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经济学原理曼昆12引言经济学原理是理解和解释经济现象的基本概念和原则的集合。
曼昆（N. Gregory Mankiw）的《经济学原理》是一本广受欢迎的经济学教材，已经出版到第12版。
本文将介绍《经济学原理曼昆12》这本教材的主要内容和特点。
主要内容第一部分：供给与需求第一部分主要讨论经济学的基本原理和供求模型。
其中包括： 1. 经济学原理的介绍和基本概念 2. 市场供求关系和均衡价格 3. 弹性和其对市场的影响 4. 政府干预和市场失灵的案例分析通过这一部分的学习，读者将对经济学的基本框架和分析方法有一个初步的了解。
第二部分：市场的工作方式第二部分深入探讨了市场经济中不同行为体之间的相互作用和如何使资源得以有效配置。
其中包括： 1. 企业和生产决策 2. 消费者行为和边际效用 3. 市场效率和福利经济学 4. 市场与政府之间的关系通过这一部分的学习，读者将对市场经济的运作机制有一个更深入的理解，并能够分析不同的市场情境。
第三部分：经济增长和宏观经济学第三部分探讨了经济增长和宏观经济学的相关问题。
其中包括： 1. 经济增长的驱动力 2. 货币与通货膨胀 3. 失业和劳动力市场 4. 财政政策和货币政策通过这一部分的学习，读者将对宏观经济学的基本原理有一个初步的了解，并能够分析宏观经济政策的影响。
特点《经济学原理曼昆12》这本教材具有以下特点：清晰的文本和例子曼昆以简洁明了的语言讲解经济学的复杂原理，配以具体的例子和图表，使得读者更容易理解和记忆。
他注重通过生活中的经济事例来诠释理论概念，使经济学这门学科更具实际应用价值。
理论与实践的结合曼昆在教材中注重将理论与实践相结合。
他通过案例分析和实际数据的引用，让读者能够将所学理论应用到实际的经济问题中，增强学习的实用性。
对其他学科的引用经济学与其他学科有着密切的关联，曼昆在教材中引用了许多来自历史、政治学和心理学等学科的研究成果，以拓宽读者的知识视野，加深他们对经济学的理解。
Chapter 12 第三题和第五题练习提示3. (a)Credit Debit An American buys a share of German stock(Financial account, U.S. asset import) -The American pays with a check on his Swiss bank account(Financial account, U.S. asset import) +(b) If the German stock seller deposits the U.S. check in its German bank,Credit Debit An American buys a share of German stock(Financial account, U.S. asset import) -The American pays with a check on his American bank account(Financial account, U.S. asset export) +(c)Credit Debit The sale of dollars by the Korean government(Financial account, U.S. asset export) -The Korean citizens who buy the dollars use them to buy American goods(Current account, U.S. goods export) +Credit Debit The sale of dollars by the Korean government(Financial account, U.S. asset export) -The Korean citizens who buy the dollars use them to buy American assets(Financial account, U.S. asset export) +(d) Suppose the company issuing the traveler’s check uses a checking account in France to make payments,Credit Debit The company issuing the traveler’s check pays the French restaurateur for the meal (Current account, U.S. service import) - Sale of claim on the company issuing the traveler’s check(Financial account, U.S. assets export) +(e)Credit Debit The California winemaker contributes a case of cabernet sauvignon abroad(Current account, U.S. unilateral current transfers) - Receivable of the California winemaker(Current account, U.S. goods export) +Credit Debit Receivable of the California winemaker(Current account, U.S. goods export) -The California winemaker contributes a case of cabernet sauvignon abroad(Current account, U.S. unilateral current transfers) +(f)Credit Debit The U.S. owned factory in Britain makes local earning(Current account, U.S. income receipts) +The U.S. owned factory in Britain deposits its local earning in a British bank(Financial account, U.S. asset import) -Credit Debit The U.S. owned factory in Britain uses its local earning to reinvest(Current account, U.S. income receipts) -The U.S. owned factory in Britain makes the payment for reinvestment(Financial account, U.S. asset import) +5.(a) Since Pecunia had a current account deficit of $1b and a nonreserve financial account surplus of $500m in 2002, the balance of Pecunia’s official reserve transaction should be +$500m as follow:Pecunia international transactionCredit Debit Current account -$1b Financial accountThe balance of Pecunia’s official reserve transaction +$500mThe balance of nonreserve assets +$500mThe balance of payment of Pecunia = the negative value of the balance of Pecunia’s official reserve transaction= -$500m.Pecunia had a financial account surplus of $1b in 2002; it implies Pecunia’s net foreign assets decreased by $1b in 2002.(b) Pecunian central bank had to sell $500m, so Pecunian central bank’s foreign reserves decreased by $500m:Pecunia international transactionCredit Debit Current account -$1b Financial accountPecunian official reserve assets +$500mForeign official reserve assets 0 0The balance of nonreserve assets +$500m(c) There was no need for Pecunian central bank to sell dollar, and Pecunian central bank’s foreign reserves increased by $100m as shown below:Pecunia international transactionCredit Debit Current account -$1b Financial accountPecunian official reserve assets -$100m Foreign official reserve assets + $600mThe balance of nonreserve assets +$500m(d)Pecunia international transactionCredit Debit Current account -$1b Financial accountPecunian official reserve assets -$100m Foreign official reserve assets + $600mThe balance of nonreserve assets +$500mThe following is for your reference:3.(a) The purchase of the German stock is a debit in the U.S. financial account. There is acorresponding credit in the U.S. financial account when the American pays witha check on his Swiss bank account because his claims on Switzerland fall by theamount of the check. This is a case in which an American trades one foreign assetfor another.(b) Again, there is a U.S. financial account debit as a result of the purchase of a Germanstock by an American. T he corresponding credit in this case occurs when theGerman seller deposits the U.S. check in its German bank and that bank lends themoney to a German importer (in which case the credit will be in the U.S. currentaccount) o r to an individual or corporation that purchases a U.S. asset (in whichcase the credit will be in the U.S. financial account). Ultimately, there will be someaction taken by the bank which results in a credit in the U.S. balance of payments.(c) The foreign exchange intervention by the French government involves the sale of aU.S. asset, the dollars it holds in the United States, and thus represents a debititem in the U.S. financial account. The French citizens who buy the dollars mayuse them to buy American goods, which would be an American current accountcredit,or an American asset, which would be an American financial accountcredit.(d) Suppose the company issuing the traveler’s check uses a checking account inFrance to make payments. When this company pays the French restaurateur for themeal, its payment represents a debit in the U.S. current account.The company issuing the traveler’s check must sell assets (deplete its checking account in France) to make this payment. This reduction in the French assetsowned by that company represents a credit in the American financial account.(e) There is no credit or debit in either the financial or the current account sincethere has been no market transaction.(f) There is no recording in the U.S. Balance of Payments of this offshore transaction.5.(a) Since non-central bank financial inflows fell short of the current-account deficit by$500 million, the balance of payments of Pecunia (official settlements balance) was–$500 million. The country as a whole somehow had to finance its $1 billioncurrent-account deficit, so Pecunia’s net foreign assets fell by $1 billion.(b) By dipping into its foreign reserves, the central bank of Pecunia financed theportion of the country’s current-account deficit not covered by private financialinflows. Only if foreign central banks had acquired Pecunian assets could thePecunian central bank have avoided using$500 million in reserves to complete the financing of the current account. Thus,Pecunia’s central bank lost $500 million in reserves, which would appear as anofficial financial inflow (of the same magnitude) in the country’s balance ofpayments accounts.(c) If foreign official capital inflows to Pecunia were $600 million, the Central Banknow increased its foreign assets by $100 million. Put another way, the countryneeded only $1 billion to cover its current-account deficit, but $1.1 billion flowed into the country (500 million private and600 million from foreign central banks). The Pecunian central bank must, therefore, have used the extra $100 million in foreign borrowing to increase its reserves. The balance of payments is still –500 million, but this is now comprised of 600 million in foreign Central Banks purchasing Pecunia assets and 100 million of Pecunia’s Central Bank purchasing foreign assets, as opposed to Pecunia selling 500 million in assets. Purchases of Pecunian assets by foreign central banks enter their countries’balance of payments accounts as outflows, which are debit items. The rationale is that the transactions result in foreign payments to the Pecunians who sell the assets.(d) Along with non-central bank transactions, the accounts would show an increase inforeign official reserve assets held in Pecunia of $600 million (a financial account credit, or inflow) and an increase Pecunian official reserve assets held abroad of $100 million (a financial account debit, or outflow). Of course, total net financial inflows of $1 billion just cover the current-account deficit.。
