to Shengze for silk. Thus, it could be regarded as a silk cluster even then. However, as planned economy was established and no private business was allowed to exist, the silk center was reduced to nothing and Shengze was no more than an ordinary agricultural town in China. This was for about 3 decades until the late 1970s. By then, economic reforms began, and town residents were allowed to start their own businesses. For a few of them, the natural choice was to enter the silk business, since this was something they were relatively familiar with and the local conditions were suitable for. This was the origin of the cluster.4.2. The Role of the Local AuthorityWhile the origin seemed to be natural and out of the plan of the local government, the government did play an important role in helping the cluster grow. Both government officials and entrepreneurs emphasized the importance of two measures taken by the local authority.The first one was the establishment of a market in its physical form. The Shengze government was sensitive to realize that the lack of a market had become the constraint on the development of the economic activities and a physical market was in demand. The government then financed and developed “The Oriental Silk Market”, which was like a mart and leased to various trading firms. This provided a platform, and tremendously stimulated the growth of businesses both in demand and supply. Later when this was no longer sufficient to hold all of the buying and selling offices, a new district was developed, which eventually expanded into an area which holds thousands of selling and buying offices.The other was the establishment of an industrial park, which is beside the provincial highway. The government provided the infrastructure in terms of road, water, electricity, and other basic conditions. This has created a good environment for manufacturing. While at the beginning, Shengze was only focused on silk production, very soon the enterprises broke the limits. As there was some similarity in technology between silk fabric and lightweight fabric, many of the firms expanded into the production of man-made fiber fabrics. Now even though Shengze is still known as a silk center, most of its looms are engaged in weaving of lightweight fabrics.4.3. The Role of Individual EntrepreneursDuring our interviews, we were very impressed with those entrepreneurs of Shengze. Many of them are local residents and previously were farmers. They demonstrated enormous spirit of risk taking, creativity, and willingness to learn from the market. One young entrepreneur started as a security guard, borrowed a little money to enter the business, then set up a small factory of his own. Now this has been expanded into a company, and just the weaving branch of it has capacity of 220 water-jet looms and 120 air-jet looms. He also exhibited outstanding leadership in organizing the local entrepreneurs to negotiate with Toyota of Japan. They collectively made the largest order ever in the world, 3,600 air-jet looms. In the process of his business expansion, he has helped numerous others to start their own business by loaning capital, sharing technology and market. These entrepreneurs help the development of Shengze as a cluster.4.4. The Development of the peripheral IndustriesShengze started with silk production. This was expanded into domestic trade of silk. Very soon light-weight fabric manufacturing began to develop. This further promoted the growth of trading. By then there seemed to be two wings of the town, one was enterprises of fabric manufacturing primarily clustered in the industrial park, one was the selling and buying offices of fabrics primarily clustered in the business district. As large amount of materials are needed, many yarn suppliers are attracted to come and set selling offices in Shengze. One of our interviewees was the owner of a trading company, headquartered in Hong Kong. The company imports man-made fibers from abroad, andsells these fibers to fabric weavers through its selling office here. Textile machine companies, both domestic and foreign, also set up offices in Shengze to sell machines and machine parts, and to provide services to the fabric manufacturers. It is said that none of the plants would keep any spare parts. If a belt is broken, even at midnight, a new one can be ordered and delivered in less than 20 minutes. These have significantly lowered the production costs, and are part of the external economies of the industrial clusters. As Shengze has become a fabric center, showrooms and selling offices of other fabrics, such as denim, are also set up in Shengze.4.5. Workforce SupplyAs the cluster grows and enterprises mushroom, large labor supply is needed. In his process the former agriculture town was totally transformed. Most of the land was turned into industrial uses, and all farmers are now employed in manufacturing. As the population of Shengze enlarges several folds (from about 30,000 to 200,000) in the last two decades, many migrants are attracted to live and work here. Most of the people were peasants and come from other provinces. While the neighboring Anhui province, which is relatively backward in economic development, provides a large portion of the labor supply, many workers come from remote provinces. They have formed nearly endless supply of cheap labor, and made great contribution to the development of the cluster. A large proportion of the labor supply is uneducated and unskilled. As there are many operational jobs, the raw labor could be trained in a short period time and then be able to work. Thus, the cluster in return also makes direct contribution to employment and indirect contribution to economic development of the less advanced regions of the country. However, there is a shortage of skilled labor. Compared to other places, labor compensation is better, as an operator can make about RMB1,500 (about US$180) per month. In other places, the prevalent wage rate is about RMB1,000 per month.5. Conclusive RemarksIn this paper, the development of industrial clustering of textiles and apparel in China is investigated. As a result of economic reforms and development, some characteristics of the textile and apparel industrial clusters are described. One particular cluster, Shengze which is famous for its silk and light-weight fabric, is used as a case toexemplify the growth of clusters. The empirical factors taken into account the cluster performance include the historical and natural origin, the role of the local government, the role of entrepreneurs, the development of supporting industries, and the supply of labor. During the past two decades in the process of development, the cluster not only grows in terms of quantity (number and scale of enterprises) but also in terms of quality (equipment, products, variety, marketing, and management). In the early when Shengze started to take off, factories used outdated facilities and equipment. Many of the machines used were those retired from state-owned plants. Over the years, as the enterprises grow, these machines have been gradually replaced by advanced ones. Now about 50,000 water-jet and air-jet looms are operating in Shengze, many of them are imported from abroad and are the most advanced models. Many of the companies in Shengze export fabrics to the international market. Not only do they receive order from abroad, some of them have set up offices in North America and Europe. They market their products initiatively, and obtain the most updated information on marketing and products. While most of the companies started as a family business, now many of them are managed professionally by University graduates with MBA and PhD. Many companies have well-established systems and met with international compliance standards and requirements, like ISO9000 certificates. Thus, many of the enterprises have changed from the old-fashioned township companies into modern corporation-type companies. It can be anticipated that these clusters will continue to contribute to the growth of the economy and industrial development of the country.翻译:来源：纺织与服装，技术与管理杂志（JTATM)Vol.4 第2期 2004年作者：张志明切斯特曹宁出版时间：2004年8月产业集群是如何成功：中国纺织和服装工业产业集群成功的案例研究(港）张志明切斯特曹宁3.在中国纺织品和服装产业集群产业集群在中国是一个新现象。

General descriptions of the relevant literature:A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies .... There is a large volume of published studies describing the role of ....The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with ....The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how .... During the past 30 years much more information has become available on ....In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of literature on ....A large and growing body of literature has investigated ....General reference to previous research/scholarly activity (usually more than one author) Many historians have argued that .... (eg. Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994) Numerous studies have attempted to explain .... (for example, Smith , 1996; Kelly, 1998; Johnson, 2002)Recent evidence suggests that .... (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001) Recently, in vitro studies have shown that T.thermophylus EFTu can .... (Patel et al., 1997; Jones et al., 1998).Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) have shown that ....Several attempts have been made to .... (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001) Several studies have revealed that it is not just X that acts on ..... (Smith, 1996; Jones ....Several biographies of Harris have been published. Smith presents an .... account, whilst Jones ....Several studies investigating X have been carried out on ....Data from several sources have identified the increased morbidity and mortality associated with obesityPrevious studies have reported .... (Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1992). Previous research findings into X have been inconsistent and contradictory (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999, ....A number of studies have found that .... (Smith , 2003; Jones, 2004).Twenty cohort study analyses have examined the relationship between ....At least 152 case-control studies worldwide have examined the relationship between..... Other studies have considered the relationship ....The relationship between X and Y has been widely investigated (Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987, ....The causes of X have been widely investigated (Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994). The geology of X has been addressed in several small-scale investigations and .....Xs have been identified as major contributing factors for the decline of many species (1). X has also been shown to reverse the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids in murine-induced arthritis (11).I t has been suggested that levels of X are independent of the size of the Y (Smith et al., 1995)It has conclusively been shown that X and Y increase Z (Smith et al., 1999; Jones, 2001 ....It has been demonstrated that a high intake of X results in damage to .... (Smith, 1998; .... Reference to current state of knowledgeA relationship exists between an individual's working memory and their ability to ...... (Jones et al.,1998).GM varieties of maize are able to cross-pollinate with non-GM varieties (Smith, 1998; Jones, 1999).There is an unambiguous relationship between spending on education and economic development (Rao, 1998).X is one of the most intense reactions following CHD (Lane, 2003).MIF has been found to oppose the anti-inflammatory actions of X on Y (Alourfi, 2004). Reference to single investigations in the past: researcher(s) as sentence subjectWang et al. (2004) have recently developed a methodology for the selective introduction of ......Reference to single investigations or publications in the past: time frame prominentIn 1975, Smith et al. published a paper in which they described ....In 1990 Patel et al. demonstrated that replacement of H2O with heavy water led to .... Thirty years later, Smith (1974) reported three cases of Candida Albicans which ....In the 1950s Gunnar Myrdal pointed to some of the ways in which …. (Myrdal, 1957) In 1981, Smith and co workers demonstrated that X induced in vitro resistance to .... In 1990, El-Guerrouj et al. reported a new and convenient synthetic procedure to obtain ....In 1984 Jones et al. made several amino acid esters of X and evaluated them as water-soluble pro-drugs.Reference to single publication: no time frameSmith has written the most complete synthesis to date of ....Reference to single investigations in the past: investigation prominent Preliminary work on X was undertaken by Abdul Karim (1992).The first systematic study of X was reported by Patel et al. in 1986.The study of the structural behaviour of X was first carried out by Rao et al. (1986)..... Analysis of the genes involved in X was first carried out by Smith et al (1983).A recent study by Smith and Jones (2001) involved ....A longtitudinal study of X by Smith (2002) reports that ....A small scale study by Smith (2002) reaches different conclusions, finding no increase in ....Smith's cross-country analysis (2002) showed that ....Smith's comparative study (2002) found that ....Detailed examination of X by Smith and Patel (1961) showed that ....In another major study, Zhao (1974) found that just over half of the ....In a randomised controlled study of X, Smith (2004) reported that ....In a large longitudinal study, Boucahy et al. 2004) investigated the incidence of X in Y. Reference to single investigations in the past: research topic as subjectClassical conditioning was first demonstrated experimentally by Pavlov (Smith, 2002). In his seminal study ....The electronic spectroscopy of X was first studied by Smith and Douglas 1 in 1970 The acid-catalyzed condensation reaction between X and Y was first reported by Baeyer in 1872X formed the central focus of a study by Smith (2002) in which the author found ....X was originally isolated from Y in a soil sample from .... (Wang et al., 1952).The way in which the X gene is regulated was studied extensively by Ho and colleagues (Ho et al. 1995 and 1998).To determine the effects of X, Zhao et al (2005) compared ....Reference to what other writers do in their text (author as subject)Smith (2003) identifies poor food, bad housing, inadequate hygiene and large families as the major causes of ....Rao (2003) lists three reasons why the English language has become so dominant. These are: ....Smith (2003) traces the development of Japanese history and philosophy during the 19th century.Jones(2003) provides in-depth analysis of the work of Aristotle showing its relevance to contemporary times.Smith (2003) draws our attention to distinctive categories of motivational beliefs often observed in ....Smith (2003) defines evidence based medicine as the conscious, explicit and judicious use of .....Rao (2003) highlights the need to break the link between economic growth and transport growth .....Smith (2003) discusses the challenges and strategies for facilitating and promoting .... Toh (2003) mentions the special situation of Singapore as an example of ....Smith (2003) questions whether mainstream schools are the best environment for .... Smith (2003) considers whether countries work well on cross-border issues such as .... Smith (2003) uses examples of these various techniques as evidence that ....Some analysts (e.g. Carnoy, 2002) have attempted to draw fine distinctions between .... Other authors (see Harbison, 2003; Kaplan, 2004) question the usefulness of such an approach.Reference to other writers' ideas (author as subject)According to Smith (2003), preventative medicine is far more cost effective, and therefore better adapted to the developing world.This view is supported by Jones (2000) who writes ....Smith argues that her data support O'Brien's (1988) view that ....As Smith reminds us, ....Elsewhere, Smith has argued that ....Some ways of introducing quotationsIn the final part of the Theses, Marx writes: "Philosophers have hitherto only interpreted the world in various ways; the point ...."Sachs concludes: "The idea of development stands today like a ruin in the intellectual landscape…" (Sachs, 1992a: 156).As Smith argues: "In the past, the purpose of education was to ...." (Smith , 2000:150). As Carnoy (2004: 215) states: "there are many good reasons to be sceptical".Being CriticalAs an academic writer, you are expected to be critical of the sources that you use. This essentially means questioning what you read and not necessarily agreeing with it just because the information has been published. Being critical can also mean looking forreasons why we should not just accept something as being correct or true. This can require you to identify problems with a writer's arguments or methods, or perhaps to refer to other people's criticisms of these. Constructive criticism goes beyond this by suggesting ways in which a piece of research or writing could be improved. ...... being against is not enough. We also need to develop habits of constructive thinking. Edward de BonoIntroducing questions, problems and limitations (theory)One question that needs to be asked, however, is whether ......A serious weakness with this argument, however, is that ......One of the limitations with this explanation is that it does not explain why... .One criticism of much of the literature on X is that ......The key problem with this explanation is that ......The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y. However, there is an inconsistency with this argument.Smith's argument relies too heavily on qualitative analysis of ......It seems that Jones' understanding of the X framework is questionable.Smith's interpretation overlooks much of the historical research ......One major criticism of Smith's work is that .....Many writers have challenged Jones' claim on the grounds that .......X's analysis does not take account of ..... nor does he examine ......Introducing questions, problems and limitations (method/practice)Another problem with this approach is that it fails to take X into account. Perhaps the most serious disadvantage of this method is that .....Difficulties arise, however, when an attempt is made to implement the policy. Nevertheless, the strategy has not escaped criticism from governments, agencies and academics.One major drawback of this approach is that ......The main limitation of biosynthetic incorporation, however, is ......However, this method of analysis has a number of limitations.However, approaches of this kind carry with them various well known limitations. All the studies reviewed so far, however, suffer from the fact that ....... However, there are limits to how far the idea of/concept of X can be taken. However, such explanations tend to overlook the fact that......However, one of the problems with the instrument the researchers used to measure X was ......Identifying a study's weaknessOffering constructive suggestionsA better study would examine a large, randomly selected sample of societies with ......A much more systematic study would identify how X interacts with other variables that are believed to be linked to ......Highlighting inadequacies of previous studiesMost studies in the field of X have only focussed on ......Most studies in X have only been carried out in a small number of areas.The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.The experimental data are rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about ......Such expositions are unsatisfactory because they .....However, few writers have been able to draw on any structured research into the opinions and attitudes of ......The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y.The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y. Researchers have not treated X in much detail.Previous studies of X have not dealt with ......However, these studies used non-validated methods to measure .....Half of the studies evaluated failed to specify whether ......However, much of the research up to now has been descriptive in nature …. Although extensive research has been carried out on X, no single study exists which adequately covers ......However, these results were based upon data from over 30 years ago and it is unclear if these differences still persist.Introducing other people's criticismsHowever, Jones (2003) points out that .....Many analysts now argue that the strategy of X has not been successful. Jones (2003), for example, argues that .....Non-government agencies are also very critical of the new policies.The X theory has been / vigorously / strongly challenged in recent years by a number of writers.Smith's analysis has been criticised by a number of writers. Jones (1993), for example, points out that ……Smith's meta-analysis has been subjected to considerable criticism.The most important of these criticisms is that Smith failed to note that ......Jones (2003) is probably the best known critic of the X theory. He argues that .….The latter point has been devastatingly critiqued by Jones (2003).Critics have also argued that not only do social surveys provide an inaccurate measure ofX, but the......Critics question the ability of poststructuralist theory to provide ......More recent arguments against X have been summarised by Smith and Jones (1982): Jones (2003) is critical of the conclusions that Smith draws from his findings.。

Mainly talks about the agricultural industrialization of the reasons and SuggestionsA case, the industrialization of agricultureAgricultural industrialization refers to agriculture as the foundation, to domestic and international market as the guidance, in order to improve the efficiency as the center, optimize the combination of a variety of factors of production, extending agriculture industry chain, the implementation of agricultural regionalization layout, specialized production, the scale management, social service, the diversified main body, enterprise management, to combine agriculture and its related industries, and form the integrated operation management system. Agricultural industrialization constitute has three basic elements, one is to have a dominant industry (in current agricultural structure in a dominant position and has the development potential of the industry), 2 it is to have leading enterprises (agricultural products processing and marketing enterprise or enterprise group), three is to have a commodity base (regionalization, scale of planting and breeding bases), these three elements constitute the basic chain of agricultural industrialization. The basic characteristics of agricultural industrialization is based on the rural household contract responsibility system, which is based on agricultural resources, through market affects the leading enterprises, leading enterprise promoting production base, base link farmers form, realize the specialization of agricultural production, agricultural commercialization and socialization of service, reflect to a enterprise, according to the market-oriented, intensive production mode of the development of agricultural production, processing, marketing, management mode. Specifically, agricultural industrialization has the following characteristicsA, localization, production specialization. Agriculture and related industries to operate joint, family business is hard to, only adjust industrial layout in some area, the specialized production, can promote the joint, the combined effect can be achieved. Second, the business scale, service socialization. Moderate scale management is the important way to improve the economic benefit of production and management to reach a certain size, will not be able to realize the industrialization, at the same time, with the social service of form a complete set of industrialization and the social environment could not be optimized. Three, the main body diversification, clarity of property rights. Limit agricultural specialization broke through the department, present industrial, commercial, agricultural, trade unions between multiple subject, and through the system, such as contract specification between multiple subject and clear property right relations and benefit distribution. 4, enterprise management, operation integration. Agricultural industrialization will spread into the joint, farmers mutual collaboration, executes an enterprise to turn management, agriculture and related industries under the economic parameters and orderly operation. Five, the marketization of decision-making, benefit maximization. Agricultural industrialization is based on the market as the guidance, its decisions in line with market demand, the production and business operation activities smoothly according to the market orientation, thus maximum business benefit.The industrialized operation of agriculture in our country generally adopted the following model1, bibcock DaiDongXingIs given priority to with leading enterprises, around one or more of the products, the formation of the \"company + base + farmers\" production and marketing integration of the business organization. \"Leading\" companies with marketdevelopment ability, engage in deep processing of agricultural products, to provide services for farmers, driving the development of peasant household goods production, is the industrial organization of machining center, business center,service center and information center. This model is widely used in farming and animal husbandry and aquaculture. Through the support of key enterprises, realize scale management, achieve the goal of improve agricultural economic benefits. This type is suitable for the economic development condition is good, the market more perfect.2, market DaiDongXingThrough the construction of the local market, expand overseas markets, expand product market, affects the advantage industry to expand production scale, specialization, seriation production. Zhangzhou in tianbao town, for example, allow the province's largest banana wholesale market, the market has bank, industry and commerce, taxation, telecommunications, insurance, hotels, transportation and other supporting team with complete service facilities, in total more than 10 tons. Is applicable to any according to the area of operation of the market economy.3, DaiDongXing leading industryTo take advantage of local resources, traditional product development, the formation of regional leading industry, in order to \"famous, excellent, new, special\" product development for the purpose, to those who are the most prominent, the most obvious economic advantage, resource advantage production advantage relatively stable project, to cultivate, to speed up the development, form a pillar industry, around the leading industry development production and sales integration business. Apply to unique resources endowment, can produce various kinds of products of agricultural areas.4, group developmentGroup taking agriculture as a large and stable investment market, toward the \"SiHuang\" development, achieved good economic benefits. For example, the Inner Mongolia erdos cashmere products co., LTD., has 20000 hectares of goats base, developing ranch 3000 hectares, 34000 hectares, more than 100 strains of planting trees and grass planting, established 11 in major production areas of cashmere raw material purchase branch, formed a working ranch rectangular, alternating between several network of supply and demand. This type is suitable for the economic development condition is bad, but it is a region of resources advantage.5, intermediary organizations LianDongXingIn a variety of intermediary organizations (including the farmers' professional co-operatives, supply, sales, technical association association), the organization before, during or after the omni-directional service, make many scattered small-scale production operators joint in the formation of large-scale unified management group, achieve economies of scale. Applicable to the technical requirements higher planting, breeding, in the promotion of new products, new varieties, new methods in the process, is a kind of low investment, high income, farmers benefit more good way. Applicable to the technical requirements higher planting, breeding, can apply in developed and less developed areas.6, demonstration and promotion type, focus on talent, capital, technology founded agricultural demonstration zone. For example, xinxing county, guangdong province and guangzhou huihai the new technology development company launched integrated demonstration area ofagricultural industry in mountainous area in west of guangdong province. By the high quality aquatic products and rare animal farming, pollution-free vegetables, high-quality fruit planting farming projects, such as the local farmers in the area. Apply to some good region agricultural industrialization development.Heilongjiang shuangcheng agricultural ecological circular economy demonstration zone, located in the 30 km southwest of Harbin city. The east, and southeast of acheng, bordering on the p5; South, west to pull Lin is bounded, elm, fuyu of jilin province and neighbors; Northwest, north separates the songhua river and zhaoyuan, longjiang; Close to the Harbin city in northeast China. Planning scope: shuangcheng town of 9 had jurisdiction over 15 township, 85 km long, north and south 65 kilometers wide, the realm with a total area of 3112.3 km2. According to the natural conditions of shuangcheng each township, resource endowment and industrial foundation, shuangcheng agricultural ecological development of circular economy industry will form the pattern of \"1 nuclear 4 area 10 belt\". \"One core\" refers to the emerging township \"China twins organic vegetables wholesale market as the core as ecological circulation of agricultural products logistics center;\" 4 area \"refers to the central along the rivers ecological reserves, ecological processing industry intensive development zone, east of western efficient ecological agriculture, ecological agriculture in southern edge area;\" 10 belt \"refers to the organic corn belt, belt, organic rice grains industry area, organic vegetables industry area, two melon industry area, organic dairy industry area, organic beef cattle industry area, organic pig industry area, every industry area, organic layers belt. All produced within the scope of the recycling agricultural production wastes.Second, the problems existing in the agricultural(a) farmers problem of agricultural industrialization of the final purpose is to promote the solution of the \"three rural problems\", \"three rural issues\" is the core issue of the agriculture problem. 1. Good agricultural labor force erosion is serious Developed countries economic development experience has shown that the process of developing economy, is also a Labour from the first industry to the second and the third industry transfer process. The cause of this phenomenon is in the process of economic development, agricultural workers pay far less than the second and the third industry workers compensation. Our country economy is in a stage of rapid development, follow the same rule, agricultural workers pay far less than the second and the third industry workers compensation, so agricultural labor will shift to the second and the third industry, and the second and third industry and factory required is far higher than the requirement of the agricultural industry, so the second and the third industry of merely agricultural industry outstanding workforce, surplus agricultural labor force quality is relatively low. Poor rural infrastructure, transportation, medical, health and other far cannot be compared with the condition of the city, especially the urban recreational facilities, is far better than the countryside. But a new generation of outstanding rural labor force has knowledge, ideas, extremely convenient living in the city, then flocked to the city at all costs. To some extent, this also add to the best of agricultural labor force, to a certain extent, restrict the development of agricultural industrialization.2. The scientific and cultural qualities of agricultural labor force is generally not high net home although investing in education in recent years began to tend to thecountryside, but has long been tilted toward town, resulting in rural education a serious shortage of equipment and facilities, the rural out-of-school phenomenon is very serious, in some poor rural areas, what to see not to a complete school. It alsolimits the promotion of science and technology in the agricultural industry. Farmers' income level is lower, pension will not be able to get effective guarantee, so many farmers \"more begat, endowment\", this to a certain degree and increase the farmer's poverty, making them more unable to sustain the children's learning cost, resulting in Shanghai ring farmers to raise the intellectual standard of the people. Farmers' scientific and cultural level is not high, the degree of agricultural industrialization recognized will not improve, and advanced science and technology for the promotion of agricultural industrialization function also is not very good.3. Less agricultural land per capita labor though China's vast territory, but the proportion of arable land is not high, coupled with a large population, so the farmers per capita arable land area is less. Traditional idea of \"a boy than a girl makes the family planning policy in some areas also slightly powerless, exacerbated people mouth on this in a certain range of growth, the growth of people ¨ righteousness\" diluted \"to some extent the little change of the total arable land area. In some areas, due to the environmental protection consciousness is not strong, deforestation is serious, serious soil erosion, land desertification is becoming more and more out of control, it will increase the per capita arable land area is reduced. ............... .advice1, development of characteristic agriculture, establish the leading industry and productsWith the formation of a buyer's market of agricultural and sideline products, agriculture from traditional agriculture into the characteristic, high quality, high efficiency of precision agriculture development stage. Characteristic agricultural production, the development with regional characteristics of special special breeding, cultivation, the establishment of agricultural and sideline products processing, storage, preservation and distribution enterprises, the increase of agriculture and animal husbandry products processing depth and precision, promote the process of agricultural industrialization.Along with the development of agricultural industrialization, the inevitable regional development focus and development prospects and problems such as reasonable selection and optimal allocation of resources, to solve these problems, the key is must carry on the adjustment of industrial structure. And establish their own leading industries and brand products, and according to the industrialization pattern of the famous brand products. According to the characteristics of the local, practical and effective choice of the mode of agricultural industrialization.2, the construction of agricultural and sideline products professional wholesale marketConstruction of a batch of professional market town vegetables, give play to the role of market goods distribution and the radiation effect of foreign goods. Solved the problem of farmers' production and sales.Market conditions the facilities and the further expansion of trade and commerce logistics flow, to put forward higher requirements on a market environment and facilities, then think of building field.At the beginning of the formation and development of the market, in order to strengthen the management of market order, according to the actual circumstance of the countryside, set up the green channel, to encourage farmers and traders, the trading give breaks on tax policy at the same time. At the same time, should according to the local economy and local financial resources, perfect service, to improve the policy environment, to guide the development of market intermediary and service organizations. Information consultation, industry association, storage and transportation services and financial services market intermediary and service organizations.3, to cultivate and support very large agricultural products processing enterprises\"Leading enterprise\" is a \"locomotive\" for the development of agricultural industrialization. Built a \"tap\" enterprise can carry one or several comprehensive development of agricultural and sideline products, support a rich. The government should support enterprises through leasing, merger and acquisition, auction or shareholding system reform, financial and other support services, cultivate leading enterprises.4, promote the transformation of agricultural products processing value-added, cultivate new growth point of rural economic developmentOn the basis of the township and village enterprises, technology innovation and management innovation, accelerate the development of enterprises. To develop the local agricultural and sideline products as raw materials processing industry for agricultural products, expanding markets for agricultural products demand, promotes agricultural structural adjustment, improve the agricultural comprehensive benefit and market competitiveness. Development of deep processing of agricultural products, as an important content of agricultural structure adjustment, to make it become a new growth point to promote the development of agriculture and rural economy. Actively developing high-grade, high value-added products; Refinement of adapt to market demand, in essence, deep, \"optimum\", strive for more high quality brand name products.5, establish and improve the agricultural industry organizations, to promote agricultural industrializationThe function of the agricultural industrial organization is for before, during or after the technical consultation and coordinates the market competition of the specification, at the same time, also can protect the interests of farmers, in the continuous extension of industry chain in its profits, due to the government to make policy to create the environment, support and guide farmers to establish and improve the and development of industrial organization, promote the transformation of value-added agricultural products.To promote the development of the agricultural industrialization faster, better, this section give out some countermeasures and Suggestions on the development of agricultural industrialization. Specific as follows: (1) farmers problem 1. Prevent loss of good agricultural labor force On the one hand, the government should enhance of agricultural subsidies, to provide more surface system service for agriculture, to helpfarmers increase income, it also can effectively avoid the outstanding agricultural labor force resources loss. On the other hand, the government should strengthen the construction of rural infrastructure, especially roads, hospitals, entertainmentfacilities such as construction, farmers have more opportunity to enjoyThe same as the city residents of convenience and entertainment, it will be good for agriculture labor loss effectively.2. Raising farmers' scientific and cultural qualitiesIn this respect, the government should intensify education in rural areas for people, fiscal expenditure Have the intention to tilt the rural education, increasing, CRD in rural (especially the rural backward area) the compulsory education, improving farmers' cultural quality, improve farmers accept ability and application ability of science and technology.3. Increase the per capita arable land area(1) the government organization of agricultural surplus labor exportingRural surplus labor in China is more, it is restricting agricultural scale management of one of the major factors.。

美国农业合作社与农业产业化外文文献翻译中英文最新（节选重点翻译）英文Managing uncertainty and expectations: The strategic response of U.S.agricultural cooperatives to agricultural industrializationJulie HogelandAbstractThe 20th century industrialization of agriculture confronted U.S. agricultural cooperatives with responding to an event they neither initiated nor drove. Agrarian-influenced cooperatives used two metaphors, “serfdom” and “cooperatives are like a family” to manage uncertainty and influence producer expectations by predicting industrialization's eventual outcome and cooperatives’ producer driven compensation.The serfdom metaphor alluded to industrialization's potential to either bypass family farmers, the cornerstone of the economy according to agrarian ideology, or to transform them into the equivalent of piece-wage labor as contract growers. The “family” metaphor reflects how cooperatives personalized the connection between cooperative and farmer-member to position themselves as the exact opposite of serfdom. Hypotheses advanced by Roessl (2005) and Goel (2013) suggest that intrinsic characteristics of family businesses such as a resistance to change and operating according to a myth of unlimited choice andindependence reinforced the risk of institutional lock-in posed by agrarian ideology.To determine whether lock-in occurred, Woerdman's (2004) neo-institutional model of lock-in was examined in the context of late 20th century cooperative grain and livestock marketing. Increasingly ineffective open markets prompted three regional cooperatives to develop their own models of industrialized pork production. Direct experience with producer contracting allowed cooperatives to evade institutional and ideological lock-in.Keywords：Cooperatives，Agricultural industrialization，Agrarianism，Expectations，Family business，Family farming，Metaphors，Lock-inIntroductionRecent fluctuation in global financial markets led a panel of cooperative leaders to identify uncertainty as the primary managerial difficulty anticipated by cooperatives in the future (Boland, Hogeland, & McKee, 2011). Likewise, the 20th century industrialization of agriculture confronted cooperatives with the challenge of responding to an event they neither initiated nor drove. When the environment is highly uncertain and unpredictable, Oliver predicts that organizations will increase their efforts to establish the illusion or reality of control and stability over future organizational outcomes (Oliver, 1991: 170). This study argues thatcooperatives used two metaphors, “serfdom” and “cooperatives are like a family” to manage uncertainty by predicting industrialization's eventual outcome and cooperatives’ producer-driven compensation.These metaphors are agrarian. Recent research highlights the impact of agrarian ideology on cooperatives. Foreman and Whetten (2002: 623)observe, “co-ops have historically sought to reinforce the traditions and values of agrarianism through education and social interventions. Indeed, for many members these normative goals of a co-op have been preeminent.” These authors studied the tension within rural cooperatives produced by a normative system encompassing family and ideology and a utilitarian system defined by economic rationality, profit maximization and self-interest. They argue that this split in values implies that cooperatives are essentially two different organizations trying to be one. To capture the tension between these multiple identities, they focused on a potential family/business divide in cooperatives, basing this on a duality often noted in cooperative community and trade publications.The authors found that respondents wanted their local co-op to be more business oriented and at the same time, expected co-ops ideally (e.g., as an ideal organizational form) to be more family focused. These conflicting expectations suggested that multiple-identity organizations need to be assessed in terms of the individual components of their identity and the tension (or interaction) between them. Foreman and Whettenregard dual or multiple identity organizations as hybrids. There are consequences to hybridity: many members of a hybrid organization will identify with both aspects of its dual identity, “and thus find themselves embracing competing goals and concerns associated with distinctly different identity elements” (Foreman and Whetten, 2002). They conclude that competing goals and concerns foster competing expectations with consequences for organizational commitment (and I would add, performance).The split focus observed by Foreman and Whetten can be regarded as a contemporary expression of a value conflict beginning early in the 20th century over how production agriculture should be organized. Decentralized, autonomous, and typically small, family farmers used their skill at deciding the “what, when, where, how and why” of production and marketing to reduce the risk of being a price taker at open, competitive markets. Farmers also diversified the farm enterprise to spread price risk over several commodities. Corporate-led industrialized agriculture (integrators) by-passed both markets and independent farmers. Integrators coordinated supply and demand internally based on top-down administrative control over production and marketing decisions. They engaged in production contracting with growers who were held to competitive performance standards and paid according to their productivity. In contrast, family farmers were accountable only tothemselves.Study overviewFoss (2007) observes that the beliefs organizations hold about each other or the competitive environment are a key aspect of strategic management which have been understudied. Beliefs, which include norms and expectations, are important because they can be wrong. Cooperatives are often considered to have an ideological component but how such ideology develops and persists also has been understudied. This study addresses that gap by examining how agrarian language and assumptions shaped cooperatives’ reaction to 20th century agricultural industrialization. During this era, industrial methods transformed the production and marketing of processing vegetables, poultry, beef, and pork and were initiated for dairy and grains. An historical and institutional perspective is used to examine how two contrasting metaphors brought cooperatives to the brink of institutional lock-in. The study spans the entire 20th century from beginning to close.The study opens with a brief discussion of metaphors and norms then presents a theoretical model of lock-in. Discussion of the overarching role of agrarianism follows. Discussion then addresses why the cooperative alternative to corporate-led industrialization –the 1922 model developed by Aaron Sapiro –was not palatable to agrarian-influenced cooperatives (this section also definesagrarian-influenced cooperatives).Discussion then turns to considering how the disturbing implications of serfdom paved the way for the agrarian-influenced norm, “cooperatives as a competitive yardstick” and the cooperative metaphorical n orm, “cooperatives are like a family.” Producer expectations triggered by “serfdom” and “cooperatives are like a family” are addressed. Parallels are briefly drawn between neighborhood exchange in late 19th century rural California and behavior implied in “cooperatives are like a family.” Parallels are then drawn between family business traits and cooperative and producer experience in livestock and identity-preserved grain markets. This provides a foundation for examining in greater detail how well cooperative experience in pork and grains corresponded to Woerdman's four part model of lock-in (2004). Study conclusions and suggestions for future research follow.Importance of ideology, metaphor and normsEconomists have begun studying how cognition and discourse affect cooperative outcomes (Fulton, 1999). This study continues that line of inquiry by considering how a dominant ideology like agrarianism produced words and associations that, for most of the 20th century, arguably had a deterministic effect on farmer and cooperative perceptions of the future. Even today, few guidelines or predictions exist that suggest how organizations can manage ideological conflict (Greenwood, Raynard,Kodeih, Micelotta, & Lounsbury, 2011). Moreover, the difficulties of escaping a hegemonic ideology have seldom been recognized (Spencer, 1994).Metaphors are a pithy word or expression meant to evoke a comparison. They are used to understand one thing in terms of another (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980: 5). Understanding what metaphors represent and how they emerge and persist can offer a window into the salient factors influencing farmer and cooperative decision-making. Moreover, as in this text, metaphors “allow for the sorts of story in which overwhelming evidence in favor of one interpretation of the world can be repeatedly ignored, even though this puts the assets of the firm and the position of the decision-makers at extraordinary risk” (Schoenberger, 1997: 136).Much of what Pfeffer and Salancik (2003) say about norms also applies to how metaphors are used in this study. For example, these authors observe that an important function of norms is to provide predictability in social relationships so that each party can rely on the assurances provided by the other. Consequently, norms stress the meeting of expectations in an exchange relationship. Certainly, the metaphor, cooperatives are like a family, can be understood in the same manner. Defining norms as commonly or widely shared sets of behavioral expectations, Pfeffer et al. also indicate that norms develop underconditions of social uncertainty to increase the predictability of relationships for the mutual advantage of those involved. Once they cease to serve those interests norms break down.California's early industrializationIt seems reasonable to assume that agrarianism's belief in the pivotal importance of agriculture was shared to some degree by all U.S. cooperatives. However, unique features of California's agriculture, particularly in the Central Valley, predisposed it to industrialize some decades earlier than the Midwest, Great Plains, and Northeast (McClelland, 1997). The latter continued to rely on patriarchal family farm labor and so, for this paper, are assumed to represent the core domain of agrarian-influenced cooperatives. These areas lacked access to the supply of excess ethnic or minority labor which McClelland indicates prepared California for industrialization by 1910. Added to this advantage was California's legacy of estate or hacienda production which boosted cultural familiarity and acceptance of large scale production (Hogeland, 2010).In 1922, California attorney and cooperative organizer Aaron Sapiro combined elements of California experience into a model of cooperative organization and marketing popularly kno wn as “orderly marketing.” Sapiro began by extolling industrialization: “The factory system is recognized as the key to all forms of productive industries to-day all overthe world-except in agriculture… The farmer is the only part of modern industry… in which you have individual production” (Sapiro, 1993: 81).In general, Sapiro offered a cooperative alternative to producers’ tendency to dump excess supply from bumper harvests on the market. Instead, cooperatives should provide a home for the growers’ prod uct and use accumulated inventory to develop new products to stimulate consumer demand. Investing in processing or preservation technologies –canning, refrigeration and drying –would allow cooperatives to release excess production to the market in a prog ressive “orderly” manner.For example, by 1925 Sunkist growers had increased fruit utilization by transforming oranges from a single hand-held breakfast fruit to a glass of juice made from multiple oranges. The Sunkist extractor was specifically designed to use off-size fruit and wind-damaged fruit that would not sell as fancy Sunkist table fruit because all produced the same quality juice (Nourse, 1925). In 1922, Sun Maid scored a consumer success by packaging raisins in convenient snack-sized boxes called “Little Sun Maids” (Gary Marshburn, telephone conversation, July 24, 2008; Cotterill, 1984).The far-sighted orderly marketing norm anticipated the values of industrialized agriculture, urging cooperatives to guarantee supply through marketing contracts with some 85–95 percent of producer-members (Sapiro's recommended target). This commitmentcould propel the cooperative into being sole supplier of a particular specialty crop. (Such specialization was facilitated by California's geographically compact micro-climates).Sapiro's model provided a template for important 20th century specialty crop cooperatives outside of California, notably, Ocean Spray Cooperative (cranberries) and Welch's (Concord grapes). However, Sapiro's model represented a highly specialized, marketing-intensive cooperative that was conceptually and financially out of reach of the small family farmers in the Midwest, Great Plains, and the Northeast who produced fungible commodities like milk, meat and grains.6Cooperative philosopher and economist Edwin Nourse commented on cooperatives performing agricultural rationing such as orderly marketing:To be sure, a few cooperatives which stand in a class by themselves have already attained a degree of success comparable with the best achievements in industrial lines. But these are in comparatively small branches of specialized agriculture where economic organization was already on a high level. Before anything like the same result could be achieved in the great staple lines of production, where the demand for [price] stabilization is most acute, there would have to be a fair degree of concentration of executive responsibility in their operating organization (Nourse, 1930: 132).Serfdom's implicationsDuring the 1920s and 1930s –considered a “golden age” of agriculture – collective action surged. Rudimentary markets and chaotic distribution channels for basic commodities like milk, grain, and fruit provided new opportunities for cooperative marketing. Moreover, new antitrust legislation curbed many of the horizontally-integrated “trusts” dominating 19th century meat packing, oil, railroads and grain markets.Nevertheless, as early as 1922, Nourse saw emerging within agriculture market power so centralized and hierarchical it seemed feudal (Nourse, 1922: 589). Subsequently, the metaphor of “serfdom” was used throughout the 20th century by agrarian-influenced cooperatives to suggest how industrialization's contract production could reduce entrepreneurial and independent farmers to the equivalent of hired hands – so-called “piece wage labor.”In 1900, most counties could point to someone who started as a tenant or laborer and through hard work, luck, sharp dealing or intelligent cultivation, retired as a landlord owing several farms (Danbom, 1979: 7). In 1917, Ely introduced the concept of the ‘agricultural ladder’ as a model of occupational progression to farm ownership. The ladder showed how the agrarian virtue of hard work could allow a landless, unpaid family laborer to progress from being a hired hand and tenant farmer to an independent owner-operator (Kloppenburg & Geisler, 1985). Yet, the serfdom metaphor suggested just how tenuous such occupationalprogression could be.Late 19th century farmers formed cooperatives in response to market exploitation or failure. Although such exploitation affected farmer costs and returns, as a rule it did not impinge on farmers’ understanding of themselves as entrepreneurial and independent. Agrarian ideology lauded family farmers for taking on the risks of farming with a frontier attitude of self-reliance. Such farmers answered to no one except themselves. The small farmer was “first of all a self-directing individualist who could be counted on to resist with vigor the encroachments of outside authority” (Robinson, 1953: 69).Industrialized agriculture brought a new institutional logic to agriculture by putting efficiency and profitability first and using vertical integration to bypass farmers’ decision-making power over agriculture. Industrialization was market driven, seeking growth in identifying and satisfying consumer preferences. Research has indicated that the norms and prescriptions dictated by family logics are often at odds with the prescriptions dictated by markets (Greenwood et al., 2011).Power, reflected in ownership and governance arrangements, determines which logics will more easily flow into organizations and be well received (Greenwood et al., 2011). Family logics formally embedded into an organization's ownership structure are a very effective conduit for increasing familial influences within the organization. Not surprisingly,farmer-owned cooperatives believed they had a mandate to protect and foster family farming (Hogeland, 2006).中文管理不确定性和期望：美国农业合作社与农业产业化朱莉·霍格兰摘要20世纪的农业产业化使美国农业合作社面对很大的不确定性。

The construction of a modern industrial system is a significantstrategic deployment made by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China from the height of comprehensively building a modern socialist country. This article aims to delve into the profound significance of this strategic deployment, discuss the core tasks and important pathways, and explore the implications for China's economic development.I. The Significance of Building a Modern Industrial System1.1 Strategic PositionBuilding a modern industrial system is a major strategic task forChina's economic development in the new era. It is a strategic decision made by the Party Central Committee to comprehensively implement the strategy of modernization, and it is of great significance for achieving the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.1.2 Economic FoundationA modern industrial system is the foundation of a modern economy. The construction of a modern industrial system can drive the development of the real economy, promote the upgrading of industrial structure, and enhance the core competitiveness of the national economy.1.3 Social DevelopmentThe construction of a modern industrial system is conducive to promoting social development, improving people's living standards, and realizing the comprehensive well-being of the people.II. Core Tasks of Building a Modern Industrial System2.1 Strengthening the Real EconomyThe real economy is the foundation of the national economy. It is necessary to enhance the quality and efficiency of the real economy, promote the development of high-quality manufacturing, and foster new growth drivers such as the Internet, big data, and artificial intelligence.2.2 Promoting Industrial InnovationInnovation is the primary driving force for industrial development. Itis necessary to deepen the reform of the scientific and technological system, promote the integration of innovation, education, and production, and cultivate a strong innovative culture.2.3 Optimizing Industrial StructureThe optimization of the industrial structure is an important aspect of building a modern industrial system. It is necessary to accelerate the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, developstrategic emerging industries, and promote the coordination and development of various industries.2.4 Enhancing Industrial CooperationIndustrial cooperation is an essential factor in building a modern industrial system. It is necessary to strengthen the cooperation between enterprises, promote the development of industrial clusters, and create an advantageous environment for the growth of the industrial system.III. Important Pathways for Building a Modern Industrial System3.1 Implementing Innovation-Driven DevelopmentInnovation-driven development is the core of building a modernindustrial system. It is necessary to deepen the reform of thescientific and technological system, promote the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, and foster new industries.3.2 Promoting Green DevelopmentGreen development is an essential requirement for building a modern industrial system. It is necessary to adhere to the concept of green development, optimize the industrial layout, and promote theconstruction of a green and low-carbon industrial system.3.3 Improving the Level of Opening-upOpening-up is an important strategy for building a modern industrial system. It is necessary to deepen the reform of the foreign economic and trade system, promote the construction of a free trade port, and enhance the international competitiveness of the industrial system.3.4 Strengthening the Training of TalentsTalent is the first resource for building a modern industrial system. It is necessary to strengthen the training of high-quality talents, promote the integration of education, industry, and research, and create a favorable environment for the development of talents.IV. ConclusionBuilding a modern industrial system is a long-term, arduous, and complex task. It requires the joint efforts of the entire society and the continuous exploration and innovation of the development path. Only by adhering to the strategic deployment of the Party Central Committee, focusing on the core tasks, and following the important pathways, can we build a modern industrial system that is highly competitive, sustainable, and adaptable, and lay a solid foundation for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.。

英语作文-农业科学研究和试验发展行业的农产品加工与农业产业化研究The intersection of agricultural product processing and the industrialization of agriculture represents a significant advancement in the field of agricultural science research and experimental development. This integration is not only pivotal for enhancing food security but also plays a crucial role in boosting economic growth, particularly in regions where agriculture forms the backbone of the economy.Agricultural product processing involves converting raw crops and livestock products into forms that are convenient for end consumers. This process includes a wide range of operations, from basic cleaning and packaging to the complex transformation of products into new forms. For example, processing milk into cheese or yogurt, or converting grains into breakfast cereals. These processes add value to the agricultural produce, extend its shelf life, and make it more marketable and palatable.On the other hand, the industrialization of agriculture refers to the application of industrial principles to farming, which includes the use of advanced technology, mechanization, and production techniques that improve efficiency and productivity. This approach to agriculture has led to the development of agribusinesses that operate on a larger scale than traditional farms, focusing on the mass production of crops and livestock.The synergy between agricultural product processing and industrialization is evident in the way these sectors support each other. Industrialized farming produces large quantities of raw materials that are necessary for processing. Conversely, the demand for processed foods encourages the adoption of industrial farming methods to meet the supply needs.Research in this area is multifaceted, encompassing studies on improving crop yields, developing new processing technologies, and creating sustainable farming practices that minimize environmental impact. Scientists and researchers work on genetic engineering to develop crops that are more resistant to pests and diseases, which are then processedusing less energy-intensive methods. They also explore ways to utilize by-products of the processing industry, such as using husks and shells for bioenergy production, contributing to a circular economy.The benefits of this integrated approach are manifold. It leads to the creation of job opportunities, both in rural and urban areas, and contributes to rural development. It also ensures a more stable food supply chain, as processed foods can be stored and transported more efficiently than fresh produce. Moreover, it encourages innovation in the agricultural sector, as farmers and processors seek to improve their products and operations to stay competitive in the market.However, this progress does not come without challenges. The industrialization of agriculture can lead to the concentration of resources in the hands of a few large corporations, potentially marginalizing small-scale farmers. There are also concerns about the environmental impact of intensive farming practices and the sustainability of current processing methods.To address these challenges, ongoing research is crucial. It is essential to develop policies that support small farmers and promote fair trade practices. Research must also continue to find ways to reduce the carbon footprint of agricultural processing and industrialization, ensuring that these advancements are sustainable in the long term.In conclusion, the research and development in the processing of agricultural products and the industrialization of agriculture are dynamic fields that hold great promise for the future of food security and economic development. As these sectors continue to evolve, they will undoubtedly shape the landscape of agriculture and influence global food systems in profound ways. The key to maximizing their potential lies in ensuring that these advancements are inclusive, sustainable, and beneficial to all stakeholders involved. 。

有关农业的英文参考文献Agriculture is the backbone of many economies, providing sustenance and raw materials for a variety of industries.It's a sector that has evolved significantly over the centuries, from simple subsistence farming to high-tech precision agriculture.The impact of climate change on agriculture is a critical topic, with studies showing how temperature fluctuations and water scarcity can affect crop yields. It's essential to understand these impacts to develop strategies for sustainable farming practices.Technological advancements have transformed the agricultural landscape. From genetically modified crops to drone monitoring, the integration of technology has increased efficiency and productivity in farming operations.The role of small-scale farmers in global food security is often overlooked. These farmers, who make up a significant portion of the agricultural workforce, contribute to local economies and food supply chains, highlighting the importance of supporting their livelihoods.Soil health is a foundational aspect of agriculture. The quality of the soil directly influences crop growth and sustainability. It's crucial to research and implement soil conservation methods to ensure long-term productivity.Agricultural biodiversity is vital for the resilience of farming systems. A diverse range of crops and farming practices can help mitigate the risks of pests, diseases, and environmental changes.The concept of agroecology combines ecological principles with agriculture to create sustainable and resilient farming systems. It's a holistic approach that considers the social, economic, and environmental aspects of farming.Urban agriculture is an emerging trend, where farming is integrated into urban landscapes. This can help address food security issues in cities and provide fresh produce to urban populations.The future of agriculture lies in innovation and adaptation. As the global population grows and resources become scarcer, it's essential to explore new methods and technologies that can sustainably feed the world.。

U NDERSTANDING I NTERNATIONAL T RADE INA GRICULTURAL P RODUCTS:O NE H UNDRED Y EARS OFC ONTRIBUTIONS BY A GRICULTURAL E CONOMISTST IM J OSLING,K YM A NDERSON,A NDREW S CHMITZ,AND S TEFAN T ANGERMANNThe study of international trade in agricultural products has developed rapidly over the pastfifty years.In the1960s the disarray in world agriculture caused by domestic price support policies became thefocus of analytical studies.There followed attempts to measure the distortions caused by policies alsoin developing countries and to model their impact on world agricultural markets.Tools were advancedto explain the trends and variations in world prices and the implications of market imperfections.Challenges for the future include analyzing trade based on consumer preferences for certain productionmethods and understanding the impact of climate change mitigation and adaptation on trade.Key words:agricultural trade;commodity prices;trade policy;agricultural trade distortions;measure-ment of agricultural protection;modeling agricultural trade.JEL Codes:F13,F55,Q17.The study of the economics of international trade in agricultural and food products is a rela-tively new area of specialization in the agricul-tural economics profession.Certainly the three mainstream areas that dominated thefirstfifty years of the American Agricultural Economics Association(AAEA)—production economics, marketing,and policy—each acknowledged the existence of international trade,but they largely ignored the analytical challenge of understanding the behavior of international markets and their role in resource-use effi-ciency and income distribution.By contrast, most agricultural economists trained since the1960s have been exposed to interna-tional trade theory and recognize the per-Tim Josling is Professor Emeritus,Food Research Institute,and Senior Fellow,Freeman Spogli Institute of International Studies, Stanford University.Kym Anderson is the George Gollin Professor of Economics and former executive director of the Centre for International Economic Studies at the University of Adelaide; Andrew Schmitz is the Ben Hill Griffin,Jr.Eminent Scholar and a professor of Food and Resource Economics,University of Florida,Gainesville;a research professor,University of California, Berkeley;and an adjunct professor,University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon.Stefan Tangermann is Professor Emeritus,University of Göttingen and former Director for Trade and Agriculture at OECD.We would like to thank the many members of the Inter-national Agricultural Trade Research Consortium(IATRC)who responded to an informal poll on the most influential writings in agricultural trade in their experience.vasive influence of international economic events on domestic markets and policies. Trade agreements have evolved to where they constrain domestic policy,and interna-tional commodity prices are usually trans-mitted at least to some extent back to the farm level.Even the“newer”areas of agri-cultural and applied economics,such as envi-ronmental and resource economics,develop-ment economics,and consumer economics,are influenced by the institutions of international trade.This review aims to document the growth of the study of international agricultural mar-kets and institutions by identifying some of the main contributions of the profession to our understanding of the key issues.It is a subjective assessment of the development of professional thinking on several of the main areas where contributions have been made to the understanding of the nature of inter-national trade in agriculture and food com-modities.Each of these advances illustrates the cumulative contributions made by economists working in universities and research agen-cies of national and international institu-tions.We apologize at the outset to the many whose work we have not been able to mention.Amer.J.Agr.Econ.92(2):424–446;doi:10.1093/ajae/aaq011Received December2009;accepted January2010©The Author(2010).Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.All rights reserved.For permissions,please e-mail:journals.permissions@ at Rijksuniversiteit Groningen on April 26, Downloaded fromJosling et al.Understanding International Trade in Agricultural Products425Changing Trade Issues over the Past Ten DecadesAgricultural economists,by the nature of their discipline,are attracted to the issues of the day. It follows that those who work on international trade issues in the main respond to emerg-ing trade situations that demand analysis and explanation.Theoretical developments and improvements in analytical technique often accompany these attempts to understand and explain current problems.As a backdrop to the more detailed discussion of the contributions of economists to the study of international agri-cultural trade,we therefore begin by tracing the evolution of trade issues over the100years since the founding of theAAEA.This will illus-trate the tumultuous nature of the changes that have called out to be addressed by economists, as well as the dramatic advances in theoretical and analytical tools that have been developed to understand these issues.Agricultural trade historically has been a significant share of total commerce,and for many countries has played a dominant role in determining foreign policy.As late as1890, agricultural exports accounted for75%of the total exports from the United States(Johnson 1977,p.298).By the time the AAEA came into existence in1909,the export share was about 50%,and that share fell steadily until the1940s before reviving in the immediate postwar era to about20%.For the world as a whole,agri-cultural trade has steadily declined as a share of total trade in goods and services and is now less than8%,even though it has been increas-ing faster than world agricultural production. Yet trade in agricultural products remains very important for both high-income and develop-ing countries,and agricultural trade policies typically are among the most sensitive in any international trade negotiations.Thefirst two decades of the AAEA,from 1909to1929,was a period of steady decline in trade from the high point of the nineteenth-century globalization period to the growth of protectionist movements and the collapse of European empires in the devastation of World War I.Though the founding fathers of the AAEA were well aware of the geopol-itics of the period and the impact on agri-cultural tradeflows,few books or articles by agricultural economists stand out as dealing systematically with trade issues during that ernment intervention in agricul-tural markets was not on the horizon,and agricultural tariffs were generally low relative to barriers to trade in manufactured goods and services.During the1920s,the situation began to change.With domestic farm policy emergingas a way to boost rural incomes,pressure grewto use trade policy as part of the strategy.The McNary-Haughen Act was an early attemptto use trade policy to influence domestic mar-kets,and the same trend toward protectionismwas occurring in other countries.1The book by Edwin Nourse(1924)introduced a more holis-tic view of world markets as well as a cogent explanation of their significance for U.S.agri-culture.At this time,trade theorists began to expand on the determinants of trade,and thesignificance of resource endowments emergedas a major factor in the explanation of tradeflows.By the third decade of the AAEA’s exis-tence,trade policy was a matter of high polit-ical interest and international contention.TheGreat Depression was widespread and pro-tracted in part because of increased trade pro-tection,and agricultural trade was not spared.The1930Smoot-Hawley tariff bill was origi-nally designed as an agricultural tariff increasebut ended up more generally applied to all goods.Did the profession sit idly by while theworld trade system disintegrated and economic autarchy reigned?It is not easy tofind sem-inal articles from this period on agriculturaltrade and the collapse of markets,with the notable exception of T.W.Schultz’s,who wroteon world agricultural trade and the serious implications for U.S.markets(Schultz1935).The fourth decade was not one of major contributions to the agricultural economics lit-erature in the area of trade.Wartime condi-tions were not conducive to academic pursuits,since many members of the profession wereco-opted into government posts and presum-ably made contributions that may never be revealed.2However,the postwar trading sys-tem was being constructed in the1940s,and agricultural issues were often at the heart of the discussion.3The debates between such notable economists as James Meade and Keynes and1Agricultural economists commented on these issues,in the con-texts of both domestic policy and the trade system.Afine exampleis the study by Black(1928),who warned of the consequences ofthis policy.2An exception was Henry C.Taylor’s book on world agriculturaltrade,emphasizing the importance of the European market(Taylorand Taylor1943).3The debate on managing commodity markets is an example;see the discussion below of the writings by Davis(1942)and Tsouand Black(1944).at Rijksuniversiteit Groningen on April 26, Downloaded from426April2010Amer.J.Agr.Econ.their American counterparts explicitly dealt with the inclusion of agricultural trade in the postwar system but were notable for their assumption that these issues were of such a high political importance that the arguments for freer markets were unlikely to prevail.Mean-while the theory of international trade took major steps forward:Samuelson’s(1948)arti-cle on factor price equalization appeared,and the basis was laid for modern trade theory. The decade of the1950s saw the start of a serious professional interest in agricultural and commodity trade.D.Gale Johnson published a book on the inconsistency between U.S.trade and agricultural policies:the one advocating open markets,the other maintaining protec-tive barriers(Johnson1950).For twenty years Johnson refined this message and had a pro-found impact on the profession(if not on policy),as is detailed below.Condliffe(1951) included some insightful comments about agri-cultural trade in his book The Commerce of Nations,in addition to showing the complexi-ties of trade regulations at that time(Condliffe 1951).4The link between commodity trade and economic development and growth also began to be considered during this period.In fact this was the start of development economics as the colonial system disintegrated.Even the begin-nings of the political economy of agricultural trade can be traced to this period.Kindleberger (1951)introduced interest-group analysis into the explanation of national tariff policies,set-ting the stage for later political economy work on agricultural trade.By the start of the1960s the issue of agri-cultural commodity trade became a significant international concern.The1960s saw sharp increases in agricultural protection in indus-trial countries.The trade system staggered under the burden of the disposition of sur-pluses built up under high price supports. Developing countries saw a different side of this with their requests for market access(on concessional terms)rebuffed by strong domes-tic political forces and their export earnings depressed by low commodity prices in interna-tional markets.Much of the professional writ-ing in the United States on agricultural trade in 4Condliffe influenced a generation of students at Berkeley, including Hillman,who began to ask systematic questions about the issues facing agricultural trade.Hillman(1996)shows some frus-tration over the lack of earlier studies on trade,declaring:“[A]bout the only works relating to agricultural trade were a1920s book by Nourse and Gale Johnson’s work on the trade policy dilemma of US agriculture.”this period focused on how to increase exports,either commercially or through food aid.The1960s saw another development thathas had a profound impact on agricultural trade:the rebirth of regional economic integra-tion and somewhat less ambitious free trade areas.European economists,as well as theirNorth American counterparts,were intriguedby the bold experiment of the European Eco-nomic Community(EEC)but were concernedabout the protectionist Common AgriculturalPolicy(CAP)that formed an integral partof the agreement.The tensions between theEEC(later the EU)and the United Statesover agricultural trade were a major theme for economists during this period and indeed untilthe mid-1990s,when the World Trade Orga-nization(WTO)internalized some of theseconflicts.Both trade theory and the theory of eco-nomic integration were developing rapidly,asreal-world events challenged accepted expla-nations.In the1960s,trade theorists paid increasing attention to international capital movements within the context of standardtrade theory:Capital movements could be a substitute for product trade.5Agricultural eco-nomics as a whole stuck close to its microeco-nomic roots and to a“closed economy”viewof the agricultural sector.There was still a dis-connect between the teaching of agricultural marketing and domestic policy on the one handand teaching about the functioning of the inter-national trade and monetary system on the other.This meant that the profession was some-what slow in responding to the emerging tradeissues of the1960s.6By the1970s a host of new issues had arisenwhich emphasized the importance of external economic events.A sharp rise in oil prices, together with droughts in India,Africa,and the USSR,caused agricultural commodity marketsto spike upward.Two devaluations of the dollar5Schmitz and Helmberger(1970)then developed a modelin which they demonstrate that capital movements and producttrade can be complements,in that increased capital movementsbring about increased product trade.Their examples chosen werefor agriculture and natural resource industries and presaged thegrowth of agricultural and food trade linked to foreign direct investment that has continued to this day.6In an editorial introduction to the otherwise impressive col-lection of articles on agricultural economics published by theAmerican Economics Association(AEA)in1969,the editorsadmit that the“decision to emphasize a limited number of topicsresulted in the exclusion of a number of areas in which agricultural economists have specialized.Among the more importantfields thathave been excluded[is]...international trade”(AEA1969,p.xvi).D.Gale Johnson was on the selection committee for this volume,so presumably he found inadequate material in this area to include.at Rijksuniversiteit Groningen on April 26, Downloaded fromJosling et al.Understanding International Trade in Agricultural Products427and the virtual abandonment of the Bretton Woods monetary system added more shocks to markets.Increased macroeconomic instabil-ity and chaotic commodity market behavior showed up the dysfunctionality of domestic policies.D.Gale Johnson’s seminal bookWorld Agriculture in Disarray and his work on sugar markets encapsulated this situation(Johnson 1973,1974).G.Edward Schuh(1974)reminded the profession of the importance of macroeco-nomics to agricultural markets and the signif-icance of exchange rates to agricultural trade patterns.And,in an extensive survey of“tra-ditional”fields of agricultural economics from the1940s to the1970s(Martin1977),policies related to agricultural trade were deemed wor-thy of a full section,authored masterfully by D.Gale Johnson(Johnson1977).The1980s ushered in a remarkable period of conflicts over agricultural trade and of policy reform that sowed the seeds for their rec-onciliation.The reform of multilateral trade rules for agriculture had to await the neces-sary changes in domestic policy,but this reform eventually emerged from a mix of budget pressures and paradigm shifts.7The Interna-tional Agricultural Trade Research Consor-tium(IATRC,discussed in a later section) became a focus for work on trade.It was also a period when economists were becoming increasingly sophisticated in the art of building models of markets and estimating behavioral parameters.The international trade literature in general was changing over this period,with an examination of imperfect competition mod-els and of the importance of geography,the study of the political economy of protection, and the issue of regional integration.Agricul-tural economists became adept at translating and applying these new areas of exploration into the world of agricultural product trade and associated policies,as discussed below.The decade of the1990s saw a signifi-cant change in the international rules gov-erning national trade policies for agriculture makes.That set of changes made this an active decade for agricultural trade professionals. Despite the signing of the General Agree-ment on Tariffs and Trade(GATT)in1947 by the advanced industrial countries,and the progressive reduction of tariffs on imports of manufactures,there had been little progress on reducing agricultural trade barriers.The 7Policy dialogue in international bodies such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development contributed signifi-cantly to the paradigm shift,and this dialogue was an extension of the academic discussions of the time.changing paradigms of economic policy that started in the mid-1980s led eventually in1995to the full incorporation of agriculture intothe successor to the GATT,the World Trade Organization.8Multimarket and economy-wide models became still more sophisticated.This was an age of detailed empirical workon agricultural trade rather than one of con-ceptual improvements.But agricultural tradewas becoming mainstream in agricultural eco-nomics curricula,and domestic policy coursesin the United States and the EU began to include some“open economy”issues.Mean-while,agricultural trade itself was changingwith the globalization of the food industry, posing novel challenges for economists.It is clearly too early to judge the lasting nature of contributions since the beginning ofthe new millennium,but the expansion of the range of trade issues connected with environ-mental,consumer,animal welfare,water,and climate change issues has greatly broadenedthe focus of agricultural trade analysts.Recent concerns over the impact of price spikes onfood security and of the use of agriculturalcrops as biomass for fuel have kept agricul-tural trade issues high on the international agenda.Rapid growth in processed and high-value agricultural and food products,and a revolu-tionary spread of retail supermarkets accom-panied the“second wave”of globalization inthe modern era,so that it is no longer fancifulto talk of a global market for farm prod-ucts.Some economists focus on WTO issues, which have become a significant subfield of agricultural trade research and analysis.Oth-ers take a development view:Much empiricalwork on agricultural trade now is done by those examining developing-country issues,includ-ing questions such as the use of trade policyas an element in food security or antipoverty programs.Still others study regional or bilat-eral trade arrangements in all their glory, pondering the balance between the benefitsof partial liberalization and the costs of giv-ing preferred access to high-cost producers.Many contributions are now made by those working in(or with)multilateral institutions (such as the World Bank,the Organisationfor Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD],and the United Nations Confer-ence on Trade and Development[UNCTAD]),8However,trade negotiations have continued to pivot on thethorny issue of liberalization of farm product trade,as evidencedby the current problems in the WTO’s Doha Round.at Rijksuniversiteit Groningen on April 26, Downloaded from428April2010Amer.J.Agr.Econ.often in collaborative studies.This seems to reflect a shift in the way in which agricultural trade research has been organized,a topic to which we return at the end of the paper.As a way of highlighting the ways in which the profession has responded to these chang-ing events,we organize our subjective survey around six areas.Each area is an example of a cumulative advance in understanding,starting with one or two articles and books and devel-oping into a body of more or less accepted wisdom.Contribution#1:Understanding the behavior of international commodity pricesOne of the most persistent questions in agri-cultural trade is whether there are consistent long-run trends in international market prices for agricultural commodities.On the one hand, supply constraints(limited land area)in the face of demand growth(population and per capita income)could push farm product prices ever higher.On the other hand,as consumers spend a high share of rising incomes on non-food items(the Engel effect),economic growth will cause a shift in demand away from basic foods.Relatively rapid agricultural productiv-ity growth will lower the costs of farm produc-tion and hence tend to lower farm prices.The evidence for much of this century appeared to point to a declining price trend.9However,the significance of this trend became a matter of considerable controversy in the1960s.The variability of prices has also been a major topic for investigation over the years. High prices in the early1970s brought this issue to the fore,and a more recent price spike in 2007–8has renewed concerns about the corro-sive economic impact of market instability.Pri-mary product prices in international markets are notoriously more volatile than prices for other products.How much of the price volatil-ity is due to the characteristics of markets(e.g., supply shocks from weather or disease)and how much to government intervention became a subject for study in the1970s and1980s. Commodity Prices and the Terms of Trade The behavior of prices of agricultural com-modities on world markets has been an understandable obsession with economists.Of specific interest to agricultural trade analysis is 9This is in contrast to recent evidence for the period from the late eighteenth to the early twentieth century(Williamson2008).the trend in the relative price of agricultural products compared with nonagricultural prod-ucts.The terms of trade for agricultural(andother primary)products have featured promi-nently in debates about the possible bias ofthe trade system toward particular groups of countries.The debate on whether the economic system generated outcomes that were stacked against developing countries was highly visiblein the1960s.Prebisch(1950)and Singer(1950)had come independently to the conclusion thatthere was a structural reason for the observed decline in the price of agriculture relativeto manufactured goods,reinforcing the ten-dency due to the different income elasticities. Imperfect markets in industrial goods allowed manufacturers to retain much of the benefitsfrom productivity increases rather than pass-ing them on to consumers,whereas agricultural productivity gains were passed directly to con-sumers(or at least processors)in the formof lower prices.As a consequence,the termsof trade turned progressively against the rural “periphery”in favor of the industrial“center.”The concept proved powerful in political termsand was a major motivation for the foundingof UNCTAD in1964and the calls for a New International Economic Order by developing countries in the1970s.The Prebisch/Singer hypothesis has donebetter as a political call to arms than as a statis-tical conclusion.A major revision of the datathat had originally been used was publishedby Grilli and Yang(1988),which broadly con-firmed a downward trend.10But other analysts disagreed with the interpretation of the data: Trends in prices over the past100years areby no means smooth.There have indeed beensharp declines in agricultural prices(particu-larly in1920)but also periods where the trendis upward(over thefirst part of the twenti-eth century),when it disappears(from1920until the late1970s),and when a strong down-ward trend begins(until1990)(Ocampo andParra2002).Cashin and Mc Dermott(2002, 2006)confirm these results and reject boththe existence of a long-run trend and the evidence of structural changes in the series used.The past decade has seen a recovery of prices,and many argue that the trend maybe upward for at least a few more years to come.Moreover,the link between terms oftrade and economic development has become10Their data have since been updated to2000by Pfaffenzeller, Newbolt,and Rayner(2007).at Rijksuniversiteit Groningen on April 26, Downloaded fromJosling et al.Understanding International Trade in Agricultural Products429more blurred.Identification of“primary prod-uct exporters”with“developing countries”looks increasingly dated:For many key farm commodities,high-income countries are the major exporters,and for many developing countries—especially in Asia—manufactured goods now dominate their exports.The recent revival of the idea that agricul-tural prices may be on a long-term upward trend owes much to three phenomena:rapid growth in emerging countries,particularly in China,India,and Brazil,with its implication for dietary improvements;the extraordinary increase in oil prices in2007,which raised energy costs in agriculture and led to gov-ernmental mandates and subsidies for biofu-els;and the apparent stagnation in technical advance in agriculture as a result of declin-ing research expenditures.Contributions to the understanding of these price movements have been somewhat contradictory.Somefind a sig-nificant role for speculation(Gilbert2008); others for biofuel policies(OECD and Food and Agriculture Organization[FAO]2008). But what seems generally agreed is that agri-cultural commodity prices now have a direct link with the price of petroleum,once it exceeds a threshold level at which biofuels become a privately profitable substitute for fossil fuels. International Price ShocksThe importance of commodity pricefluctua-tions and of the domestic policy responses to them was made apparent in the1970s.The quadrupling of petroleum prices in1973–74 and their doubling again in1979–80,when the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Coun-tries(OPEC)coordinated major reductions in supply,triggered a renewed focus on analyzing the consequences of such nonfarm shocks for the agricultural sector.Initially the focus of this literature was on analyzing the impact on con-sumers andfirms,as producers faced sharply higher energy costs.But the magnitude of the petroleum price stimulated massive and rapid exploration for and exploitation of new energy reserves.Such supply reactions were incorpo-rated in the analysis of price impacts,leading to what became known as the“Dutch Disease”literature that sought initially to explain the effects on other sectors of the Dutch economy following the discovery and exploitation of nat-ural gasfields off the coast of the Netherlands. Gregory(1975)made an early contribution to this literature on the impact of nonfarm sector booms:He found that the direct effect is a rise in the demand for labor in the booming nonfarm sector that will initially draw workersfrom other sectors to the booming sector butthat this is followed by an indirect impact on agriculture and other sectors as the change inreal income in the economy affects the demandfor all products.The same core theory has been used to ana-lyze the inter-and intrasectoral and tax policy impacts of agricultural commodity price boomsand busts.In the context of sub-SaharanAfrica,it was common practice for governments totax away windfalls from export price booms, either for depositing in a stabilization fund tobe drawn on to support farmers during periodsof price collapses or to boost treasury coffersso as to allow the boom to be shared withthe rest of the society,including nonboomingfarm industries.But recent analysis has castdoubt upon the ability of governments to effectsuch transfers.Trade economists have also been concernedwith the impact of storage policies on inter-national market price stability and on the optimal storage policy for an open economy.The early theoretical work on stabilization was stimulated by Hueth and Schmitz(1972),who showed the distributional effects in both a closed and an open economy from price stabi-lization brought about through storage.Feder, Just,and Schmitz(1977)analyzed storage poli-cies under trade uncertainty and showed cases where trade would be greatly reduced under ahigh degree of uncertainty.Just et al.(1978) analyzed the welfare implications of storagefrom an international perspective using non-linear assumptions,and Newberry and Stiglitz (1981)expanded the framework for optimal policy intervention under instability for open economies.The persuasive nature of their argu-ments,that private and public storage are code-termined and so the latter might just take theplace of the former,together with the return tolower prices in world markets,has effectively dropped the topic of intergovernmental stor-age agreements from the policy agenda sincethe1980s.11Domestic Policies and Market InstabilityThe argument that governments may exac-erbate international marketfluctuations bytheir own attempts to stabilize domestic prices11The topic did not totally disappear:Williams and Wright (1991),for instance,added additional insights into the welfareimpacts of commodity storage in both trade and no-trade situations.at Rijksuniversiteit Groningen on April 26, Downloaded from。

Introduction:The Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System (MAITS) is a comprehensive initiative launched by the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China in 2007. This system aims to accelerate the construction of modern agricultural industries, enhance national and regional innovation capabilities, and boost the country's autonomous agricultural technology innovation. The primary objective is to provide robust scientific and technological support for the development of modern agriculture and the constructionof socialist new rural areas.Background:In recent years, China has made significant progress in agricultural development, but there are still challenges to be addressed. Traditional agricultural practices are inefficient and unsustainable, leading to low yields and environmental degradation. To overcome these challenges, the MAITS was established to integrate scientific research, technology development, and practical application in agriculture.Structure of the System:The MAITS is composed of several key components, including research centers, functional laboratories, and comprehensive experimental stations. As of 2011, the system encompasses 50 industry technology research centers, 233 functional laboratories, and 1144 comprehensive experimental stations.1. Research Centers:The 50 research centers are dedicated to specific agricultural sectors and are responsible for conducting cutting-edge research and development. Each center is led by a chief scientist, who is an expert in the respective field. These centers focus on areas such as crop science, animal husbandry, horticulture, and agricultural resources management.2. Functional Laboratories:The 233 functional laboratories are designed to address specific technological challenges in agriculture. They work closely with the research centers and provide technical support and expertise to farmers and agricultural enterprises. These laboratories focus on areas such as crop protection, soil management, water conservation, and agricultural machinery.3. Comprehensive Experimental Stations:The 1144 comprehensive experimental stations are located across the country and serve as platforms for transferring agricultural technologies to farmers. These stations conduct field trials, provide training, and offer technical guidance to farmers, ensuring that the latest agricultural technologies are effectively implemented.Key Features of the System:1. Integrated Research and Development:The MAITS emphasizes the integration of research and development activities, ensuring that new technologies are quickly translated into practical applications. This approach fosters innovation and promotes the adoption of advanced agricultural practices.2. Chief Scientist System:The system employs a chief scientist system, where leading experts in each field are responsible for guiding research and development efforts. This ensures that the highest standards of scientific excellence are maintained throughout the system.3. Collaborative Partnerships:The MAITS encourages collaboration between research institutions, universities, and agricultural enterprises. This collaborationfacilitates the sharing of knowledge, resources, and expertise, leading to more effective and efficient agricultural practices.4. Technology Transfer and Extension:The system places a strong emphasis on technology transfer and extension, ensuring that the latest agricultural technologies are accessible to farmers and agricultural enterprises. This is achieved through comprehensive experimental stations, training programs, and technical guidance.Major Industry Technology Systems:The MAITS covers a wide range of agricultural sectors, with each sector having its own industry technology system. Some of the major systems include:1. National Rice Industry Technology System: Led by Chief Scientist Cheng Shihua from the Chinese Academy of Rice Research.2. National Corn Industry Technology System: Led by Chief Scientist Zhang Shihuang from the Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.3. National Wheat Industry Technology System: Led by Chief ScientistXiao Shihuo from the Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.4. National Soybean Industry Technology System: Led by Chief Scientist Han Tianfu from the Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.5. National Barley and Buckwheat Industry Technology System: Led byChief Scientist Zhang Jing from the Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.6. National Sorghum and Millet Industry Technology System: Led by Chief Scientist Diao Xianmin from the Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.7. National Oat and Buckwheat Industry Technology System: Led by Chief Scientist Ren Changzhong from the Jilin Province Agricultural Academy of Sciences.8. National Edible Bean Industry Technology System: Led by Chief Scientist Cheng Xuzhen from the Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.9. National Potato Industry Technology System: Led by Chief Scientist Jin Liping from the Institute of Vegetable and Flower Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.10. National Sweet Potato Industry Technology System: Led by Chief Scientist Ma Dafu from the Xuzhou Agricultural Research Institute, Jiangsu Xuhuai Area.Conclusion:The Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System is a crucial initiative that aims to transform China's agricultural sector through the integration of scientific research, technology development, and practical application. By fostering innovation, promoting technology transfer, and enhancing the capabilities of farmers and agricultural enterprises, the MAITS is poised to contribute significantly to the country's agricultural development and the well-being of its rural population.。

农业现代化英文作文英文回答：Agricultural modernization is an important aspect of the development of a country. It involves the use of advanced technology, scientific methods, and efficient management practices to improve the productivity and sustainability of agricultural production.One of the key benefits of agricultural modernization is increased productivity. With the use of modern technology such as machinery, irrigation systems, and genetically modified seeds, farmers are able to produce higher yields in a shorter period of time. This not only meets the growing demand for food but also helps to reduce poverty and improve the standard of living for farmers.Another advantage of agricultural modernization is the improvement in the quality of agricultural products. Through the use of advanced farming techniques and bettercrop management practices, farmers are able to producecrops that are healthier, more nutritious, and free from harmful substances. This not only benefits consumers but also opens up opportunities for farmers to access higher-value markets both domestically and internationally.Furthermore, agricultural modernization plays a crucial role in sustainable development. By adopting sustainable farming practices such as organic farming, crop rotation, and integrated pest management, farmers can minimize the negative impact on the environment and preserve natural resources for future generations. This helps to protect biodiversity, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and mitigate climate change.In addition, agricultural modernization can also contribute to rural development and poverty alleviation. By improving the productivity and profitability of agriculture, farmers can generate more income and create jobopportunities in rural areas. This helps to reduce rural-urban migration and promote balanced regional development. Moreover, the development of agribusinesses andagricultural value chains can provide additional income opportunities for farmers and stimulate economic growth in rural communities.In conclusion, agricultural modernization brings numerous benefits to a country. It increases productivity, improves the quality of agricultural products, promotes sustainable development, and contributes to rural development and poverty alleviation. Therefore, it iscrucial for governments and stakeholders to invest in research and development, provide necessary infrastructure and support, and promote the adoption of modern farming practices to ensure the success of agricultural modernization.中文回答：农业现代化是一个国家发展的重要方面。

现代农业英文作文Modern agriculture is all about innovation and technology. Farmers are using drones to monitor their fields, precision farming to optimize crop yields, and genetic engineering to develop new and improved plant varieties.The use of pesticides and fertilizers has increased significantly in modern agriculture. While these chemicals can help protect crops and boost yields, they also have negative impacts on the environment and human health.Sustainable agriculture is gaining traction in the modern world. Farmers are adopting practices such as crop rotation, cover cropping, and organic farming to minimize their environmental footprint and promote biodiversity.The global food supply chain has become more complex in modern agriculture. With the rise of globalization, food is now being transported across long distances, leading toconcerns about food safety and security.Climate change is a major challenge for modern agriculture. Farmers are facing unpredictable weather patterns, extreme temperatures, and natural disasters that can devastate their crops and livelihoods.The role of technology in modern agriculture cannot be overstated. From automated machinery to advanced irrigation systems, technology is revolutionizing the way we grow and harvest our food.Despite the advancements in modern agriculture, small-scale farmers in developing countries still face numerous challenges. Access to resources, market opportunities, and education are all critical issues that need to be addressed.In conclusion, modern agriculture is a complex and dynamic industry that continues to evolve in response to changing global demands and challenges. It is crucial for farmers, policymakers, and consumers to work together toensure a sustainable and resilient food system for future generations.。

英语作文-农业科学研究和试验发展行业的农产品市场调查与消费者需求分析Agricultural science research and experimental development in the agricultural industry is crucial for the growth and development of the agricultural sector. In order to understand the market demand and consumer preferences for agricultural products, it is essential to conduct market surveys and analyze consumer needs. This article aims to provide an analysis of the agricultural product market and consumer demands in the context of agricultural science research and experimental development.1. Market Analysis:The agricultural product market is influenced by various factors such as population growth, changing dietary patterns, technological advancements, and environmental sustainability. It is important to analyze these factors to gain insights into the market trends and demands.1.1 Population Growth:With the global population expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, there is a growing need for sustainable agricultural practices and increased agricultural productivity. This presents an opportunity for agricultural science research and experimental development to focus on developing innovative solutions to meet the rising demand for food.1.2 Changing Dietary Patterns:As incomes rise and lifestyles change, there is a shift in dietary patterns towards healthier and more diverse food options. Consumers are increasingly demanding organic, locally sourced, and sustainably produced agricultural products. Agricultural science research can play a vital role in developing technologies and practices that meet these changing consumer preferences.1.3 Technological Advancements:Advancements in technology have revolutionized the agricultural industry. Precision agriculture, biotechnology, and genetic engineering have enabled farmers to enhance productivity, reduce resource use, and improve the quality of agricultural products. Market surveys can help identify the technological needs of farmers and consumers, facilitating targeted research and development efforts.1.4 Environmental Sustainability:Sustainable agriculture is gaining prominence due to concerns over climate change, soil degradation, and water scarcity. Consumers are increasingly conscious of the environmental impact of agricultural practices and are demanding eco-friendly and socially responsible products. Agricultural science research can focus on developing sustainable farming techniques, reducing chemical inputs, and promoting biodiversity conservation.2. Consumer Demand Analysis:Understanding consumer demands is crucial for agricultural science research and experimental development. By analyzing consumer preferences, researchers can develop products that meet market demands and ensure their successful adoption.2.1 Quality and Safety:Consumers prioritize the quality and safety of agricultural products. They expect products to be free from contaminants, pesticides, and harmful additives. Agricultural science research can focus on developing safe and sustainable production methods, ensuring that products meet stringent quality standards.2.2 Health and Nutrition:Consumer awareness about the link between diet and health has increased significantly. There is a growing demand for nutritious and functional agricultural products that promote health and well-being. Research can focus on developing crops with enhanced nutritional content, functional foods, and nutraceuticals to meet these demands.2.3 Convenience and Variety:Consumers are seeking convenience and variety in agricultural products. Ready-to-eat meals, processed foods, and value-added products are gaining popularity. Agricultural science research can focus on developing innovative processing techniques, packaging solutions, and new product formulations to cater to these demands.2.4 Price and Affordability:Price and affordability remain important factors influencing consumer choices. While consumers may prioritize quality and sustainability, they also seek affordable options. Agricultural science research can focus on developing cost-effective production methods, reducing wastage, and improving supply chain efficiencies to ensure affordable agricultural products.In conclusion, agricultural science research and experimental development play a crucial role in understanding the market demand and consumer preferences for agricultural products. By conducting market surveys and analyzing consumer needs, researchers can develop innovative solutions that meet the evolving demands of the agricultural product market. This will contribute to sustainable agricultural practices, improved productivity, and enhanced consumer satisfaction.。

农业现代发展英文作文初中Title: Modern Agriculture: Nurturing the Future。

1. Unleashing the Power of Technology。

In the realm of modern agriculture, we're not just sowing seeds, but seeds of transformation. Imagine a farm where robots roam, drones monitor, and data drives every decision. This isn't your grandpa's farm, it's the future of farming, named "Smart Agriculture" (SA).2. Precision Farming: The New Norm。

The precision agriculture revolution has taken root, with GPS-guided tractors and sensors that measure soil health. It's not about guesswork, it's about precision, like a digital compass guiding us to optimize yields and conserve resources. It's "Smart Farming 2.0", where every plot is a precision masterpiece.3. Sustainable Solutions for a Changing World。

Climate change? Not a challenge, but an opportunity to adapt. Greenhouses, vertical farming, and hydroponics are the green revolution, nurturing crops in controlled environments, reducing water waste and carbon footprint.It's "Climate-Friendly Agriculture", where sustainability is the harvest.4. Healthier Crops, Healthier Consumers。

研究和农业英语作文Research in agriculture covers a vast spectrum of topics. From studying soil composition to exploring genetic modifications, researchers are constantly pushing boundaries. They delve into the intricacies of plant physiology, seeking ways to enhance crop yield and resilience. Their experiments extend from controlled laboratory settings to sprawling fields, where the unpredictable forces of nature reign supreme.In the realm of agricultural economics, analysts scrutinize market trends with hawk-like precision. They assess the impact of trade policies, climate fluctuations, and consumer behavior on the agricultural sector. Their findings inform policymakers and stakeholders, guiding decisions that shape the global food landscape.On the frontlines of agricultural technology, innovators engineer cutting-edge solutions to age-old challenges. Drones soar above fields, capturing data thatunveils hidden patterns and anomalies. Robots equipped with advanced sensors meticulously tend to crops, optimizing resource usage while minimizing environmental impact.In the domain of sustainable agriculture, advocates champion practices that harmonize productivity with ecological stewardship. They promote agroforestry systems that mimic natural ecosystems, fostering biodiversity and soil health. Through agroecological approaches, farmers cultivate resilience in the face of climate uncertainty, safeguarding food security for generations to come.In the field of agricultural education, educators nurture the next generation of agrarian leaders. They impart practical skills alongside theoretical knowledge, bridging the gap between academia and real-world application. Through experiential learning opportunities, they cultivate a deep-rooted passion for agriculture, inspiring future trailblazers to tackle pressing agricultural challenges head-on.In the sphere of agricultural policy, lawmakersnavigate a complex web of competing interests and ideologies. They strive to strike a delicate balance between fostering innovation, ensuring food accessibility, and safeguarding environmental integrity. Their decisions reverberate across diverse landscapes, shaping the trajectory of agricultural development on both local and global scales.Amidst these diverse pursuits, the overarching goal remains constant: to foster a thriving agricultural ecosystem that nourishes both people and planet. Through collaboration, innovation, and a steadfast commitment to sustainability, researchers, policymakers, and practitioners continue to chart a course towards a more resilient and equitable food future.。

Agricultural Technology and AgriculturalModernizationIn the 21st century, the world is witnessing an unprecedented revolution in agriculture, driven by the rapid advancement of agricultural technology and thepursuit of agricultural modernization. This revolution is not only transforming the way we produce food but also reshaping the agricultural landscapes and economies across the globe.At the core of this revolution is the integration of cutting-edge technologies into agricultural practices. Precision agriculture, a subset of this integration,utilizes data analytics and sensors to monitor and manage crops, soil, and climate conditions with unprecedented accuracy. This allows farmers to optimize their inputs, reduce waste, and increase yields. For instance, the use of drones for crop monitoring and the application of precision fertilizer and pesticide spraying have significantly improved crop health and productivity.Another significant trend is the emergence of smart farming techniques. These techniques involve the use ofinternet-connected devices and sensors to collect and analyze data, enabling farmers to make informed decisions about crop management. Smart irrigation systems, for example, can automatically adjust water flow based on soil moisture levels, thereby conserving water and ensuring optimal crop growth.Moreover, the development of biotechnology and genetic engineering has opened new avenues for crop improvement. Through genetic modification, scientists can enhance crops' resistance to pests and diseases, improve nutritional value, and even increase yields. These advances have the potential to significantly improve food security and agricultural sustainability.However, the rapid pace of technological advancements also poses challenges. Farmers need to be equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge to effectively use these technologies. Additionally, there are concerns about the potential environmental and ethical implications of some of these technologies, especially in the realm of genetic modification. Therefore, it is crucial to ensure thatagricultural technology is developed and applied in a responsible and sustainable manner.Agricultural modernization, on the other hand, is a broader concept that encompasses not only technological advancements but also changes in agricultural policies, institutions, and markets. It involves the transition from traditional, subsistence-oriented agriculture to a more market-oriented, productive, and efficient system. This transition is driven by a range of factors, including population growth, urbanization, and changes in consumer preferences.In the context of agricultural modernization, technology plays a pivotal role. It helps to increase agricultural productivity, reduce costs, and improve the quality of agricultural products. This, in turn, enables farmers to earn higher incomes and invest in further improving their farms. At the same time, agricultural modernization also involves the development of infrastructure, such as roads and irrigation systems, and the establishment of efficient markets for agricultural products.It is worth noting that agricultural modernization does not mean abandoning traditional agricultural practices or ignoring the needs and preferences of rural communities. On the contrary, it should be a process that respects and builds on local knowledge and resources while incorporating modern technologies and practices.In conclusion, agricultural technology and agricultural modernization are intertwined processes that are transforming the agricultural sector globally. While technological advancements are opening new possibilitiesfor increasing productivity and efficiency, agricultural modernization is providing the necessary framework and infrastructure to support these advancements. However, itis important to ensure that these processes are implemented in a responsible and sustainable manner, taking into account the needs and preferences of farmers and rural communities, as well as the potential environmental and ethical implications.**农业科技与农业现代化**21世纪，世界正经历着一场前所未有的农业革命，这场革命由农业科技的迅速发展和农业现代化的追求所驱动。

现代农业英语作文模板{z}Title: Modern AgricultureIntroduction:Modern agriculture has revolutionized the way food is produced, with advancements in technology and practices transforming the industry.This essay will explore the key aspects of modern agriculture, including its benefits, challenges, and the role it plays in sustainable development.Body:1.Technological Advancements:Modern agriculture has been greatly influenced by technological advancements.The use of precision agriculture, for instance, has allowed farmers to optimize their yields by precisely managing their crops.Drones, satellite imagery, and IoT devices are now commonly used to monitor and manage farmland, resulting in increased efficiency and reduced environmental impact.2.Genetic Engineering:Genetic engineering has played a significant role in modern agriculture.Through the modification of crop genes, scientists have developed resistant varieties that can withstand harsh weather conditions, pests, and diseases.Additionally, genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have been engineered to enhance nutritional value and increase yields,helping to meet the growing demand for food.3.Sustainable Practices:Sustainability is a crucial aspect of modern agriculture.Farmers are increasingly adopting regenerative farming techniques, such as crop rotation and cover cropping, to improve soil health and reduce the need for synthetic fertilizers and pesticides.Furthermore, the integration of livestock and crop farming systems (e.g., agroforestry) promotes biodiversity and enhances ecosystem services.4.Animal Welfare:In modern agriculture, animal welfare has become a significant concern.Intensive animal farming systems have been criticized for their negative impacts on animal health and welfare.As a result, there is a growing movement towards more sustainable and ethical practices, such as free-range farming and the use of animal welfare-friendly technologies.5.Food Security and Safety:Modern agriculture plays a vital role in ensuring food security and safety.With the help of advanced technologies and efficient supply chain management, farmers can produce and distribute food more effectively, reducing food waste and ensuring a stable food supply.Additionally, strict regulations and monitoring systems help to minimize the risk of foodborne illnesses and ensure consumer safety.Challenges:1.Environmental Impact:Despite its advancements, modern agriculture faces challenges related to its environmental impact.Intensive farming practices can lead to soil degradation, water pollution, and loss of biodiversity.Therefore, it is crucial to promote sustainable farming methods and reduce the negative environmental consequences of modern agriculture.2.Climate Change:Climate change poses a significant threat to modern agriculture.Rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and extreme weather events can negatively impact crop yields and livestock productivity.To address this challenge, farmers and scientists must adapt to these changing conditions by implementing climate-resilient practices and developing climate-smart crops.3.Social and Economic Inequalities:Modern agriculture often exacerbates social and economic rge-scale industrial farms may marginalize small-scale farmers, leading to a loss of traditional knowledge and practices.Additionally, the concentration of power in the hands of a few corporations can manipulate market prices and harm farmers" livelihoods.Efforts should be made to promote equitable and inclusive agricultural systems.Conclusion:Modern agriculture has brought about significant changes in the way food is produced.Technological advancements, genetic engineering, and sustainable practices have contributed to increased yields, improved food security, and enhanced ecosystem services.However, challenges related to environmental impact, climate change, and social inequalities must be addressed to ensure the long-term viability of modern agriculture.By promoting sustainable and ethical practices, we can work towards a future where agriculture supports both human well-being and the health of our planet.。

The Journey of Agricultural ModernizationAgricultural modernization is a transformative process that involves the integration of advanced technologies, innovative practices, and sustainable methods into traditional agricultural systems. This journey marks a significant shift from traditional, labor-intensive farming to a more efficient, technology-driven model that enhances productivity, preserves natural resources, and improves the overall quality of life for rural communities.At the heart of agricultural modernization lies the application of technology. Precision agriculture, for instance, utilizes GPS, sensors, and data analytics to monitor crop health, soil conditions, and weather patterns, enabling farmers to make informed decisions about planting, fertilization, and pest control. Smart irrigation systems conserve water by delivering precise amounts to crops based on their needs, while drones and satellites provide aerial surveillance for disease detection and crop monitoring.Innovative practices also play a crucial role in agricultural modernization. Farmers are adopting sustainable farming techniques such as crop rotation, organicfertilization, and integrated pest management to reduce their reliance on chemical inputs and minimize the negative impact on the environment. At the same time, they are exploring new market opportunities by diversifying their crop choices and focusing on high-value products that fetch better prices.Moreover, agricultural modernization is enhancing rural development and improving the livelihoods of farmers. Modern agricultural practices increase yields, leading to higher incomes for farmers and their families. This, in turn, fosters economic growth in rural areas, attracting investments in infrastructure, education, and healthcare.However, the journey of agricultural modernization is not without challenges. Farmers may face difficulties in adopting new technologies due to limited access, high costs, or lack of training. Addressing these challenges requires a concerted effort from governments, private sector organizations, and rural communities to provide financial support, training, and extension services to farmers.In conclusion, agricultural modernization is a vital process that holds the key to enhancing agricultural productivity, preserving natural resources, and improving rural livelihoods. By embracing advanced technologies,innovative practices, and sustainable methods, we can pave the way for a more prosperous and sustainable future for agriculture.。

Ladies and Gentlemen,Good morning/afternoon. It is a great honor to stand before you today to discuss a topic that is not only crucial for our current generation but also for the generations to come – the need for agricultural modernization. As we navigate the complexities of the 21st century, it has become increasingly evident that the traditional methods of farming are no longer sufficient to meet the demands of a growing global population and a changing climate.IntroductionAgriculture has been the backbone of human civilization for millennia. From the earliest of times, our survival has been intertwined with the ability to cultivate the land and produce food. However, the world has changed dramatically since then. Today, we face a multitude of challenges that require a paradigm shift in how we approach agriculture. These challenges include:1. Population Growth: The global population is projected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050, which means we will need to produce more food than ever before.2. Climate Change: Climate change is altering weather patterns, leading to more frequent and severe natural disasters that can devastate agricultural yields.3. Resource Depletion: Non-renewable resources such as water and soil are being depleted at an alarming rate, threatening the long-term sustainability of our food systems.4. Economic Challenges: Many small-scale farmers are struggling to compete with large-scale industrial operations, leading to a loss of biodiversity and cultural heritage.The Case for Agricultural ModernizationAgricultural modernization is not about adopting new technologies for the sake of it. It is about finding sustainable solutions to thechallenges we face. Here are some key reasons why we need to embrace agricultural modernization:1. Increased Productivity: Modern agricultural practices, such as precision farming and genetically modified organisms (GMOs), can significantly increase crop yields, helping to meet the growing demand for food.2. Resource Efficiency: By adopting more efficient irrigation systems and crop management techniques, we can reduce water usage and minimize the loss of soil fertility.3. Environmental Protection: Sustainable agricultural practices can help mitigate the effects of climate change by sequestering carbon in thesoil and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.4. Economic Growth: Modernization can lead to increased employment opportunities, especially in rural areas, and can help stimulate economic growth.Key Components of Agricultural ModernizationTo achieve agricultural modernization, we need to focus on several key components:1. Technology Transfer: Investing in research and development totransfer new technologies to farmers, especially those in developing countries.2. Education and Training: Providing farmers with the necessary skills and knowledge to adopt new practices effectively.3. Infrastructure Development: Improving irrigation systems, roads, and storage facilities to support modern farming operations.4. Policy Support: Creating favorable policies that encourage sustainable agricultural practices and provide incentives for farmers to modernize their operations.Case Studies of Successful Agricultural ModernizationSeveral countries have successfully implemented agricultural modernization strategies. For instance:1. India: Through initiatives like the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY), India has improved its irrigation infrastructure and promoted precision agriculture, leading to increased crop yields.2. China: China has invested heavily in agricultural research and development, resulting in significant advancements in crop productionand pest management.3. Kenya: Kenya's mobile-based agricultural information service, M-Farm, has helped smallholder farmers make informed decisions about their crops, leading to improved productivity.Challenges and SolutionsDespite the numerous benefits of agricultural modernization, there are challenges that need to be addressed:1. Adoption Barriers: Smallholder farmers may lack the financial resources or knowledge to adopt new technologies.2. Ethical Concerns: There is a need to ensure that modernization does not lead to the displacement of traditional farming practices and the loss of biodiversity.3. Climate Change: Adapting to the changing climate is a complex taskthat requires global cooperation and innovation.To overcome these challenges, we need to:1. Promote Inclusive Development: Ensure that the benefits of modernization are shared equitably among all stakeholders.2. Encourage Ethical Innovation: Develop technologies that are sustainable and respectful of the environment and cultural heritage.3. Foster International Collaboration: Work together to address the global challenges posed by climate change and resource depletion.ConclusionIn conclusion, agricultural modernization is not a luxury but a necessity for our future. By embracing sustainable practices, investing in technology, and fostering collaboration, we can create a moreresilient and prosperous food system. Let us all work together to ensure that our children and grandchildren inherit a world where agriculture is not just a way of life but a beacon of hope for a sustainable future.Thank you.。