Universal Criminal Jurisdiction

国家官员外国刑事管辖豁免问题最新进展述评邓华*摘要：国家官员外国刑事管辖豁免问题是国际法领域的一个传统议题，它根源于国家主权原则，历来受到习惯国际法的调整。

随着国际刑法和国际人权法的发展，这一议题也不断受到挑战和反思。

从2007年开始，联合国国际法委员会开始把这一专题列入其工作方案，以实现“国际法之逐渐发展与编纂”。

通过考察国际法委员会关于此专题的报告和争议点可以发现，其核心之争仍在于其重点究竟是应该进一步确认授予国家官员外国刑事管辖豁免，抑或明确国家官员不能享有外国刑事管辖豁免的所有例外情形。

在主权国家仍作为国际法最主要主体的今天，为了国家间正常交往和国际关系之稳定，仍应以确认授予国家官员外国刑事管辖豁免为原则———事实上，这也是迄今国际法委员会关于此专题的工作方法和最新进展之体现，按照特别报告员的工作计划，其将在2016年提交给国际法委员会的第八份报告中分析国家官员外国刑事管辖豁免的限制和例外问题。

关键词：国家官员刑事管辖豁免豁免例外有罪不罚国际法委员会一引言国家官员的外国刑事管辖豁免（Immunity of State Officials from Foreign Criminal Jurisdiction ，下文简称为“官员豁免”）是指一国特定官员在外国享有不受当地刑事管辖的外交特权。

它不仅关涉到国家官员能否顺利履行职责，而且关系到国家间的友好关系以及国际关系之稳定。

在传统上，国家官员在外国法院享有刑事管辖豁免特权；但是，最近有一种呼声日益凸显，即对犯有严重国际罪行的国家官员，国际法应当剥夺其豁免权。

这就使得“官员豁免”问题随之变得愈加复杂和敏感，国家间关于这一问题的争论也日益激烈。

2007年，在联合国国际法委员会（United Nations International Law Commission ，下文简称为“委员会”）第59届会议上，“官员豁免”问题被列入其工作方案，①委员会也为这一专题任命了第一位特别报告员（Special Rapporteur ）。

法律词汇翻译法律词汇翻译是法律领域的专业翻译，对于法律行业的工作非常重要。

下面是部分法律词汇的翻译，供参考：1. Law - 法律2. Legal - 法律的3. Regulation - 规定4. Statute - 法令5. Constitution - 宪法6. Court - 法庭7. Judge - 法官8. Lawyer - 律师9. Evidence - 证据10. Trial - 审判11. Jury - 陪审团12. Verdict - 裁决13. Appeal - 上诉14. Defendant - 被告15. Plaintiff - 原告16. Contract - 合同17. Tort - 侵权18. Criminal - 刑事的19. Civil - 民事的20. Liability - 责任21. Damages - 损害赔偿22. Breach - 违约23. Injunction - 禁令24. Mediation - 调解25. Arbitration - 仲裁26. Suspend - 中止27. Dispute - 争议28. Jurisdiction - 管辖权29. Evidence - 证据30. Appeal - 上诉31. Malpractice - 失职行为32. Patent - 专利33. Trademark - 商标34. Copyright - 版权35. Merger - 合并36. Acquisition - 收购37. Bankruptcy - 破产38. Litigation - 诉讼39. Discovery - 调查取证40. Liability - 责任41. Negligence - 疏忽42. Lien - 留置权43. Notary - 公证员44. Perjury - 伪证罪45. Witness - 证人46. Sworn statement - 宣誓陈述47. Defense - 辩护48. Prosecution - 起诉49. Settlement - 和解50. Legalize - 合法化以上仅是一部分法律词汇的翻译，法律翻译需要专业的背景知识和技能。

法律英语词汇法律英语词汇在法律领域，有许多专业术语和词汇需要了解。

下面是一些常用的法律英语词汇：1. Law - 法律2. Legal - 法律的3. Legislation - 立法4. Statute - 法令5. Act - 法案6. Constitution - 宪法7. Court - 法院8. Judge - 法官9. Jury - 陪审团10. Plaintiff - 原告11. Defendant - 被告12. Attorney - 律师13. Witness - 证人14. Evidence - 证据15. Trial - 审判16. Verdict - 裁决17. Appeal - 上诉18. Jurisdiction - 司法权19. Bail - 保释20. Sentencing - 判决21. Tort - 侵权行为22. Contract - 合同23. Breach - 违约24. Liability - 责任25. Damages - 赔偿金26. Negligence - 疏忽27. Fraud - 欺诈28. Property - 财产29. Estate - 房地产30. Will - 遗嘱31. Trust - 信托32. Patent - 专利33. Copyright - 版权34. Trademark - 商标35. Infringement - 侵权36. Bankruptcy - 破产37. Contractual - 合同的38. Criminal - 刑事的39. Civil - 民事的40. Administrative - 行政的41. Constitutional - 宪法的42. International - 国际的43. Liability - 责任44. Negligence - 疏忽45. Intentional - 故意的46. Due Process - 正当程序47. Jurisprudence - 法学48. Precedent - 先例49. Stare Decisis - 依据先例50. Habeas Corpus - 人身保护权51. Confidentiality - 保密性52. Dispute - 争端53. Injunction - 禁令54. Public - 公共的55. Private - 私人的56. Liability - 责任57. Malpractice - 不当行为58. Probate - 遗产审计59. Slander - 诽谤60. Libel - 诽谤罪61. Suing - 控告62. Settlement - 和解63. Restitution - 赔偿64. Breach of contract - 违约65. Act of God - 天灾66. Affidavit - 宣誓书67. Doctrines - 教条68. Breach of trust - 违背信任69. Jurisdiction - 司法权70. Lien - 留置权71. Remedy - 补救72. Statutes of limitations - 时效法73. Contempt - 蔑视74. Acquittal - 无罪释放75. Inadmissible - 不可采用的76. Null and void - 无效77. Alibi - 不在场证明78. Arraignment - 传讯79. Litigation - 诉讼80. Conviction - 有罪定罪81. Cross-examination - 盘问82. Defamation - 诽谤83. Inquest - 审讯84. Disbar - 剥夺执业权85. Extradition - 引渡86. Fiduciary - 受托人87. Indictment - 起诉书88. Plea - 奏折89. Pro bono - 免费律师90. Testimony - 证词91. Warrant - 法令92. Appeal - 上诉93. Bailiff - 安保人员94. Dismiss - 解雇95. Embezzlement - 盗窃罪96. Forfeit - 剥夺97. Injunction - 禁制令98. Mitigating - 降低99. Notary - 公证人100. Tortfeasor - 侵权者以上是一些常见的法律英语词汇，希望对您有所帮助！。

常用国际法词汇sources of international law 国际法的渊源treaties条约custom习惯genaral priciples of law 一般法律原则priciple of good faith 善意原则pacta sunt servada 约定必守原则priciple of estopel 禁止反言原则judicial decisions 司法判决the teachings of publicista 公法学家的学说resolutions of international organitions 国际组织的决议jus congens 国际法基本原则the subjects of international law国际法主体a permanent population有定居的居民a defined territory有固定的领土government 政府independence or sovereignty 独立的主权state succesion国家继承succesion of government 政府继承protectorates and protected states 保护领地与被保护国mandated and trust territories委任统治地和托管地recognation承认recognation of states国家的承认the constitutive theory构成说the declaratory theory 宣告说recognation of government 政府的承认the doctrine of effective control 有效控制原则de facto and de jure recognation 事实承认与法律承认conditional recognation 有条件承认withdrawal of recognation承认的撤销non-recognationtterritory 领土territory disputes 领土争端the principle of respect for territorial integrity states 互相尊重领土完整territory sovereignty 领土主权terra nullius 无主地derivative roots of title 派生权利original title 固有权利res communis 公共地intertemporal law 情势变更原则the scrutiny of demostic jurisdition 国内管辖权的审查the acquisition of territory 领土的取得occupation of terra nullius 先占prescription 时效cession 割让accreetion 添附subjugation or conquest 征服effective occupation 有效占领assert the sovereign right to the territory 主张领土主权the principle of contiguity 临近原则the principle of continuity 连续性原则null and viod 无效self-defense 自卫the transformation of the course of a river 河流改道the median line between the two banks 河流中心线the middle line of the navigable channel 航道中心线adjudication司法裁定the doctrine of uti possidetis 先占原则lease 租借servitude 国际地役jurisdiction 管辖权legislative juridiction 立法管辖权executive juridiction 行政管辖权judicial juridiction 司法管辖权apprehension 逮捕the host state 东道国civil juridiction 民事管辖权criminal juridiction 行使管辖权the common law countries 普通法系国家the continental law countries 大陆法系国家the defendant 被告the territoral principle 领土原则the protective principle 保护原则the nationality principle 国际原则the passive personality principle 被动人格原则the universality principle 普遍性原则flag state 船旗国manslaughter 过失杀人jus sanguinis 血统原则jus soli 出生地原则naturalization 归化piracy 海盗行为slave trading 奴隶贸易international terrorist activities 国际恐怖主义活动organized crimes 有组织犯罪war crimes 战争罪concentration camps 集中营abduct 绑架international criminal juridiction mechanism国际刑事司法体制extradition 引渡take refuge 避难asylum 庇护extraterritorial asylum 域外庇护diplomatis asylum 外交庇护immunities from jurisdiction 管辖豁免state immunity 国家的豁免absolute immunity 绝对豁免restrictive immunity 有限豁免requisitioned ship 被征用的船舶writ 令状governmental acts(acts jure imperili) 公务行为private or trade activity(acts jure gestionis) 私人行为immunity of foreign military personnel 外国军事人员的豁免the indigenous people 当地居民diplomatic privileges and immunities 外交特权与豁免diplomatic staffs 外交人员personal reprisenation 个人代表说extraterritoriality 治外法权说functional necessity 职务需要说persona non grata 不受欢迎的人the diplomatic mission 外交使团the premises of the diplomatic mission 使馆馆舍consular immunity 领事豁免state responsibility 国家责任international obligation 国际义务internationally wrongful act 国际不法行为fault 过错objective responsibility 客观责任原则subjective responsibility 主观责任原则intentional and negligent 故意和过失ultra vires acts 越权行为due dilgence 适当注意satisfaction 赔礼道歉the treatment of aliens 外国人待遇international mminimum standard 国际标准原则national treatment standard 国民待遇dual nationality 双重国籍exhaustion of local remidies 用尽当地救济expel aliens 驱逐外国人on the international plane 在国际上the law of treaties 条约法termination of wars 结束战争an expression of concurring wills 同意的意思表示concurring wills attributable to two or more parties 两方或多方的一致意愿concluded between subjects of international law 在国际法主体之间缔结an intention to produce lagal effects 产生法律效果的意愿lagal effects under public international law受国际法调整的法律效果unilateral statement 单方面声明a concessionary contract 特许契约negotiation 谈判signature 签署ratification 批准accession 加入entry into force 生效reservations to treaties 条约的保留the bilateral treat 双边条约the mullateral treaty 多边条约explicity forbid 明令禁止pacta sunt sevenda 条约必须信守原则non-retroactivity 不溯及既往原则territorial application 领土全境适用原则the amendment and mosification of treaties 条约的修正与修改treaty interpretation 条约的解释preamble and annexes 序言和附件invalidity of treaties 条约的无效fraud and corruption 欺诈和贿赂coercion 胁迫termination of treaties 条约的中止material breach 实质性违反peaceful settlement of disputes 和平解决争端air law and space law 航空法与空间法territorial airspace 领空the privilege to fly across the territory of another contracting state without landing 不降停飞跃另一缔约国领土的权利the privilege to land for non-traffic purposes 在另一缔约国做非商业性降停的权利upper limits for liability 最高责任上限aviation security 航空安全unauthorized aerial intrusion 未经授权进入他国领空的行为the law of outer space 外层空间法the law of the sea 海洋法the doctrine of freedom of the seas 公海自由理论baselines 基线internal waters 内水bays 海湾archipelago 群岛archipelagic waters 群岛水域rights of innocent passage 无害通过权international straits 国际海峡the contiguous zone 毗连区the exclusive economic zone(EEZ)专属经济区the continental shelf 大陆架the high seas 公海flag of convenience 方便旗hot pursit 紧追权seaworthiness 适航性environmental protection 环境法the balance of nature 自然平衡ozene depletion 臭氧层破坏acid rain 酸雨global warming 全球变暖human rights 人权法specialized international agreement 专门领域的国际公约the right to life生存权freedom from torture,inhuman or degrading treatment and punishment不受酷刑、非人道或有辱人格的待遇和惩罚freedom from slavery and forced labor 免受奴隶贸易和被迫劳动the right of justice 接受公正审判的权利respect for privacy and family life 对隐私和家庭生活的尊重ill-treatment虐待peaceful settlement of disputes 争端的和平解决negotiation谈判good offices斡旋mediation调停inquiry调查conciliation 调解arbitration 仲裁judicial settlement 司法解决ad hoc judge 专案法官non-appesrance 缺席advisory opinions 咨询意见the use of force 使用武力retorsion反报retaliation报复reprisals 报复self-defense自卫self-determination 自决humanitarian intervention 非人道干预civil conflicts国内冲突international organizations国际组织the league of nations 国联the United Nations 联合国GATT and WTO关贸总协定和世贸组织EU欧盟OAS美洲国家组织ASEAN 东盟the Arab League阿拉伯国家联盟。

中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法双语The Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China第一章总则Chapter I General Provisions第一条为了正确适用刑事诉讼法，维护社会秩序，保障人民权利，惩治犯罪，保护公民人身、财产安全，制裁违法人员，这个法律订立。

Article 1 This law is enacted in order to properly apply thecriminal procedure law, maintain social order, safeguard the rightsof the people, punish crime, protect the personal and property safety of citizens, and sanction offenders.第二条公安机关、人民检察院、人民法院在刑事诉讼活动中，应当依法彼此协助，互相制约，加强联系。

Article 2 Public security organs, people's procuratorates, and people's courts shall cooperate with each other, constrain each other, and strengthen their connections in criminal proceedings in accordance with the law.第三条刑事诉讼的任务是查明案件的事实，确定案件的性质，依法惩罚犯罪。

Article 3 The task of criminal proceedings is to ascertain the factsof a case, determine its nature, and punish crimes in accordancewith the law.第四条公安机关负责侦查犯罪；人民检察院负责对刑事案件侦查阶段的违法行为进行监督，负责审查逮捕、审查起诉和对其他违法行为的追究；人民法院负责审判犯罪案件。

全面版的刑事案件指定代理合同英文版Comprehensive Criminal Case Designated Representation ContractThis document serves as a contract between the undersigned parties for the designated representation in criminal cases. The parties involved agree to the terms and conditions outlined below:1. Representation: The designated representative agrees to provide legal representation to the client in all criminal cases as required.2. Scope of Services: The designated representative will represent the client in court hearings, negotiations with the prosecution, and any other legal proceedings related to the criminal case.3. Fees: The client agrees to pay the designated representative a pre-agreed fee for the legal services provided. Any additional expenses incurred during the representation will be the responsibility of the client.4. Confidentiality: Both parties agree to maintain the confidentiality of all information shared during the course of the representation.5. Termination: Either party has the right to terminate this contract with written notice to the other party. In the event of termination, the client may be required to pay for services rendered up to the point of termination.6. Governing Law: This contract shall be governed by the laws of the jurisdiction in which the criminal case is being heard.7. Amendments: Any amendments to this contract must be made in writing and agreed upon by both parties.8. Signatures: The undersigned parties acknowledge their acceptance of the terms and conditions outlined in this contract by signing below.Client Signature: ________________________ Date: _______________Designated Representative Signature:________________________ Date: _______________。

国际公法英文名解汇总纲目版第一章国际法导论International law 国际法Jus civile 市民法Jus gentium 万民法Jus inter gentes = law of nations 万国法/万国公法Positive morality 实在道德International comity 国际礼让Treaty on European Union = Treaty of Maastricht 《欧洲联盟条约》/《马斯特里赫特条约》Naturalists 自然法学派Solidarists 社会连带法学派Normativists 规范法学派Positivists 实在法学派Sources of law = sources du droit = fontes juris 法律渊源Monism 一元论Dualism 二元论第二章国际法基本原则Jus cogens 强行法/强制法/绝对法Sovereignty 主权The Right of People to Self-determination 民族自决权第三章国际法主体Single State 单一国Federation 联邦Confederation 邦联Protected State 被保护国Permanent Ueutralized State 永久中立国Fundamental Right 基本权利Secondary Rights 派生权利Right of Independence 独立权Right of Equality 平等权Right of Self-preservation 自保权Right of Jurisdiction 国家管辖权Territorial Jurisdiction 属地管辖权/属地优越权Personal Jurisdiction = nationality jurisdiction = active personality principle 属人管辖权/国籍管辖/积极国籍管辖Protective Jurisdiction = passive personality principle 保护性管辖权/消极国籍管辖Universal Jurisdiction 普遍性管辖权Judicial immunities 外国国家的司法豁免权Recognition 国际法上的承认Effective control 有效统治Succession 国际法上的继承第四章国际法上的居民Nationality 国籍Inhabitant 居民Original nationality 原始国籍/出生国籍Jus sanguinis 血统主义Jus soli 出生地主义Acquired nationality 因加入而取得国籍Naturalization 入籍/归化Release 放弃（国籍）Deprive 剥夺（国籍）Dual nationality 双重国籍Active conflicts 国籍的积极抵触Stateless person 无国籍人Passive conflicts 国籍的消极抵触Alien 外国人Deportation 驱逐出境National treatment = doctrine of equality of treatment = NT 国民待遇/平等待遇原则International standard of treatment “文明世界”的“国际标准”/“最低标准”Most favorable national treatment = MFNT 最惠国待遇Differential treatment 差别待遇Extradition 引渡Principle of Non-extradition of Political Offenders 政治犯不引渡原则Attentat clause = Assassination Clause 行刺条款/比利时行刺条款/暗杀条款Principle of identity 相同原则/罪名同一原则/双重犯罪原则Principle of speciality 罪行特定原则Asylum 庇护Territorial asylum 领域庇护/域内庇护Extra-territorial asylum 域外庇护Refugee 难民Nansen passport 南森护照Convention refugees 公约难民Mandate refugees 章程难民Principle of non-refoulement 不推回原则/禁止驱逐、送还原则Diplomatic protection 外交保护Doctrine of continuous nationality 国籍连续原则Exhaustion of local remedies 用尽国内救济原则Calvo clause 卡尔沃条款Calvo doctrine 卡尔沃主义第五章国家法律责任International responsibility 国际法律责任/国际责任Primary rules 确定合法、非法的行为规则/是非规则/首要规则Secondary rules 国际法律责任规则/一般法律责任规则/责任规则/次级规则Distress 危难Necessity 危急情况Restitution 恢复原状Reparation 广义赔偿Compensation 狭义赔偿/经济赔偿Satisfaction 抵偿第六章领土法Land territory 领陆Territory Waters 领水Air space 领空Subsoil beneath state territory 底土Enclave 飞地Ownership 所有权Domination 统治权Condominium 共管Leased territory 租借International servitude 国际地役Internal waters 内水Internal rivers 内河Boundary rivers 界河Non-national rivers 多国河流International rivers 国际河流Inter-oceanic canals 通洋运河Occupation 先占/占领Vacant land 无主地Effective occupation 有效占领Prescription 时效Accretion 添附Cession 割让Conquest 征服Plebiscite 全民投票/全民公决Self-determination of peoples 民族自决The exchange of territory 交换领土Reversionary rights 收复失地Boundaries of state territory 国家边界第七章国际海洋法The common heritage of mankind 人类共同继承财产The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 《联合国海洋法公约》Base line 基线Normal baseline 正常基线Straight baseline 直线基线Archipelagic baseline 群岛基线Innocent passage 无害通过Contiguous zone 毗连区/邻接区/海上特别区Exclusive economic zone 专属经济区Continental shelf 大陆架High seas 公海Flag of convenience 方便旗Right of visit 登临权/临检权Right of hot pursuit 紧追权Straits used for international navigation 用于国际航行的海峡Transit passage 过境通行Archipelagic waters 群岛水域Right of archipelagic sea lanes passage 群岛海道通过权International sea-bed area 国际海底区域Single exploitation system 单一开发制Parallel exploitation system 平行开发制第八章国际航空法Air defence identification zone = ADIZ 防空识别区/空中识别区Cabotage 国内载运权The International Civil Aviation Organization = ICAO 国际民用航空组织Dol = wilful misconduct （承运人的）加害行为/故意造成损害的不法行为/故意的行为/不在乎地不顾后果的行为Two tier liability “双梯度”责任制度/两级责任制Aut dedere aut judicare 或引渡或起诉原则Aut dedere aut punier 或引渡或处罚第九章外层空间法Outer space 外层空间第十章国际环境法Sustainable development 可持续发展Pollution from vessels 船舶污染Pollution by dumping 控制海洋倾倒Pollution from land-based sources 陆源污染第十一章外交关系法Consular provision 委任文凭Consular exequatur 领事证书Diplomatic relations 外交关系Consular relations 领事关系Diplomatic Privileges andImmunities外交特权与豁免第十三章国际条约法The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 《维也纳条约法公约》Treaty 条约Convention 公约Convention 专约Agreement 协定Protocol 议定书Final act 最后议定书/蒇事议定书Covenant 盟约Charter 宪章Statute 规约Exchange of Notes 换文Declaration 宣言Joint statement 联合声明Bilateral treaty 双边条约Multilateral treaty 多边条约Negotiation （条约）谈判Full power 全权证书Adoption 议定Authentication 认证Signature 签署Ratification 批准Accession 加入Reservation 保留Registration 登记Publication 公布Pacta sunt servanda 条约必须遵守原则Pacta tertiis nec nocent nec prosunt 约定对第三者既无损，也无益Termination 条约的终止Invalidation 条约的失效Suspension 条约的暂停施行/条约的中止/条约的停止施行Interpretation 条约的解释Revision 条约的修订Amendment 条约的修正Modification 条约的修改第十四章国际组织法International organization 国际组织Inter-governmental organization 政府间组织International institutional law 国际组织法Concert of Europe 欧洲协商Non-governmental organization 非政府间国际组织Organization of petroleum exporting countries = OPEC 石油输出机构/石油输出国组织Organization for economic cooperation and development = OECD 经济协力开发机构/经济合作与发展组织/经合组织General Assembly 联合国大会Security Council 安全理事会/安理会Economic and Social Council 经济与社会理事会/经社理事会Trusteeship Council 托管理事会International Court of Justice 国际法院Secretariat 秘书处Specialized International Organization 专门性国际组织Specialized Agencies 联合国专门机构International telecommunication union = ITU 国际电信联盟Universal postal union = UPU 万国邮政联盟World meteorological organization = WMO 世界气象组织World health organization = WHO 世界卫生组织International labour organization = ILO 国际劳工组织Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations = FAO 联合国粮食及农业组织/联合国粮农组织United Nations Educational,Scientific,and Cultural Organization = UNESCO 联合国教科文组织International monetary fund = IMF 国际货币基金组织International bank for reconstruction and development = IBRD 国际复兴开发银行/世界银行International civil aviation organization = ICAO 国际民用航空组织International finance corporation = IFC 国际金融公司International maritime organization = IMO 国际海事组织International development association = IDA 国际开发协会World intellectual property organization = WIPO 世界知识产权组织International fund of agricultural development = IFAD 国际农业发展基金（组织）United Nations Industrial Development Organization = UNIDO 联合国工业发展组织World trade organization = WTO 世界贸易组织International atomic energy agency = IAEA 国际原子能机构Collective security 集体安全保障Peace-keeping operations = PKO 联合国维持和平行动Regional organization 区域性国际组织Organization of American States = OAS美洲国家组织Arab League = League of Arab States = AL = LAS 阿拉伯国家联盟/阿拉伯联盟/阿盟African union = AU 非洲联盟/非盟Organization of African Unity = OAU 非洲统一组织/非统组织Association of Southeast Asian Nations = ASEAN 东南亚国家联盟/东盟European community = EC 欧洲共同体ECSC 欧洲煤钢共同体EUBATOM 欧洲原子能共同体EEC 欧洲经济共同体European union = EU 欧洲联盟Shanghai Cooperation Organization =SCO 上海合作组织/上合组织Asian-Pacific Economic Cooperation organization = APEC 亚太经合组织第十五章国际人权法Human Rights 人权The responsibility to protect 保护的责任The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 《世界人权宣言》The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》The International Covenant onEconomic,Social and Cultural Rights 《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》第十六章国际刑法International criminal law 国际刑法International crimes 国际犯罪The direct enforcement model 直接执行模式The indirect enforcement model 间接执行模式International penal judicial assistance 国际刑事司法协助Extradition 引渡Principle of non-extradition of political offenders 政治犯不引渡原则Assassination Clause = Attentat clause 行刺条款/暗杀条款/比利时行刺条款Transfer jurisdiction of criminal procedure 刑事诉讼移管/刑事诉讼移转管辖Recognition and enforcement of foreign penal judgements 外国刑事判决的承认和执行International criminal jurisdiction 国际刑事管辖第十七章国际争端法International disputes 国际争端Legal disputes = justiciable disputes 法律性质的争端/可裁判的争端Political disputes = Non-justiciable disputes 政治性质的争端/不可裁判的争端Compulsive means 强制方法Negotiation 谈判Consultation 协商Good office 斡旋Mediation 调停International inquiry 国际调查/调查Conciliation 和解/调解Bryan peace treaties 《布赖恩和平条约》/冷却条约International arbitration 国际仲裁/国际公断Jay treaty 杰伊条约Permanent court of arbitration 常设仲裁法院Judicial settlement 司法解决The permanent court of international justice 常设国际法院International court of justice 国际法院Contentious jurisdiction 诉讼管辖权Optional compulsory jurisdiction 任意强制管辖Connally reservation 康纳利保留条款Advisory jurisdiction 咨询管辖权Regional agency = Regional arrangement 区域机关/区域办法第十八章战争法Law of war 战争法Law of armed conflict 武装冲突法Animo belligerendi 交战意向Jus ad bellum 诉诸战争权Suspension of arms 停战Surrender 投降International humanitarian law 国际人道法Crimes against humanity 违反人道罪War time neutrality 战时中立War neutrality law 战时中立法Permanent neutralized state 永久中立国/中立化国家War crimes 战争犯罪。

《当代法律英语》翻译第四章公法在所有的民法法系(civil law）中所做的基础分辨便是公法（public law）与私法(private law)的区分.这种分类方法，对于普通法系（common law)而言仅仅是潜在的或者默示性质的，但对于民法法系而言却是一种基础性的理解方式.一方面,正如我们所了解的一样，这种分类为民法法系国家提供了法庭组织系统的分辨模板。

随着公法领域的争端于19世纪可受法院裁判（justiciable)开始，独立的特别法庭(tribunal)被建立起来并约束起公法行为。

在今天，除了刑事案件(criminal matters）这一主要例外,普通法院的管辖权（jurisdiction）依旧限于私法领域的争端.除了这些司法管辖权的推论以外，公法和私法的分别还产生了一种存在于法律专业中的工作(labor）性质的差别。

大量的法学教师倾向于证明他们是“公法专家”（publicist)或者是“私法专家"（privatist）.课程和论文(treatise）倾向于公法或私法的其中一个领域,尽管事实上如今已经考虑到的案由（subject matter）至少更倾向于许多公法方面。

即使在民法法系世界中公法与私法的分别被广泛承认,但这类法系的法学家(lawyer)对其法系划分的理论基础或者法理正当性仍未达成一致,各国对于这种划分方法的范围和效果也未达成一致。

然而，一般来说,公法所关注的是国家机关之间的关系或者国家与公民之间的关系.公法至少包括宪法（constitutional law)，行政法（administrative law)和刑法（criminal law)。

而私法是处理公民或私人团体之间的关系，它至少包括民法(civil law)和商法（commercial law).这种分类方法的其他几个领域是争论的主题所在。

举个例子，民法程序是包含于一些主体的私人组织的些许法系之中，并且被其他主体认为包含于公法领域.劳动法(labor law)，农业法（agricultural law)，社会保障(social security）,同时也包括大量的现代规则领域，这些法律有些时候被解释为公法与私法领域的混合,有时又被说成自成一类(拉丁文：sui generis)。

国际刑事法院(InternationalCriminalCourt--ICC)是根据联合国1998年7月17日外交全权代表会议通过的《国际刑事法院规约》（又称《罗马规约》）的规定建立的。

《罗马规约》于2002年7月1日起正式生效，国际刑事法院也于当天正式成立。

2003年6月16日，50岁的阿根廷联邦检察官奥坎波在荷兰海牙宣誓就任国际刑事法院的第一任首席检察官。

根据《罗马规约》，国际刑事法院将对批准国及联合国安理会移交的案件进行审理，但只审理2002年7月1日以后发生种族灭绝罪、战争罪和反人类罪等严重的国际犯罪案件。

国际刑事法院与现有的其他国际司法机构的不同，其他法庭均有一定存在期限，而国际刑事法院是一个永久性的国际司法机构。

国际刑事法院将审理国家、检举人和联合国安理会委托它审理的案件。

此法院有权对种族灭绝罪、战争罪、反人类罪和侵略罪进行审判，但是只追究个人的刑事责任，而且是在各个国家所属的法院不能自主审理的情况下才可介入。

检察官将根据国际刑事法院预审法庭的同意，应某个国家或联合国安理会的请求对罪犯进行起诉。

根据规定，国际刑事法院无权审理２００２年７月１日以前发生的犯罪案件。

简介国际刑事法院是根据联合国1998年7月17日外交全权代表会议通过的《国际刑事法院规约》（又称《罗马规约》）的规定，于2002年7月1日正式成立的。

根据规定，国际刑事法院必须在《罗马规约》获得６０个国家的签署和批准后才可成立。

截至2006年11月1日止，全球已经有134个国家签署了《规约》，并有104个国家批准了《规约》，其中非洲国家29个，美洲国家23个，欧洲国家37个，但在亚洲48个国家中，仅有阿富汗、柬埔寨、约旦、东帝汶、韩国、塔吉克斯坦、格鲁吉亚、蒙古、塞浦路斯9个国家批准了《规约》，却有30个与美国签署了旨在排除国际刑事法院管辖权的“98条协定”。

此外，在公约所有缔约国中，有40个国家已经具备实施《规约》的国内法律，有31个国家已经完成了立法草案。

名词解释：1、造法性条约：Law-making treaties are intended to have universal rather than restrictive effects. Such law-making treaties are created with the participation of a large number of states to elaborate their perception of international law upon any given topic or to establish new rules for guiding their future international conduct. Rules produced by such treaties can have binding effect upon all contracting parties.2、事实承认(recognition de facto)：The recognition de facto is usually regarded as an interim step in which the recognition states have some doubts concerning the continuance and legality of the government in question.3、普遍管辖(universal jurisdiction)：Under the universality principle, where a crime is offensive to the interests of the international community as a whole, each and every state may assert jurisdiction over the offense, irrespective of the nationality of the victim and the offender and the location of the offense.4、相对豁免(restrictive immunity)：Such circumstances led to the calls for modification of the doctrine. Many states therefore have accepted the concept of restrictive immunity, whereby immunity may be granted to governmental acts, while immunity is not available for those relating to private or trade activity.5、条约的保留(reservation)：A unilateral statement, however phrased or named, made by a state, when signing, ratifying, accepting, approving or acceding to a treaty, whereby it purports to exclude or to modify the legal effect of certain provisions of the treaty in their application to that state.6、紧追权(right of hot pursuit)：Hot pursuit is a principle which allows the warships or military aircraft of a coastal state to pursue a foreign ship which has violated the coastal state’s law within internal or territorial waters and to arrest it on the high seas.7、大陆架(the continental shelf)：The seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas that extend beyond its territorial sea throughout the natural prolongation of its land territory to the outer edge of the continental margin, or to a distance of 200 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured where the outer edge of the continental margin does not extend up to that distance.8、克减权（right of derogation）：①In time of public emergency which threatens the life of the nation and the existence of which is officially proclaimed,the States Parties to the present covenant may take measures derogating from their obligations under the present covenant to the extend strictly required by the exigencies of the situation, provided that such measures are not inconsistent with their other obligations under international law and do not involve discrimination solely in the ground of race,color, sex, language, religion or social origin.②No derogation from articles 6、7、8（paragraph 1 and 2）、11、15、16 and 18 may be made under this provision.③Any State Party to the present covenant availing itself of the right of derogation shall immediately inform the other States Parties to the Present Covenant ,through the intermediary of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, of the provisions from which it has derogated and of the reasons by which it was actuated. A further communication shall be made, through the same intermediary, on the date on which it terminates such derogation.9、双梯度责任制（two-tier liability system):For damages arising not exceeding 113,000 Special Drawing Rights for each passenger, the carrier shall not be able to exclude or limit its liability.The carrier shall not be liable for damages arising exceed for each passenger 113000 Special Drawing Rights if the carrier proves that:(a) such damage was not due to the negligence or other wrongful act or omission of the carrier or its servants or agents; or (b) such damage was solely due to the negligence or other wrongful act or omission of a third party.简答论述：1.国际法的渊源：Article 38(1) of the statute of the International Court of justice is the most authoritative about the sources of International law. The court, where function is to decide according to international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply:(a).international convention. whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states.(b).international custom. In international law custom is a practice followed by those states involved because they feellegally obliged to behave in such a way.(c) the general principle of law. Under municipal law there will always be cases for which relevant rules have to be worked by analogizing from existing rules or general principles of law since no law already existing is covering exactly these cases under consideration.(一般法律原则)(d) subject to provisions of Article 59. judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the destimination of rules of law.(e) Treaties 条约：Treaties refer to the creation of written agreements whereby the states participating bind themselves legally to act in a particular way or to set upparticular relations between themselves.(f) other possible sources. The resolutions of the General Assembly and other political organs of the United Nations are of increasing significance in the development of international law.2、引渡的条件：The process of extradition involves two conditions an extraditable person and an extraditable crime.①Double criminality（双重犯罪）Double criminality means the act of the person who is requested for extradition should be a punishable crime in both requesting and requested states. The person surrendered to the requesting state should not be tried for any offense other than the one for which he is extradited.②Mandatory grounds for refusal: Extradition shall not be granted in any of the following circumstances.（拒绝引渡的情形）(a)If the offence for which extradition is requested is regarded by the requested state as an offence of a politicalnature.(b)If the offence for which extradition is requested is an offence under military law, which is not also an offenceunder ordinary law.(c)If there has been a final judgment rendered against the person in the requested state in respect of the offence forwhich the person’s extradition is requested.(d)If the person whose extradition is requested has, under the law of the either Party, become immune fromprosecution or punishment for any reason, including lapse of time or amnesty.(e)If the person whose extradition is requested is a national of the requested state.(f) If the person whose extradition is requested has been or would be subjected in the requesting State to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment or if that person has not received or would not receive the minimum guarantees in criminal proceedings, as contained in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, article 14;(g) If the judgment of the requesting State has been rendered in absentia, the convicted person has not had sufficient notice of the trial or the opportunity to arrange for his or her defense and he has not had or will not have the opportunity to have the case retried in his or her presence.3、外交特权与豁免：diplomatic privileges and immunities entitled to the diplomatic mission ：大使馆的外交特权豁免：①Use of the flag and emblem: The mission and its head shall have the right to use the flag and emblem of thesending state on the premises of the mission, including the residence of the residence of the head of the mission, and on his means of transport.②The premises of the mission shall be inviolable (a) The agents of the receiving state may not enter them, exceptwith the consent of the head of the mission.(b) The receiving state is under a special duty to take all appropriate steps to protect the premises of the mission against any intrusion or damage and to prevent any disturbance of the peace of the mission or impairment of its dignity. (c) The premises of the mission, their furnishings and other property there on and the means of transport of the mission shall be immune from search, requisition, attachment or execution.③Archives and documents of the mission shall be invioble at any time and wherever they may be.④Free communication: (a) The receiving state shall permit and protect free communication on the part of themission for all official purposes. Wherever situated, the mission may employ al appropriate means, including diplomatic couriers and messages in code or cipher. (b) The diplomatic bag shall not be opened or detained. (c)The diplomatic courier shall enjoy personal inviolability and shall not be liable to any form of arrest or detention.⑤Exemption from all dues and taxes: The premises of the mission shall be exempt from all dues and taxes. Thefees and charges levid by the mission in the course of its official duties shall be exempt all dues and taxes.⑥Free movement and travel. The receiving state shall ensure to all members of the mission freedom of movementand travel in its territory except for zones entry into which is prohibited or regulated for reasons of national security.diplomatic privileges and immunities entitled to diplomatic agents 外交代表的特权与豁免(1)The person of a diplomatic agent shall be inviolable .人身不受侵犯He shall not be liable to any form of arrest or detention. The receiving State shall treat him with due respect and shall take all appropriate steps to prevent any attack on his person, freedom or dignity(2) Inviolability of residence and properties 寓所、财产不受侵犯•The private residence of a diplomatic agent shall enjoy the same inviolability and protection as the premises of the mission .His papers, correspondence and his property shall likewise enjoy inviolability(3) Exemption from jurisdiction of the receiving state管辖的豁免(i)A diplomatic agent shall enjoy immunity from the criminal jurisdiction of the receiving State.(ii) He shall also enjoy immunity from its civil and administrative jurisdiction(民事和行政管辖的豁免——四项例外①关于接受国境内私有不动产之物权诉讼；②外交代表以私人身分并不代表派遣国而为遗嘱执行人、遗产管理人、继承人或受遗赠人之继承事件之诉讼；③外交代表于接受国内在公务范围以外所从事之专业或商务活动之诉讼；④外交代表主动提起诉讼即不得对与主诉直接相关之反诉主张管辖豁免）;(iii) A diplomatic agent is not obliged to give evidence as a witness;(iv) Immunity of the execution of the civil and administrative judgment.The immunity from jurisdiction of diplomatic agents may be waived by the sending State. Waiver must always be express(4) Exemption from all customs duties, taxes, and related charges and inspection 免纳捐税•Articles for the personal use of a diplomatic agent shall be exempt from all customs duties, taxes, and relatedcharges, and his personal baggage shall be exempt from inspection(5) Exemption from all dues and taxes .A diplomatic agent shall be exempt from all dues and taxes(6) Other privileges and immunities4、领海的法律地位：(1) An exclusive right to fish, and to exploit the resources of the seabed and subsoil of the territorial sea.(2) Exclusive enjoyment of the air space over the territorial sea; unlike ships, foreign aircraft have no right of innocent passage.(3)The coastal state’s ships have the exclusive right to transport goods and passengers from one port of the coastal state to another.(4) If the coastal state is neutral in a time of war, belligerent state may not engage in combat, or capture merchant ships in the coastal state’s territorial sea.(5) The coastal state may enact regulations concerning navigation, health, custom duties and immigration, which foreign ships must obey.(6) The coastal state has certain powers of arrest over merchant ships exercising a right of innocent passage, and over persons on board such ships jurisdiction.(7) Marine scientific research.(8)The protection and preservation of the marine environment.5、管辖的分类（the categories of jurisdiction）(1)the territorial principle 属地管辖According to the territorial principle, a state is capable of exercising jurisdiction over crimes committed within its territory.(2)the nationality principle属人管辖Under the nationality principle, A national who committed crimes, even though such a national is now resident abroad, will be tried for his offense, once he returns within jurisdiction of the state. On the other hand, states are torespect the legitimate rights of nationals of other states, and may not mistreat them within its jurisdiction.(3)the protective principle 保护性管辖It is a principle, whereby a state can exercise jurisdiction over offenses committed outside its territory, which are considered injurious to its security and national interests.(4)the universality principle普遍性管辖Under the universality principle, where a crime is offensive to the interests of the international community as a whole, each and every state may assert jurisdiction over the offense, irrespective of the nationality of the victim and the offender and the location of the offense.6、the legal effects of recognition de jure 法律承认的效力recognition de facto1.full diplomatic relations could be establishes between the recognizing state and the recognized entity. treaties on a general topic could be concluded.2. enjoy locus standi in the recognizing state enjoy immunity from suit in the recognizing state and cannot be sued without it consent.3.its legislative and administrative acts will be given effect to within the recognizing state. De jure authority remain competent for matters arising outside that territory4．recognition once granted is retroactive. It is backdated to the establishment of the entity in question and it does not related the time recognition is accorded.7、The criminal jurisdiction of the coastal State 沿海国家的刑事管辖权1. coastal state should exercise criminal jurisdiction on board a foreign ships which failed to conform with the innocent passage.2. coastal state should exercise criminal jurisdiction on board a foreign ships passing through the territorial sea under certain circumstance.3. The above provisions do not affect the right of the coastal State to take any steps authorized by its laws for the purpose of an arrest or investigation on board a foreign ship passing through the territorial sea after leaving internalwaters.4. the coastal State may take any steps on board a foreign ship passing through the territorial sea to arrest any person or to conduct any investigation in connection with any crime committed before the ship entered the territorial sea accord to the regulations of the exclusive economic zone and the regulation related to conservation of the living resources of the high seas,if the ship, proceeding from a foreign port, is only passing through the territorial sea without entering internal waters2.right of innocent passage•Passage is innocent so long as it not prejudicial to the peace, good order or security of the coastal state. Such passage shall take place in conformity with these articles and with other rules of international law.•Passage is not prejudicial to the peace, good order or security of the coastal State.eg:.The Corfu Channel Case。

国际刑警组织工作原则国际刑警组织工作原则International criminal police organization working principle（一）国家主权原则(a) the principle of state sovereignty这一原则通过主权平等方面的内容来体现。

根据国际刑警组织章程，每个成员国，无论它的大小、建国时间的长短、加入国际刑警组织时间的先后、富裕发达的程度，都不影响各自在国际刑警组织大会及有关场合平等地表达自己的观点，行使权利。

一由于国际刑警组织的主要工作是进行有关协调、组织工作，因而与其他政府间国际组织不同。

国际刑警组织的各个成员国当中，没有类似联合国“安全理事会常任理事国”这种特别的成员国，也没有哪个成员国拥有否决权。

This principle is embodied by the sovereign equality aspects.According to the constitution of theInternational Criminal Police Organization, each membercountry, regardless of its size, the length of time, joined the International Criminal出请求，经审核批准，由其本国的警察部门查阅后再通知查询国的警察部门。

同样，需要跨国、跨境进行刑事调查和追捕，也没有例外。

在任何打击跨国犯罪的活动中，每个国家都只能是在其管辖的范围内从事刑事侦查活动。

According to this principle, all members of theunauthorized cross-border pursuit of action, in accordance withthe payment shall be considered null and void. No matter whathappens, criminal huntmust belimited within the existing laws of their respective countrieslimit. For example, any state police departments are impossible to his country's police department access to files, but only by the CentralBureau ofInterpol to query the country of residence of theInternational CriminalPolice Organization of thecountry's request,examination and approval, and by its own police department reviewafter thenotification query statepolice department. Similarly, cross-borde r, cross-border criminalinvestigation and pursuit, are no exception. In any fight against transnational crime activities, each country can only be engagedin criminal activities in its jurisdiction.（二）对口工作原则(B) to work principle这一原则的含义是指国际刑警组织及各成员国之间的业务活动，只能在各成员国的刑事警察部门之间进行。