专题 1 词汇进阶 -2023年暑假初升高英语衔接宝典(新高一适用)

专题1词汇进阶

温故知新 自学巩固

回顾一 词类

英语中的词可以根据词义、句法作用和形式特征分为十大词类.

名词(n.):表示人或事物的名称.名词分为可数名词(如:pen 钢笔,teacher 老师)和不可数名词(如fire 火,air

空气).可数名词有单复数形式.

形容词(adj.);表示人或事物的特征,如 bad, beautiful.

副词(ad.);修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,如very, quickly.

动词(v.):表示动作或状态,如 study, be.

代词(pron.);代替名词、数词等,如 they, he.

数词(num.):表示数量或顺序,如 five, tenth.

冠词(art.):对名词起限定作用,如a, an, the.

介词(prep.):表示名词、代词和其他词的关系,如in, for.

连词(conj.);连接词与词或句与句,如 and, because.

感叹词(interj.):表示说话时的感情或口气,如oh, hey.

回顾二 初中英语词形转换

1.变名词

(1)变表示某一类人的名词

◊+er 如:farmer,worker,singer,dancer,reporter,listener,writer,runner,owner,foreigner

◊+or 如:visitor,actor,conductor,inventor,director,translator,professor,monitor,operator

◊+ian 如:musician, librarian, Australian, Canadian, Indian, Brazilian

◊+ist a;artist,dentist,scientist,tourist,journalist,specialist,pianist,violinist, psychologist

◊+man n:postman,fisherman,Englishman,Frenchman

(2)变抽象名词

◊+r(s)ion 如;invention, collection, pronunciation, donation, pollution, association, solution, discussion,

congratulation, suggestion, permission, attention, situation

◊+ ment如:agreement, appointment, development, advertisement, environment, commitment, equipment,

argument ◊＋ty 如:safety, popularity, difficulty, activity, beauty

◊＋th 如:death, growth, truth, youth, wealth, health, length

◊＋ness 如:illness, goodness, business, kindness, darkness

◊＋ance 如:appearance

◊＋ship 如:friendship, hardship

◊t变ce 如:different→difference,important→importance,confident→confidence,silent→silence

◊其他 如:fail→ failure, proud→ pride, high→ height, weigh→ weight, fly→ flight, succeed→ success,

speak→ speech, please→ pleasure

2.变反义词

◊un+如:unhappy, unfriendly, uncomfortable, unusual , unlucky , unpleasant , unable , unfair, uncrowned

◊dis+如:dislike, dishonest, disadvantage, disagreement

◊in+如:inexpensive, indirect, incorrect, inhuman

◊im+如:impossible, impolite, imperfect

◊+less 如:homeless, hopeless, helpless, careless, useless, fearless

3.变形容词

◊＋y 如:sunny, cloudy, windy, rainy, noisy, healthy, lucky, funny, snowy, foggy, salty, tasty, thirsty

◊＋ly 如:friendly, lively, lovely, daily, lonely

◊＋ful 如:careful,useful,beautiful,hopeful,helpful,grateful,thankful,colorful,wonderful

◊＋able 如:enjoyable, adjustable, comfortable

◊＋ous 如:dangerous, mysterious, famous, serious, anxious, enormous

◊＋en 如:wooden, woolen, golden, earthen

◊＋ern 如:eastern, western, northern, southern

◊＋al 如:natural, personal, national, medical, professional , original, normal, rural, physical, chemical

◊＋ive 如:active, creative, aggressive

◊＋ic 如:energetic, scientific, realistic

◊＋ing/ed 如:exciting, interesting, boring, relaxing, frustrating, embarrassing, worrying, interested, bored,

relaxed, frustrated, embarrassed, excited, worried

4.变副词

一般情况下,直接加ly,如:immediately, slowly ◊以y结尾的,变y为i再加ly,如:luckily, happily, easily, healthily

◊以e结尾的,一般不省略(truly, wholly, duly例外),如:extremely

◊以able/ible结尾的,去e加y,如:capably, possibly, terribly

◊以元音字母加1结尾的,仍然要加ly,如:finally, carefully, really, specially

5.变动词

◊＋ize 如:memorize, modernize, realize, criticize

真题引路 考点对接

【问题】下列是部分省市的中考真题,你能找准做题的切入点吗?

I.根据所给提示完成单词.

1.(安徽)For a w________ (明智的)man, a mistake is a lesson.

2.(安徽)My father's T-shirt has completely lost its S________ (形状).

3.(广西)It's necessary for us to________ (等待)in line in public.

答案:

1.wise 2. shape 3.wait

II.用括号中单词的适当形式填空.

1.(武威)It's difficult to be________ (friend) with everyone.

2.(武威)Be quiet! The patients________ (sleep).

3.(武威)The boy got the________ (one) place in the singing competition.

4.(武威)The girl expected all her classmates________ (come) to her party.

答案:

1.friends 2.are sleeping 3.first 4.to come

III.(武汉)选择词与短语填空.(有一项多余)

proud/kept out/set up / attend / help / thirsty

1.The teacher can see in our eyes that we are________ for knowledge. She tells us that knowledge will give us

wings to fly.

2.Jessica Wong sells her bags in a small shop, but she has also________ an online business to sell them.

3.Our teachers and parents will be________ of us because we have grown up and can be responsible for ourselves.

4.Although you may not like to do chores, you should________ your parents around the house. 5.We will________ the junior high graduation ceremony tomorrow. It is a very special time for us.

答案:

1. thirsty 2. set up 3.proud 4.help 5,attend

知识拓展 深度衔接

新知一 转化法

英语中,有的名词可用作动词,有的形容词可用作副词或动词,一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变,这种方法叫作转化法.

1.很多动词可以转化为名词,大多意思没有多大的变化(如①);有的意思有一定变化(如②);有的与动词和不定冠词构成短语,表示一个动作(如③).如:

①Let's go out for a walk.我们到外面去散散步吧.

②He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格健壮的汉子.

③Let's have a swim.咱们游泳吧.

2.很多表示物件(如①)、身体部位(如②)、某类人(如③)的名词可以用作动词来表示动作,某些抽象名词(如④)也可用作动词.如:

①Did you book a seat on the plane?你订好飞机座位了吗?

②Please hand me the book.请把那本书递给我.

③She nursed her husband back to health.她看护丈夫,使他恢复了健康.

④We lunched together.我们在一起吃了午餐.

3.有少数形容词可以转化为动词.如:

We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况.

4.有少数副词可以转化为动词.如:Murder will out.(谚语)恶事终将败露.

5.表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词(如①);某些形容词如 old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用,表示一类人,作主语时,谓语用复数(如②).如:

①You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服.

②The old in our village are living a happy life.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活.

新知二 派生法

指的是在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词.