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- 246-校园英语 / 文艺鉴赏黑与白冲突——《最蓝的眼睛》黑人与白人文化冲突分析三峡大学外国语学院/王琼曼【摘要】《最蓝的眼睛》是非裔美国女作家、诺贝尔文学奖获得者托妮•莫里森的处女作。
小说在情节上并不复杂。
本文从黑白两种颜色颜色的角度，剖析了作者想要阐述的主题：黑人在任何时候都必须保持自己的文化传统。
【关键词】颜色 黑 白 文化传统《最蓝的眼睛》是非裔美国女作家、诺贝尔文学奖获得者托妮•莫里森的处女作。
小说在情节上并不复杂：小说以秋、冬、春、夏为叙述框架，讲述了年仅11岁的黑人女孩佩科拉在遭生父强奸，继而怀孕，早产了一个很快就夭折的婴儿后，在无人关心帮助的情况下堕入疯狂状态的悲剧故事。
读完《最蓝的眼睛》，脑海里始终有两种颜色在晃动：黑色，白色。
莫里森同时又是一个运用象征手法的大师。
象征手法使作品主题意义上具有多种解读的深刻性。
本文将粗略地对黑白两种颜色所象征的寓意进行分析。
一、白色的美小说的白色代表着白人文化。
在美国社会里，尽管白人对黑人的公然压迫在逐渐消失，但是白人文化霸权主义仍然存在。
对于白人种族主义者来说，白人和黑人在外观上的不同显示的是其内在特质的区别，意味着他们在智力，道德和精神上的优劣。
在《最蓝的眼睛》中，正是因为内化了白人的价值标准，小说里的部分人物不愿正视和坚持自己民族和文化的传统，一味追求白人文化所倡导的“金发、碧眼、白皮肤”的审美观和白人中产阶级的价值观。
这种审美观和价值观不断渗透到黑人民族中，严重扭曲着黑人民族的民族灵魂。
小说中的部分黑人唯“白”是美。
在黑人社区内部，黑人们普遍存在一种自我厌恶情结。
他们觉得自己天生就丑陋。
如果哪个黑人出生时皮肤是浅色的，那么他就会被认为是高人一等。
主人公佩科拉从一出生就被认为是丑陋的。
随着她不断的成长，这种看法加深了她认为自己丑陋的信念，“她发现所有白人的眼睛里都潜伏着这种神色。
毫无疑问，这厌恶是冲着她来的，是冲着她的黑皮肤来的”。
她从潜意识里把自己的丑陋与黑皮肤联系了起来，从而把所有的罪恶也都归结为她的黑皮肤。
英汉语主被动对比与翻译一、概念主动与被动体现主语和谓语动词之间的语法关系。
所谓主动，是指行为的发出者在句子里是主语，即施事；而被动是指充当句子主语的是某一行为作用的对象，即受事。
二、汉语的被动式与翻译汉语中表达被动概念有三种形式：带有被动标记的被动式、不带有被动标记的意念被动式和无主句。
一）带有被动标记的被动式带有被动标记的被动式，是指借助词汇手段实现的。
主要有“被、由、给、把、让、受、挨、为、使、于、蒙、经、叫、遭受、加以、予以、为……所、是……的、在……中”等。
此类被动句一般表示较强的被动意义，侧重于行为的表达，翻译时一般译成英语的被动句。
如：1. 救济品很快被送到火灾的灾民手中。
Relief was quickly sent to the sufferers from the fire.2. 这些发动机由蒸汽驱动。
The engines are driven by steam.二）不带有被动标记的被动式此类句子中的主语或话题实际上是动作的承受者。
句子形式主动，而意义被动。
一般情况下，译成英语，可使用被动式。
1. 这座桥将于今年年底建成。
The construction of the bridge will be completed by the end of this year.2. 地图挂在墙上。
A map was hung on the wall.三）无主句无主句通常可以用主动形式表达被动意义。
一般情况下，可以用英语被动式表达该类无主句。
必须保证8小时睡眠。
Eight hours’ sleep must ne guaranteed.但如果选择的英语动词的意义和英语的行文习惯，也可以用主动式。
洋车夫疑心他醉了，回头叫他别动，车不好拉。
Suspecting he was drunk, the rickshaw puller turned his head and asked him to keep still, for it was hard to pull the rickshaw.三、英语的被动式与翻译、鉴于以上汉语被动句的三种表达方式，我们在翻译英语被动句的时候，要找出适当的被动形式，因为汉语表达被动式的词存在语体等方面的差异，如积极意义（被、受/到）和消极意义（挨、糟）的差异，抽象和具体的差异，口语体（给、叫、让+ 施事）和书面语体差异等。
英汉语主被动对比与翻译一、概念主动与被动体现主语和谓语动词之间的语法关系。
所谓主动，是指行为的发出者在句子里是主语，即施事；而被动是指充当句子主语的是某一行为作用的对象，即受事。
二、汉语的被动式与翻译汉语中表达被动概念有三种形式：带有被动标记的被动式、不带有被动标记的意念被动式和无主句。
一）带有被动标记的被动式带有被动标记的被动式，是指借助词汇手段实现的。
主要有“被、由、给、把、让、受、挨、为、使、于、蒙、经、叫、遭受、加以、予以、为……所、是……的、在……中”等。
此类被动句一般表示较强的被动意义，侧重于行为的表达，翻译时一般译成英语的被动句。
如：1. 救济品很快被送到火灾的灾民手中。
Relief was quickly sent to the sufferers from the fire.2. 这些发动机由蒸汽驱动。
The engines are driven by steam.二）不带有被动标记的被动式此类句子中的主语或话题实际上是动作的承受者。
句子形式主动，而意义被动。
一般情况下，译成英语，可使用被动式。
1. 这座桥将于今年年底建成。
The construction of the bridge will be completed by the end of this year.2. 地图挂在墙上。
A map was hung on the wall.三）无主句无主句通常可以用主动形式表达被动意义。
一般情况下，可以用英语被动式表达该类无主句。
必须保证8小时睡眠。
Eight hours’ sleep must ne guaranteed.但如果选择的英语动词的意义和英语的行文习惯，也可以用主动式。
洋车夫疑心他醉了，回头叫他别动，车不好拉。
Suspecting he was drunk, the rickshaw puller turned his head and asked him to keep still, for it was hard to pull the rickshaw.三、英语的被动式与翻译、鉴于以上汉语被动句的三种表达方式，我们在翻译英语被动句的时候，要找出适当的被动形式，因为汉语表达被动式的词存在语体等方面的差异，如积极意义（被、受/到）和消极意义（挨、糟）的差异，抽象和具体的差异，口语体（给、叫、让+ 施事）和书面语体差异等。
英国文学选读一、中世纪文学（约5世纪——1485）。
有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。
《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）是英国的民族史诗，《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ,1375-1400）以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材，歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德、是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一。
二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期——17世纪初）。
三、17世纪文学四、启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期——18世纪中期）五、浪漫主义时期文学（1798——1832）。
1798年，威廉华兹华斯与塞穆尔泰勒柯勒律治合作出版了一本小诗集《抒情歌谣集》（Lyrical Ballads）标志着英国浪漫主义文学的崛起。
浪漫主义诗人崇尚自然，主张反哺归真。
六、现实主义时期文学（19世纪30年代——1918）。
客观地、冷静地观察现实生活，按照生活的本来样式精确细腻地加以描写，力求真实地再现典型环境中的典型人物。
七、现代主义文学时期（1918——1945）。
追求心理真实，注重直接观察人物的心理活动，直接体验人物的内心感受，在内心世界这面镜子上折射出丰富多彩的外部现实。
杰弗里•乔叟（1343-1400），Geoffrey Chaucer，英国文学之父。
主要作品有：《公爵夫人之书》（The Book of the Duchess）1836《百鸟会议》（The Parliament of Fowls）1380《声誉之堂》（The House of Fame）1374-1384《特洛勒斯与克丽西德》（Troilus and Criseyde）1380-1385《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）1386-1400威廉•莎士比亚（1564-1616），William Shakespeare。
主要作品：四大悲剧：《哈姆雷特》（Hamlet）《奥赛罗》（Othello）《李尔王》（king Lear）《麦克白》（Macbeth）四大喜剧：《威尼斯商人》（The Merchant of Venice）《仲夏夜之梦》（A Midsummer Night's Dream）《皆大欢喜》（As You Like It）《第十二夜》（Twelfth night）Sonnet的格式：1. 有14行。
`Hamlet” of Shakespeare is a classical representative work.This book certainly does not have the big difference in the superficial plot with the historical fable, spoke or the Danish prince the story which revenged for the father, in which fills the rank smell of blood violence and dies. Just like the dramatis personae Horatio said:" you may hear to rape massacre, the unusual repair behavior, and the dark center decision, accidental slaughter, borrows the hand murder, as well as falls into suicide result."Windingly elects the plot, tightly centers on the revenge to launch. Hamlet Wittenberg hurries back the home in a hurry from Germany, is attends his father's funeral, enables him to accept, he not catches up with father's funeral, actually witnessed the mother and the Uncle Claudius' wedding ceremony，this had caused Hamm the Wright suspicion at the heart, added night above meets in the royal palace castle with father's ghost, the ghost sorrow sued, this pile atrocity was Uncle Hamlet the behavior, and wanted him to revenge for the father. To this, he started the difficult revenge course, launched the life and death contest with Claudius. Finally, sent out sword the revenge to ClaudiusHamlet is a man with contradictory, he had many chances to kill Claudius, but he hesitated, which reflects the religious thought poisons.The play Hamlet is written by William Shakespeare, the greatest drama as well as the greatest poet in the world literature in The EnglishRenaissance. The theme of the book is the record of the process that Hamlet, prince of Denmark, plans to average his father’s murder.Having known his father is murdered, Hamlet is determined to revenge for his father’s deaths.The ghost informs Hamlet of the course of his father’s killing, and does wish that Hamlet must figure out a way to average his father’s death by Claudius.In the following, Hamlet begins his proposed for revenge. He pretends to be crazy and full of madness. Now, there come several good players. Hamlet comes up with an idea to have these players play something like the murder of his father before Claudius. He hopes to catch the conscience of the king through observing Claudius’s looks.The play The Mousetrap which is the image of a murder done as Hamlet’s father’s killing is performe d. In the play, the poisoner takes off the king’s crown, pouring poison in the king’s ears when the king is asleep in the garden as usual. Then the murderer marries the queen. That’s the way that Claudius kills his brother.The king is calculated to send Hamlet to England and have him murdered. Hamlet sees the army of Fortinbars during the journey.Hamlet is allowed to struggle a sea-fight with Laertes. The king, queen and all are coming down to watch the fight. Both of them starts with foils .After a while, Claudius drinks to Hamlet’s heath. However, inorder to play this about first, Hamlet sets it by awhile. Without knowing the whole scheme , Queen drinks, using the poisonous cup meant to prepare for Hamlet by Claudius. It’s too late for Claudias to stop Gertrude. The two competitors continue their battle. Several bouts later, Laertes wounds Hamlet then in scuffing, they change rapiers, and Hamlet wounds Latertes in turn. Gertrude swounds, laying on the ground. Hamlet and Laertes deal with treacherous behavior by Claudius. As everyone imagines, the total conspirary is arranged by Claudius, pouring poison on both Laerte’s sword and Hamlet’s cup. Obviously, Hamlet manages to stab Claudius, and Claudius dies before Hamlet falls.After I have finished reading the book, I find it benefits me a lot. Although I can’t totally understand the old English particularly an ocean of excellent monologues of Characters like Hamlet, I am still able to catch the essential points of Hamlet for the first time to read original literature works. Sorts of brief but classical dialogues make an impressive impression on me ,part of which have become famous proverbs being widely used till nowadays. For instance, Hamlet’s remarks” to be or not to be, is the question” is constantly been quoted when modern individuals are trying to make a hard decision whether to give up or not.Having accomplished the work, a couple of leading of characters impress me deeply. Hamlet once is an optimistic, happy prince, while becomes heavyhearted after hi s father’s death and his mother’s over-hastymarriage. It rightly turns out a usual saying that a person’s characteristic change up to the circumstance to be right. I have great sympathy for Ophelia, a fairy kindhearted girl. She has to deny Hamlet’s affec tion for her in her situation and bear huge pain alone within heart. She loses her lover as well as his father. Therefore, she is driven into desperate states. She dies at last. As to Laertes, he is completely taken advantage of by foxy Claudius for his urgent mentality to average his father a bad ending.Claudius, a murderer and a poisoner, should be blamed for the tragedy. I’ll analyze his characteristic in detail. First of all, Claudius is cruel person. He uses such a cruel method that pours poison in th e king’s ears to murder his brother when the king is in the sleeping. He also takes up his brother’s wife regardless of feeling of brothers. At the end of the story, Claudius does further think double ways to kill Hamlet. That is, to pour poison on both Ha mlet’s cup and Laertess’s sword. Above all, he is rather cold-blooded and self despite that Claudius has done sorts of wrongdoings, he is still in upset. He comforts himself that his fault is past, and compares his doing to ambition, which is ridiculous. Claudius prays that god forgives his foul murder. Moreover,Claudius is doubtful and foxy. When Polonius concludes that Hamlet is mad for his love, Ophelia. Claudius doubts Hamlet’s madness and thinks out kinds of ways to test of him. When he knows Hamlet is not really crazy, he assumes that Hamlet is full of threats and some danger to him. So he is meant to send Hamletout of the country and have Hamlet murder. In addition, Claudius takes advantage of others as his tool to reach his purpose. He lets Gratrude to talk with Hamlet and sends Polonius to hear their conference.Both Laertes and his father are used by Claudius, with ending of dying. Let’s see how Claudius persuades Laertes to fight with Hamlet. Firstly, Claudius announces that he is guiltless of Pol onius’s death and most sensible in grief for it. He shows that he has nothing to do with Laertes’s father’s killing to get close to Laertes. What’s more, he wants to purchase Laertes with money, power. Claudius even promises to give his kingdom, crown and life to Laertes in his satisfaction. Of course, he definitely knows laertes will not accept. Claudius takes further measures to win Laertes’s father. These fake words come from Claudius. Finally, Claudius’s comspriracy is realized, he asks Laertes “ will y ou be ruled by me”, Laertes agrees.Claudius urges Laertes to undertake the action with the words “to show yourself your father’s son in deed more than in words”. That’s how Claudius makes use of Laertes step by step. Claudius dies and gets punishment what he deserves at last.Reading hamlet is quiet a valuable experience in which I understand a lot. The ending is miserable, all the main characters die, while it deserves thinking deeply.Have you ever experienced the misfortune which changed your life completely? Imagine that everything around you is changed suddenly and you have to assume the hardly bearable responsibility to defend the justice, what will you do? This is the tough experience of our hero—Hamlet.你是否曾遭遇过颠覆自己整个人生的不幸？试想一下，当你周围的一切突然间彻底改变，而你迫不得已去承担生命中本不该承受之重，倾尽全力去担当维护争议的角色。
英语作文写书名要求How to Write Book Titles in English。
As a writer or a reader, it is important to know how to properly write book titles in English. Whether you are writing a paper, an article, or a book review, knowing how to format book titles will make your work look more professional and polished. In this article, we will discuss the rules for writing book titles in English.1. Capitalization。
The first rule of writing book titles in English is capitalization. All the major words in the title should be capitalized. This includes nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and pronouns. However, conjunctions, prepositions, and articles (a, an, the) should not be capitalized unless they are the first or last word in the title.For example:The Catcher in the Rye。
To Kill a Mockingbird。
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone。
美国文学史本杰明富兰克林《穷查理年鉴》自传华盛顿欧文Washington Irving《见闻札记》TheSketch Book《纽约外史》《征服格拉纳达》《阿尔罕伯拉》惠特曼《草叶集》Leaves of Grass詹姆斯菲尼莫库柏James Fennimore Cooper《间谍》The Spy 《皮袜子五部曲》Leatherstocking Tales《杀鹿者》The Deerslayer《最后的莫西干人》The Last of the Mohicans《探路者》The Last of the Mohicans《开拓者》The Pioneer《草原》The Prairie拉尔夫瓦尔多爱默生Ralph Waldo Emerson《论自然》Nature 亨利大卫梭罗Henry David Thoreau《康克德和美利马科河上的一周》A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River 《华尔腾》Walden《约翰布朗请命》A Plea for John Brown纳撒尼尔霍桑Nathaniel Hawthorne《故事重述》Twice-told Tales《古宅青苔》Mosses from and Old Manse《红字》The Scarlet Letter《有七个尖角阁楼的房子》The House of the Seven Gables《大理石雕像》The Marble Faun赫尔曼梅尔维尔Herman MelvilleTypee泰比Omio欧穆Mardi玛地Redburn莱德伯恩White Jacket白外套Moby Dick白鲸（莫比·迪克）Pierre皮埃尔Billy Budd比利·巴德埃德加艾伦坡Edgar Allen PoeMs Found in a Bottle在瓶子里发现的手稿The Murders in the Rue Morgue莫格路上的暗杀案The Purloined Letter被盗的信The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌Ligeia丽姬娅The Masque of the Red Death红色死亡的化妆舞会The Philosophy of Composition创作哲学The Poetic Principle诗歌原理Review of Hawthorne’s Twice-told Tales评霍桑的《故事重述》艾米丽迪金森Emily DickensonBecause I Can’t Stop for Death因为我不能等待死神I Heard a Fly Buzz – When I died我死时听到了苍蝇的嗡嗡声Mine – by the Right of the White Election我的丈夫——选择如意情人的权利Wild Nights – Wild Nights暴风雨夜马克吐温Mark TwainThe Gilded Age镀金时代The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆·索亚历险记The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝里·芬历险记Life on the Mississippi在密西西比河上A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court在亚瑟王朝廷里的康涅狄格州的美国佬The Man That Corrupted Hardleybug败坏了哈德莱堡的人亨利詹姆斯Henry JamesThe American美国人Daisy Miller戴希·米勒The Portrait of a Lady一个青年女人的画像The Turn of the Screw拧螺丝The Ambassadors使节The Wings of the Dove鸽翼The Golden Bowl金碗西奥多德莱赛Theodore DreiserSister Carrie嘉丽妹妹Financier金融家The Titan巨头The Stoic斯多噶Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘American Tragedy美国的悲剧The Genius天才斯蒂芬克兰Stephen CraneMaggie, a Girl of the Street街头女郎麦琪The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章The Black Riders and Other Lines黑衣骑士及其他War Is Kind战争是仁慈的厄内斯特海明威Ernest HemingwayIn Our Time在我们的时代里Winner Take Nothing胜者无所得The Torrents of Spring春潮The Sun Also Rises太阳照常升起A Farewell to Arms永别了，武器Death in the Afternoon午后之死To Have and Have Not富有与贫穷Green Hills of Africa非洲青山The Fifth Column第五纵队For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣The Old Man and the Sea老人与海威廉福克纳William FaulknerThe Marble Faun玉石雕像Soldier’s Pay兵饷Mosquitoes蚊群Sartoris家族小说The Sound and the Fury喧嚣与骚动As I Lay Dying在我弥留之际Light in August八月之光Absalom, Absalom押沙龙，押沙龙Go Down, Moses去吧，莫西约翰斯坦贝克Cup of Gold金杯Tortilla Flat煎饼坪In Dubious Battle胜负未决的战斗Of Mice and Men人与鼠The Grapes of Wrath愤怒的葡萄英国文学史Major Periods in the history of British Literature1.Old English Literature(449-1066)2.The Late Medieval Ages（1066- 14th century）3.The Renaissance Period(15th century-early 17th century)4.The Neoclassical 新古典主义Period(1660-1798)5.The Romanticism Period(1798-1832)6.The Victorian Period ( 1837-1901)7.The Modern Period (1914-present)托马斯莫尔Thomas MoreUtopia 《乌托邦》弗朗西斯培根Francis BaconAdvancement of Learning《学术的推进》Novum Organum《新工具》Essays《随笔》威廉莎士比亚William ShakespeareRomeo and Juliet罗密欧与朱利叶Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人Henry IV亨利四世Julius Caesar尤利斯·凯撒As You Like It皆大欢喜Hamlet哈姆莱特Othello奥赛罗King Lear李尔王Macbeth麦克白Antony and Cleopatra安东尼与克里奥佩特拉Tempest暴风雨poetry: Venus and Adonis; The Rape of Lucrece (Venus and Lucrece); The Passionate Pilgrim, the Sonnets约翰弥尔顿John MiltonL’Allegre 欢乐的人IL Pens eroso 沉思的人Comus柯玛斯Lycidas利西达斯Of Education论教育Areopagitica论出版自由The Defence of the English People为英国人民声辩The Second Defence of the English People再为英国人民声辩Paradise Lost 失乐园Paradise Regained 复乐园Samson Agonistes 力士参孙亚历山大蒲柏Alexander PopeEssay on Criticism批评论Moral Essays道德论An Essay on Man人论The Rape of the Rock卷发遇劫记The Dunciad愚人记塞缪尔约翰逊Samuel JohnsonThe Dictionary of English Language英语辞典The Vanity of Human Wishes人类欲望之虚幻London伦敦The Lives of Great Poets诗人传乔纳森斯威夫特Jonathan SwiftThe Battle of Books书战A Tale of a Tub木桶的故事The Drapper’s Letters一个麻布商的书信A Modest Proposal一个小小的建议Gulliver’s Travels格列佛游记乔治戈登拜伦George Gordon ByronChilde Harold’s Pilgrimage恰尔德·哈罗德尔游记Manfred曼弗雷德Cain该隐Don Juan唐·璜When We Two Parted当初我们俩分别波西比西雪莱Persy Bysshe ShelleyQueen Mab麦步女王Revolt of Islam伊斯兰的反叛The Cenci钦契一家The Masque of Anarchy, Hellas专制者的假面游行Prometheus Unbound解放了的普罗米修斯Ode to the West Wind西风颂To a Skylark致云雀简奥斯汀Jane AustenSense and Sensibility理智与情感Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见Mansfield Park曼斯菲尔德庄园Emma爱玛Northanger Abbey诺桑觉寺Persuasion劝导DuskNorman Gortsby sat on a bench in the park of a busy city．It was 6:30 on an early March evening．The sun had set，the street lights were on，but it was not yet dark．In the half－light of dusk，many lonely people were walking alone in the park，or sitting on benches in the shadows．This scene1) fitted Gortsby's mood．Dusk，he thought，was the hour of the defeated．Men and women who had dreamed or fought for something－－and lost．They came out at dusk，when their sad eyes and shabby2) clothes would not be so noticeable．Norman Gortsby was in the mood to put himself amongthe defeated．He did not have money problems．He had not failed at his work．But he had been hurt and betrayed by someone he had trusted．Right now，he felt defeated．And he enjoyed sitting on a bench watching others like him，who had been disappointed by life．Next to him on the bench sat an old man．His clothes were not shabby，but he looked as if he had no friends or anyone to care about him．He was the kind of person no one would ever notice or pay attention to．As he got up to leave，Gortsby imagined him going back to a lonely room somewhere．His place on the bench was taken by a young man．He was well－dressed，but he seemed upset．He muttered3) to himself．“You don' t seem in a very good mood，”said Gortsby．The young man said，“You wouldn't be in a good mood ifyou were in the mess4) I'm in．I've done the stupidest thing I've ever done in my life．”“What was that？”asked Gortsby．“I came to the city this afternoon，”the young man said．“I was planning to stay at the Berkshire Hotel．But when I got there，I found that it had been torn down5)．They've put a movie theater there．The taxi drive r told me about another hotel somewhere else，so I went there．”Gortsby nodded，just to be polite．“After I checked into the hotel，I decided to go out and buy some soap．I'd forgotten to pack any．And I hate using those little bars6) of hotel soap．So I went out and walked around for a while．I bought some soap，and I had something to eat．When I turned to go back to the hotel，I realized that I couldn't remember its name．I couldn't even remember what street it is on．”“That' s the mess I got myself into．I don' t have any friendshere．I spent the money I took with me from the hotel．I used it to buy the soap and a snack．Here I am，with a few pennies in my pocket，and no place to stay tonight．”The young man paused for a moment．Then he said，“I suppose you think that's an unbelievable story．”“No，not at all，”said Gortsby．“The same thing happened to me in a foreign country．I was with someone，and neither of us could remember where we were staying．But we did recall the hotel was on a canal7)．And when we found the canal，we were able to find the hotel．”The young man said，“I wouldn't mind so much in a foreign country．At least you have officials from your own country to help you with problems．But what can I do here，in my own country？If I don't find someone who believes my story and gives me some money，I'll have to spend the night in the park．But I'm glad you don't think the story is unbelievable．”Gortsby said，“The only weak part of your story is that you don' t have the bar of soap with you．”The young man jumped and felt quickly in his pockets．“I must have lost it，”he said angrily．Gortsby said，“To lose both a hotel and a bar of soap in one afternoon is strange．In fact－－”But the young man did not wait for Gortsby to finish．He walked quickly away into the shadows．Gortsby thought，“Too bad．Going out to get a bar of soap almost made his story sound true．But he forgot to have the soap with him．Otherwise，he would have gotten money from more than one person．He should have taken a little extra trouble．”Gortsby stood up，ready to leave the park．Then he saw a small package next to the bench．It was a bar of soap．It must have fallen out of the young man's pocket when he sat down．Gortsby hurried after the young man．When he caught up with him，Gortsby said，“The proof8) that you were telling the truth has turned up．”He held out the bar of soap．“It must have fallen from your pocket when you sat down．Excuse me for not believing you．But without the soap，I didn't think you were telling the truth．But now I'm convinced．Please let me lend you some money．”Silently，the young man took the money Gortsby offered him．“Here is a card with my address on it，”Gortsby continued．“You may pay me back any day this week．And here is the soap．Don't lose it again．It' s been a good friend to you．”“Lucky thing you found it，”said the young man．“Thanks．”He shook Gortsby's hand and hurried off．“Poor boy，”said Gortsby．“He looked ready to cry from relief．This must be a lesson for me．I shouldn't judge people too quickly．”Gortsby walked back the way he had come．When he cameto the bench he had been sitting on，he stopped．An old man was looking around and under the bench．Gortsby recognized him．He was the man who had been sitting there before the young man came．“Have you lost something，sir？”Gortsby asked．“Yes，sir，a bar of soap．”□by Saki在一座热闹城市中的公园里，诺曼·戈茨比坐在一张长凳上。
对一本书的评价英文文学的海洋里有无数的书籍，它们给了我们无数的想象与知识。
但是对它评价要怎么写呢?下面是小编为大家带来对一本书的评价英文，相信对你会有帮助的。
对一本书的评价英文篇一Hamlet was written by the famous writer William Shakespeare in 1603, and became popular at the Renaissance Time. It’s said that the story is based on the Prince Amleth, which can be date back to 12th century. But the first history drama is Tomas Kyds’ writing. Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear, and Othello are the four tragedies. Hamlet describes the following story:The prince Hamlets’ father dead abruptly, and the Queen Gertrude married with the new King Claudius within two months. Some people suspected that Claudius usurped the throne by marrying his sister-in-law, it’s he murdered the Ex-King.Absol utely, it’s a big attack for Prince Hamlet. He felt the marriage is illegal and unduly. Meanwhile he always wear black clothes in order to express his mourn, and he was puzzled until the day he heard of the Ghost. His close friend Horatio told Hamlet that he met the ghost of the King before the daybreak, so Hamlet decided to keep watch at night with the guard in hopes of seeing the ghost of his father.As expected, they met the ghost at midnight. Though the guard tried to stop the prince following the ghost, Hamlet came along with the ghost to a quiet place. The ghost told the fact that Claudius killed him by pouring mercury into his eyes and ears. Hamlet sworn to revenge, but on condition that not to hurt his mother. Then the ghost fades away.Because of th e harassment, Hamlets’ health became worse and worse. Fearing that Claudius would perceive his plan of revenge, he pretended mad. So that he can not only conceal his anxiety but also keep watch on Claudius. From then on, Hamlet performed strange behavior. Even be parted with his beloved girl Ophelia. But he didn’t have any chance to approach the King, for there’re so many guards around the King all the time.By chance, there is a theatrical troupe in the palace. Hamlet ordered them to perform the scene of murder. The reaction of Claudius and the Queen is too erratic tocontinue watching the play. That let Hamlet make sure they are the murderer. Later, the Queen met Hamlet secretly, but Hamlet killed Polonius mistakenly, the ghost appeared again. Hamlet persuaded his mother to help him take revenge on Claudius. But Claudius drove Hamlet out of the country. On the way to exile, Hamlet came across the pirates. Fortunately, the pirates let him go.Finally, Hamlet returned to his country. Claudius arranged a fencing game between Hamlet and Laertes, and prepared a cup of poison wine for the winner. Sure enough, Hamlet won. But the Queen drank the wine unwittingly. Unluckily, Hamlet was hurt by Laertes with the poison sword. When Hamlet was at the last gasp, he killed Claudius.The story comes to the end.There will be one thousand different Hamlets in one thousand different readers. After reading the book, I am touched by the spirit of Hamlet. At the end of the story, almost all the central figures were dead. They are the pioneer who tried to confront their fate, but they failed at last. They want to redeem the past time, but they obtain nothing. Like them, we always feelsorry about the past, but we can change nothing but accept. We need to think more about the future but not the past, nobody can live in the memory of the past.The words “to be or not to be, that is a question” reflects the truth of choice. Hamlet chose the revenge, and give up his love, friendship, even his high position and great wealth. So many times we are hesitated and irresolute. When we are faced with the choice, it means give up something, like delicious food or new clothes or other valuable stuff. Although the choices are zillion, they are limited. If we want live a happy and substantial life, we need to grasp every chance of the choice. Positive choice for our fade is the shortcut to life peak.The sentence is also suit the Queen. After the King dead, she was at a crossroads. That is morality or lust, while she chose the later one. No matter which one she chose, she was choosing adversity. The ending is in accordance with expectation. A choice even can change one’s whole life, so we should be careful about every decision we made.The story is a vivid reflection of the social reality in the 16th century. Many people have the rights of choose, but they don’t know how to decided. Their futures are manipulated by the fade, and they want resist the God’s will. However, the reality doesn’t allow any change. Hamlet is an anguished sage rather than a brave hero.The book has another name The Revenge of Prince Hamlet. Actually, the Prince didn’t succeed in revenge, because he was dead at last. Life is the most precious thing we possess, so we should cherish our lives at every moment.For me, Hamlet was impetuous. He can not change the world or fade, but he can change himself to adapt the world. One maybe not successful in doing everything, but he must can do something well. This is the second time I read this book, and my felling is more intense than before. Every one of us is Hamlet, who fights against the trouble in our daily life. Beyond any doubt, we should not give in to the straits.I hope everyone could read the story more than one time, because it not only tell you the story about Hamlet but also teach you something in your life time.对一本书的评价英文篇二Recently,I read a famous novelThe Old Man and the Sea,I learn many things from it.Santiago -- a strong, not afraid of difficulties are not afraid of failure. Although he suffered a blow, but never gave up looking for hope. Although he was defeated, but never lose heart. Although he was at the Ma Lin fish mouth died, but can once again ignited the hope of victory.Santiago is a Hemingway works in the vivid image of the fisherman. Santiago 84 days to have gained nothing, his tenacity and hard work, ushered in the eighty-fifth day of hope Dawn, ushered in the eighty-fifth days of sunshine. The eighty-fifth day, the old man out. In the vast sea of his persistence finally paid off: a marlin hooked.The next four days, is the old man and the big marlin. The cold water is not afraid, not afraid of. He used his wisdom, to beat the big marlin victory.After trying again and again, the old man finally beat the big marlin, he dared to challenge the failure. The old man and the sea's story tells us, just do not give up, one day you will be successful!对一本书的评价英文篇三Jane Eyre is a novel written by charlotte Bronte (1816—1855).charlotte brought was born at Thornton in Yorkshire, England, the third of six children. She is a famous novelist as well as her two sisters in nineteenth century. They are all influenced by their father’s library of Walter Scott, Byron, Tales of genii and the Arabian Nights. Her novels have become enduring classic of English literature.1.2. Publication information:Jane Eyre was first published in1847 in London. Charlotte with her sisters, Emily and Anne published a joint collection of poetry under the assumed names of Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell.1.3. A brief introduction to the book and the report/reviewThe main part of the story happened in Lowood and in Mr. Rochester’s house, Thorufield Hall. Jane Eyre experienced a hard life and found her happy life.2. Body2.1. What the book is about?Jane Eyre is a story can be interpreted as an autobiographical novel of Bronte. The heroine of the book, Jane Eyre, is an orphan, born in a poor family. Because that her parents have contracted typhoid fever, one after another died in this. Young Jane goes to her uncle’s home, but her uncle die d in a few days. Jane began to suffer a discrimination and abuse life due to the assault against the cousin. She was sent to an orphanage in Lowood. She lived in there and continued to be spiritual and physical destruction. After Jane experienced a tough life she graduates from Lowood, she found a job as a professional tutor in Rochester’s’, Thornfield. After they meet for some time, they began to love each other. Although they meet some unhappy things in their love, Jane married him and has an ideal happy life.2.2. Characters:Jane Eyre is a lovely, kindness, gentleness girl. She has a noble mind, a strong will and a capacity for love. Jane Eyre has a huge courage to pursue her own happiness; her spirits on this is very great.2.3. My opinions about the book:Jane Eyre is a story can be interpreted as an autobiographical novel of Bronte. Jane’s experience is very similar to Bront. the most impress me is that Jane while longer looks flats, as humble, but do not give up on themselves, and does not vanity, her kindness, gentleness, courage to pursue their own happiness. And finally as the original in order to repay. Her experience made me understood the formation of the original concept of love.。
Unit 2 A break for funListening to the worldSharingScriptsF = Finn; M1 = Man 1, etc.; W1 = Woman 1, etc.Part 1F: I love films. I love going to the cinema. I go at least once a week. How about you? How often do you go to the cinema?M1: Uh, on average, probably once a month.W1: I like going to the cinema a lot, but probably only get there about once a month.M2: Not very often. But I do go occasionally.M3: I go to the cinema, probably once or twice a month.W2: I go to the cinema about once a week during the summertime, usually when there are the best movies.M4: We probably go together, maybe once a fortnight.M5: I go, normally, probably once every month or two months, but it depends on the film.M6: I go to the cinema about once every fortnight. Of ten I’ll go on a Wednesday because we get “buy one get one free” cinema tickets, so I can take a friend with me.Part 2F: What kinds of films do you like?W1: I always like romantic comedies. Slumdog Millionaire was a great movie. Australia was a movie I saw recently which was really good.M1: … probably recommend, er, the new Terminator movie. Er, that’s once again filled with action. Very exciting.M5: I like old films. I … I’ve a complete collection of John Wayne and Charlton Heston … And musicals, anyt hing that’s quite happy or adventurous, that takes me away from real life.Those are the ones I watch.W2: I saw The Proposal not too long ago and I really liked it. It was really interesting; it was a really funny, romantic comedy.M3: Sweeney Todd. I really enjoyed with Johnny Depp – simply because he was fantastic; and Helena Bonham Carter, one of my favorite actresses, was also really good.M4: I’d recommend The Graduate. I enjoyed that as a young man and … and growing up as well.I think it’s a “coming of age” film.M6: My favorite film is called Golden Eye. It’s a James Bond film and I think the action scenes are just absolutely fantastic in it.Part 3F: Who’s your favorite actor?M5: John Wayne’s my favorite actor.M6: My favorite actor is the new Ja mes Bond, er, Daniel Craig. I think he’s very good at showing emotions in his films. My favorite actress is called Angelina Jolie. She’s very beautiful, but she’s also played lots of different roles in films.M3: My favorite actor is Johnny Depp because I think he’s funny and I think he’s lively and he always has energy on stage.W2: My favorite actor is Brad Pitt. He’s very good-looking and he can play many different roles and he’s very talented.M4: My favorite film star’s Robert DeNiro because I look lik e him.ListeningScriptsI = InterviewerPart 1I: Hello and welcome to Fashion Now, with me, Dan Taylor. In today’s program, we ask the question, “What is beauty?” Do men today really like women with blonde hair and blue eyes? And do women like the James Bond look – tall, dark and very masculine, or do they like something different now? Are ideas about beauty changing? We went out to see what you really think …I = Interviewer; W1 = Woman 1, etc.; M1 = Man 1, etc.Part 2I: Excuse me, ladies. Do you have a moment?W1: Yes?I: Just a quick question. Research says that these days women prefer men with feminine faces …W1: Really?I: Yes. It’s true … honestly!W1: I don’t agree at all. I like masculine faces …I: Can I show you some photos?W1: Sure.I: So which of these guys do you like best?W1: Hmm, Sean Connery. He’s definitely the best-looking man here. And he’s tall, isn’t he? Yeah … I like tall men. And I like a man with a beard.I: Uh-huh. What about you?W2: Mm. I’m not sure. I like this one. What’s hi s name?I: It’s Gael Garcia Bernal. He’s a Mexican film star.W2: Yeah? Well, he’s got quite a feminine face and he’s very good-looking. I like his eyes –he’s got dark brown eyes and I like men with dark eyes and black hair. But I think it’s more in thep ersonality … in the smile … so I like this one best. Will Smith. He’s got a really nice smile.I: Thank you. And here’s another lady. Excuse me. Have you got a moment?W3: Well …I: I’m doing a survey about the changing face of beauty. Can I ask you some q uestions?W3: Yes, OK. Yes.I: I’ve got some photos here. Can you tell me which of these people you like? Do you think any of them are good-looking?W3: Well, I don’t really like any of them …I: No? Er, well, so what sort of man do you like?W3: What sort of man do I like? Well, my husband’s over there. I think he’s goodlooking. I like his hair. I love guys with red hair.I: Which one? The one looking in the shop window?W3: No, he’s over there. He’s wearing a white T-shirt and he’s talking to … that blond e woman …Excuse me …I: And then I talked to some men to find out if they really prefer blondes – just like they did 50 years ago. Do you think it’s true that men prefer blondes, sir?M1: What? No, not at all! Beauty comes in all shapes and sizes and ages. Look at this photo of Judi Dench. She’s lovely. She isn’t young, but she’s got beautiful grey eyes and she always wears beautiful clothes. She looks kind and intelligent.M2: Yeah, she does. But I still prefer blondes, you know … like Scarlett Johansson.She’s lovely … slim, blonde hair, blue eyes –that’s the sort of woman I like.M1: Scarlett Johansson, slim?M2: Well, OK … but she’s not fat.M1: No, that’s true …I: OK, guys. Thanks for talking to us …ViewingScriptsV = Voice-over; W1 = Woman 1, etc.; M1 = Man 1, etc.V: All over the world, festivals bring people together. But why do people go? For the music? The food? The fun and games? We went to Bestival in the Isle of Wight, England to find out. But the first question is – where do we sleep?M1: I ... I’ve got a beach hut up here to stay in, and I’ve got the key.V: One man said it was like sleeping in the back garden.M2: It’s like opening your back door, going down to the end of your garden, getting in your shed with your baby and wife, and then calling it a holiday.V: You can stay in a hut, but most people here sleep in tents. There are a lot of different people here – families, young people, older people. We asked: Why do so many different peoplecome to festivals?W1: Well, I suppose it gives everybody a chance just to be themselves, and just to be free and be away from their normal jobs.W2: People will respect each other and have ... um … sort of some of those old-fashioned traditional values, but actually values that everyone really likes.M3: The thing I always think about festivals is they’re just playgrounds for grownups.V: And, of course, there’s one reason everyone’s here: the music. This really is a festival for all the community, young and old mixing together. In the tea tent these women are having agreat time. Why do they go to festivals?W3: The community getting together, the young mixing with the older people. We make cakes; wedo pop festivals; we’ll go anywhere, do anything.V: So, if there’s one answer to the question, why are you here? One thing that everyone talks about is this: being together.Speaking for communicationRole-playScriptsConversation 1W: OK … What do you feel like watching?M: Hmm. I … I don’t know really. What do you recommend?W: Um … Well, how about French Kiss? Do you know it?M: No, I don’t think so. What’s it about?W: Well, it’s a romantic comedy. It’s about an American woman. She goes to France and meets a French guy and … they fall in love. It’s quite old, but it’s really funny.M: Um, sounds OK, I s uppose. Who’s in it?W: Meg Ryan and Kevin Kline.M: Oh, I like Meg Ryan. Mm. Do you think I’d like it?W: Yeah, I think so. You like comedies, don’t you? And it’s very funny.M: Yeah, OK. Why don’t we get it then?W: Great. Excuse me. Can we have this one, please?Conversation 2W: What was the last DVD you saw?M: Um, Let me think. Oh – I know, it was Speed.W: Speed? Is it new? What’s it about?M: No, it’s a bit old actually. It’s an action film. It’s about a bus and it can’t stop. It has to go at top sp eed or … or it explodes. It’s great!W: Right. Who’s in it?M: Sandra Bullock and … the guy is, the actor is, er … Keanu Reeves.W: Mm. Do you think I’d like it?M: Well, do you like action films?W: Mm … not really. I prefer romantic films and dramas.M: Oh, then I don’t think you’d like it … Er, well. Oh, I know. I think you’d like that French film, you know, with the actress Juliette Binoche. What’s it called? Oh, yeah: Chocolat.W: Chocolat? Do I know it? … Oh, with Johnny Depp? Mm! Now that is a good recommendation.Have you got the DVD?Group discussionScriptsRecently I went to a concert in the park with my boyfriend and some other friends. It was inCity Park … We went because we all like the band, Double-X, and we listen to their music all the time.The concert only lasted two hours, but we took a picnic with us and went out early in the afternoon – it was a free concert, you see, so there were already a lot of people sitting out in the park in front of the stage.We got a really good place, close t o the stage. We chatted and lay in the sun all afternoon …and then in the evening more and more people came and it got quite crowded. Then the concert started and well, it was … fantastic! Double-X is an amazing band … and better live!I really liked the concert because everyone was dancing and singing – we had a great time. Further practice in listeningShort conversationsScriptsConversation 1W: Why didn’t you show up at John’s party last night? He was expecting you. You know, he is leaving the city for good.M: I’m terribly sorry. I had planned to go, but I had to take care of an emergency. I tried calling him many times but couldn’t reach him.Q: Why didn’t the man go to the party?Conversation 2M: I haven’t seen you around for quite a while. What ha ve you been doing?W: I’ve been reading Shakespeare’s great play Hamlet. My literature professor required me to present a unique review about Hamlet for my term paper.Q: What has the woman been preparing for?Conversation 3W: Which do you prefer, classical music or pop music?M: Neither. Have you ever seen me listening to music at all? You know, I don’t have an ear for music.Q: What does the man say about music?Conversation 4M: I’m taking the minimum credits to graduate. Making friends, traveling, part ying – these are what matter most to me right now.W: I’m not here to make friends or go to parties. I’m doing part-time jobs to save money to start my own company once I graduate.Q: What are the two speakers talking about?Conversation 5W: Tom, have you read the notice on the school website? I’ve won the scholarship for next term. M: No surprise to me. You have earned it. While others are at parties, you are in the library.Q: What does the man mean?Long conversationScriptsM: After such a tiring week, I can’t wait to have a rest and relax a little this weekend.W: Me too, Mr. Simpson. So what are you doing this weekend? Looks like it’ll be nice weather for sailing.M: Yes, Mary, I hope it stays this sunny. I’m going out to the beach and spending all we ekend surfing.W: You, sir? Surfing?M: Haha, I bet you think I’m too old for surfing! I’ve been surfing since I was 11, and it’s still my favorite activity. The cool blue waves, the smell of the sea, just take me back to when I was a teenager free from care. I forget all my troubles. By Sunday night, I fall into a deep sleep, sore and tired, without a care in the world.W: That’s really nice. I’m going to the beach, too. I love relaxing in the warm sun, watching my niece and nephew play in the sand and jum p in the waves. They’ll tire themselves out building sand castles, collecting seashells, and trying to bury each other in the sand.M: Oh, I remember building sand castles with my brothers ... such great fun. How old are little Timmy and Monica now?W: Tim’s five and Monica’s three.M: Wow, kids grow up so fast!Q1: Why is surfing the man’s favorite activity?Q2: What is the woman going to do this weekend?Q3: What does the woman love doing?Q4: What does the man remember doing with his brothers?Passage 1ScriptsPeople in Britain enjoy various leisure activities including watching TV, seeing friends and relatives, listening to music, shopping, listening to the radio, gardening, doing sports, reading, and so on. The latest data from a survey show that in 2010, 89 percent of all adults watched television in their free time. Spending time with family and friends was the second most popular activity at 84 percent, listening to music came next at 76 percent, and shopping was fourth at 71 percent. Truly, the most common leisure activity in the UK has been watching television. The average viewing time is 25 hours per person per week. Many television programs are about wildlife, animals, holidays, cooking and gardening. All these things are much valued by British people. The second most popular activity in Britain is visiting or entertaining friends or relatives. Actually, in the survey, those aged 25 to 34 reported spending time with friends and family as their top activity.Besides, many British people like to listen to music. Among those aged 16 to 24 spending time listening to music was selected as their top activity.Younger people tend to have different hobbies from old people. According to the survey, comparing the 16 to 24 age group with those aged 55 and over, the activities which were reported less frequently as age increased were listening to music; surfing the Internet and emailing; doing sports and exercise; going out to pubs, clubs or bars; and going out to the cinema. For example, people aged 16 to 24 spent more than 3 hours a day using a computer while those aged 55 and over spent only 1 hour and 12 minutes. Again comparing the youngest and oldest age groups, the activities which were reported more frequently as age increased were reading and gardening.Q1: According to the survey, what percentage of British adults watched TV in their free time?Q2: Which age group would be the most likely to visit their friends and relatives?Q3: What does the speaker say about listening to music as a leisure activity for British people?Q4: According to the survey, how are leisure activities related to age?Passage 2Scripts and answersPeople joke that no one in Los Angeles reads; everyone watches TV, rents videos, or goes tothe movies. The most popular reading materials are 1) comic books, movie magazines, and TV guides. City libraries have only 10 percent of the 2) traffic that car washes have. But how do you explain this? A yearly book festival in west Los Angeles is 3) constantly “sold out” year after year.People wait half an hour for a parking space to become 4) available.This outdoor festival, supported by a newspaper, takes place every April for one weekend.This year, about 70,000 people 5) took part in the festival on Saturday and 75,000 on Sunday. The festival 6) attracted 280 exhibitors. There were about 90 talks given by authors, with an 7) audience question-and-answer period following each talk. A food court sold all kinds of local foods, from hotdogs to ice drinks. Except for a $7 parking fee, the festival was 8) free of charge. Even so, some people take their own sandwiches and drinks to avoid the high prices of the food court.The idea for holding the festival in Los Angles was 9) put forward years ago, but nobodyknew if it would succeed. Although book festivals were already popular in other US cities, would people in this city 10) embrace one? “Fortunately, they do,” said one of the festival founders.。
a book review作文"英文回答，"I recently finished reading "The Great Gatsby" by F. Scott Fitzgerald. This classic novel tells the story of Jay Gatsby, a wealthy and mysterious man who throws extravagant parties in the hopes of winning back his lost love, Daisy Buchanan. The book is set in the 1920s and provides a fascinating glimpse into the lavish and hedonisticlifestyle of the time. The writing is beautiful and evocative, and I found myself completely immersed in the world of the characters.One of the things I loved about the book was its exploration of the American Dream and the idea that wealth and success can ultimately lead to emptiness and disillusionment. The characters are complex and flawed, and their relationships are filled with passion and tragedy. Fitzgerald's prose is both poetic and poignant, and I was captivated by the way he brought the era to life.Overall, I found "The Great Gatsby" to be a thought-provoking and compelling read. It's a timeless story that continues to resonate with readers today, and I highly recommend it to anyone looking for a captivating and beautifully written novel."中文回答，"我最近读完了费·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德的《了不起的盖茨比》。
book review 雅思阅读Title: Book Review - IELTS ReadingIntroduction:The IELTS Reading section is an essential part of the IELTS exam, and it requires candidates to comprehend and analyze various texts. In this article, we will review the importance of book reviews in enhancing IELTS Reading skills. We will discuss the benefits of reading book reviews, how they can improve reading comprehension, and provide tips on effective book review analysis.Body:1. Importance of Book Reviews in IELTS Reading:1.1 Provides insights into book content:- Book reviews offer a brief summary of the book, allowing readers to understand the main themes and ideas.- They highlight the author's writing style, the target audience, and the genre, providing valuable context for IELTS Reading preparation.1.2 Expands vocabulary:- Book reviews often include rich and diverse vocabulary that can be beneficial for IELTS candidates.- By reading book reviews, test-takers can encounter new words and phrases, improving their lexical resource for the exam.1.3 Enhances critical thinking skills:- Analyzing book reviews helps develop critical thinking abilities by evaluating the reviewer's arguments and opinions.- This skill is crucial for the IELTS Reading section, as it requires candidates to assess the validity and reliability of the information presented.2. Improving Reading Comprehension through Book Reviews:2.1 Identifying main ideas:- Book reviews often highlight the central themes and main arguments of a book, helping readers identify key information quickly.- This skill is essential for IELTS Reading, where candidates must locate and comprehend main ideas within a given text.2.2 Understanding author's perspective:- Book reviews allow readers to grasp the author's viewpoint, enabling them to develop a deeper understanding of the text.- This comprehension skill is valuable for IELTS Reading, as candidates need to infer the author's intent and purpose.2.3 Recognizing supporting details:- Book reviews often include specific examples and supporting details that reinforce the reviewer's opinions.- Developing the ability to identify supporting details aids in IELTS Reading, where candidates must locate specific information within a passage.3. Effective Book Review Analysis Tips:3.1 Read reviews from different sources:- Exploring reviews from various platforms exposes readers to different writing styles and perspectives.- This practice helps IELTS candidates adapt to different reading materials, enhancing their overall reading skills.3.2 Take notes while reading:- Jotting down key points while reading book reviews can improve memory retention and aid in later analysis.- This habit strengthens note-taking skills, which are crucial for the IELTS Reading section.3.3 Analyze the reviewer's credibility:- Assessing the credibility of the reviewer helps readers determine the reliability of the information presented.- This skill is essential for IELTS candidates, as they need to evaluate the credibility of sources in the exam.Conclusion:Book reviews play a vital role in enhancing IELTS Reading skills. They provide valuable insights into book content, expand vocabulary, and enhance critical thinking abilities. By analyzing book reviews, candidates can improve their reading comprehension by identifying main ideas, understanding author perspectives, and recognizing supporting details. Additionally, effective book review analysis tips, such as reading from different sources, taking notes, and evaluating credibility, can further enhance IELTS Reading performance. Incorporating book reviews into study routines can significantly contribute to success in the IELTS exam.。
BOOK REVIEWSJPART19:681–687 Innovation’s Three RsSandford F.Borins,ed.2008.Innovations in Government:Research,Recognition,and Replication.Washington:Brookings Institution Press.231pp.I began my review of this book with great anticipation.As a professor/practitioner of public management and teacher of a course on management innovation,I am always looking for a fresh,new book about helping organizations change for the better.This collection of articles,edited by Sanford Borins,is particularly interesting to me because it focuses on the Innovations in American Government Awards Program at the Harvard University Kennedy School’s Ash Institute.The program makes a substantial contribution to improv-ing the performance and reputation of government and public servants in the United States and more recently in Brazil,Chile,China,Kenya,Mexico,Peru,the Philippines,and South Africa.The book is definitely worth reading—some of the articles are truly excellent.In the editor’s own words,the book is very much a Festschrift,a tribute volume to the Innovations program and its proud and productive23-year history.The introduction presents the requisite academic criticism of best-practice research—self-reported claims are not verified,success today can fail tomorrow,and best-practice looks only at the best and does not compare it to the worst.As Borins correctly notes,the Kennedy Innovations program deals with such criticisms effectively,with its rigorous application and indepen-dent site visitor verification process,requiring applicants to present afive-year track of success,and requiring applicants to describe the obstacles they had to overcome to achieve success.According to Borins,the unanswered questions are whether these innovations are replicable,how,why,and why not.The authors seek to answer these questions from a va-riety of different perspectives—historical,academic,purpose,international,personal,and looking forward.Sometimes the authors are successful.Sometimes they are not.The collection starts on a high note with an enthralling history of the Innovation pro-gram by Jonathan Walters,an expert on performance management and columnist for Gov-erning magazine.Walters sees the program as a response to the anti-government rhetoric of Ronald Reagan,shaped from a vision formed at the Ford Foundation and hammered into a practical,sustainable institution by Graham Allison,Pete Zimmerman,Mark Moore,and Walter Broadnax at the Kennedy School.Walters charts the development of the program from its early,modest profile through the fateful decision in the early1990s to seek to attract a much larger applicant pool and to recognize programs with‘‘a little more imme-diate heft.’’(p.22)Awards to Wisconsin’s welfare-to-work initiative,New York City’s Compstat crimefighting system,and Vermont’s Restorative Justice early alternative sen-tencing program connected the Innovations Award to breakthrough programs that were reinventing American government.But even after securing endowments from the Ford Foundation and Roy L.Ash,Walters argues some observers in academia,and government are disappointed that the program is not more broadly recognized.He suggests that this shortfall in recognition and replication could be connected to the lack of resources for academic research on the award winners.doi:10.1093/jopart/mun027Advance Access publication on December9,2008ªThe Author2008.Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory,Inc.All rights reserved.For permissions,please e-mail:journals.permissions@682Journal of Public Administration Research and TheoryThe second article,by Steven Kelman,explores this perceived research gap.Kelman credits the Kennedy School and its scholars with achieving a high profile in innovation research,particularly through the work of Mark Moore and Michael Barzelay.Yet he criticizes the‘‘Kennedy School of Research’’on innovation as being‘‘remarkably self-referential.’’(p.34)The author then proceeds to examine the modern literature on innovation, organizational change,and performance in American government without discussing or referencing E.S.Savas and the privatization movement or David Osborne and the reinvent-ing government movement.Kelman also touches on public entrepreneurship without ref-erencing H.George Frederickson and concludes by referencing his own work(p.49).Those who decide to read on are rewarded with an excellent article by Archon Fung focused on innovations that‘‘build bridges between governments and the citizens they serve.’’(p.52)Fung identifies several important methods of public participation including social cooperation,communication and understanding,and civic mobilization.He then connects these methods to some extraordinarily successful innovation award winners: the San Francisco Sheriff’s Department Resolve to Stop the Violence Program;the Washington,DC,Police Department’s Gay and Lesbian Liaison Unit;and the Grassroots Conservation Program of the US Fish and Wildlife Service.Fung establishes that the truly innovative public manager can improve performance and deepen democracy at the same time.Three chapters provide interesting case studies—one on the innovation program in Brazil;another looks at Beacon Scheme,a UK governance awards program;and the third examines the culture of innovation at the US Department of Labor under the leadership of Secretary of Labor Robert B.Reich.For US professors seeking to bring an international aspect to their management courses,the article by Marta Ferreira,Santos Farah and Peter Spink provides an excellent introduction to state and local government innovation in South America’s largest economy,whereas Jean Hartley’s article assesses innovation as a means to improve public service in the United Kingdom.Hartley also provides a useful compar-ative analysis of the UK’s Beacon Scheme and the Kennedy School’s American awards program.John Donahue’s look at Reich’s commitment to innovation at the Labor Depart-ment during the Clinton Administration is a very useful study of the role of leadership in the innovation process.An article by Bob Behn analyzes replication on a conceptual level.It should really be the concluding chapter of the book.Behn helps the reader understand how innovation hap-pens and what an innovator needs to do when attempting to transport an effective new methodology to a different culture or service area.He illustrates the challenge beautifully, comparing the many successful replications of New York City’s Compstat crimefighting system with less successful attempts to replicate Baltimore’s Citistat innovation(itselfa replication of Compstat).Chapters by editor Sandford Borins bookend the volume.The introduction simply summarizes the contents,whereas thefinal chapter celebrates what the Innovations pro-gram has accomplished and then lays out a research agenda for the future.A chapter by Eugene Bardach on interagency collaborative capacity is interesting but only remotely connected to other chapters.Gowher Rizvi,director of the Ash Institute which houses the awards program,focuses his chapter on the contributions of the awards program and the Ash Institute.He concludes that government innovation is useful only to the extent that it enhances the quality of life,justice,and democracy for the citizens being served.Eimicke Innovation’s Three Rs683 This book certainly has value as a supplemental text for a graduate course on public management or management innovation.The three case chapters could be used as class assignments or to stimulate class discussions on replicability,organizational culture,cul-tural context,accountability,performance versus participation,and the challenge of orga-nizational change.The articles by Bob Behn and Archon Fung help put the cases in perspective and would aid the students in drawing lessons from the cases.The chapters by Walters,Rizvi,and Borins tell a story of the Innovations in American Government Awards that graduate students of public policy and management should know. Popular literature on government is overwhelmingly negative.Many of the textbooks usedin public policy and administration courses focus on the constraints facing public managersand offer little encouragement for innovation or change for the better.The Kennedy awards process represents one of the few opportunities for effective public managers to attractsome positive public attention and,it is good for public policy students to know about thisvery important program.What is disappointing about the book is that it pays so little attention to the reinventing government movement and the important writings of David Osborne and H.George Frederickson.Reinventing Government(Osborne and Gaebler1992)inspired President Bill Clinton and Vice President Al Gore to launch the National Performance Review,one of thefew federal government reform initiatives to produce sustainable,positive changes in gov-ernment agencies through doing more,not just spending less.Reinventing Government’sfollow-up,Banishing Bureaucracy(Osborne and Plastrik1998),helped encourage and sus-tain innovators around the world,including former Mayor Stephen Goldsmith in Indian-apolis and Mayor Rudy Giuliani in New York City.These high-profile reinvention era Innovations Award winners propelled the award program from relative obscurity to its cur-rent high profile,as Jonathan Walters describes in his chapter(22–4).Not every application of the reinvention tool kit produced positive outcomes.H.George Frederickson(1997)most eloquently voiced its dangers in The Spirit of Public Administration.Public entrepreneurship,trying to run government like a business,can leadpublic agencies to ignore due process,equal access,public participation,and negative externalities.The apparent efficiencies of self-certification and self-regulation can leadto credit default swaps and catastrophic disruptions in the housing,banking,and credit markets,as we have seen.There is nothing wrong with government innovators seeking to adapt best practicesfrom the private sector to more efficiently meet the needs of their public sector customers. However,as Frederickson points out,public sector customers are also citizens and public agencies must do more than provide customer service.Mayor Goldsmith’s initial commit-ment to privatization transformed into an award winning competition program as he cameto better understand the complexities of public services and the constraints facing truly committed and talented public servants.In fact,it could be argued that Goldsmith’s inno-vation had as much to do with creative labor relations and performance incentives as it didwith using the market to improve public services.The reinvention model incorporates market principles such as competition,leverageand earning rather than spending and customer focus;however,the majority of the10core strategies involve innovations accomplished by government workers working more effec-tively and efficiently,often by working more closely with communities and individualsthey serve.As Don Kettl sees it:684Journal of Public Administration Research and TheoryManagement reform for the twenty-first century will require the instinct for reform to becomehardwired into the practice of government.Ultimately,this strategy means coupling the reformimpulse with governance—government’s increasingly important relationship with civil societyand the institutions that shape modern life.(2005,90)When you read the chapter by Gowher Rizvi about the future of the Kennedy Innovations program,he seems to be channeling Kettl.Couple this strategy with a board that currently includes skilled practitioner/thinkers such as David Gergen,Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, David Osborne,and Ellen Schall and we have good reason to be optimistic about the future of the Innovations in American Government Awards program.If you agree with me that the program plays an important role in encouraging innovative public managers,then you should read Innovations in Government:Research,Recognition and Replication.REFERENCESFrederickson,H.George.1997.The spirit of public administration.San Francisco,CA:Jossey-Bass.Kettl,Donald F.2005.The global public management revolution.2nd ed.Washington,DC:Brookings Institution Press.Osborne,David,and Ted Gaebler.1992.Reinventing government:How the entrepreneurial spirit is trans-forming the public sector.Reading,MA:Addison-Wesley.Osborne,David,and Peter Plastrik.1998.Banishing bureaucracy:Thefive strategies for reinventing government.New York:Plume.William EimickeColumbia University11Currently on public service leave to serve as Deputy Fire Commissioner for Strategic Planning and Management, New York City Fire Department.。
九年级Unit 1 stomach 胃部regret 懊悔fever 发烧pale 苍白的；浅色的Sara 莎拉（女）examination 检查；考试pain 疼痛pardon 原谅X-ray X光dentist 牙医refuse 拒绝toothache 牙痛rotten 腐烂的fortunately 幸运地headset （头戴式）耳机aching 疼痛的German 德国（人）的；德语wolf 狼grain 谷物；粮食vitamin 维生素mineral 矿物质fibre 纤维素corn 玉米protein 蛋白质bean 豆子Asian 亚洲（人）的soy 大豆calcium 钙bone 骨头yogurt 酸奶contain 包含balanced 均衡的diet 日常食物include 包含smoke 烟；吸烟harmful 有害的disease 疾病lung 肺harm 伤害breathe 呼吸public 公开的law 法律cigarette 香烟whenever 无论何时risk 风险somebody 某人damage 损害unable 不能的dare 敢于wheelchair 轮椅control 控制telephone 电话hers 她的cheer 欢呼（声）kick 踢disabled 残疾的focus 集中；焦点pity 同情appendicitis 阑尾炎appendix 阑尾；附录sleepy 困倦的mention 提到Unit 2meaning 意义dialogue 对话successful 成功的missing 缺失的survey 调查neighbour 邻居universe 宇宙Alert Einstein 艾伯特·爱因斯坦lifetime 一生solve 解决theory 理论relativity 相对性Switzerland 瑞士pioneer 先锋Nobel 诺贝尔（男）Princeton 普林斯顿nuclear 核能的weapon 武器conclusion 结论false 错误的peanut 花生hybrid 杂交的（植/动物）variety 变化introduction 采用；引进leader 领袖production 生产produce 生产super 超级的planetary 行星的Helen Keller 海伦·凯勒（女）writer 作家educator 教育家blind 失明的deaf 失聪的illness 疾病ability 能力Anne Sullivan 安妮·沙利文progress 进展；进步community 社区greatly 非常Norman Bethune 诺尔曼·白求恩graduate 毕业Toronto 多伦多remain 保持不变anti- 反对decision 决定aid 帮助worst 最糟糕的condition 条件operate 做手术government 政府medical 医疗的crossword 纵横游戏puzzle 智力游戏based 以……为基础whom 谁anybody 任何人chemistry 化学Unit 3safety 安全careful 小心的decorate 装饰hang 悬挂ceiling 天花板lie 平躺；说谎；谎言serious 严肃的ambulance 救护车necessary 必须的accident 意外；事故town 城镇Alberta 阿尔伯塔（男）James 詹姆斯（男）reporter 记者roll 滚动Andrews 安德鲁斯（姓）fault 缺点；过错icy 结满冰的ugly 难看的shoulder 肩膀wound 伤口recover 恢复expect 期待helmet 头盔sudden 突然（的）blood 血knee 膝盖bleed 流血sharp 锋利的rock 岩石stick 插入scary 恐怖的goodness 善良；美德stranger 陌生人careless 粗心的prevent 阻止；预防certain 某些themselves 他/她/它们自己baking 烘焙soda 苏打salt 盐scissors 剪刀knife 刀poison 毒药heat 高温；加热burn 燃烧bathtub 浴缸slip 滑到earthquake 地震calm 镇静的object 物体；目标system 系统survival 生存rule 规则branch 树枝training 训练Unit 4compare 比较passage 章节；段落limit 限制format 格式rhyme 韵脚；押韵although 尽管；虽然effort 精力；努力fat 脂肪；胖的aloud 出声地line 路线；（诗）行text 正文；文字材料poet 诗人single 单一的screen 屏幕hum 发嗡嗡声stretch 伸展liquid 液体；清澈的state 陈述；说明noun 名词adjective 形容词express 表达fable 寓言woodcutter 伐木工axe 斧子dive 跳水admit 承认；赞同silver 银（的）policy 原则；政策loud 大声的frightened 受惊的board 木板awake 醒着的musician 音乐家perhaps 也许peek 偷窥softly 轻轻地scene 场景；景色crawl 爬行selfish 自私的knock 敲打spread 扩展neck 脖子wicked 邪恶的fairy 小精灵tale 童话；故事character 人物；特点plot 情节humorous 幽默的Unit 5experiment 实验jar 罐子upside 上部pour 倾倒correct 正确的scientific 科学的method 方法raincoat 雨衣force 力量；迫使pressure 压力；压强；挤压conclude 得出结论；断定holder 支托物；持有者shallow 浅的lighter 打火机；点火器match 火柴；匹配examine 检查oxygen 氧气telescope 望远镜solar 太阳的certainly 当然；确定unless 除非double 两倍（的）mystery 奥秘biology 生物butterfly 蝴蝶migrate 移居fantastic 奇异的completely 完全地grandchild （外）孙子/女female 女性；雌性milkweed 马利筋（植）chemical 化学物质puzzling 令人费解的DNA 脱氧核糖核酸blueprint 蓝图general 一般的；普遍的complex 复杂的twin 双胞胎之一repeat 重复pattern 模式identify 确认related 有关的grandson 孙子；外孙granddaughter 孙女；外孙女instruction 说明；指示affect 影响suggest 建议development 发展mobile phone 移动电话discovery 发现；发掘Unit 6involve 参加；包含script 剧本director 导演；主任；负责人direct 导演；指导costume 服装；戏装background 背景task 任务effect 影响France 法国couple 两/几个人（物）titanic 巨大的action 行动Bruce Lee 李小龙prefer 更喜欢fiction 小说；虚构comedy 喜剧Charlie Chaplin 查理·卓别林popcorn 爆米花goldfish 金鱼wife 妻子net 网络whatever 无论什么God 上帝grey 灰色（的）marry 结婚ours 我们的coast 海岸handbag 手提包among 在……中间servant 仆人guard 卫兵；看守queen 女王serve 服务mad 疯的；发怒的crash 撞击handsome 英俊的playwright 剧作家William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚Hamlet 哈姆雷特（男）tragedy 悲剧teahouse 茶馆actress 女演员Unit 7victory 胜利beat 击败repair 修理service 服务message 信息check 检查secretary 秘书bounce 反弹separate 分离behave 表现gentleman 绅士Danielle 丹妮尔（女）president 总统council 议会organization 组织provide 提供agreement 协议religion 宗教dispute 争论olive 橄榄Noah 诺亚（男）flood 洪水snake 蛇lock 锁suffer 受苦headquarters 总部security 安全permanent 永久的situation 状况satisfy 使满意forever 永远silence 沉默silent 沉默的elder 长辈directly 直接地rather 相当；宁可peacemaker 调解人Unit 8 Chinatown 中国城；唐人街decoration 装饰品bowl 碗chopstick 筷子spoon 勺子fork 叉子underground 地下的lantern 灯笼dragon 龙Santa Claus 圣诞老人temple 庙宇society 社会generation 一代（人）wealthy 富有的penny 便士pound 镑foolish 愚蠢的whether 是否；无论human 人类（的）manners 礼仪though 尽管modest 谦虚的virtue 美德praise 称赞private 私人的elderly 年长的guest 客人extra 额外的waiter 服务员tip （给）小费percent 百分之……central 中部的immigrant 移民according to 根据；依照official 官方的；正式的custom 习惯；习俗tidy 整洁的；使整洁Russian 俄罗斯人(的)；俄语noisy 吵闹的chalk 粉笔tradition 传统reaction 反应react 反应officer 官员gun 枪doll 洋娃娃Unit 9unit 单元misunderstanding 误解require 需要communication 交流hardly 几乎不solution 解决办法；答案anger 愤怒interpersonal 人际的passport 护照；途径proper 正确的；恰当的listener 听者contact 接触；联系promise 承诺cancel 取消figure 计算；认为difficulty 困难dining 用餐simply 只是；简单地somehow 以某种方式adapt 使适应；改编universal 通用的；普遍的absent 缺席的trouble 麻烦；困难secret 秘密（的）moment 时刻；瞬间tap 轻拍familiar 熟悉的Unit 10boss 老板manage 管理；负责doubt 怀疑wealth 财富astronaut 宇航员besides 除……之外weekday 工作日primary 小学的；基本的asleep 睡着的notebook 笔记本review 复习；评论itself 它自己wallet 钱包owner 拥有者row 划（船）senior 级别高的speech 演讲period 一段时间valuable 宝贵的achieve 获得behalf 代表（某人）congratulation 祝贺merchant 商人mall 商场faint 昏倒agency 机关；代理机构definitely 肯定。
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Write a book review on any of the books listed in column"Lesson 3", or on any books to be suggested for following lectures. You can also choose a book by yourself if you are interested in none of the books I suggested. But on that case please consult me before you begin. Requirements:1. Please write in English.2. Plesse write at least 800 words.Here is how to write a book review.How to Write a Book Review/library/bookreview.htmA book review is a description, critical analysis, and an evaluation on the quality, meaning, and significance of a book, not a retelling. It should focus on the book's purpose, content, and authority. A critical book review is not a book report or a summary. It is a reaction paper in which strengths and weaknesses of the material are analyzed. It should include a statement of what the author has tried to do, evaluates how well (in the opinion of the reviewer) the author has succeeded, and presents evidence to support this evaluation.There is no right way to write a book review. Book reviews arehighly personal and reflect the opinions of the reviewer. A review can be as short as 50-100 words, or as long as 1500 words, depending on the purpose of the review.The following are standard procedures for writing book reviews; they are suggestions, not formulae that must be used.1. Write a statement giving essential information about the book: title, author, first copyright date, type of book, general subject matter, special features (maps, color plates, etc.), price and ISBN.2. State the author’s purpose in writing the book. Sometimes authors state their purpose in the preface or the first chapter. When they do not, you may arrive at an understandi ng of the book’s purpose by asking yourself these questions:a. Why did the author write on this subject rather than on some other subject?b. From what point of view is the work written?c. Was the author trying to give information, to explain something t echnical, to convince the reader of a belief’s validity by dramatizing it in action?d. What is the general field or genre, and how does the book fit into it? (Use outside sources to familiarize yourself with the field, if necessary.) Knowledge of the genre means understanding the art form. and how it functions.e. Who is the intended audience?f. What is the author's style? Is it formal or informal? Evaluate the quality of the writing style by using some of the following standards: coherence, clarity, originality, forcefulness, correct use of technical words, conciseness, fullness of development, fluidity. Does it suit the intended audience?g. Scan the Table of Contents, it can help understand how the book is organized and will aid in determining the author's main ideas and how they are developed - chronologically, topically, etc.g. How did the book affect you? Were any previous ideas you had on the subject changed, abandoned, or reinforced due to this book? How is the book related to your own course or personal agenda? What personal experiences you've had relate to the subject?h. How well has the book achieved its goal?i. Would you recommend this book or article to others? Why?3. State the theme and the thesis of the book.a. Theme: The theme is the subject or topic. It is not necessarilythe title, and it is usually not expressed in a complete sentence. It expresses a specific phase of the general subject matter. b. Thesis: The thesis is an author’s generalization about the theme, the author’s beliefs a bout something important, the book’s philosophical conclusion, or the proposition the author means to prove. Express it without metaphor or other figurative language, in one declarative sentence.ExampleTitle: We Had it MadeGeneral Subject Matter: Religious IntoleranceTheme: The effects of religious intolerance on a small town Thesis: Religious intolerance, a sickness of individuals, contaminates an entire social group4. Explain the method of development-the way the author supports the thesis. Illustrate your remarks with specific references and quotations. In general, authors tend to use the following methods, exclusively or in combination.a. Description: The author presents word-pictures of scenes and events by giving specific details that appeal to the five senses, or to the reader’s imagination. Description presents background and setting. Its primary purpose is to help the reader realize, through as many sensuous details as possible, the way things (andpeople) are, in the episodes being described.b. Narration: The author tells the story of a series of events, usually presented in chronological order. In a novel however, chronological order may be violated for the sake of the plot. The emphasis in narration, in both fiction and non-fiction, is on the events. Narration tells what has happened. Its primary purpose is to tell a story.c. Exposition: The author uses explanation and analysis to present a subject or to clarify an idea. Exposition presents the facts about a subject or an issue as clearly and impartially as possible. Its primary purpose is to explain.d. Argument: The author uses the techniques of persuasion to establish the truth of a statement or to convince the reader of its falsity. The purpose is to persuade the reader to believe something and perhaps to act on that belief. Argument takes sides on an issue. Its primary purpose is to convince.5. Evaluate the book for interest, accuracy, objectivity, importance, thoroughness, and usefulness to its intended audience. Show whether the author's main arguments are true. Respond to the author's opinions. What do you agree or disagree with? And why? Illustrate whether or not any conclusions drawn are derived logically from the evidence. Explore issues the book raises. Whatpossibilities does the book suggest? What has the author omitted or what problems were left unsolved? What specific points are not convincing? Compare it with other books on similar subjects or other books by the same as well as different authors. Is it only a reworking of earlier books; a refutation of previous positions? Have newly uncovered sources justified a new approach by the author? Comment on parts of particular interest, and point out anything that seems to give the book literary merit. Relate the book to larger issues.6. Try to find further information about the author - reputation, qualifications, influences, biographical, etc. - any information that is relevant to the book being reviewed and that would help to establish the author's authority. Can you discern any connections between the author's philosophy, life experience and the reviewed book?7. If relevant, make note of the book's format - layout, binding, typography, etc. Are there maps, illustrations? Do they aid understanding?8. Check the back matter. Is the index accurate? Check any end notes or footnotes as you read from chapter to chapter. Do they provide important additional information? Do they clarify orextend points made in the body of the text? Check any bibliography the author may provide. What kinds of sources, primary or secondary, appear in the bibliography? How does the author make use of them? Make note of important omissions.9. Summarize (briefly), analyze, and comment on the book’s content. State your general conclusions. Pay particular attention to the author's concluding chapter. Is the summary convincing? List the principal topics, and briefly summarize the author’s ideas about these topics, main points, and conclusions. Use specific references and quotations to support your statements. If your thesis has been well argued, the conclusion should follow naturally. It can include a final assessment or simply restate your thesis. Do not introduce new material at this point.Some Considerations When Reviewing specific genresFiction (above all, do not give away the story)Character1.From what sources are the characters drawn?2.What is the author's attitude toward his characters?3.Are the characters flat or three-dimensional?4.Does character development occur?5.Is character delineation direct or indirect?Theme1.What is/are the major theme(s)?2.How are they revealed and developed?3.Is the theme traditional and familiar, or new and original?4.Is the theme didactic, psychological, social, entertaining, escapist, etc. in purpose or intent?Plot1.How are the various elements of plot (eg, introduction, suspense, climax, conclusion) handled?2.What is the relationship of plot to character delineation?3.To what extent, and how, is accident employed as a complicating and/or resolving force?4.What are the elements of mystery and suspense?5.What other devices of plot complication and resolution are employed?6.Is there a sub-plot and how is it related to the main plot?7.Is the plot primary or secondary to some of the other essential elements of the story (character, setting, style, etc.)?Style1.What are the "intellectual qualities" of the writing (e.g., simplicity, clarity)?2.What are the "emotional qualities" of the writing (e.g., humour, wit, satire)?3..What are the "aesthetic qualities" of the writing (e.g., harmony, rhythm)?4.What stylistic devices are employed (e.g., symbolism, motifs, parody, allegory)?5.How effective is dialogue?Setting1.What is the setting and does it play a significant role in the work?2.Is a sense of atmosphere evoked, and how?3.What scenic effects are used and how important and effective are they?4.Does the setting influence or impinge on the characters and/or plot?Biography1.Does the book give a "full-length" picture of the subject?2.What phases of the subject's life receive greatest treatment and is this treatment justified?3.What is the point of view of the author?4.How is the subject matter organized: chronologically, retrospectively, etc.?5.Is the treatment superficial or does the author show extensive study into the subject's life?6.What source materials were used in the preparation of the biography?7.Is the work documented?8.Does the author attempt to get at the subject's hidden motives?9.What important new facts about the subject's life are revealed in the book?10.What is the relationship of the subject's career to contemporary history?11.How does the biography compare with others about the same person?12.How does it compare with other works by the same author? History and other NonfictionPoetrySubject headings used in the catalog:Book reviewing CriticismRelated books:Book reviewing : a guide to writing book reviews for newspapers, magazines, radio, and television. Boston. The Writer, 1978PN98.B7 B6Drewry, John. Writing Book Reviews. Boston: The Writer, 1974. PN98.B7 D7 1974Teitelbaum, Harry. How to Write Book Reports. New York: Monarch Press, 1975. LB2369 .T4Miller, Walter James. How to write book reports : -- analyzing and evaluating fiction, drama, poetry, and non-fiction New York. Arco Pub., 1984. LB2369 .M46 1984Sources of Book ReviewsBook Review Digest 1985+ INDEX Z1219 .C96Book Review Index 1965+ INDEX Z1035.A1 B6Contemporary Authors REFERENCE Z1224 .C5Related Websites:How to Write a Book Review. Stauffer Library.http://library.queensu.ca/inforef/bookreview/wri.htmWriting Book Reviews. University of Waterloo Library.http://library.uwaterloo.ca/libguides/1-12.htmlHow to Write a Book Review.Dalhousie University Libraries. http://www.library.dal.ca/How/Guides/BookReview/Writing Book Reports & Book Reviews. Internet Public Library. /div/farq/bookreportFARQ.html/library/bookreview.htm1.Is this a work of power, originality, individuality?2.What kind of poetry is under review (epic, lyrical, elegiac, etc.)?3.What poetical devices have been used (rhyme, rhythm, figures of speech, imagery, etc.), and to what effect?4.What is the central concern of the poem and is it effectively expressed?1.With what particular subject or period does the book deal?2.How thorough is the treatment?3.What were the sources used?4.Is the account given in broad outline or in detail?5.Is the style that of reportorial writing, or is there an effort at interpretive writing?6.What is the point of view or thesis of the author?7.Is the treatment superficial or profound?8.For what group is the book intended (textbook, popular, scholarly, etc.)?9.What part does biographical writing play in the book?10.Is social history or political history emphasized?11.Are dates used extensively, and if so, are they used intelligently?12.Is the book a revision? How does it compare with earlier editions?13.Are maps, illustrations, charts, etc. used and how are these to be evaluated?。
Hamlet and Two HeroinesHamlet is one of the most famous play that written by William Shakespeare. It is thetragedy of tragedies. This is a story about revenging ending in perishing together. After reading through the whole play, two heroines, Gertrude and Ophelia, impress me most. InMiddle Ages, women were considered as appendages of men, so were Gertrude and Ophelia.They both have close bound with Hamlet, the hero, and love him deeply. However, doesHamlet love them as much as they do? It confuses me a lot.“Are you honest? Are you fair?”In front of Ophelia’s tomb, Hamlet declares that“What is he whose griefBears such an emphasis? Whose phrase of sorrowConjures the wand’ ring stars, and makes them standLike wonder-wounded hearers? This is I,Hamlet the Dane”, and“I loved Ophelia, forty thousand brothersCould not with all their quantity of loveMake up my sum. What wilt thou do for her?”Those words are aimed at refuting Laertes’s denouncement. It is more of a riposte thanexpression of love. Leartes imputes Ophelia’s death to Hamlet, exploding his grief withexaggerated tone. As soon as Hamlet hears his denouncement, he steps forward and wants toProve that his is much more distressed than Leartes.I first recognize Hamlet and Ophelia’s relationship from the conversation among Ophelia, her brother and her father. She believes that Hamlet loves her sincerely, but she was satirized by his father, Polonius. Then she follows Polonius’s advice, rejecting Hamlet’s letters and not meeting with him, which makes a breakthrough of their relationship. It seems that Hamlet becomes insane. In order to test his insanity, Ophelia recites what her father tells her, that makes Hamlet crazier.The death of Ophelia is a tragedy. The causes of her death include several reasons. First, Hamlet becomes “insane”and “breaks faith”. What’s worse, her father is killed and the murderer is Hamlet.What kind of affection dose Hamlet hold to Ophelia? Apparently, his love is neither a brain storm nor as much as “forty thousand brothers”. Hamlet cannot consider Ophelia as a companion and he hesitates to trust her. He loves her beauty and purity, but he cannot share his very secret with her and earn her support. What’s worse, the secret told by ghost makes mother’s image ruined. As far as he considers, Ophelia’s present beauty is not a promise to future chastity. What makes him upset is his uncertainty in his inside world. A critic commented Hamlet as “the giant of thoughts, the dwarf of actions”. He has no strong motion disclosure to Ophelia.As Hamlet describes, women are flirtations and weak-minded, which become women’s sin. While, beauty makes women easier to be tempted, so beauty becomes sin.“Frailty, thy name is woman!”When Hamlet is alone, he seldom thinks of Ophelia, but frequently thinks of his mother Gertrude. However, it is not a son’s attachment and love to mother, instead, it represents anger and hate. Certainly, it doesn’t mean that he doesn’t love his mother at all. It is more like a sense of stigma.Before the ghost tells him the secret, Hamlet complains a lot about his mother. A monologue of Hamlet is interesting.“Frailty, thy name is woman!A little month or ere those shoes were oldWith which she followed my poor father’s body,Like Niobe all tears, why she, even she,(O God, a beast that wants discourse of reasonWould have mourned longer) married with my uncle,My father’s brother, but no more like my fatherThan I to Hercules, Within a month,Ere yet the salt of most unrighteous tearsHad left the flushing in her galled eyesShe m arried.”Those words are extreme disrespectful. It is hard to imagine that a son could say such words to describe his mother’s attitude to father, using a mass of vicious expressions. Gertrude has no idea of Claudius’s intrigues. If she has any fault, it might be her hasty marriage to Claudius after her husband’s death.In this play, these two heroines are quite different from former archetypal image. They do not turn “bad”, but turn “weak”. This kind of “weakness” anguishes Hamlet deeply. It is Ophelia’s weakness that results in her departing from Hamlet, going mad after her father’s death, and last drowning herself. Similarly, Gertrude is weak. She cannot get rid of Claudius. She drinks poisoned wine out of a mother’s love unwittingly.Frailty is not a negative character respect to ethical principle. But in Hamlet, it becomes an unforgivable fault. It is because Hamlet is a nobleman, a prince who should have inherited his father’s kingdom and become the new king. The reality is that, however, his king father is killed and his status is not protected, even his life is in danger. He has to spare his life, revenge for his father, and catch on reforming.“The time is out of joint, O cursed spite,That ever I was born to set it right!”At this particular time, he cannot but resent frailty, cannot but ask firmness.Hamlet has a monologue to praise mankind. He eulogizes “the beauty of the world, the paragon of animals”. I notice his order when he praises man: reason, faculties, form and moving, action, apprehension and beauty. It implies that Ophelia and Gertrude who are frail and irrational are in lower position.In Hamlet, men are used to saying a lot, no matter monologue or dialogue. But women are totally different. They cannot “say”. They can only “be said”.Ophelia in her father’s words is a simple even frivolous girl. She is ignorant of worldly affairs and sometimes is easy to be cheated. Ophelia in her brother’s words is a naïve child, but in front of public, he praised her as well as possible. Ophelia in Hamlet’s words is inconstant. Sometimes she is as pure as Cynthia. Sometimes she has no difference with flirtatious girls.Gertrude is same with Ophelia. In Hamlet’s monologue, she is an immoral queen who married her brother-in-law before long her husband’s death. In faceoff, regardless of a mother’s dignity, Hamlet sharply rebukes Gertrude and his words are like swords pierce her heart deeply.Feminine images serve as men’s foil. They cannot express themselves because no one will listen to them. Gradually, females lose their thought and controlled by males.“Frailty, thy name is woman!”What a striking sentence! In the play named by the hero’s name, female image is fragile and speechless. Hamlet repudiates frailty because he believes this kind of frailty will lead to disloyalty and bring males lethal damage.Now I draw the conclusion that Hamlet does not love Ophelia and Gertrude as he thinks. His love is not pure, which is the worst tragedy to them all. Too many things are blocked in his love, including the revenge, the disappointment, the hatred, and the uncertainty to himself. Those impacts result in an irretrievable ending. Hamlet seems to become a misogynist. However, it is he who generates all these tragedies.。
