Dizziness,+Vertigo+and+Posterior+Circulation+Stroke

发展心理学专业术语表acceleration 加速accommodation 顺应acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) 获得性免疫缺陷综合征active engagement 积极参与acute medical conditions 急性疾病adaptation 适应adolescence 青少年期adolescent growth spurt 青春期发育突进adolescent rebellion 青春期叛逆affordances 可用性alleles 等位基因altruism 利他主义ambivalent (resistant) attachment 矛盾型(抗拒型)依恋animism 泛灵论anorexia nervosa 神经性厌食症anoxia 缺氧症Apgar scale 阿普加量表art therapy 艺术疗法assimilation 同化asthma 哮喘attachment 依恋attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder 注意力缺陷/多动症authoritarian 专制型authoritative 权威型autism 自闭症autobiographical memory 自传体记忆autonomy versus shame and doubt 自主对羞愧和怀疑autosomes 常染色体avoidant attachment 回避型依恋basic trust versus basic mistrust 基本信任对基本不信任Bayley Scales of Ifant Development 贝雷婴儿发展量表behavior therapy 行为治疗behavioral genetic 行为遗传学behaviorism 行为主义behaviorist approach 行为主义的方法bilingual 双语使用者bilingual education 双语教学bioecological theory 生态学理论birth trauma 产伤body image 身体意象brain growth spurts 脑的发育加速期Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scales 布氏新生儿行为评价量表bulimia nervosa 神经性贪食症bullying 欺负canalization 定型化case study 个案研究cell death 细胞死亡central executive 中央执行central nervous system 中枢神经系统centration 中心化cephalocaudal principle 头尾原则cesarean delivery 剖腹产child-directed speech (CDS) 儿语化childhood depression 儿童郁抑症chromosomes 染色体chronic medical conditions 慢性疾病chronosystem 时序系统circular reaction 循环反应class inclusion类包含classical conditioning 经典条件作用code mixing 语码混用code switching 语码转换cognitive development 认知发展cognitive neuroscience approach 认知神经科学的方法cognitive neuroscience 认知神经科学cognitive perspective 认知理论cognitive-stage theory 认知发展阶段理论cohort 同辈commitment 承诺committed compliance 约束性顺从componential element 成分元素conceptual knowledge 概念性知识concordant 一致concrete operations 具体运算conduct disorder (CD) 品行障碍conscience 良心conservation 守恒constructive play 建构性游戏contextual element 情境元素contextual perspective 情境理论control group 控制组conventional morality (or morality of conventional role conformity) 习俗道德convergent thinking 聚合思维coregulation共同约束corporal punishment 体罚correlational study 相关研究creativity 创造力crisis危机critical period 关键期cross-modal transfer 跨通道迁移cross-sectional study 横断研究cultural bias 文化偏见culture文化culture-fair 文化公平culture-free 不受文化影响culture-relevant 文化相关decenter 去中心化declarative knowledge 陈述性知识decoding 解码deductive reasoning 演绎推理deferred imitation 延迟模仿Denver Developmental Screening Test 丹佛发展筛选测验deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 脱氧核糖核酸dependent variable 因变量depth perception 深度知觉differentiation 分化“difficult” children “困难型”儿童discipline 训练dishabituation 去习惯化disorganized-disoriented attachment 无组织-无目标依恋divergent thinking 发散思维dizygotic twins 双卵性双胞胎dominant inheritance 显性遗传Down syndrome 唐氏综合征drug therapy 药物治疗dual representation hypothesis 双重表征理论dyslexia 难语症early intervention 早期干预“easy” children “容易型”儿童ecological theory of perception 生态知觉理论egocentrism 自我中心主义elaboration 精细加工electronic fetal monitoring 胎心电子监护elicited imitation 诱导模仿embryonic stage 胚胎期emergent literacy 早期读写能力emotional maltreatment 情感虐待emotions 情绪empathy 同理心encoding 编码English-immersion 全英语教学enrichment 充实enuresis 尿床environment 环境episodic memory 情景记忆equilibration平衡ethnic gloss 种族曲解ethnographic study 人种志研究ethology 习性学evolutionary psychology 进化心理学evolutionary/sociobiological perception 进化论/社会生物学理论exosystem 在外系统experiential element 经验元素experiment 实验experiental group 实验组explicit memory 外显记忆extended family 大家庭external memory aids 外部记忆辅助手段family therapy 家庭治疗fast mapping 快速映射fertilization 受精fetal alcohol syndrome(FAS)胎儿酒精综合症fetal stage 胎儿期fine motor skills 精细动作技能foreclosure 同一性早闭formal operations 形式运算functional play 功能性游戏gateway drugs 入门毒品gender 性别gender constancy 性别恒常性gender identity 性别认同gender roles 性别角色gender stereotypes 性别刻板影响gender-schema theory 性别-图式理论gender-typing 性别原型generalized anxiety disorder 一般性焦虑障碍generic memory 通用记忆genes 基因genetic code 遗传密码genetic counseling 基因咨询genotype 基因型genotype-environment correlation 基因型-环境相关genotype-environment interaction 基因型-环境交互作用germinal stage 胚芽期goodness of fit 吻合度gross motor skills 粗略动作技能guided participation 引导性参与habituation 习惯化handedness 利手haptic perception 触觉感知heredity 遗传heritability 遗传力heterozygous 杂合的historical generation 特定历史时代的人holophrase 单词句Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment 家庭环境观察测评系统homozygous 纯合的horizontal decalage 水平滞差hostile aggressive 敌意性攻击human development 发展心理学hypertension 高血压hypotheses 假设hypothetical-deductive reasoning 假设-演绎推理ideal self 理想自我identification 认同identity 同一性identity achievement 同一性获得identity diffusion 同一性扩散identity statuses 同一性状态identity versus identity confusion 同一性对同一性混乱imaginary audience 假象观众implicit memory 内隐记忆imprinting 印刻incomplete dominance 不完全显性independent variable 自变量individual differences 个体差异individual psychotherapy个别心理治疗inductive reasoning 归纳推理inductive techniques 诱导技术industry versus inferiority 勤奋对自卑infant mortality rate 婴儿死亡率information-processing approach 信息加工取向initiative versus guilt 主动对内疚instrumental aggression 工具性攻击integration 整合intelligent behavior 智力行为internalization 内化invisible imitation 不可见模仿IQ(intelligence quotient)tests 智商测验irreversibility 不可逆性Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children 考夫曼儿童成套评估测验laboratory Observation 实验室观察language 语言language acquisition device(LAD) 语言习得机制lateralization 单侧化优势learning perspective 学习理论life-span development 毕生发展linguistic speech 语言式讲话literacy 读写能力longitudinal study 纵向研究long-term memory 长时记忆low birth weight 低体重儿macrosystem 宏观系统maturation 成熟mechanistic model 机械论发展模型menarche 月经初期mental retardation 精神发育迟滞mesosystem 中观系统metamemory 元记忆microsystem 微观系统monozygotic twins 单卵性双胞胎moratorium 同一性延缓multifactorial transmission 多因素传递mutations 突变mutual regulation 相互调节myelination 髓鞘化nativism 先天论natural childbirth 自然分娩naturalistic observation 自然观察neglect 忽视neonatal jaundice 新生儿黄疸neonatal period 新生儿期neonate 新生儿neurons 神经元niche-picking 匹配选择nonnormative 非常态的nonshared environmental effects 非共享环境影响normative 常态的nuclear family 核心家庭obesity 肥胖object permanence 客体永久性observational learning 观察学习obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) 强迫症open adoption 公开领养operant conditioning 操作性条件作用operational definition 操作定义oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) 对立违抗性障碍organismic model 有机论发展模型organization 组织Otis-Lennon School Ability Test 欧提斯-列农学业能力测试overt aggression 外显攻击participant observation 参与观察parturition 分娩permissive 放任型personal fable 个人神话phenotype 表现型phonetic, or code-emphasis approach 语音或编码强调法physical abuse 身体虐待physical development 生理发展Piagetian approach 皮亚杰理论的方法plasticity 可塑性play therapy 游戏疗法polygenic inheritance 多基因遗传postconvertional morality (or morality of autonomous moral principles)后习俗道德postmature 胎儿过度成熟power assertion 强制命令pragmatics 语用学preconventional morality 前习俗道德prejudice 偏见prelinguistic speech 前语言式讲话preoperational stage 前运算阶段prepared childbirth 有准备的分娩pretend play 假装游戏preterm (premature)infants 早产儿primary sex characteristics 第一性征private speech 自言自语procedural knowledge 程序性知识prosocial behavior 亲社会行为protective factors 保护因素proximodistal principle 远近原则psychoanalytic perspective 精神分析理论psychological aggression 心理攻击psychometric approach 心理测量的方法psychosexual development 性心理发展psychosocial development 心理社会发展puberty 青春期punishment 惩罚qualitative change 质变qualitative research 定性研究quantitative change 量变quantitative research 定量研究reaction range 反应范围real self 真实自我recall 回忆recessive inheritance 隐性遗传recognition 再认reflex behaviors 反射行为rehearsal 复述reinforcement 强化relational aggression 关系攻击representational ability 表征能力representational mappings 表征映射representational systems 表征系统resilient children 韧性儿童retrieval 提取risk factors 风险因素rough-and-tumble play 追逐打闹游戏sample 样本scaffolding 脚手架schemes 图式schizophrenia 精神分裂症school phobia 学校恐惧症scientific method 科学方法script 脚本secondary sex characteristics 第二性征secular trend 长势趋势secure attachment 安全依恋型self-awareness 自我意识self-conscious emotions 自我意识情绪self-definition 自我定义self-efficacy 自我效能感self-esteem 自尊self-evaluative emotions 自我评价情绪self-regulation 自我调节sensitive periods 敏感期sensorimotor stage 感知运动阶段sensory memory 感觉记忆separation anxiety 分离焦虑separation anxiety disorder 分离焦虑障碍sequential study 序列研究seriation 排序sex chromosomes 性染色体sex-linked-inheritance 伴性遗传sexual abuse 性虐待sexual orientation 性取向sexually transmitted diseases(STDs) 性传播疾病single representations 单一表征situational compliance 情境性顺从“slow-to-warm-up”children“慢热型”儿童small-for-date(small-for-gestational age) infants 小于胎龄儿social capital 社会资本social cognition 社会认知social cognitive theory 社会认知理论social construction 社会建构social interaction model 社会互动模型social learning theory 社会学习理论social phobia 社交恐惧症social promotion 社会促动social referencing 社会参照social-contextual approach 社会情境的方法socialization 社会化sociocultural theory 社会文化理论socioeconomic status(SES) 社会经济地位spermarche 初精spontaneous abortion 自发性流产Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale 斯坦福-比奈智力量表state of arousal 觉醒状态Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test (STAT)斯滕伯格三元能力测验“still-face”paradigm “冷面”范式storage 存储Strange Situation 陌生情境stranger anxiety 陌生人焦虑substance abuse 物质滥用substance dependence 物质依赖sudden infant death syndrome(SIDS)胎儿猝死综合症symbolic function 符号功能syntax 语法systems of action 动作系统tacit knowledge 内隐知识telegraphic speech 电报句temperament 气质teratogenic 致畸的theory 理论theoryof mind 心理理论theory of multiple intelligences 多元智力理论transduction 转换transitive inference 传递性关系推理triarchic theory of intelligence 智力三元理论two-way(dual-language)learning 双向学习ultrasound 超声波violation-of-expectations 期望悖反的范式visible imitation 可见的模仿visual cliff 视崖visual guidance 视觉引导visual preference 视觉偏好visual recognition memory 视觉认知记忆visually based retrieval 基于视觉的提取Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children(WISC-Ⅲ)韦氏儿童智力量表Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence,Revised(WPPSI-Ⅲ)修订版韦克奇勒学前和小学智力量表whole-language approach 全语言教学法withdrawal of love 收回爱working memory 工作记忆zone of proximal development (ZPD) 最近发展区zygote 受精卵。

Das Frühlingsfest, das ich 2019 auf der Insel Xiachi in der Provinz Zhejiang verbracht habe, war für mich etwas ganz Besonderes. Denn anstatt mit meiner Familie zu feiern, bin ich mit ein paar Freunden auf besagte Insel in Ostchina gefahren, weit weg von dem ganzen Trubel. Die Insel ist wunderschön, weil es dort keine Touristen gibt. In jenem Jahr wollte ich das Frühlingsfest einfach mal ganz anders verbringen. Normalerweise musst du an Neujahr immer diese geheu -chelten Floskeln von dir geben, und das wollte ich nicht. Deshalb sind meine Freunde und ich auf diese abgeschiedene Insel gefahren, wo es sehr ruhig war. Du konntest für dich sein, wenn du das woll -test, oder mit den Freunden zusammen Spaß haben. Ganz frei und unkompliziert.2019年在浙江虾赤岛过的春节对我来说很特殊，就是没有和家人过这个春节，而是几个朋友去了东边的一个岛上，远离热闹和喧嚣，特别冷清地过了一个春节。

笛卡尔的本体论之争首先周一公布2001年6月18日;实质性修改太阳2006年10月15日笛卡尔的本体论（或先验）的论点，既是哲学的一个最迷人，他的理解方面的不足。

论据与魅力源于努力证明神的存在，从简单的处所，但功能强大。

存在是产生立即从清晰和明确的想法是一个无比完美。

讽刺的是，简单的说法也产生了一些误读，加剧了部分由笛卡尔没有一套单一版本。

该声明的论点主要出现在第五沉思。

这种说法因果来得早在接踵而至的一个神的存在，沉思在第三，不同的证据提出问题的两项之间的秩序和关系。

重复笛卡尔哲学原理，包括本体论争论的几个文本等中央。

他还辩解首先由一些主要的知识分子，他在一天，严厉打击反对第二次回复，和第五。

笛卡尔不是第一位哲学家，制订一个本体论的论点。

一个早期版本的说法已大力安瑟伦辩护圣在11世纪，然后圣托马斯阿奎那批评由当代），后来被命名为Gaunilo和尚（安瑟伦（尽管他的言论是针对然而，另一个版本参数）。

阿奎那的批评被视为如此具有破坏性，本体论的争论了数百年死亡。

它的出现，作为一个同时代的惊喜笛卡尔，他应该试图复活它。

虽然他声称没有被证明的熟悉安瑟伦的版本，笛卡尔似乎他自己的工艺参数，以阻止传统的反对。

尽管相似之处，笛卡尔的论点的版本不同于安瑟伦方式在重要的。

后者的版本被认为要从定义这个词的含义“上帝”，上帝是一个被一大于不能设想。

笛卡尔的观点相反，中，主要是基于两个他的哲学的中心原则-天生的思想理论和学说明确的印象和独特的。

他声称不依赖于上帝的任意定义，而是一种天生的想法，其内容是“的。

” 笛卡尔的版本也非常简单。

神的存在是直接从推断的事实，有必要存在的想法是包含在一个清晰而鲜明的超级完美的存在。

事实上，在一些场合，他建议，所谓的本体论“的论调”是不是一个正式的哲学偏见的证据，而是在所有不言而喻的公理直观地掌握了一个心灵的自由。

笛卡尔的本体论的争论相比往往以几何论证，认为有必要存在的想法不能排除再从神比事实平等的角度，其角度，例如两权，可以被排除在一个三角形的想法。

皮波人物国际名人研究中心林德伯格书好词摘录
【实用版】
目录
1.皮波人物国际名人研究中心
2.林德伯格书好词摘录
3.皮波人物国际名人研究中心的背景和成就
4.林德伯格书的内容和价值
5.林德伯格书好词摘录的意义和影响
正文
皮波人物国际名人研究中心是一家致力于研究各国名人的专业机构，其目的是通过研究名人的生平、成就和思想，来推动社会的发展和进步。

该中心自成立以来，已经取得了许多重要的成就，其中之一就是对林德伯格书的研究。

林德伯格书是一本由著名的国际名人林德伯格所著的著作，书中详细记录了他的生平、成就和思想。

这本书的内容丰富，涵盖了许多领域，包括政治、经济、文化等，因此，它不仅具有很高的学术价值，也具有很大的社会影响力。

皮波人物国际名人研究中心对林德伯格书进行了深入的研究，并摘录了其中的一些好词，这些好词包括了一些名言警句，也包括了一些富有哲理的观点。

这些好词的摘录，不仅让人们更好地理解林德伯格的思想，也让人们更好地理解他的人生。

林德伯格书好词摘录的意义和影响深远。

首先，它让人们更加了解林德伯格的思想，从而更好地理解他的成就和贡献。

其次，它也为人们提供了一种新的学习方式，让人们通过阅读好词摘录，来学习和领悟林德伯格的思想。

最后，它也为人们提供了一种新的思考方式，让人们通过阅读好
词摘录，来思考人生的意义和价值。

A-level-A2心理学专业学术名词梳理本文梳理4个主题的内容的学术名词，分别是变态心理学、组织心理学、消费者心理学和健康心理学。

变态心理学Abnormal Psychology1.精神分裂症 schizopheriaDementia 精神错乱Psychotic disorder 精神异常Paranoid 偏执狂Catatonic 紧张性的Disorganized 无组织的、没有条理的Undifferentiated 未分化的Delusion 妄想Hallucination 幻觉Delusional disorder 妄想症Monozygotic twin 同卵双胞胎Dizygotic twin 异卵双胞胎Dopamine 多巴胺Overactive 过度活跃的Matarepresentation system 元表征系统central monitor system 中心控制系统Receptor 接收器Antipsychotics 抗精神病药ECT 电击疗法Token economy 代币性经济Cognitive behavior therapy 认知行为疗法2.双相情感障碍 Bipolar and related behaviors Depression 抑郁症Mania 躁狂症Unipolar 单向的Bipolar 双向的Norepinephrine 去甲肾上腺素Serotonin 血清素Learned helplessness 习得性无助Attributional style 归因风格Antidepressants 抗抑郁药物Cognitive restructure 认知重构Rational emotive behavior therapy 理性情绪疗法3.冲动控制障碍 Impulse control disorders Salience 显著Euphoria 兴奋Tolerance 宽容Withdrawal 戒断Conflict 矛盾Relapse 复发Keptomania 盗窃癖Gambling disorder 赌博障碍Pyromania 纵火癖Postive reinforcement 正向激励Feeling state theory 感觉状态理论Opiate antagonist 类鸦片拮抗剂Covert sensitisation 内隐致敏法Imaginal desensitation 系统脱敏法Implulse control therapy 冲动控制疗法4.焦虑症 Anxiety disorderGeneralized Anxiey disorder 广泛焦虑障碍Apphrehension 恐惧，忧虑Motor tension 运动紧张Autonmic overactivity 自主神经过度活跃Agoraphobia 广场恐惧症Phobia 恐惧症Blood phobia 血液恐惧症Classical conditioning 经典条件反射Generalisation 泛化Extinction 消失Psychoanalytic 精神分析的Oedipus Complex 俄狄浦斯综合症Systematic desensitisation 系统脱敏疗法Applied tension 外施张力Applied relaxation 外施放松5.强迫症 Obsessive compulsive disorders Obsession 痴迷Compulsion 冲动Body dismorphic disorder 躯体变形障碍Neurological 神经系统的Orbitofrontal cortex 前额皮质Urge 冲动Circuit 电路Psychodynamic 精神动力学的Traumatic experience 创伤经历Anal stage 肛欲期Psychosexual development 性心理发展阶段ID 本我Ego 自我Superego 超我Potty training 入厕训练Exposure and response prevention 暴露和反应干预消费心理学Consumer psychology1.物理环境 Physical environmentRetail 零售Leisure 休闲External 外部的Interior 内部的Layout 布局Freeform layout 自由布局Grid layout 网格布局Open air market 露天市场Ambience 气氛Pleasure arousal 兴奋冲动Submissiveness 柔顺Mediating effect 调节效应2.心理环境 Psychological environmentCognitive map 认知地图Graphic 图像的Multidimensional scaling 多维标度Spatial configuration 空间配置Menu design 菜单设计Eye magnet 眼睛磁铁Incongruent 不一致Primacy effect 首因效应Recency effect 近因效应Sensory perception 感官知觉Behavior constraint 行为约束Defending place 保护的地方Queue 队列Instrusion 侵入3.消费者行为 Consumer behaviorUtility 实用功效Endowment 养老Precious 珍贵的Compensatory 补偿Lexigraphic 词素文字的Availability 可用性Representativeness 代表性Anchors 锚Insula 脑岛Nucleus accumben 伏隔核Mesial prefrontal cortex 前额皮质内侧Deactivation 失活Intuitive 直观的Conscious 有意识的Unconscious 无意识的Choice blindness 选择失明False memory 错误的记忆Detector 探测器4.产品 ProductGift wrapping 礼物包装Reveal 揭示Associative learning 联想学习Color association 颜色关联Cultural association 文化关联Horizontal centrality 水平中心Visual attention 视觉注意力Gaze 凝视Cascade 级联Interpersonal influence 人际关系的影响Disrupt 破坏Reframe 重新定义Purchase decision 购买决策Subjective norm 主观规范Planned behavior 计划的行为Intention 意图Divestment 撤资5.广告 AdvertisingPersuasive techique 说服技术Elaborate 精心的Personal relevance 个人的相关性promotion 促销活动Explicit memory 外显记忆Implicit memory 内隐记忆Mental suspicion 精神的怀疑Mental conviction 精神信念Brand recognition 品牌认知度Self monitor 自我监控Slogan 口号健康心理学Health psychology1.医患关系 The patient-practitioner relationship Non-verbal communication 非语言交流Cardigan 开襟羊毛衫Verbal communication 语言交流Directing style 主导风格Sharing style 分享风格Consultation 咨询Practitioner diagnosis 医生诊断Disclosure 信息披露Appraisal 评估Utilisation 利用Hypochondriasis 疑病症Munchausen syndrome 孟乔森综合病征2.遵从医疗建议 Adherence to medical advice Preventative measure 预防措施Acute 急性的Chronic 慢性的Overestimate 高估Incur 承担Adherence 依从性Rational 理性的Health belief model 健康信念模型Vulnerability 脆弱性Severity 严重程度Self efficacy 自我效能Modifying 修改Compliance 合规Antacid 抗酸剂Replenish 补充Prescription 处方Asthma 哮喘Intervention 干预3.疼痛 PainPhysiological response 生理反应tissue 维织dissipate 消散Helplessness 无助Psychogenic pain 心因性疼痛Specificity theory 特异性理论Gate control theory 闸门控制理论Peripheral fibre 外周纤维Spinal cord 脊髓Pain fibre 疼痛纤维Clinical interview 临床访谈Psychometric measure 心理测量Analgesics 止痛剂Anaesthetic 麻醉Attention diversion 注意力转移Cognitive redefinition 认知重新定义Acupuncture 针灸4.压力 stressPhysiology 生理学Autonomic nervous system 自主神经系统Endocrine system 内分泌系统Sympathetic 交感神经的Parasympathetic 副交感神经的Adrenal medullary system 肾上腺髓质系统Cardiovascular problem 心血管问题Gastrointestinal disorder 肠胃失调General adaption syndrome 广泛适应综合征Resistance 阻力Exhaustion 疲惫Cerebral blood flow 脑血流Prefrontal cortex 前额叶皮层Saliva 唾液Persistance 暂留Semantic 语义的Cortisol 皮质醇Beta blocker 受体阻滞药Biofeedback 生物反馈Conceptualisation 概念化Rehearsal 重复5.健康促进 Health promptionFear arousal 恐惧唤起Comprehension 理解Acceptance 接收Medium 媒介Angina pectoris 心绞痛Hyperventilation 换气过度Panic attack 恐惧症Token economy 代币制经济Stroke 中风Coronary heart disease 冠心病Plasma 等离子体Cholesterol 胆固醇Blood pressure 血压Unrealistic optimism 不切实际的乐观Contemplation 沉思Termination 终止组织心理学Psychology and organisation1.工作动力 Motivation to work Hierarchy of need 需求层次Esteem 尊重Self-actualisation 自我实现Existence need 生存需要Relatedness need 联系需要Affiliation 联系Interpersonal relationship 人际关系Thematic 主题Apperception 统觉Expectancy 预期寿命Instrumentality 手段Valence 价Equity 股本Underpayment 缴付不足Overpayment 缴付盈余Instrinsic motivation 内驱动机Extrinsic motivation 外驱动机Bonus 奖金Praise 赞美Empowerment 赋权2.领导力和管理 Leadership and management Universalist 普世的Transformational 转型Charismatic 有魅力的Fostering 培养Initiating 启动Contingency 连续性Permissive 宽容的Autocratic 独裁Followership 追随Alienated 疏远Conformist 墨守成规Pragmatic 务实的3.组织中的小组行为 Group behavior in organisations Storming风暴Norming规范化Adjourning延期Cohesiveness凝聚力Intra内部Cohesion 凝聚力Allowable 允许的Specialist 专家Inventory 库存Illusion 错觉Invulnerability 刀枪不入Morality 道德Censorship 审查Rationalisation 合理化Unanimity 一致Shortcoming 缺点Commission 委员会Omission 遗漏Heuristics 启发式Perseverance 毅力Evidentiary 证据的Hindsight bia 事后偏见Conjunctive bia 连接偏见Availability heuristic 启发可用性Representativeness heuristic 代表启发式Compromise 妥协Avoidance 避免Collaboration 协作Superordinate 地位高的4.组织工作情况 Organisational work condition Hawthorne effect 霍索恩效应Illumination 照明Supervisor 主管Deficiency 缺乏Autonomy 自治Intra departmental 内部部门Inter departmental 国际部门Temporal condition 时间条件Rotation 旋转Metropolitan rota 都市轮值Metropolitan 大都会Slow rotation 慢旋转Mortality 死亡率Diabete 糖尿病Pregnancy 怀孕Visual display 视觉呈现Auditory display 听觉呈现Operator machine system 操作机系统5.工作满意度 Satisfaction at work Motivator 动力源Hygiene 卫生Supervision 监督Autonomy 自治Dimension 维度Enrichment 丰富Job rotation 工作轮换Enlargement 扩大Integration 集成Job sabotage 工作破坏Revenge 复仇Compensation 补偿Absenteeism 旷工Commitment 承诺如何高效记忆心理学学术名词？1.巧用单词卡大家可以回想一下我们小时候是怎么学习英语单词的，幼儿园或者小学的老师会帮助大家把新学的单词记在一张卡片上，然后在卡片的背面标上对应的中文意思或者对应的图片。

以依赖联合解释变量估计身体姿势在这项工作中,我们根据静态图像估计2 d人类身体姿势。

近期非常成功的在解决这一任务的方法是依靠识别将可变形的部分集合于树模型。

在这样一个图形结构框架内,我们为获得好的模板，通过新的、非线性联合解释变量。

特别是,我们使用两层随机森林作为解释变量。

第一层作为独立的身体部位分类器。

第二层将第一个分布估计纳入考虑,从而将由相互依存的和同现的各部分建模。

这形成一个姿势估计框架,需要身体部位之间的依赖关系联合定位考虑,因而能够绕过树结构的不确定性,如腿和手臂。

在实验中,我们证明我们的身体部位联合解释变量比基于树的最先进的方法实现更高的依赖联合定位精度。

背景由于其应用的相关领域广，从静态图像估计一个人的姿势是很活跃的研究领域。

在这个领域最受欢迎的一个方法是图像结构框架，模型模拟使用一个树模型各个部分的空间关系。

图示结构在姿势模拟上改进了许多方面,如或模拟身体部位的模型。

在目标检测中,表现最好的方法之一是依赖于所谓的可变形模型,一部分使用混合物的恒星模型模板的部分。

最近有研究显示，混合物的模板也可以有效地一部分用于树模型,形成非常强大的姿势估计模型。

特别是,相反的建模转换一个部位模板的经典图形结构模型, 由不同的可变形模板编码身体的部分转换四肢。

虽然这种方法优于经典图片结构模型对人类姿势估计,它说明,使用模板,视窗扫描模板与线性向量机模板训练HOG的特性对噪声非常敏感,限制性能。

在这项研究中,我们因此在一个更好的图形结构背景下解决获取的问题。

同样地,我们没有明确模拟肢体的转换。

但是使用不明确的肢体姿势变化学习模板的处理。

相反,我们不使用噪音敏感、视窗扫描模板,而是提出非线性解释变量联合位置作为解释变量。

我们依靠随机森林, 从深度数据联合位置显示快速、健壮,和准确的预测或身体部分。

虽然以前的工作独立对所有身体部位模板并使用图形结构框架、模型空间和方向关系部分模板。

我们提出一个更有识别力的模板表示需要共生和关系在某种程度上考虑到其他地区,如图1。

中国痴呆与认知障碍诊治指南写作组英文全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Hey guys, do you know what dementia and cognitive impairment are? Today, I'm going to talk to you about it and how we can help those who have these conditions.Dementia is a condition that affects our brain and how we think, remember, and make decisions. It can make it hard for us to do everyday things like cooking, getting dressed, or even talking to our friends. Cognitive impairment is when our brain doesn't work as well as it should, and it can make it hard for us to learn new things or remember things we already know.But don't worry, there are ways to help people with dementia and cognitive impairment. One way is to encourage them to exercise their brains by doing puzzles, reading books, or even just talking to them and asking them questions. Another way is to make sure they eat well and get enough sleep, because a healthy body can help keep our brains healthy too.It's also important to be patient and understanding with people who have dementia or cognitive impairment. They mayforget things or get confused, but that's okay. Just be there for them and try to help them in any way you can.So let's all work together to support those who have dementia and cognitive impairment. We can make a difference in their lives and show them that they are not alone. Thanks for listening, and remember to be kind and compassionate to everyone you meet.篇2Title: A Guide to Understanding and Treating Dementia and Cognitive Impairment in ChinaHey guys, have you ever heard of something called dementia and cognitive impairment? It's a big word, but basically it means having trouble with your memory and thinking skills. It's something that can happen to older people, but it can also affect younger people too.In China, there are a lot of people who suffer from dementia and cognitive impairment. That's why it's important for us to learn about it and understand how we can help. There are many ways to diagnose and treat these conditions, so let's dive into some helpful tips and information!First of all, it's important to know the signs of dementia and cognitive impairment. Some common symptoms include forgetfulness, confusion, difficulty with everyday tasks, and changes in mood or behavior. If you or someone you know is experiencing these symptoms, it's important to see a doctor for a proper diagnosis.Once a diagnosis is made, there are different treatment options available. These can include medication, therapy, and lifestyle changes. It's important to work closely with healthcare professionals to find the best treatment plan for each individual.In addition to treatment, there are also ways to support people with dementia and cognitive impairment in their daily lives. This can include creating a safe and supportive environment, providing regular mental and physical stimulation, and maintaining a healthy diet and exercise routine.It's also important for families and caregivers to educate themselves about dementia and cognitive impairment. By understanding the condition and how to best support their loved ones, they can provide better care and improve quality of life.In conclusion, dementia and cognitive impairment are serious conditions that can impact people of all ages in China. By educating ourselves, seeking early diagnosis, and exploringtreatment options, we can help improve the lives of those affected by these conditions. Let's work together to create a more supportive and understanding community for all!篇3Hello everyone,Today, I want to talk to you about dementia and cognitive impairment. These are big words, but they are important to understand because they affect a lot of people, especially older people.Dementia is a condition where people have trouble remembering things, thinking clearly, and communicating. It can be really scary for someone to forget things or not be able to do things they used to do easily. Cognitive impairment is when people have trouble with their memory, attention, language, and reasoning skills. It's like their brain isn't working as well as it used to.But don't worry, there are ways to help people with dementia and cognitive impairment. They can go to the doctor to get a diagnosis and then they can get treatment to help them with their symptoms. There are also things that we can do tohelp them feel better, like spending time with them, talking to them, and helping them with everyday tasks.It's important to be patient and understanding with people who have dementia or cognitive impairment. They might get frustrated or confused, but we can help them by being kind and supportive. Let's all work together to make sure that everyone gets the help and support they need.Remember, we can all make a difference by being caring and understanding towards those who are facing these challenges. Let's show compassion and empathy to those who need it most.Thank you for listening and let's all do our part to support those with dementia and cognitive impairment. Together, we can make a positive impact on their lives.Take care and stay safe, everyone!Sincerely,[Your Name]篇4Title: Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia and Cognitive Impairment in ChinaHey everyone! Today, let's talk about something super important - dementia and cognitive impairment. These are conditions that can affect our brains and make it hard for us to remember things or think clearly. But don't worry, we've got a guide to help you understand more about them and how to deal with them!First off, what is dementia? Dementia is a term used to describe a group of symptoms that affect our memory, thinking, and social abilities. It can be caused by different things like Alzheimer's disease or stroke. Cognitive impairment is similar, but it's a milder form of memory loss or trouble with thinking.So, how do we know if someone has dementia or cognitive impairment? Well, some signs to look out for include forgetting things often, having trouble with words or numbers, or getting lost in familiar places. If you notice any of these things in yourself or a loved one, it's important to see a doctor for a proper diagnosis.Once diagnosed, there are different treatments and therapies available to help manage dementia and cognitive impairment. These can include medications, cognitive therapy, and lifestyle changes like eating a healthy diet and staying active.In China, there are also resources available to help support those with dementia and cognitive impairment. There are specialized clinics and programs that provide care and assistance, as well as organizations that offer education and advocacy for those affected by these conditions.Remember, it's important to seek help and support if you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of dementia or cognitive impairment. By working together and staying informed, we can better understand these conditions and help those affected live their best lives possible.That's all for today, folks! Stay sharp and take care of your brains!篇5Hi guys! Today I want to talk about China's dementia and cognitive impairment diagnosis and treatment guidelines writing group.So, first of all, let's talk about what dementia and cognitive impairment are. Dementia is when you have trouble remembering things, thinking clearly, or making decisions. It's like your brain is all mixed up and you can't do the things you used to do. Cognitive impairment is when your brain doesn'twork as well as it should. You might have trouble thinking, remembering, or learning new things.The China dementia and cognitive impairment diagnosis and treatment guidelines writing group is a group of smart people who study how to help people with dementia and cognitive impairment. They write down all the things that doctors should do to help people with these problems.One important thing they do is to make sure doctors can figure out if someone has dementia or cognitive impairment. They do tests and ask questions to see how well your brain is working. Then, they can give you the right medicine or therapy to help you feel better.It's really important to take care of our brains, guys! So if you or someone you know is having trouble remembering things or thinking clearly, make sure to go see a doctor. They can help you get better and feel like yourself again.Remember, it's okay to ask for help when you need it. The China dementia and cognitive impairment diagnosis and treatment guidelines writing group is here to help you!篇6Hello everyone! Today I'm going to talk about dementia and cognitive impairment in China. Do you know what that means? It's when people have trouble remembering things or thinking clearly. It can be really hard for them and their families.But don't worry, there are ways to help people with dementia and cognitive impairment. Doctors can give them medicine or therapy to make them feel better. They can also do things like puzzles or games to exercise their brains.It's important for us to be kind and patient with people who have dementia. They might get confused or frustrated, but we should always try to understand and help them as best as we can.If you know someone who has dementia or cognitive impairment, make sure to show them love and support. Spend time with them, listen to them, and try to make them feel happy.Let's all work together to make life better for people with dementia and cognitive impairment. We can make a difference by being compassionate and caring towards them. Thank you for listening!篇7Hello everyone! Today I want to talk to you about Chinese guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of dementia and cognitive impairment. It's a big topic, but I'll try to break it down for you in simple terms.First of all, what is dementia? Dementia is a syndrome that affects memory, thinking, behavior and the ability to perform everyday activities. It is not a normal part of aging, and can be caused by various diseases or conditions.In China, the diagnosis of dementia is based on a comprehensive assessment that includes medical history, physical examination, cognitive tests, blood tests and brain imaging. Treatment usually involves a combination of medication, therapy and lifestyle changes.There are also guidelines for the management of specific types of dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. These guidelines provide recommendations on medication, therapy, and support for patients and their families.It's important to remember that early diagnosis and treatment of dementia can help improve quality of life and slow down progression of the disease. So if you or a loved one are experiencing memory problems or other symptoms of dementia, don't hesitate to seek help from a healthcare professional.That's all for today! Remember, knowledge is power, so stay informed and take care of your brain. Thanks for listening!篇8Hi everyone, today I'm going to talk about the Chinese Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines Writing Group. It's a big word, I know, but it's important to understand how to take care of our brains!First of all, what is dementia and cognitive impairment? Well, it's when our brains start to have trouble with things like memory, thinking, and reasoning. It's like when you forget where you put your toys or what you had for breakfast. It can be really scary for people who have it, so it's important to know how to help them.The guidelines from the writing group give doctors and nurses information on how to diagnose and treat dementia and cognitive impairment. They can do things like memory tests and brain scans to see what's going on in the brain. They can also give medicines and therapy to help improve symptoms.It's also really important for us to take care of our brains every day. Things like eating healthy foods, exercising, and staying social can help keep our brains healthy. And if you noticesomeone having trouble with their memory or thinking, be kind and patient with them. They might need a little extra help.So let's all work together to learn more about dementia and cognitive impairment, and how we can help people who have it. Our brains are super important, so let's take care of them!篇9Hello everyone! Today, I'm going to talk about something super important - Chinese Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines. Yeah, that's a mouthful, but don't worry, I'm here to break it down for you!So, what exactly is dementia and cognitive impairment? Well, it's basically when your brain doesn't work as well as it used to. It can make it hard to remember things, think clearly, or even do everyday tasks. But don't worry, there are ways to help!First off, it's important to see a doctor if you or someone you know is having trouble with their memory or thinking. They can do some tests to figure out what's going on and come up with a plan to help.One way to help with dementia and cognitive impairment is through lifestyle changes. Eating healthy, exercising, and stayingsocial can all help keep your brain in tip-top shape. Plus, it's important to keep your brain active by doing puzzles, reading, or learning new things.There are also medications that can help with symptoms of dementia and cognitive impairment. These can help improve memory, thinking, and even mood. Just make sure to talk to your doctor about any medications you're taking.And finally, it's important to have a good support system. Whether it's friends, family, or a support group, having people who care about you can make a big difference.So, remember, if you're worried about your memory or thinking, don't be afraid to talk to a doctor. There are ways to help improve your brain function and make life easier. Stay healthy, keep learning, and don't forget to take care of your brain!篇10Hello everyone! Today I want to tell you about the Chinese dementia and cognitive impairment diagnosis and treatment guidelines writing group. It's a group of smart people who are working hard to help patients with dementia and cognitive impairment in China.First of all, let's talk about what dementia and cognitive impairment are. Dementia is a condition that affects a person's memory, thinking, and behavior. It can make it difficult for someone to do everyday tasks and even recognize their loved ones. Cognitive impairment is when a person has trouble with their memory, attention, or problem-solving skills.The writing group is making guidelines to help doctors in China diagnose and treat people with dementia and cognitive impairment. They are working to improve the quality of care for these patients and make sure they get the help they need.The guidelines will provide doctors with important information on how to diagnose dementia and cognitive impairment. They will also give recommendations on the best ways to treat these conditions, such as medication, therapy, and lifestyle changes.Overall, the Chinese dementia and cognitive impairment diagnosis and treatment guidelines writing group is doing important work to help people in China who are struggling with these conditions. Let's give them a big round of applause for all their hard work!Remember, if you or someone you know is experiencing memory problems or other symptoms of dementia, it's important to see a doctor for help. Don't wait, take action now!。

血液循环与身体健康的关联引言：血液循环作为人体的重要功能之一，对身体的健康起着至关重要的作用。

本文将探讨血液循环与身体健康的紧密关联，并介绍一些保持血液循环良好的方法。

一、血液循环的作用血液循环是人体运行正常的基本保障之一。

它通过心脏主动脉和肺动脉的收缩，将氧和营养物质输送到全身各个组织和器官，同时将代谢产物和有害物质带回肝脏和肾脏进行处理和排泄。

血液循环还帮助维持体温和酸碱平衡，并参与免疫功能的调节。

二、血液循环与心血管健康良好的血液循环对心血管健康至关重要。

通过流经血管的血液，心脏能够将养分和氧气供应到全身各个组织。

同时，血液循环还有助于保持血管的弹性，预防动脉硬化和高血压的发生。

因此，保持良好的血液循环可以减少心血管疾病的风险，如心脏病和中风。

三、血液循环与代谢功能血液循环对人体的代谢功能也起着重要作用。

通过血液循环，新陈代谢所需的能量物质可以迅速输送到各个细胞，同时废物和代谢产物也可以顺利排出体外。

良好的血液循环有助于维持体内酸碱平衡，提高能量代谢效率，促进身体健康。

四、保持良好血液循环的方法为了维持良好的血液循环，我们可以采取以下措施：1. 均衡饮食：保持摄取足够的蛋白质、维生素和矿物质，避免摄入过量的脂肪和胆固醇，有助于血液循环的正常运作。

2. 适量运动：适度的有氧运动，如快走、游泳、跳绳等，可以增强心血管系统的功能，促进血液循环。

3. 避免长时间久坐：长时间久坐会导致血液循环不畅，增加心血管疾病的风险。

因此，我们应该尽量避免长时间的静坐，起身走动或进行一些简单的伸展运动。

4. 控制体重：过重或过轻都会对血液循环产生负面影响。

保持适当的体重有助于维持血液循环的健康。

5. 注意血压和血糖的控制：高血压和高血糖会增加心血管疾病和循环系统疾病的风险。

定期测量血压和血糖，注意保持在正常范围内。

结论：血液循环与身体健康密切相关，良好的血液循环有助于心血管健康、代谢功能和身体免疫系统的正常运作。

The Relative Universality of Human Rights Donnelly, Jack.Human Rights Quarterly, Volume 29, Number 2, May 2007, pp.281-306 (Article)Published by The Johns Hopkins University PressDOI: 10.1353/hrq.2007.0016For additional information about this article Access Provided by University of Michigan @ Ann Arbor at 08/25/10 2:20PM GMT/journals/hrq/summary/v029/29.2donnelly.htmlHUMAN RIGHTS QUARTERLYHuman Rights Quarterly 29 (2007) 281–306 © 2007 by The Johns Hopkins University Press The Relative Universality of Human RightsJack Donnelly*AbSTRAcTHuman rights as an international political project are closely tied to claims of universality. Attacks on the universality of human rights, however, are also widespread. And some versions of universalism are indeed theoreti-cally indefensible, politically pernicious, or both. This essay explores the senses in which human rights can (and cannot) be said to be universal, the senses in which they are (and are not) relative, and argues for the “relative universality” of internationally recognized human rights.INTRodUcTIoNThis essay explores several different senses of “universal” human rights. I also consider, somewhat more briefly, several senses in which it might be held that human rights are “relative.” I defend what I call functional, international legal, and overlapping consensus universality. But I argue that what I call anthropological and ontological universality are empirically, philosophically, or politically indefensible. I also emphasize that universal human rights, properly understood, leave considerable space for national, regional, cultural particularity and other forms of diversity and relativity.* Jack Donnelly is the Andrew Mellon Professor at the Graduate School of International Stud-ies, University of Denver. The tone of this essay owes much to a long conversation with Daniel Bell and Joseph Chan in Japan nearly a decade ago. I thank them for the sort of deep engagement of funda-mental differences that represents one of the best and most exhilarating features of intellectual life. I also thank audiences at Y onsei University, Ritsumeikan University, and Occidental College, where earlier versions of this paper were presented, and more than two decades of students who have constantly pushed me to clarify, sharpen, and properly modulate my arguments.Vol. 29 282HUMAN RIGHTS QUARTERLYCultural relativism has probably been the most discussed issue in the theory of human rights. Certainly that is true in this journal. I have been an active participant in these debates for a quarter century, arguing for a form of universalism that also allows substantial space for important (second order) claims of relativism.1 I continue to insist on what I call the “relative univer-sality” of human rights. Here, however, I give somewhat more emphasis to the limits of the universal.In the 1980s, when vicious dictators regularly appealed to culture to justify their depredations, a heavy, perhaps even over-heavy, emphasis on universalism seemed not merely appropriate but essential. Today, human rights are backed by the world’s preponderant political, economic, and cultural powers and have become ideologically hegemonic in international society. Not only do few states today directly challenge international hu-man rights, a surprisingly small number even seriously contend that large portions of the Universal Declaration do not apply to them. An account that gives somewhat greater emphasis to the limits of universalism thus seems called for, especially now that American foreign policy regularly appeals to “universal” values in the pursuit of a global ideological war that flouts international legal norms.1. coNcEpTUAL ANd SUbSTANTIVE UNIVERSALITYWe can begin by distinguishing the conceptual universality implied by the very idea of human rights from substantive universality, the universality of a particular conception or list of human rights. Human rights, following the manifest literal sense of the term, are ordinarily understood to be the rights that one has simply because one is human. As such, they are equal rights, because we either are or are not human beings, equally. Human rights are also inalienable rights, because being or not being human usually is seen as an inalterable fact of nature, not something that is either earned or can1. Jack Donnelly, Human Rights and Human Dignity: An Analytic Critique of Non-West-ern Human Rights Conceptions, 76 A m. P ol. S cience R ev. 303–16 (1982); Jack Donnelly, Cultural Relativism and Universal Human Rights, 6 H um. R tS. Q. 400 (1984); J Ack D on-nelly, u niveRSAl H umAn R igHtS in t HeoRy AnD P RActice (Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1989);Jack Donnelly, Traditional Values and Universal Human Rights: Caste in India, in A SiAn P eRSPectiveS on H umAn R igHtS(Claude E. Welch, Jr. & Virginia A. Leary 1990); Jack Don-nelly, Post-Cold War Reflections on International Human Rights, 8 e tHicS & i nt’l A ff. 97 (1994); Jack Donnelly, Conversing with Straw Men While Ignoring Dictators: A Reply to Roger Ames, 11 e tHicS & i nt’l A ff. 207 (1997); Jack Donnelly, Human Rights and Asian Values: A Defense of “Western” Universalism, in t He e ASt A SiAn c HAllenge foR H umAn R igHtS (Joanne R. Bauer & Daniel A. Bell eds. 1999); J Ack D onnelly, u niveRSAl H umAn R igHtS in t HeoRy AnD P RActice (2d ed. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 2003); Rhoda E. Howard & Jack Donnelly, Human Dignity, Human Rights and Political Regimes, 80 A m. P ol. S cience R ev.801 (1986).2007The Relative Universality of Human Rights283 be lost. Human rights are thus “universal” rights in the sense that they are held “universally” by all human beings. Conceptual universality is in effect just another way of saying that human rights are, by definition, equal and inalienable.Conceptual universality, however, establishes only that if there are any such rights, they are held equally/universally by all. It does not show that there are any such rights. Conceptually universal human rights may be so few in number or specified at such a high level of abstraction that they are of little practical consequence. And conceptual universality says nothing about the central question in most contemporary discussions of universal-ity, namely, whether the rights recognized in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Human Rights Covenants are universal. This is a substantive question. It will be our focus here.2. UNIVERSAL poSSESSIoN NoT UNIVERSAL ENfoRcEMENT Defensible claims of universality, whether conceptual or substantive, are about the rights that we have as human beings. Whether everyone, or even anyone, enjoys these rights is another matter. In far too many countries today the state not only actively refuses to implement, but grossly and systematically violates, most internationally recognized human rights. And in all countries, significant violations of at least some human rights occur daily, although which rights are violated, and with what severity, varies dramatically.The global human rights regime relies on national implementation of internationally recognized human rights. Norm creation has been interna-tionalized. Enforcement of authoritative international human rights norms, however, is left almost entirely to sovereign states. The few and limited exceptions—most notably genocide, crimes against humanity, certain war crimes, and perhaps torture and arbitrary execution—only underscore the almost complete sovereign authority of states to implement human rights in their territories as they see fit.Except in the European regional regime, supranational supervisory bodies are largely restricted to monitoring how states implement their international human rights obligations. Transnational human rights NGOs and other national and international advocates engage in largely persuasive activity, aimed at changing the human rights practices of states. Foreign states are free to raise human rights violations as an issue of concern but have no authority to implement or enforce human rights within another state’s sov-ereign jurisdiction. The implementation and enforcement of universally held human rights thus is extremely relative, largely a function of where one has the (good or bad) fortune to live.Vol. 29 284HUMAN RIGHTS QUARTERLY3. HISToRIcAL oR ANTHRopoLoGIcAL UNIVERSALITY2Human rights are often held to be universal in the sense that most societies and cultures have practiced human rights throughout most of their history. “All societies cross-culturally and historically manifest conceptions of human rights.”3This has generated a large body of literature on so-called non-western conceptions of human rights. “In almost all contemporary Arab literature on this subject [human rights], we find a listing of the basic rights established by modern conventions and declarations, and then a serious attempt to trace them back to Koranic texts.”4“It is not often remembered that traditional African societies supported and practiced human rights.”5 “Protection of hu-man rights is an integral part” of the traditions of Asian societies.6 “All the countries [of the Asian region] would agree that ‘human rights’ as a concept existed in their tradition.”7 Even the Hindu caste system has been described as a “traditional, multidimensional view[s] of human rights.”8 Such claims to historical or anthropological universality confuse values such as justice, fairness, and humanity need with practices that aim to re-alize those values. Rights—entitlements that ground claims with a special force—are a particular kind of social practice. Human rights—equal and inalienable entitlements of all individuals that may be exercised against the state and society—are a distinctive way to seek to realize social values such as justice and human flourishing. There may be considerable his-torical/anthropological universality of values across time and culture. No society, civilization, or culture prior to the seventeenth century, however,2. This section draws directly from and summarizes D onnelly, u niveRSAl H umAn R igHtS int HeoRy AnD P RActice (2d ed.), supra note 1, at ch. 5.3. Adamantia Pollis & Peter Schwab, Human Rights: A Western Construct with LimitedApplicability, in H umAn R igHtS: c ultuRAl AnD i DeologicAl P eRSPectiveS1, 15 (Adamantia Pollis & Peter Schwab eds., 1979);compare Makau Mutua, The Banjul Charter and the African Cultural Fingerprint: An Evaluation of the Language of Duties, 35 v iRginA J.i nt’l l. 339, at 358 (1995); David R. Penna & Patricia J. Campbell, Human Rights andCulture: Beyond Universality and Relativism, 19 t HiRD W oRlD Q. 7, at 21 (1998).4. Fouad Zakaria, Human Rights in the Arab World: The Islamic Context, in P HiloSoPHicAlf ounDAtionS of H umAn R igHtS 227, 228 (UNESCO ed., 1986).5. Dunstan M. Wai, Human Rights in Sub-Saharan Africa, in H umAn R igHtS: c ultuRAl AnDi DeologicAl P eRSPectiveS115, 116 (Adamantia Pollis & Peter Schwab eds., 1979).6. Ibrahim Anwar, Special Address presented at the JUST International Conference: Rethink-ing Human Rights (7 Dec 1994) in H umAn W RongS277 (1994).7. Radhika Coomaraswamy, Human Rights Research and Education: An Asian Perspective,in i nteRnAtionAl c ongReSS on tHe t eAcHing of H umAn R igHtS: W oRking D ocumentS AnD R ecom-menDAtionS 224 (UNESCO ed., 1980).8. Ralph Buultjens, Human Rights in Indian Political Culture, in t He m oRAl i mPeRAtiveS ofH umAn R igHtS: A W oRlD S uRvey109, 113 (Kenneth W. Thompson ed., 1980);compareY ougindra Khushalani, Human Rights in Asia and Africa,4 H um. R tS. l. J.403, 408 (1983); m Ax l. S tAckHouSe, c ReeDS, S ociety, AnD H umAn R igHtS: A S tuDy in t HRee c ultuReS (1984).2007The Relative Universality of Human Rights285 had a widely endorsed practice, or even vision, of equal and inalienable individual human rights.9For example, Dunstan Wai argues that traditional African beliefs and institutions “sustained the ‘view that certain rights should be upheld against alleged necessities of state.’”10 This confuses human rights with limited gov-ernment.11 Government has been limited on a variety of grounds other than human rights, including divine commandment, legal rights, and extralegal checks such as a balance of power or the threat of popular revolt.“[T]he concept of human rights concerns the relationship between the individual and the state; it involves the status, claims, and duties of the former in the jurisdiction of the latter. As such, it is a subject as old as politics.”12 Not all political relationships, however, are governed by, related to, or even consistent with, human rights. What the state owes those it rules is indeed a perennial question of politics. Human rights provide one answer. Other answers include divine right monarchy, the dictatorship of the proletariat, the principle of utility, aristocracy, theocracy, and democracy.“[D]ifferent civilizations or societies have different conceptions of hu-man well-being. Hence, they have a different attitude toward human rights issues.”13 Even this is misleading. Other societies may have (similar or differ-ent) attitudes toward issues that we consider today to be matters of human rights. But without a widely understood concept of human rights endorsed or advocated by some important segment of that society, it is hard to imagine that they could have any attitude toward human rights. And it is precisely the idea of equal and inalienable rights that one has simply because one is a human being that was missing not only in traditional Asian, African, Islamic, but in traditional Western, societies as well.9. For detailed support for this claim, see D onnelly, u niveRSAl H umAn R igHtS in t HeoRy AnDP RActice (2d ed.), supra note 1, at ch. 5; R HoDA e. H oWARD, H umAn R igHtS in c ommonWeAltHA fRicA, at ch. 2(1986).10. Wai, supra note 5, at 116.11. Compare Asmarom Legesse, Human Rights in African Political Culture, in t He m oRAli mPeRAtiveS of H umAn R igHtS: A W oRlD S uRvey123, 125–27 (Kenneth W. Thompson ed.,1980); Nana Kusi Appea Busia, Jr., The Status of Human Rights in Pre-Colonial Africa: Implications for Contemporary Practices, in A fRicA, H umAn R igHtS, AnD tHe g lobAl S yStem: t He P oliticAl e conomy of H umAn R igHtS in A c HAnging W oRlD 225, 231 (Eileen McCarthy-Arnolds, David R. Penna, & Debra Joy Cruz Sobrepeña eds., 1994); for non-African examples, Abdul Aziz Said, Precept and Practice of Human Rights in Islam, 1 u niveRSAlH um. R tS. 63, 65 (1979); Raul Manglapus, Human Rights are Not a Western Discovery,4 W oRlDvieW(1978); Adamantia Pollis & Peter Schwab, Introduction, in H umAn R igHtS:c ultuRAl AnD i DeologicAl P eRSPectiveS xiii, xiv (Adamantia Pollis & Peter Schwab eds.,1979).12. Hung-Chao Tai, Human Rights in Taiwan: Convergence of Two Political Cultures?, inH umAn R igHtS in e ASt A SiA: A c ultuRAl P eRSPective 77, 79 (James C. Hsiung ed., 1985).13. Manwoo Lee, North Korea and the Western Notion of Human Rights, in H umAn R igHtSin e ASt A SiA: A c ultuRAl P eRSPective 129, 131 (James C. Hsiung ed., 1985).Vol. 29 286HUMAN RIGHTS QUARTERLYThe ancient Greeks notoriously distinguished between Hellenes and barbarians, practiced slavery, denied basic rights to foreigners, and (by our standards) severely restricted the rights of even free adult (male) citizens. The idea that all human beings had equal and inalienable basic rights was equally foreign to Athens and Sparta, Plato and Aristotle, Homer, Hesiod, Aeschylus, Euripides, Aristophanes, and Thucydides. Much the same is true of ancient Rome, both as a republic and as an empire. In medieval Europe, where the spiritual egalitarianism and universality of Christianity expressed itself in deeply inegalitarian politics, the idea of equal legal and political rights for all human beings, had it been seriously contemplated, would have been seen as a moral abomination, a horrid transgression against God’s order.In the “pre-modern” world, both Western and non-Western alike, the duty of rulers to further the common good arose not from the rights (entitle-ments) of all human beings, or even all subjects, but from divine command-ment, natural law, tradition, or contingent political arrangements. The people could legitimately expect to benefit from the obligations of their rulers to rule justly. Neither in theory nor in practice, though, did they have human rights that could be exercised against unjust rulers. The reigning ideas were natural law and natural right (in the sense of righteousness or rectitude) not natural or human rights (in the sense of equal and inalienable individual entitlements).Many arguments of anthropological universality are inspired by an admirable desire to show cultural sensitivity and respect. In fact they do no such thing. Rather, they misunderstand and misrepresent the foundations and functioning of the societies in question by anachronistically imposing an alien analytical framework.I am not claiming that Islam, Confucianism, or traditional African ideas cannot support internationally recognized human rights. Quite the contrary, I argue below that in practice today they increasingly do support human rights. My point is simply that Islamic, Confucian, and African societies did not in fact develop significant bodies of human rights ideas or practices prior to the twentieth century. The next section offers an explanation for this fact.4. fUNcTIoNAL UNIVERSALITYNatural or human rights ideas first developed in the modern West. A full-fledged natural rights theory is evident in John Locke’s Second Treatise of Government, published in 1689 in support of the so-called Glorious Revolu-tion. The American and French Revolutions first used such ideas to construct new political orders.1414. J oHn l ocke, t Wo t ReAtiSe on g oveRnment (London, W. Wilson 1821) (1689).2007The Relative Universality of Human Rights287 The social-structural “modernity” of these ideas and practices, however, not their cultural “Westernness,” deserves emphasis.15 Human rights ideas and practices arose not from any deep Western cultural roots but from the social, economic, and political transformations of modernity. They thus have relevance wherever those transformations have occurred, irrespective of the pre-existing culture of the place.Nothing in classical or medieval culture specially predisposed Europeans to develop human rights ideas. Even early modern Europe, when viewed without the benefit of hindsight, seemed a particularly unconducive cultural milieu for human rights. No widely endorsed reading of Christian scriptures supported the idea of a broad set of equal and inalienable individual rights held by all Christians, let alone all human beings. Violent, often brutal, in-ternecine and international religious warfare was the norm. The divine right of kings was the reigning orthodoxy.Nonetheless, in early modern Europe, ever more powerful and pen-etrating (capitalist) markets and (sovereign, bureaucratic) states disrupted, destroyed, or radically transformed “traditional” communities and their systems of mutual support and obligation. Rapidly expanding numbers of (relatively) separate families and individuals were thus left to face a grow-ing range of increasingly unbuffered economic and political threats to their interests and dignity. New “standard threats” to human dignity provoked new remedial responses.16The absolutist state offered a society organized around a monarchist hier-archy justified by a state religion. The newly emergent bourgeoisie envisioned a society in which the claims of property balanced those of birth. And as “modernization” progressed, an ever widening range of dispossessed groups advanced claims for relief from injustices and disabilities. Such demands took many forms, including appeals to scripture, church, morality, tradition, justice, natural law, order, social utility, and national strength. Claims of equal and inalienable natural/human rights, however, became increasingly central. And the successes of some groups opened political space for others to advance similar claims for their equal rights.The spread of modern markets and states has globalized the same threats to human dignity initially experienced in Europe. Human rights represent the most effective response yet devised to a wide range of standard threats to human dignity that market economies and bureaucratic states have made 15. See D onnelly, u niveRSAl H umAn R igHtS in t HeoRy AnD P RActice (2d ed.), supra note 1, at ch.4; compare Michael Goodhart, Origins and Universality in the Human Rights Debate: Cultural Essentialism and the Challenge of Globalization, 25 H um. R tS. Q. 935 (2003).A RvinD S HARmA, A Re H umAn R igHtS W eSteRn in o Rigin? A c ontRibution to tHe D iAlogue ofc ivilizAtionS(2006) extensively and critically explores the wide variety of senses in whichhuman rights have been held to be “Western.”16. H enRy S Hue, b ASic R igHtS: S ubSiStence, A ffluence, AnD u.S. f oReign P olicy 29–34 (1980).Vol. 29 288HUMAN RIGHTS QUARTERLYnearly universal across the globe. Human rights today remain the only proven effective means to assure human dignity in societies dominated by markets and states. Although historically contingent and relative, this functional universality fully merits the label universal—for us, today.Arguments that another state, society, or culture has developed plausible and effective alternative mechanisms for protecting or realizing human dig-nity in the contemporary world deserve serious attention. Today, however, such claims, when not advanced by repressive elites and their supporters, usually refer to an allegedly possible world that no one yet has had the good fortune to experience.The functional universality of human rights depends on human rights providing attractive remedies for some of the most pressing systemic threats to human dignity. Human rights today do precisely that for a growing number of people of all cultures in all regions. Whatever our other problems, we all must deal with market economies and bureaucratic states. Whatever our other religious, moral, legal, and political resources, we all need equal and inalienable universal human rights to protect us from those threats.5. INTERNATIoNAL LEGAL UNIVERSALITYIf this argument is even close to correct, we ought to find widespread active endorsement of internationally recognized human rights. Such endorsement is evident in international human rights law, giving rise to what I will call international legal universality. The foundational international legal instru-ment is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The 1993 World Human Rights Conference, in the first operative paragraph of the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, asserted that “the universal nature of these rights and freedoms is beyond question.”Virtually all states accept the authority of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. For the purposes of international relations, human rights today means, roughly, the rights in the Universal Declaration. Those rights have been further elaborated in a series of widely ratified treaties. As of 6 December 2006, the six core international human rights treaties (on civil and political rights, economic, social, and cultural rights, racial discrimination, women, torture, and children) had an average 168 parties, which represents a truly impressive 86 percent ratification rate.17Although this international legal universality operates in significant mea-sure at an elite interstate level, it has come to penetrate much more deeply. Movements for social justice and of political opposition have increasingly17. Ratification data is available at /english/countries/ratification/index.htm and /english/bodies/docs/status.pdf.2007The Relative Universality of Human Rights289 adopted the language of human rights. Growing numbers of new interna-tional issues, ranging from migration, to global trade and finance, to access to pharmaceuticals are being framed as issues of human rights.18 States that systematically violate internationally recognized human rights do not lose their legitimacy in international law. Except in cases of genocide, sovereignty still ultimately trumps human rights. But protecting internationally recognized human rights is increasingly seen as a precondi-tion of full political legitimacy. Consider Robert Mugabe’s Zimbabwe. Even China has adopted the language (although not too much of the practice) of internationally recognized human rights, seemingly as an inescapable precondition to its full recognition as a great power.International legal universality, like functional universality, is contingent and relative. It depends on states deciding to treat the Universal Declaration and the Covenants as authoritative. Tomorrow, they may no longer accept or give as much weight to human rights. Today, however, they clearly have chosen, and continue to choose, human rights over competing conceptions of national and international political legitimacy.6. oVERLAppING coNSENSUS UNIVERSALITYInternational legal universality is incompletely but significantly replicated at the level of moral or political theory. John Rawls distinguishes “comprehen-sive religious, philosophical, or moral doctrines,” such as Islam, Kantianism, Confucianism, and Marxism, from “political conceptions of justice,” which address only the political structure of society, defined (as far as possible) in-dependent of any particular comprehensive doctrine.19 Adherents of different comprehensive doctrines may be able to reach an “overlapping consensus” on a political conception of justice.20Such a consensus is overlapping; partial rather than complete. It is politi-cal rather than moral or religious. Rawls developed the notion to understand how “there can be a stable and just society whose free and equal citizens are deeply divided by conflicting and even incommensurable religious, philo-sophical, and moral doctrines.”21 The idea, however, has obvious extensions to a culturally and politically diverse international society.2218. A liSon b RySk, H umAn R igHtS AnD P RivAte W RongS: c onStRucting g lobAl c ivil S ociety(2005).19. J oHn R AWlS, t He l AW of P eoPleS xliii–xlv, 11–15, 174–76 (1999); J oHn R AWlS, P oliticAl l ib-eRAliSm 31–33, 172–73 (1993).20. R AWlS, P oliticAl l ibeRAliSm,supra note 19, at 133–72, 385–96.21. Id. at 133.22. R AWlS, t He l AW of P eoPleS,supra note 19. Rawls’ own extension involves both a widerpolitical conception of justice and a narrower list of internationally recognized human rights. The account offered here is Rawlsian in inspiration but not that of John Rawls.Human rights can be grounded in a variety of comprehensive doctrines. For example, they can be seen as encoded in the natural law, called for by divine commandment, political means to further human good or utility, or institutions to produce virtuous citizens. Over the past few decades more and more adherents of a growing range of comprehensive doctrines in all regions of the world have come to endorse human rights—(but only) as a political conception of justice.23It is important to remember that virtually all Western religious and philosophical doctrines through most of their history have either rejected or ignored human rights. Today, however, most adherents of most Western comprehensive doctrines endorse human rights. And if the medieval Christian world of crusades, serfdom, and hereditary aristocracy could become today’s world of liberal and social democratic welfare states, it is hard to think of a place where a similar transformation is inconceivable.Consider claims that “Asian values” are incompatible with internation-ally recognized human rights.24 Asian values—like Western values, African values, and most other sets of values—can be, and have been, understood as incompatible with human rights. But they also can be and have been interpreted to support human rights, as they regularly are today in Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea. And political developments in a growing number of Asian countries suggest that ordinary people and even governments are increasingly viewing human rights as a contemporary political expression of their deepest ethical, cultural, and political values and aspirations.2523. Heiner Bielefeldt, “Western” versus “Islamic” Human Rights Conceptions?: A Critique ofCultural Essentialism in the Discussion on Human Rights, 28 P ol. t HeoRy90 (2000) makesa similar argument for overlapping consensus universality, illustrated by a discussionof recent trends in Islamic thinking on human rights. See also Ashwani Kumar Peetush, Cultural Diversity, Non-Western Communities, and Human Rights, 34 P HiloSoPHicAl f oRum1 (2003), which deals with South Asian views. Vincanne Adams, Suffering the Winds ofLhasa: Politicized Bodies, Human Rights, Cultural Difference, and Humanism in Tibet, 12 m eD. A ntHRoPology Q. 74 (1998) presents an account of the suffering of Tibetan women activists that stresses their instrumental adoption of human rights ideas to grapple with injustices and suffering that they understand in very different terms. For a looser account of cross-cultural consensus, see H umAn R igHtS in c RoSS-c ultuRAl P eRSPectiveS: A Q ueSt foRc onSenSuS (Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na’im ed. 1992).24. A ntHony J. l AngloiS, t He P oliticS of J uStice AnD H umAn R igHtS(2001) offers perhaps thebest overview. H umAn R igHtS AnD A SiAn v AlueS: c onteSting n AtionAl i DentitieS AnD c ultuRAl R ePReSentAtionS in A SiA(Michael Jacobsen & Ole Bruun eds., 2000); t He e ASt A SiAn c HAllenge foR H umAn R igHtS, supra note 1, are good collections of essays.25. “Confucians can make sense of rights out of the resources of their own tradition.” MaySim, A Confucian Approach to Human Rights, 21 H iSt. P Hil. Q. 337, 338 (2004). Compare Joseph Chan, Moral Autonomy, Civil Liberties, and Confucianism, 52 P Hil. e ASt & W eSt 281 (2002); Joseph Chan, Confucian Perspective on Human Rights for Contemporary China, in t He e ASt A SiAn c HAllenge foR H umAn R igHtS, supra note 1. On Confucianism and modern social and political practices, see c onfuciAniSm foR tHe m oDeRn W oRlD (Daniel A.Bell & Hahm Chaibong eds., 2003).。

骨科量表系列｜颈椎退行性变：神经根型颈椎病的量表随着脊柱疾病的发病率日渐上升颈椎退行性疾病的发病率也逐日增加然而在平时的临床工作中你真的会选用合适的量表对患者进行评估吗？你知道•一共有多少份常用的颈椎退行性变量表？•Odom标准、SF-36和EQ-5D之间有什么区别？•评估神经根型颈椎病用什么量表最为合适？本文通过PubMed搜索5大脊柱杂志近十年间的文献带您走出量表选择的难题1通过PubMed搜索到241篇颈椎相关文献我们通过pubmed统计出，从2004年~2013年这十年里，The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery，The Bone and Joint Journal，The Spine Journal，European Spine Journal and Spine这5大世界顶尖杂志一共发表了19736篇论文，关于脊柱创伤方面的论文为58篇，（详见点击《骨科量表系列 | 脊柱创伤：世界顶级杂志更倾向这些量表》）而关于颈椎退行性变的论文共计241篇。

颈椎病存在各种临床症状，范围从局部颈部疼痛到全身性脊髓病，因此单个评分系统可能不足以解决所有颈椎病的评价，据统计每篇论文平均用到1.9 个评分系统。

2大部分的量表被反复使用4次以上常用的颈椎退行性变量表共53个，在这241篇文章中，有2个量表评分系统使用了3次，6个量表评分系统使用了2次，33个量表评分系统只使用了1次，其余的量表评分系统使用了4次或4次以上。

3颈椎退行性变常用量表的一些数据其中最常用的7个量表是：JOA，VAS，NDI，SF-36，Nurick 评分， Odom评分和Oswestry残疾指数。

在所包括的文章中，三分之一的文章是LOE4（level of evidence ，LOE）占32.0％，只有16.4％的文章是LOE 1。

[2]在这241篇文章中，Spine占有97篇，European Spine占有85篇，The Spine J占有41篇，JBJS-Amv2占有8篇，BJJ占有10篇。

世界睡眠医学杂志World Jouoial of Sleep Medici/e 2929年1月第7卷第1期OcUbes.2729,Vol.7,N o.11732中医睡眠医学TCM Sleer高才达名老中医治疗后循环缺血性单发性眩晕伴失眠的临床疗效评价毛燕高才达（北京中医医院顺义医院高才达国家级老中医药传承工作室4匕京491569）摘要目的：观察高才达名老中医经验方芍药木瓜汤治疗后循环缺血性单发性眩晕伴失眠的临床效果。

方法：选取2215年1月至2219年1月北京中医医院顺义医院收治的循环缺血性单发性眩晕患者67例作为研究对象，随机分为对照组和观察组，每组31例。

所有患者均接受基础治疗，对照组采用西药治疗；观察组在对照组基础上加用芍药木瓜汤治疗。

比较4组治疗前后中医证候积分并评价2组临床疗效。

结果：2组患者的中医证候评分在治疗前比较，差异无统计学意义(P>4.15)；治疗后,2组中医证候评分较治疗前显著下降(P<4.45)；观察组总有效率为56.41%(25/29)，明显高于对照组64.52%(24/3S)，差异有统计学意义(P<4.45)。

结论:运用高才达名老中医经验方芍药木瓜汤配合针刺治疗后循环缺血性单发性眩晕，能够使临床疗效得到提升，临床症状得到缓解，值得推广应用。

关键词芍药木瓜汤;针灸疗法;后循环缺血性单发性眩晕;疗效;临床症状Clinical Efficacy Evatation of Paerny Papaya Decyction Combined with Acupuncture forof Posterior Circdation Ischemic Single Vertigo by Chief Physician Gao CaiVaMAO Y u,GAO Cai d a(Gao Caita Naaonal TTaditiopai Chinesp Medicind OngevO<mga StuUia,Shnnyt Hospital o{^匚理;Hospitalo Troditionai Chinesp Medicin,Beijing11344,China)Abstract Objective:To observe the clinical edect of Gao Cal da Ming Lac Wa/ibonai Chinese medicine experience recipe Shaoyac Mupua decoction combined with acupuxcture in treating posterior circulation ischemic single veOigc(PCIT).Methodt A total of67patients with posterior circulaUon ischemic single verOgo from Januarg2213to Januao2419were randomly divided into two/o)ups.All patients received basic treatment,37patients in control/roup were treated with Westero medicine,31patients in treatment/roup were treated with Paeoni/oOn and Papayy decoction.The scores of TCM syydromcs before and after treatment were compared and the clinical edects were evaluated in the two/roups.ResoUc:There was no significant difference in tem syydromc scores between the two/roups before Weatment(P>4.45)After treatment,the score of TCM Syydromc in the4/roups was signifi-canUy lower than that before Weatment(P<4.41).The total edective rate of the treatment/roup was56.11%(25/29),which was significanUy higher than that of the control/roup(64.52%(22/31),the diderence was$000110significant(P<4.15).Conclu­sion:T can improve the Clinical curative edect and relieve the clinical symptoms to use Shao Yac Mu Gua Tang and acupuxcOre to treat posterior circuOtion ischemic single veOigo.Key wo C s Shaoyac Mupua Gepen decocUon；Acupuxcture；Posterior circuOtion ischemia vertigo-Efficacy；Clinical symptoms 中图分类号：R335.63文献标识码:A dot：14,3969/j.dun7095-7134.2424.14,224后循环缺血单发性眩晕（PCIT）是临床比较常见的一种脑血管病，临床上发病率较高［］。

一、技术：身体“代具”功能的建构海德格尔《存在与时间》的问世，对传统形而上学的基本本体论进行批判与颠覆，他透过形而上学本体论中看到“现成性实体”，发现非存在者状态的功能性存在，此在不是实体的“人”，而是功能性“生存”。

①海德格尔以“功能性关系”建构自己的存在假说，其中包含了功能性的在世关联和从在世返归存在的本真性意向关联，正是由于此在物化的存在建构出关系世界，这也造成哲学认识论中对功能性与关系性范畴的关注。

海德格尔的哲学是对以往主体哲学的超越，阿多诺在《否定的辩证法》中提出“非我急剧地走在了我的前面”②，在资本主义市场经济中人所制造的经济价值可能会成为奴役人的主人，物化关系形成客观的“功能性关系”，海德格尔揭示出“现成性实体”背后的真相，无疑动摇了人类中心主义话语，反映出黑格尔哲学中绝对观念在发展进程中的非主体异化，即人类通过劳动创造的社会历史成为支配人类主体的力量。

海德格尔基于本体论的视角审视技术本质，他指出“本质”并不局限于对事物个体共有特质的框定，而是在存在中发生的东西③，“技术是一种解蔽方式”④，技术不仅仅作者简介：陈湘妍，女，上海外国语大学博士生。

研究方向：视听媒体研究、媒介性别形象传播。

被记忆的欲望与原初性身体：斯蒂格勒的电影器官学陈湘妍（上海外国语大学上海201600）摘要斯蒂格勒解决技术的熵和负熵的问题，确立技术的建构作用，强调“技术生命”是由有机体和器官学的双曲熵构成，第三持留电影制品是“器官学”的生命形式，技术作为身体外部“代具”延伸内部意识，第三持留与意识本原紧密相连，所形成的“媒介记忆”强化欲望的再生产，此外基于技术记忆的积累，技术的演进也影响人的主体性生成，外在技术也激发人类主体更多欲望的表露，原初性身体的欲望叠加技术身体代具的欲望共同筑造个体感知升级。

关键词代具电影器官学第三持留①马丁·海德格尔.存在与时间［M ］.陈嘉映,译.上海：生活·读书·新知三联书店，1999：136.②阿多尔诺.否定的辩证法［M ］.张峰,译.重庆：重庆出版社，1983：63.③刘大椿，等.一般科学哲学史［M ］.北京：中央编译出版社,2016：402.④马丁·海德格尔.海德格尔选集［M ］.孙周兴,译.上海：上海三联书店出版社，1996：932.是工具，而是存在向世界展开的框架，“现代技术是一种‘促逼’‘订造’‘摆置’的解蔽方式”①，将技术的本质归结为“座架”（Ge-stell），自然物被要求按照现代技术所要求的方式进行改造。

硕士学位论文“理商”的测量：决策能力量表初步修订冯田培 养 类 别全日制 学号 2472013038 学位类型 学术学位一级学科(专业类) 心理学二级学科(专业) 应用心理学研究方向 测量与评估指导教师 肖玮 副教授培养单位医学心理系 二O 一六年六月分类号U D C密级目录目录 (1)缩略语表 (4)中文摘要 (5)ABSTRACT (7)前言 (9)文献回顾 (11)1 理性思维能力 (12)2 决策能力 (13)2.1 决策能力概念 (13)2.2 决策的测量 (15)2.3 风险与决策研究 (19)正文 (21)第一部量表的修订形成 (21)1 研究目的 (21)3 翻译及修订 (21)3.1 量表的本土化修订 (21)3.2 正式形成决策能力量表内容及计分 (23)4 预实验 (26)5 第一轮施测 (26)5.1 目的 (26)5.2 方法 (26)5.3 数据处理 (27)5.4 描述性数据分析 (27)5.5 项目分析 (28)6 讨论 (30)6.1 A-DMC修订 (30)6.2 A-DMC中文版与原版描述性数据分析异同 (30)6.3 A-DMC项目分析 (31)第二部分A-DMC量表的信度、效度 (31)1 目的 (31)2 方法 (31)2.1 工具 (31)2.2 被试 (34)2.3 施测过程 (34)2.4 数据的收集、筛查和录入 (34)3 信度 (34)4 效度 (35)4.1 内容效度 (35)4.2 结构效度 (36)4.3 校标效度 (38)3 讨论 (41)5.1 决策能力量表信度良好 (42)5.2 决策能力量表内容效度、结构效度良好 (42)5.3 决策能力量表效标效度良好 (43)第三部分模拟现实情境任务中A-DMC效度的验证 (44)1 研究目的 (44)2 方法 (45)2.1 工具 (45)2.2 统计方法 (48)2.3 研究对象 (48)3 结果分析 (48)3.1 决策能力不同个体分组 (48)3.2 高低不同决策能力个体概率已知的剑桥博弈任务中的表现 (48)3.3 高低不同决策能力个体模糊决策爱荷华博弈任务中的表现 (49)4 讨论 (50)4.1 高决策能力个体决策质量好 (50)4.2 高决策能力个体风险调节能力强 (51)4.3 高决策能力者在模糊决策中学习能力优 (51)4.4 高决策能力者在模糊决策中发现掌握应用规则能力更强 (52)小结 (52)附录 .....................................................................错误！未定义书签。