deform-3d热处理

场试验成本;
2、提高模具设计效率,降低生产和材料成 本;
3、缩短新产品得研究开发周期。
DEFORM-3DD就E是F一O套R基M于-工3D艺模简拟介系统得有限元
系统(FEM),专门设计用于分析各种金属成形过程中得三 维(3D)流动,提供极有价值得工艺分析数据,及有关成形 过程中得材料和温度得流动。
DEFORM-3D可以应用于金属成形得冷加工、热加工等 工
UG软件建模完成后可以直接以、stl格式形 式文件导出。
二、网格划分
DEFORM软件就是有限元系统(FEM),所 以必须对所分析得工件进行网格划分。
在DEFORM-3D中,如果用其自身带得网格 剖分程序,只能划分四面体单元,这主要就是为了 考虑网格重划分时得方便和快捷。但就是她也接
收 外部程序所生成得六面体(砖块)网格。网格划 分可以控制网格得密度,使网格得数量进一步减 少,但不至于在变形剧烈得部位产生严重得网格 畸变。
二、导入毛坯几何文件
1、在前处理得物体操作窗口中点击按钮
(Geometry) ,然后再选
择
(Import Geometry),选择在CAD中或其她CAE软件
中得造型文件。(本例中选择安装目录下DEFORM3D\V6、1\Labs得
Block_Billet、STL。)
2、在DEFORM3D v6、1得版
温度得方式为在物体窗口中选中物体Workpiece,点击General按钮,然
后点击按钮
在弹出得输入物体温度窗口中,输入所需
温度。)
七、设置材料
对于那些非刚性材料和考虑 传热影响得刚体(Rigid)材料, 必须按需要设置材料得属性。
1、在物体列表窗口中选择Workpiec
2、在前处理控制窗口中,点击

HEAT TREATMENT WIZARD LAB1. Starting a new problem 12. Initialization 23. Import geometry 24. Generate mesh 25. Material definition 36. Workpiece initialization 57. Medium definition 58. Schedule definition 89. Simulation control 810. Submit simulation 1011. Post processing 11Problem Summary:The Heat Treatment Wizard is a convenient tool to set up complex multiple-operation heat treatment problem. This lab will demonstrate how to use this wizard to prepare a carburization-quench-tempering simulation of a steel part. This lab can also help users understand the capabilities of DEFORM-HT's phase transformation calculation scheme.1. Starting a new problemStart a new Heat Treatment Wizard problem with problem ID "GearHT". You can do so by clicking the “New problem” button and choose “Heat treatment”. Alternatively, you can right click on the directory tree to create an empty directory and click “Heat treatment” on the right side of the main window (See Figure 1).Figure 1: DEFORM GUI Main Window.2. InitializationIn the "Initialization" dialog, set the "Unit System" to SI. Turn on "Deformation", "Diffusion", and "Phase Transformation". Click "Next" (See Figure 2).Figure 2: Heat Treatment Wizard Setup Page.3. Import geometryIn page “Geometry”, choose “import from a geometry, KEY, or DB file” and click “Next”. Go to directory Labs/, and load geometry file “GearTooth.STL”.4. Generate meshIn page “Mesh Generation”, use 8000 for unstructured mesh. Use 1 layer of structured surface layer, set "Thickness mode" to be "ratio to object overall dimension", and 0.005 for the layer thickness. (The structured surface mesh helps provide better thermal and diffusion solution accuracy with less computing time.) Click “Next” (See Figure 3).Figure 3: Mesh Generation window5. Material definitionIn page “Material”, choose “Import from .DB and .KEY” and click “Next”. Import material "Demo_Temper_Steel.KEY" from directory labs/.You can click button "Advance" to view and edit the material and transformation data. Note that this is a complex mixture material with Seven constituents (phases), including Austenite (A), Pearlit+Banite (PB), Martensite (M), Ferrite (F), Low-carbon Martensite (LM), Temper Banite (TB), Temper Ferrite+Cementite (TFC). The transformation kinetics between the phases include A->F, A->PB, A->TB, A->M, PB->A, M->LM, M->A, LM->TFC, TB->A, and TFC->A. Among these kinetics, A->F, A->PB, A->TB, M->LM, and LM->TFC are diffusion-controlled defined by TTT curves. A->M uses Martensitic transformation model, and PB->A, M->A, TB->A, and TFC->A use simplified diffusion model. In addition, A->F has an equilibrium volume fraction that depends on carbon contents.Figure 4: Material Definition Window.6. Workpiece initializationIn page "Workpiece initialization", for "Temperature", choose "Uniform" and set 20 C. For "Atom", choose "Uniform" and input 0.2. For "Phase volume fraction", choose "Uniform" and set 1.0 for "Pearlite + Banite", and zero for the rest.Figure 5: Workpiece Initialization window.7. Medium definitionIn page “Medium details”, you will define various media and heat transfer zones associated with them.• Rename the first medium to “Heating Furnace” and set the “default” heat transfer coefficient (HTC) to constant 0.1.Figure 6: Medium details window.• Add medium “Carb. Furnace” (Carb. for Carburization). Set the “default”heat transfer coefficient (HTC) to constant 0.05.For “Carb. Furnace”, input 0.0001 for the "Diffusion Surface Reaction Rate". • Add a media “Oil”. Deactivate the "Radiation".Input 5.5 for the "default" HTC.Add a heat transfer zone (Zone #1) to the media “Oil”. Click on the workpiece boundary to specify this zone to the bottom of the workpiece as shown in the graph below. Note that you may need to change the picking modes in pointselection window in order to specify the zone properly.Figure 7: Medium detail window showing zone allocation. For Zone #1, define the HTC as a function of temperature as follows: Temperature HTC20 2.1250 2.8500 6.8750 4.01000 2.5• Add one more media “Air”. Input 0.02 for the default HTC.8. Schedule definitionIn “Schedule” page, input a five-stage schedule as explained below.Figure 8: Heat Treatment Schedule window.1) Half an hour (1800 s) of pre-heating at 550C.2) Two hours (7200 s) of carburization at 850C. Specify the "Atom" content tobe 0.8.3) 20 minutes (1200 s) of oil quench with oil temperature 100C.4) 30 minutes (1800 s) of tempering at 280C.5) One hour (3600 s) cooling in the air.9. Simulation controlIn "Step Definition", change "Temp. Change per step" to 2. Accept other default settings.Next, two symmetric planes need to be specified as in Figure 9. (Note that this geometry represents half a tooth of the gear.) The user should add the "symmetric planes" before picking corresponding surface on the object.Figure 9: Simulation Control Window showing symmetric planes.In addition, as elasto-plastic deformation will be modeled, some fixed-node boundary conditions need to be specified here. To do so, select a boundary condition item and then assign it to appropriate boundary nodes. For this model, as the symmetric planes provide the constraints in the directions perpendicular to their own plane, we only need constraints in the Z direction. Here, we fix a node on the bottom as shown in thefollowing graph.Figure 10: Simulation Control Window showing fixed node in Z-direction.Next, click "Finish" button to generate the Keyword file (.KEY), Database file (.DB) andmultiple operation control file (.MST).Figure 11: DB Generation Message window.10. Submit simulationExit Heat Treatment Wizard and click "Run" in the Main window, just likesubmitting a regular simulation. DEFORM simulation engine will detect themultiple operation control file and execute accordingly.11. Post processingAfter the simulation is completed, use Post Processor to view the simulation results. The temperature min-max history should be like the graph below (See Figure 12).Figure 12: State Variable showing Temperature Min-Max history.In post-processing, we recommend following tasks to be performed:1. Examine the state of the work-piece after oil quenching. The state variables ofinterest may include carbon content, volume fractions of Martensite (M), Ferrite(F), and Perlite + Banite (PB), and the residual stress. Note that at this point, M isas high as 0.77 near tooth surface, and the maximum effective stress is ~470 KSI.(Such high stress may not exist in real life as the work-piece cracks.)2. Check the same state variables after tempering. Note that M is reduce to ~0.2near tooth surface, most of which is transformed into Tempered Ferrite + Cementite (TFC). The maximum effective stress is reduced to ~180 KSI3. In addition, point tracking phase volume fractions at different locations of thework-piece can be helpful for understanding the complex phenomena occurred during the carburization and heat treatment.。

4、物体的接触和摩擦定义
5、模拟参数的设定
20261/7、/1 数据库文件的生成
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一、几何模型建立或导入
在DEFORM-3D软件中，不能直接建立三维的几 何 模型，必须通过其他CAD/CAE软件建模后导入到 系统中。目前，DEFORM-3D的几何模型接口格式有： 1.STL:几乎所有CAD软件都有这个接口，它是通过一
DEFORM-3D可以应用于金属成形的冷加工、热加工等 工
艺。 DEFORM-3D的典型应用：拉深、锻造、挤压、压塑、 冷
镦、机加工、轧制、开坯、镦锻等。
（更多相关应用请见）
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4Байду номын сангаас
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说明：
1、 DEFORM-3D软件不支持中文，因此文件夹及其模 型文件中不能出现中文，否则无法读取。
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四、物体的空间位置调整
这里有两层含义，一是可以移动、旋转物 体，改变他们的最初位置，因为在DEFORM-3D 的前处理中不能造型，所以这一项功能特别重 要，可以将输入到DEFORM中的毛坯、模具几何 模型进行调整。二是为了更快地将模具和坯料接 触，将他们干涉，有一个初步的接触量，这样计 算上可以节省时间。另外，还可以定义摩擦接触 的关系、摩擦系数、摩擦方式等。
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.stl格式文件的生成
Pore软件建模完成后以.stl格式保存副本， 然后 将“偏差控制”中的“弦高”和 “角度控制”两个参数设为“0”后便可生 成。
UG软件建模完成后可以直接以.stl格式形式 文件导出。
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二、网格划分
DEFORM软件是有限元系统（FEM），所 以必须对所分析的工件进行网格划分。

DEFORM-3D可以应用于金属成形的冷加工、热加工 等工
艺。 DEFORM-3D的典型应用：拉深、锻造、挤压、压塑、 冷
镦、机加工、轧制、开坯、镦锻等。
（更多相关应用请见）
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4
说明：
1、 DEFORM-3D软件不支持中文，因此文件夹及其模 型文件中不能出现中文，否则无法读取。
向，即移动物体趋近参考对象的方向）
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九、定义物间关系
1.在前处理控制窗口的右上角点击 Yes弹出Inter Object窗口。
按钮，会出现一个提示，选择
2.定义物间从属关系：在v6.1中，系统会自动将物体1和后面的物体定
为从属关系（Slave-Master），即软的物体为Slave，硬的物体设为
DEFORM系列软件是由美国的科学成形技术公司 （Science Forming Technology Corporation）开 发的。该系列软件主要应用于金属塑性加工、热处 理等工艺数值模拟。目前，DEFORM软件己经成为国 际上流行的金属加工数值模拟的软件之一。主要软 件产品有：
DEFORM-2D（二维） DEFORM-3D（二维） DEFORM-HT（热处理） DEFORM-PC（微机版） DEFORM-F2 （2D简化版本） DEFORM-F3 （3D简化版本）
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五、设置上模的运动参数
1.首先在物体列表中选中Top Die在前处理的控制窗口中点击按
钮Movement
，进入物体运动参数设置窗口。
2.在运动控制窗口中，设置参数Direction 为-Z，Speed为1。
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六、设置物体温度
由于某些材料属性与温度相关，所以即使在整个模拟过程中温度并
不变化，仍需要给物体设置一适当的温度值，否则可能得不到正确的模