Influence of time, temperature, confining pressure and fluid content on the experimental co

European Journal of Radiology 67(2008)218–229ReviewThe principles of quantification applied toin vivo proton MR spectroscopyGunther Helms ∗MR-Research in Neurology and Psychiatry,Faculty of Medicine,University of G¨o ttingen,D-37075G¨o ttingen,GermanyReceived 27February 2008;accepted 28February 2008AbstractFollowing the identification of metabolite signals in the in vivo MR spectrum,quantification is the procedure to estimate numerical values oftheir concentrations.The two essential steps are discussed in detail:analysis by fitting a model of prior knowledge,that is,the decomposition of the spectrum into the signals of singular metabolites;then,normalization of these signals to yield concentration estimates.Special attention is given to using the in vivo water signal as internal reference.©2008Elsevier Ireland Ltd.All rights reserved.Keywords:MRS;Brain;Quantification;QAContents1.Introduction ............................................................................................................2192.Spectral analysis/decomposition..........................................................................................2192.1.Principles........................................................................................................2192.2.Statistical and systematic fitting errors ..............................................................................2212.3.Examples of analysis software......................................................................................2212.3.1.LCModel ................................................................................................2212.3.2.jMRUI...................................................................................................2213.Signal normalization ....................................................................................................2233.1.Principles........................................................................................................2233.2.Internal referencing and metabolite ratios............................................................................2233.3.External referencing...............................................................................................2233.4.Global transmitter reference........................................................................................2233.5.Local flip angle...................................................................................................2243.6.Coil impedance effects ............................................................................................2243.7.External phantom and local reference ...............................................................................2253.8.Receive only-coils ................................................................................................2253.9.Internal water reference............................................................................................2253.10.Partial volume correction.........................................................................................2264.Calibration .............................................................................................................2275.Discussion..............................................................................................................2286.Experimental ...........................................................................................................2287.Recommendations.......................................................................................................228Acknowledgements .....................................................................................................229References .............................................................................................................229∗Tel.:+495513913132;fax:+495513913243.E-mail address:ghelms@gwdg.de .0720-048X/$–see front matter ©2008Elsevier Ireland Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.02.034G.Helms/European Journal of Radiology67(2008)218–2292191.IntroductionIn vivo MRS is a quantitative technique.This statement is often mentioned in the introduction to clinical MRS studies. However,the quantification of signal produced by the MR imag-ing system is a complex and rather technical issue.Inconsistent terminology and scores of different approaches make the prob-lem appear even more complicated,especially for beginners. This article is intended to give a structured introduction to the principles of quantification.The associated problems and pos-sible systematic errors(“bias”)are explained to encourage a critical appraisal of published results.Quantification is essential for clinical research,less so for adding diagnostic information for which visual inspection often may suffice.Subsequent to the identification of metabolites,its foremost rationale is to provide numbers for comparison of spec-tra from different subjects and brain regions;and–ideally–different scanners and sequences.These numbers are then used for evaluation;e.g.statistical comparison of cohorts or correla-tion with clinical parameters.The problem is that the interaction of the radio-frequency(RF)hardware and the dielectric load of the subject’s body may lead to rather large signal variations(up to30%)that may blur systematic relationships to cohorts or clinical parameters.One of the purposes of quantification is to reduce such hardware related variation in the numbers.Thus, quantification is closely related to quality assurance(QA).In summary,quantification is a procedure of data processing. The post-processing scheme may require additional data acqui-sitions or extraction of adjustment parameters from the scanner. The natural order of steps in the procedure is1.acquisition and pre-processing of raw data,reconstruction ofthe spectrum(e.g.averaging and FFT),2.analysis:estimation of the relative signal for each identifiedmetabolite(here,proton numbers and linewidth should be taken into account),3.normalization of RF-induced signal variations,4.calibration of signals by performing the quantificationscheme on a standard of known concentration.In turn,these steps yield the metabolite signals1.for visual inspection of the displayed spectrum on the ppmscale,2.in arbitrary units,from which metabolite ratios can be cal-culated,3.in institutional units(for your individual MR scanner andquantification scheme;these numbers are proportional to the concentration),4.in absolute units of concentration(commonly inmM=mmol/l);estimated by comparison to a standard of known concentration.The term quantification(or sometimes“quantitation”)is occasionally used to denote singular steps of this process.In this review,it will refer to the whole procedure,and further differ-entiation is made for the sake of clarity.In practice,some these steps may be performed together.Already at this stage it should be made clear that the numbers obtained by“absolute quantifica-tion”are by no means“absolute”but depend on the accuracy and precision of steps1–4.Measurement and reconstruction(step1) must be performed in a consistent way lest additional errors have to be accounted for in individual experiments.Only in theory it should be possible to correct all possible sources of variation;in clinical practice it is generally is too time consum-ing.Yet the more sources of variation are cancelled(starting with the biggest effects)the smaller effects one will be able to detect.Emphasis will be put on the analysis(the models and the automated tools available),the signal normalization(and basic quality assurance issues),and the use of the localized water signal as internal reference.2.Spectral analysis/decomposition2.1.PrinciplesThe in vivo spectrum becomes more complicated with decreasing echo time(TE):next to the singlet resonances and weakly coupled multiplets,signals from strongly coupled metabolites and baseline humps from motion-restricted macro-molecules appear.Contrary to long-TE spectra short-TE spectra should not be evaluated step-by-step and line-by-line.For exam-ple,the left line of the lactate doublet is superposed onto the macromolecular signal at1.4ppm.The total signal at this fre-quency is not of interest but rather the separate contributions of lactate and macromolecules/lipids.Differences between the two whole resonance patterns can be used to separate the metabolites;e.g.the doublet of lactate versus the broad linewidth.In visual inspection,one intuitively uses such‘prior knowledge’about the expected metabolites to discern partly overlying metabolites in a qualitative way.This approach is also used to simplify the problem to automaticallyfind the metabolite resonances to order to evaluate the whole spectrum“in one go”.Comparing the resonance pattern of MR spectra in vivo at highfield and short TE with those of tissue extracts and sin-gle metabolites in vitro at matchedfield strengths hasfirmly established our‘prior’knowledge about which metabolites con-tribute to the in vivo MR spectra[1].Next to TE,thefield strength exerts the second biggest influence on the appearance of in vivo MR spectra.Overlap and degeneration of binomial multiplets due to strong coupling increase at the lowerfield strengths of clinical MR systems(commonly3,2,or1.5T). These effects can be either measured on solutions of single metabolites[2]or simulated fromfirst quantum-mechanical principles,once the chemical shifts and coupling constants(J in Hz)of a certain metabolite have been determined at suffi-ciently highfield[3].Motion-restricted‘macromolecules’are subject to rapid relaxation that blurs the coupling pattern(if the linewidth1/πT∗2>J)and hampers the identification of specific compounds.These usually appear as broad‘humps’that form the unresolved baseline of short-TE spectra(Fig.1).These vanish at longer TE(>135ms).The baseline underlying the metabo-220G.Helms /European Journal of Radiology 67(2008)218–229Fig.1.Including lipids/macromolecules into the basis set.Without inclusion of lipids/macromolecules in the basis set (A)the broad “humps”at 1.3and 0.9ppm are fitted by the baseline.Inclusion of lipids/macromolecules (B)resulted in a better fit and a lower baseline between 2.2and 0.6ppm.The SNR improved from 26to 30.The signals at 2.0ppm partly replaced the co-resonating tNAA.The 6%reduction in tNAA was larger than the fitting error (3%).This may illustrate that the fitting error does not account for the bias in the model.LCModel (exp.details:6.1-0;12.5ml VOI in parietal GM,3T,STEAM,TE/TM/TR/avg =20/10/6000/64).lite signals is constituted from all rapidly relaxing signals that have not decayed to zero at the chosen TE (macromolecules and lipids),the “feet”of the residual water signal,plus possible arte-facts (e.g.echo signals from moving spins that were not fully suppressed by gradient selection).The ‘prior knowledge’about which metabolites to detect and how the baseline will look like is used to construct a math-ematical model to describe the spectrum.Selecting the input signals reduces the complexity of the analysis problem.In con-trast to integrating or fitting singlet lines the whole spectrum is evaluated together (“in one go”)by fitting a superposition of metabolite signals and baseline signals.Thus,the in vivo spec-trum is decomposed into the constituents of the model.Without specifying the resonances this is often too complicated to be per-formed successfully,in the sense that an unaccountable number of ‘best’combinations exist.G.Helms/European Journal of Radiology67(2008)218–229221Prior knowledge may be implemented in the metabolite basis set adapting experimental data(like in LCModel[2]),theoretical patterns simulated fromfirst principles(QUEST[4]),or purely phenomenological functions like a superposition of Gaussians of different width to model strongly coupled signals and baseline humps alike(AMARES[5]).The least squaresfit may be per-formed in either time domain[6]or frequency domain or both [7].For an in-depth discussion of technical details,the reader is referred to a special issue of NMR in Biomedicine(NMR Biomed14[4];2001)dedicated to“quantitation”(in the sense of spectrum analysis)by mathematical methods.2.2.Statistical and systematicfitting errorsModelfitting yields the contribution of each input signal. Usually Cr´a mer–Rao lower bounds(CLRB)are provided as an estimate for thefitting error or the statistical uncertainty of the concentration estimate.These are calculated from the residual error and the Fisher matrix of the partial derivatives of the con-centrations.In the same way,correlations between the input data can be estimated.Overlapping input signals(e.g.from glutamate (Glu)and glutamine(Gln))are inversely correlated.In this case, the sum has a smaller error than the single metabolites.The uncertainties are fairly well proportional to the noise level(both must be given in the same units).The models are always an approximate,but never a com-plete description of the in vivo MR spectrum.Every model thus involves some kind of systematic error or“bias”,in the sense of deviation from the unknown“true”concentration.Contrary to the statistical uncertainty,the bias cannot be assessed within the same model.In particular,the CRLB does not account for the bias.Changes in the model(e.g.,by leaving out a minor metabo-lite)may result in systematic differences that soon become significant(by a paired t-test).These are caused by the pro-cess of minimizing the squared residual difference whenfitting the same data by two different models.Spurious artefacts or“nuisance signals”that are not included in the model will results in errors that are neither statistical nor systematic.It is also useful to know,that for every non-linear function(as used in MRS)there is a critical signal-to-noise (SNR)threshold for convergence onto meaningful values.2.3.Examples of analysis softwareA number of models and algorithms have been published dur-ing the past15years.A few are available to the public and shared by a considerable number of users.These program packages are generally combined with some automated or interactive pre-processing features,such as correction of frequency offset,zero andfirst order,as well as eddy-current induced phase errors.We shall in brief describe the most common programs for analysis of in vivo1H MRS data.2.3.1.LCModelThe Linear Combination Model(LCModel)[2]comes as stand-alone commercial software(/ lcmodel).It comprises automated pre-processing to achieve a high degree of user-independence.An advanced regularization ensures convergence for the vast majority of in vivo spectra.It was thefirst program designed tofit a basis set(or library)of experimental single metabolite spectra to incorporate maximum information and uniqueness.This means that partly overlap-ping spectra(again such as,Glu and Gln)are discerned by their unique features,but show some residual correlation as mentioned above.Proton numbers are accounted for,even“frac-tional proton numbers”in“pseudo-singlets”(e.g.,the main resonance of mIns).Thus,the ratios provided by LCModel refer to the concentrations rather than proton numbers.The basis set of experimental spectra comprises the prior information on neurochemistry(metabolites)as well as technique(TE,field strength,localization technique).The non-analytic line shape is constrained to unit area and capable tofit even distorted lines (due to motion or residual eddy currents).The number of knots of the baseline spline increases with the noise level.Thus,the LCModel is a mixture of experimental and phenomenological features.Although the basis spectra are provided in time domain, the evaluation is performed across a specified ppm interval.LCModel comes with a graphical user interface for routine application.Optionally the water signal may be used as quan-tification reference.Recently,lipids and macromolecular signals have been included to allow evaluation of tumour and muscle spectra.An example is shown in Fig.1.LCModel comprises basic signal normalization(see below) according to the global transmitter reference[8]to achieve a consistent scaling of the basis spectra.An in-house acquired basis set can thus be used to estimate absolute concentrations. Imported basis sets are available for a wide range of scanners and measurement protocols,but require a calibration to match the individual sensitivity(signal level)of the MR system[9]. Owing to LCModel’sflexibility,the basis set may contain also simulated spectra or an experimentally determined baseline to account for macromolecular signals.Such advanced applica-tions require good theoretical understanding and some practical experience.Care must be taken to maintain consistent scaling when adding new metabolite spectra to an existing basis.This is easiest done by cross-evaluation,that is evaluating a reference peak(e.g.,formate)in spectrum to be included by the singlet of the original basis and correcting to the known value.Caveat:The fact that LCModel converges does not ensure reliability of the estimates;least in absolute units(see Sections 3and4).Systematic difference in SNR may translate into bias via the baseline spline(see Fig.2).The same may be due an inconsistent choice of the boundaries of the ppm interval,partic-ularly next to the water resonance.In particular,with decreasing SNR(lower than4)one may observe more often systematically low or high concentrations.This is likely due to the errors in the feet of the non-analytical line shape,as narrow lines lead to underestimation and broad lines to overestimation.The metabo-lite ratios are still valid,as all model spectra are convoluted by the same lineshape.2.3.2.jMRUIThe java-based MR user interface for the processing of in vivo MR-spectra(jMRUI)is provided without charge222G.Helms /European Journal of Radiology 67(2008)218–229Fig.2.Systematic baseline differences between low and high SNR.Single spectrum from an 1.7ml VOI in white matter of the splenium (A)and the averaged spectra of seven healthy subjects (B).Note how the straight baseline leads to a severe underestimation of all metabolites except mIns.Differences were most prominent for Glu +Gln:3.6mM (43%)in a single subject vs.6.7mM (7%)in the averaged spectrum.(http://www.mrui.uab.es/mrui/mrui Overview.shtml ).It comes with a wide range of pre-processing features and interac-tive graphical software applications,including linear prediction and a powerful water removal by Hankel–Laclosz single value decomposition (HLSVD).In contrast to LCModel,it is designed to support user interaction.Several models for analy-sis/evaluation have been implemented in jMRUI,in particular AMARES [5]and QUEST [4].These focus on time-domain analysis,including line shape conversion,time-domain filter-ing and eddy-current deconvolution.Note that in the context of jMRUI ‘quantitation’refers to spectrum analysis.The pre-processing steps may exert a systematic influence on the results of model fitting.jMRUI can handle large data sets as from time-resolved MRS,two-dimensional MRS,and spatially resolved MRS,so-called MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI)or chemical-shift imaging (CSI).G.Helms/European Journal of Radiology67(2008)218–2292233.Signal normalization3.1.PrinciplesThe signal is provided in arbitrary units of signed integer numbers,similar to MRI,and then converted tofloating complex numbers.In addition to scaling along the scanner’s receiver line, the proportionality between signal strength and number of spins per volume is strongly influenced by interaction of the RF hard-ware and its dielectric and conductive load,the human body.It is the correction of this interaction that forms the non-trivial part of signal normalization.Signal normalization is mainly applied to single-volume MRS,since spatially resolved MRSI poses addi-tional technical problems that are not part of this review.For sake of simplicity we assume homogeneous conditions across the whole volume-of-interest(VOI).Normalization consists of multiplications and divisions that render the signal,S,proportional to the concentration(of spins), C.Regardless whether in time domain(amplitude)or frequency domain(area),the signal is proportional to the size V of the VOI and the receiver gain R.S∼CVR or(1a) S/V/R∼C(1b) Logarithmic(decibel)units of the receiver gain must be con-verted to obtain a linear scaling factor,R.If R can be manually changed,it is advisable to check whether the characteristic of S(R)follows the assumed dependence.If a consistent(often the highest possible)gain used by default for single voxel MRS, one does not have to account for R.Correction of V for partial volume effects is discussed below.The proportionality constant will vary under the influence of the specific sample“loading”the RF coil.The properties of a loaded transmit–receive(T/R)coil are traditionally assessed by measuring the amplitude(or width)of a specific RF pulse,e.g., a180◦rectangular pulse.This strategy may also be pursued in vivo.The signal theory for T/R coils is given in concise form in [10]without use of complex numbers.Here,we develop it by presenting a chronology of strategies of increasing complexity that have been used for in vivo quantification.3.2.Internal referencing and metabolite ratiosBy assuming a concentration C int for the signal(S int)of ref-erence substance acquired in the same VOI,one has not to care about the influence of RF or scanner parameters:SS intC int=C(2)When using the total creatine(tCr)signal,internal referencing is equivalent to converting creatine ratios to absolute units.In early quantification work,the resonance of tCr has been assigned to 10mM determined by biochemical methods[11].However,it turned out that the MRS estimates of tCr are about25%lower and show some spatial dependence.In addition,tCr may increase in the presence of gliosis.3.3.External referencingThe most straightforward way is to acquire a reference sig-nal from an external phantom during the subject examination, with C ext being the concentration of the phantom substance [12,13].The reference signal S ext accounts for any changes in the proportionality constant.It may be normalized like the in vivo signal:S(VR)C extS ext/(V ext R ext)=C(3)If,however,the phantom is placed in the fringefield of the RF receive coil,the associated reduction in S ext will result in an overestimation of C.Care has to be taken to mount the external phantom reproducibly into the RF coil if this bias cannot be corrected otherwise.3.4.Global transmitter referenceAlready in high-field MR spectrometers it has been noticed that by coil load the sample influences both the transmit pulse and the signal:a high load requires a longer RF pulse for a 90◦excitation,which then yields reciprocally less signal from the same number of spins.This is the principle-of-reciprocity (PoR)for transmit/receive(T/R)coils in its most rudimentary form.It has been applied to account for the coil load effect, that is,large heads giving smaller signals than small heads [8].On MRI systems,RF pulses are applied with constant duration and shape.A high load thus requires a higher volt-age U tra(or transmitter gain),as determined during pre-scan calibration.S/V/R∼Ctraor(4a) S U tra/V/R∼C(4b)Of course,U tra must always refer to a pulse of specific shape, duration andflip angle,as used forflip angle calibration.On Siemens scanners,the amplitude of a non-selective rectangu-lar pulse(rect)is used.The logarithmic transmitter gain of GE scanners is independent of the RF pulse,but has to be converted from decibel to linear units[9].Normalization by the PoR requires QA at regular intervals,as the proportionality constant in Eqs.((4a)and(4b))may change in time.This may happen gradually while the performance of the RF power amplifier wears down,or suddenly after parts of the RF hardware have been replaced.For this purpose,the MRS protocol is run on a stable QA phantom of high concentration and the concentration estimate C QA(t i)obtained at time point, t i,is used to refer any concentration C back to time point zero byC→C C QA(t0)C QA(t i)(5)An example of serial QA monitoring is given in Fig.3.224G.Helms /European Journal of Radiology 67(2008)218–229Fig.3.QA measurement of temporal variation.Weekly QA performed on stable phantom of 100mM lactate and 100mM acetate from January 1996to June 1996.The standard single-volume protocol and quantification procedure (LCModel and global reference)were applied.(A)The mean estimated concentration is shown without additional calibration.The A indicates the state after installation,B a gradual breakdown of the system;the sudden jumps were due to replacement of the pre-amplifier (C and D)or head-coil (E),and retuning of the system (F).Results were used to correct proportionality to obtain longitudinally consistency.(B)The percentage deviation from the preceding measurement in Shewhart’s R-diagram indicates the weeks when quantification may not be reliable (data courtesy of Dr.M.Dezortov´a ,IKEM,Prague,Czech Republic).3.5.Local flip angleDanielsen and Hendriksen [10]noted that the PoR is a local relationship,so they used the amplitude of the water suppression pulse,U tra (x ),that had been locally adjusted on the VOI signal.S (x )U tra (x )/V/R ∼C(6)The local transmitter amplitude may also be found be fitting the flip angle dependence of the local signal [14].The example in Fig.4illustrates the consistency of Eq.(6)at the centre (high signal,low voltage)and outside (low signal,high voltage)the volume headcoil.Fig.4.Local verification of the principle of reciprocity.Flip angle dependence of the STEAM signal measured at two positions along the axis of a GE birdcage head-coil by varying the transmitter gain (TG).TG was converted from logarith-mic decibel to linear units (linearized TG,corresponding to U tra ).At coil centre (×)and 5cm outside the coil (+)the received signal,S (x ),was proportional to the transmitted RF,here given by 1/lin TG(x )at the signal maximum or 90◦flip angle.Like in large phantoms,there are considerable flip angle devi-ations across the human head as demonstrated at 3T in Fig.5a [15].The local flip angle,α(x ),may be related to the nominal value,αnom ,by α(x )=f (x )αnom(7)The spatially dependent factor is reciprocal to U tra (x ):f (x )∼1/U tra (x ).The flip angle will also alter the local signal.If a local transmitter reference is used,S (x )needs to be corrected for excitation effects.For the ideal 90◦–90◦–90◦STEAM local-ization and 90◦–180◦–180◦PRESS localization in a T/R coil,the signals areS (x )STEAM ∼M tr (x )∼C2f (x )sin 3(f (x )90◦)(8a)S (x )PRESS ∼M tr (x )∼C f (x )sin 5(f (x )90◦)(8b)The dependence of S (x )was simulated for a parabolic RF profile.A constant plateau is observed as the effects of transmission and reception cancel out for higher flip angles in the centre of the head where the VOI is placed.This is the reason why the global flip angle method works even in the presence of flip angle inhomogeneities.Note that the signal drops rapidly for smaller flip angles,i.e.close to the skull.3.6.Coil impedance effectsOlder quantification studies were performed on MR systems where the coil impedance Z was matched to 50 [8,10].Since the early 1990s,most volume head coils are of the high Q design and approximately tuned and matched by the RF load of the head and the stray capacitance of the shoulders.The residual variation of the impedance Z will affect the signal by S (x )U tra (x )/V/R ∼CZ(9)G.Helms/European Journal of Radiology67(2008)218–229225Fig.5.Flip angle inhomogeneities across the human brain.(Panel A)T1-w sagittal view showing variation in the RFfield.Flip angles are higher in the centre of the brain.The contours correspond to80–120◦localflip angle for a nominal value of90◦.(Panel B)The spatial signal dependence of STEAM and PRESS was simulated for a parabolicflip angle distribution with a maximum of115%relative to the global transmitter reference.This resulted in a constant signal obtained from the central regions of the brain,and a rapid decline at the edges.Reflection losses due to coil mismatch are symmetric in trans-mission and reception and are thus accounted for by U tra.These are likely to occur with exceptionally large or small persons (infants)or with phantoms of insufficient load.3.7.External phantom and local referenceWhen the impedance is not individually matched to50 , the associated change in proportionality must be monitored by a reference signal.In aqueous phantoms,the water signal can be used as internal reference.For in vivo applications,one may resort to an extra measurement in an external phantom[14].An additionalflip angle calibration in the phantom will account for local differences in the RFfield,especially if the phantom is placed in the fringe RFfield:SU tra(x)/(VR)S ext U tra(x ext)/(V ext R ext)C ext=C(10)This is the most comprehensive signal normalization.The com-bination of external reference and localflip angle method corrects for all effects in T/R coils.The reference signal accounts for changes in the proportionality,while the localflip angle cor-rects for RF inhomogeneity.Note also that systematic errors in S,U tra and V cancel out by division.Calibration of each individual VOI may be sped up by rapid RF mapping in three dimensions.3.8.Receive only-coilsThe SNR of the MRS signal can be increased by using sur-face coils or phased arrays of surface coils.The inhomogeneous receive characteristic cannot be mapped directly.The normaliza-tions discussed above(except Section3.2)cannot be performed directly on the received signal,as the coils are not used for trans-mission.Instead,the localized water signal may be acquired with both the receive coil and the body coil to scale the low SNR metabolite signal to obey the receive characteristics of the T/R body coil[16,17]:S rec met S bodywaterS rec water=S bodymet(11)For use with phased array coils it is essential that the metabolite and water signals are combined using consistent weights,since the low SNR of the water suppressed acquisition is most likely influenced by noise.3.9.Internal water referenceThe tissue water appears to be the internal reference of choice, due to its high concentration and well established values for water content of tissues(βper volume[18]):SS waterβ55mol/litre=C(12)It should be kept in mind that in vivo water exhibits a wide range of relaxation times,with the main component relaxing consider-able faster than the main metabolites.T2-times range from much shorter(myelin-associated water in white mater T2of15ms)to much longer(CSF,2400ms in bulk down to700ms in sulci with large surface-to-volume ratio).This implies an influence of TE on the concentration estimates.In addition,relaxation time and water content are subject to change in pathologies.Since the water signal is increasing in most pathologies(by content and relaxation),water referencing tends to give lower concentration estimates in pathologies.Ideally,the water signal should be determined by a multi-componentfit of the T2-decay curve[12].An easy but time-consuming way is to increase TE in consecutive fully relaxed single scans.A reliable way to determine the water sig-nal is tofit a2nd order polynomial through thefirst50ms of the magnitude signal(Fig.6).Thus,determining the amplitude cancels out initial receiver instabilities and avoids linefitting at an ill defined phase.If care is taken to avoid partial saturation by RF leakage from the water suppression pulses,this is consistent with multi-echo measurements using a CPMG MRI sequence [18](Fig.7).。

答案及注释词汇题1. 答案为A。

work out 制定出（计划、方案）；解决问题；make out 分辨清楚；set out 动身，排列，陈列；故 A 符合句意。

2. 答案为B。

immediately 可作连词（conj.），意为…之后马上。

整句译文：她接到我的信之后马上就给我打了电话。

这里要求用连词连接两句子。

promptly、quickly 都只能作副词，意为迅速地，快。

3. 答案为D。

这几个词都有“得到”的意思，但获得知识，语言等，只能用acquire。

gain,获得、赚得（利润、尊敬、成功等）。

例：She gained wealth through foreign trade. Obtain 得到，买到，达到；例如：He finally obtained what he had always wanted.4. 答案为C。

这四个词都有（物质）含义。

substance 1)可指特殊种类有形或无形的物质；2)可指矿物质。

stuff 材料，素材;口语中用于不知名子的情景或不需要清楚说出的东西。

例如：green stuff 蔬菜。

matter 常和精神spirit 一词相对应。

5. 答案为B。

unique 独一无二的，唯一的。

句子里的the only one 表明选unique 合题意。

6. 答案为C。

find fault with sb 是固定搭配，意为“挑毛病，找岔儿”；error 意为（行为，信仰的）的错误；flaw 意为缺点，缺陷aflaw in a person‘s character。

7. 答案为B。

compose 谱曲，创作；如，compose poems, compose a symphony（交响曲）。

8. 答案为A。

client 律师的客户，医生的患者；customer 顾客，主顾；consumer 消费者。

9. 答案为C。

上下文要求encouragement 鼓励。

句子译文：如果一个人在谈自己的弱点，听的人应当说些鼓励之类的话。

最喜欢的电影英语作文肖申克的救赎示例作文篇一：English:"The Resilience of Hope: A Reflection on 'The Shawshank Redemption'"In the realm of cinematic excellence, one film stands out as a timeless masterpiece, a beacon of hope and resilience, that transcends the boundaries of time and captivates audiences worldwide - "The Shawshank Redemption." This 1994 adaptation of Stephen King's novella, directed by Frank Darabont, is not merely a tale of imprisonment but an allegory of human spirit and the power of friendship.Set against the grim backdrop of Shawshank State Penitentiary, the narrative unfolds like a symphony of adversity and triumph. The protagonist, Andy Dufresne, played by the iconic Tim Robbins, embodies a quiet strength that defies the oppressive walls that confine him. His unwavering determination to maintain his dignity and pursue justice in the face of overwhelming despair is a testament to the indomitable human will.What sets "The Shawshank Redemption" apart is its ability to delve into the depths of human emotions, painting a vivid picture of hope, friendship, and redemption. Andy's friendship with Ellis Boyd 'Red' Redding, played by Morgan Freeman, is a shining example of the transformative power of empathy and understanding. Their bond, forged in the crucible of shared experiences, serves as a reminder that even in the darkest of places, genuine connections can bloom.The film's profound message resonates with the idea that hope is a powerful tool, capable of breaking free from the chains of adversity. Andy's relentless pursuit of innocence, through years of meticulous planning and determination, is a metaphor for the human capacity to ovee seemingly insurmountable obstacles. It teaches us that no matter how bleak the circumstances may seem, there is always a chance for redemption and renewal.Moreover, "The Shawshank Redemption" challenges societal norms by questioning the nature of justice and the corrupting influence of power. It highlights the importance of integrity and theability to find light in the darkest corners, even within the confines of a prison.In conclusion, "The Shawshank Redemption" is more than just a movie; it is a life lesson, a call to action, and a testament tothe resilience of the human spirit. Its enduring popularity and critical acclaim serve as a reminder that even in the most challenging of times, the power of hope and friendship can prevail. This cinematic gem will continue to inspire generations toe,urging us all to hold onto hope, no matter how distant it may seem.中文：《自由之翼：肖申克的救赎》在浩瀚的电影海洋中，有一部作品犹如一颗璀璨的星辰，以其独特的魅力照亮了我心灵的夜空，那就是被誉为“电影史上的经典之作”——《肖申克的救赎》。

这是水妖根据“美国ARCO 权威托福考试参考词汇”参考金山词霸，然后加入韦氏词典的解释整理出来的。

美国ARCO 权威托福考试参考词汇Aabhor vt.憎恶, 痛恨 to regard with extreme repugnance : LOATHEaccelerate v.加速, 促进 to cause to move fasteraccessible adj.易接近的, 可到达的, 易受影响的1. capable of being reached ; 2 easy to speak or deal withaccurate adj.正确的, 精确的 conforming exactly to truth or to a standard accuracy n.精确性, 正确度adjacent adj.邻近的, 接近的 not distant : NEARBYadvantageous adj.有利的 giving an advantage : FAVORABLEadvocate n.提倡者, 鼓吹者 vt.提倡, 鼓吹 : to plead in favor ofaforementioned adj.上述的, 前述的 : mentioned previouslyalert, alertly adj.提防的, 警惕的 watchful and prompt to meet danger or emergency amass vt.收集, 积聚(尤指财富)1 : to collect for oneself : ACCUMULATE;2 to collect into a mass : GATHER ambrosia n. 特别美味的食物something extremely pleasing to taste or smellanomaly n.不规则, 异常的人或物anxiety n.忧虑, 焦急; 渴望, 热望1 an abnormal and overwhelming sense of apprehension and fear2 fearful concern or interest3 a cause of anxietyappall vt.使胆寒, 使惊骇to overcome with consternation, shock, or dismayappalling adj.令人震惊的, 骇人听闻的inspiring horror, dismay, or disgustappear vi.出现, 看来, 似乎1. to be or come in sight; to show up2. to have an outward aspect : SEEMappropriate adj.适当的especially suitable or compatible : FITTINGapt adj.易于...的, 有...倾向的unusually fitted or qualified : READY; having a tendency灵敏的, 灵巧的keenly intelligent and responsive适当的suited to a purpose; especially : being to the pointarouse vt.唤醒, 唤起to awaken from sleep鼓励, 引起to rouse or stimulate to action or to physiological readiness for activityvi.睡醒to awake from sleep : STIRas of lateastute adj.机敏的, 狡猾的having or showing shrewdness and perspicacity:CRAFTY, WILY attribute n.属性, 品质, 特征an inherent characteristicv. 加于, 归结于to explain by indicating a causeauthoritative adj.权威的, 有权威的, 命令的having or proceeding from authority : OFFICIALBback and forth adv. 来来回回: backward and forwardbarely adv.仅仅, 刚刚in a meager manner : PLAINL Y几乎不能SCARCEL Y, HARDL Ybarter n / v.物品交换, 交换to trade or exchange by or as if by barteringbehold vt.把...视为to perceive through sight or apprehension : SEEvi.看used in the imperative especially to call attentionbeneficial adj.有益的, 受益的, [法律]有使用权的conferring benefitsbind v.绑, 约束to confine, restrain, or restrict as if with bonds镶边, 装订to wrap around with something so as to enclose or coverbizarre adj.奇异的(指态度,容貌,款式等)strikingly out of the ordinary : odd, extravagant, or eccentric in style or mode blunder v.跌跌撞撞地走to move unsteadily or confusedly犯大错, 做错to make a mistake through stupidity, ignorance, or carelessness n.大错a gross error or mistake resulting usually from stupidity, ignorance, or carelessness border n.边界, 国界, 边, 边沿, 边境an outer part or edgevt.与...接壤, 接近to touch at the edge or boundary : BOUND; v.接壤to lie on the border breach n.违背, 破坏infraction or violation of a law, obligation, tie, or standard破裂, 裂口a broken, ruptured, or torn condition or area b : a gap (as in a wall) madeby batteringvt.打破, 突破1. BREAK, VIOLATE ; 2 to make a breach inbump (swell) n. 肿块a swelling of tissuev.碰(伤), 撞(破) 1 : to strike or knock with force or violence 2 : to collide with bush n.矮树丛a : SHRUB; especially : a low densely branched shrubby degrees adv. 逐渐地by right, by rights adv. 正当的Ccandid adj.无偏见的, 公正的, free from bias, prejudice, or malice : FAIR坦白的, 率直的marked by honest sincere expressioncare n.注意, 照料, 烦恼, 忧虑painstaking or watchful attentionvi.关心, 顾虑1. to feel trouble or anxiety ; 喜爱 2. to have a liking, fondness, or tastevt.在意to be concerned about or to the extent ofcarve v.雕刻to cut with care or precision ; 切开to make or get by or as if by cutting celebrate v.庆祝, 祝贺to honor (as a holiday) by solemn ceremonies表扬, 赞美to hold up or play up for public notice举行to perform (a sacrament or solemn ceremony) publicly and with appropriate rites chart n.海图a map for the use of navigators ; 图表a sheet giving information in tabular form vt.制图to make a map or chart ofcirculate v.(使)流通to pass from person to person or place to place(使)循环, (使)传播to move in a circle, circuit, or orbit; especially : to follow acourse that returns to the starting pointclassify vt.分类to assign (as a document) to a category; 分等to arrange in classescolleague n.同事, 同僚an associate in a profession or in a civil or ecclesiastical officecollusion n.共谋,勾结secret agreement or cooperation especially for an illegal or deceitful purposecommand v.命令, 指挥to direct authoritatively :ORDER;支配to exercise a dominating influence over 俯临to overlook or dominate from or as if from a strategic positioncommonplace n.平凡的事something commonly found ; 平常话an obvious or trite commentadj.平凡的commonly found : ORDINARY, UNREMARKABLEcompromise n./ v.妥协, 折衷to adjust or settle by mutual concessions危及...的安全to cause the impairment ofconceal vt.隐藏, 隐蔽to place out of sight ; 隐瞒to prevent disclosure or recognition of confidential adj.秘密的, 机密的PRIV A TE, SECRETconform vt.使一致to give the same shape, outline, or contour to : bring into harmony or accord使遵守, 使顺从to be obedient or compliant ? usually used with tocongregate v.聚集to come together into a group, crowd, or assemblyconserve vt.保存, 保藏to keep in a safe or sound stateconsiderably adv.相当地1. worth consideration : SIGNIFICANT ; 2. large in extent or degree conspicuous adj.显著的attracting attention : STRIKINGcontemporary adj./n. 当代的, 同时代的(人)happening, existing, living, or coming into being during the same period of time contrast vt.使与...对比, 使与...对照to set off in contrast : compare or appraise in respect to differencesconvenient adj.便利的, 方便的suited to personal comfort or to easy performancecounter n.计算器, 计数器柜台, 筹码adv./prep.相反地in an opposite or wrong directioncraggy adj.多峭壁的,崎岖的1.full of crags:craggy slopes ; 2 ROUGH, RUGGED :a craggy face critic n.批评家, 评论家one who expresses a reasoned opinion on any matter吹毛求疵者one given to harsh or captious judgmentcrush vt.压碎, 碾碎to squeeze or force by pressure so as to alter or destroy structure curiousDdamage n. 损害, 伤害loss or harm resulting from injury to person, property, or reputationv. 招致损害to cause damage todecay vi./ n.腐朽, 腐烂, 衰减, 衰退to decrease gradually in quantity, activity, or force defeat n./v. 击败DESTROY; 战胜to win victory over : BEATdeficitden n.兽穴, 洞穴the lair of a wild usually predatory animaldesolatedetachable adj.可分开的, 可分离的, 可分遣的able to separatedeter v.阻止1.to turn aside, discourage, or prevent from acting ; 2. INHIBITdim adj.暗淡的, 模糊的lacking pronounced, clear-cut, or vigorous quality or character discerning adj.有辨识能力的showing insight and understanding : DISCRIMINATINGdiscord n.不一致, 意见不合lack of agreement or harmony v.不和DISAGREE, CLASH disseminate v.散布1. to spread abroad as though sowing seed; 2 to disperse throughoutdistinct adj.清楚的, 明显的presenting a clear unmistakable impression截然不同的, 独特的distinguishable to the eye or mind as discrete : SEPARATE draft n.草案, 草图vt.起草, 为...打样, to draw the preliminary sketch, version, or plan of due to adv. 由于, 应归于duplicate adj.复制的,两倍的consisting of or existing in two corresponding or identical parts or examples adj. 完全相同的being the same as another：*duplicate copiesn.复制品, 副本an additional copy of somethingvt.复写, 复制to make a copy of 使加倍, 使成双to make double or twofoldEearmark v. 加上记号to mark in a distinguishing mannerelaborate adj.精心制作的, 详细阐述的, 精细的planned or carried out with great carevt.精心制作to produce by labor ；详细阐述to expand something in detaileligible adj.符合条件的, 合格的qualified to participate or be chosen : ENTITLED emancipate vt.释放, 解放to free from restraint, control, or the power of anotherembrace vt.拥抱, 互相拥抱to clasp in the arms : HUG;包含to take in or include as a part, item, or element of a more inclusive wholeemit vt.发出, 放射to throw or give off or out (as light); 发表, 发行to issue with authority encourage vt.鼓励to inspire with courage, spirit, or hope : HEARTEN ; 怂恿to spur on enhance vt.提高RAISE; 增强HEIGHTEN, INCREASEentangle vt.使缠上, to wrap or twist together : INTERWEA VE纠缠, 卷入to involve in a perplexing or troublesome situationentitle vt. 授权, 授权to furnish with proper grounds for seeking or claiming something给...题名, 给...称号to give a title to : DESIGNATEepoch n.新纪元an event or a time marked by an event; 时代, 时期an extended period of time erode, erosion vt.侵蚀, 腐蚀to diminish or destroy by degreesessential adj.本质的,基本的of, relating to, or constituting essence提炼的, 精华的of the utmost importance : BASICn.本质, 实质something basic; 要素,要点something necessary, indispensable evacuate v.撤出to remove especially from a military zone;排泄to discharge from the body as waste exceed vt.超越to go beyond a limit set by ; 胜过to be greater than or superior toexcerpt n.vt.摘录, 引用to select (a passage) for quoting : EXTRACTexhilarating adj.令人喜欢的,使人愉快的being able to make cheerfulexpanse n.宽阔, 膨胀扩张great extent of something spread out ; 天空FIRMAMENTextend v.扩充to spread or stretch forth : UNBEND ；延伸, 伸展to increase the bulk of extravagant adj.奢侈的, 浪费的放纵的lacking in moderation, balance, and restraint过分的exceeding the limits of reason or necessityFface n.脸the front part of the human head 面容, 表情facial expressionvt.面对, 面向to confront impudentlyfame n.名声, 名望public estimation : REPUTATIONfancy adj.奇特的, 异样的dependent or based on fancy : WHIMSICALvt.想象, 设想to form a conception of: IMAGINE；n.爱好, 迷恋amorous fondness : LOVE faucet n.龙头a fixture for drawing or regulating the flow of liquid especially from a pipefeature n.特征,特色a prominent part or characteristic ；容貌, physical beautyfellow n.人, 家伙MAN, BOY；伙伴an incorporated member offictitious adj.假想的, 编造的, 虚伪的of, relating to, or characteristic of fiction : IMAGINARY final analysis n. 最终分析fizz n./ vi.嘶嘶响to make a hissing or sputtering sound; 兴奋to show excitement or exhilaration flaw n.缺点,瑕疵a defect in physical structure or form; vt. 使有缺陷to make flaws inflicker v.摇曳, 闪烁to move irregularly or unsteadily : FLUTTER n. 闪烁an act of flickering forbidden adj.禁止的, 严禁的not permitted or allowedfoster vt.养育, 抚育to give parental care to : NURTUREfragrance n.芬芳, 香气, 香味a sweet or delicate odorfrightening adj.令人恐惧的, 引起突然惊恐的causing to be afraid offuel n.燃料a material used to produce heat or power by burningfund n.资金, 基金a sum of money or other resources; v.支助, 投资to provide funds forGgain vt.得到, 赚到to acquire or get possession of 增加to make an increase ofgemstones n.经雕琢的宝石a petrified material that when cut and polished can be used in jewelry glisten v.闪光to give off a sparkling or lustrous reflection of or as if of a moist or polished surface goods n.货物something that has economic utility or satisfies an economic wantgraphic adj.绘画似的, 图解的of, relating to, or represented by a graphgrave n.坟墓an excavation for burial of a bodyv.雕刻to carve or shape with a chisel : SCULPTUREadj.严重的significantly serious : CONSIDERABLE, GREATgrumpy adj.脾气坏的, 性情乖戾的moodily cross : SURL YHhardly adv.刚刚, 仅Barely; just ; 几乎不certainly nothatch vt.孵, 孵出to produce young by incubation; 舱口, 舱口盖a small door or openinghearty adj.衷心的, 亲切的enthusiastically or exuberantly cordial精神饱满的, 丰盛的, 强烈的VIGOROUS, VEHEMENThostile adj.敌对的, 敌方的of or relating to an enemyhuge adj.巨大的, 极大的, 无限的very large or extensivehybrid n.杂种,混血儿an offspring of two animals or plants of different races, breeds, species, or genera adj.混合的, 杂种的Iignore vt.不理睬, 忽视1. to refuse to take notice of ; to reject (a bill of indictment) as ungrounded imitate vt.模仿,仿效1.to produce a copy of: REPRODUCE; 2 to follow as a pattern, model, or example imperceptible adj.感觉不到的not perceptible by a sense or by the mind : extremely slight, gradual, or subtle increase vi.增加to become progressively greater , 繁殖to multiply by the production of young indefinite adj.模糊的, 不确定的not definite ; not precise : V AGUEindicative adj.(～of) 指示的, 预示的, 可表示的serving to indicateinduce vt.劝诱, 促使to move by persuasion or influence ; 导致, 引起EFFECT, CAUSE ingenious adj.机灵的showing or calling for intelligence, aptitude, or discernment有独创性的marked by originality, resourcefulness, and cleverness in conception or execution inhibit v. 抑制to hold in check : RESTRAIN; 约束: to prohibit from doing something insatiable adj.不知足的, 贪求无厌的incapable of being satisfied : QUENCHLESSinspiring adj.灌输的, 鼓舞的having an animating or exalting effectinsult n.侮辱, 凌辱a gross indignityvt.侮辱, 凌辱to treat with insolence, indignity, or contempt : AFFRONT;intense adj.强烈的existing in an extreme degree 热情的exhibiting strong feeling of purpose intricate adj.复杂的, 错综的having many complexly interrelating parts or elements : COMPLICATED 难以理解的difficult to resolve or analyzeinundate v.淹没to cover with a flood : OVERFLOWinvent vt.发明, 创造to produce (as something useful) for the first timeLlandmark n.地界标an object (as a stone or tree) that marks the boundary of land里程碑, 划时代的事an event or development that marks a turning point or a stage lateral adj.横(向)的, 侧面的of or relating to the sidelegendary adj.传说中的of, relating to, or characteristic of legend or a legendliberate v.解放, 释放to set at liberty : FREE;limited adj.有限的, 狭窄的confined within limits: RESTRICTED缺乏创见的: lacking breadth and originality literallylocale n.现场a place or locality especially when viewed in relation to a particular event or characteristic ludicrous adj.可笑的, 滑稽的meriting derisive laughter or scorn as absurdly inept, false, or foolish lyrical adj.抒情诗调的, 充满感情的: L YRICMmagnificence n.华丽, 富丽堂皇the quality or state of being magnificentmandatory adj. 命令的, 强制的Required or commanded by authority; obligatorymar v.弄坏, 毁坏to inflict serious bodily harm on : DESTROYmature adj.成熟的, 到期的having completed natural growth and development : RIPE merchandise n.商品, 货物the commodities or goods that are bought and sold in business : WARES minuscule adj.小字写的written in or in the size or style of minuscules, 极小的very small misleading adj.易误解的, 令人误解的leading in a wrong direction or into a mistaken action moderately adv.适度地avoiding extremes of behavior or expression: CALM, TEMPERATE motionless adj.不动的, 静止的without any motionmuscular adj.肌肉的of, relating to, or constituting muscle; 强健的having well-developed musculature mutation n.变化, 转变a significant and basic alteration : CHANGENnaked adj.裸体的, 无遮盖的not covered by clothing : NUDE无装饰的, 无保护的not provided with a shadenominal adj.名义上的, 有名无实的of, relating to, or constituting a namenourishment n.食物, 营养品a : FOOD, NUTRIMENT b : SUSTENANCEnow and then adv. 偶然from time to time : OCCASIONALL YOoath n.誓言, 宣誓, 诅咒 a solemn attestation of the truth or inviolability of one's words obstacle n.障碍, 妨害物something that impedes progress or achievementominous adj.预兆的, 恶兆的being or exhibiting an omen : PORTENTOUS;on the spot adv.当场, 在危险中, 处于负责地位operation n.运转, 操作, 实施, 作用, 业务, 工作, 手术option n.选项, 选择权the power or right to choose : freedom of choiceoutlawe n.歹徒a lawless person or a fugitive from the law逃犯 a person excluded from the benefit or protection of the lawv. 宣布...为不合法to deprive of the benefit and protection of law : declare to be an outlaw overlap v.(与...)交迭to extend over or past and cover a part ofoverwhelm vt.淹没, 覆没to cover over completely : SUBMERGE 颠覆，推翻UPSET, OVERTHROWPpanacea n.万能药a remedy for all ills or difficulties : CURE-ALLparticle n.粒子,极小量, 微粒a minute quantity or fragmentpassing n.经过, 消逝(死) the act of one that passes or causes to pass; especially : DEATH adj.经过的going by or past 及格的given on satisfactory completion of an examination path n.小路, 小径a trodden way 路线, 轨道a track specially constructed for a particular use penetrate vt.穿透, 渗透to pass into or through; 洞察to discover the inner contents or meaning of perennial adj.终年的, 长期的, 永久的PERSISTENT, ENDURINGperjury n.伪誓, 伪证the voluntary violation of an oath or vow: false swearingperplexing adj.复杂的, 令人困惑的causing to make intricate or involvedphenomenon n.现象an observable fact or eventplot n.小块土地a small area of planted ground(小说的)情节the plan or main story of a literary workvi.密谋, 策划to plan or contrive especially secretlypoint out v.指出poll n民意测验a questioning or canvassing of persons selected at randomv.投票to question or canvass in a pollposthumously adj.死的的，遗腹的born after the death of the fatherpraise vt.赞扬, 歌颂to express a favorable judgment of : COMMENDprecision n.精密度, 精度the quality or state of being precise : EXACTNESSpredominantly adv. 支配地PREDOMINANTLYprevail vi.流行, 盛行to be or continue in use or fashion : PERSIST获胜, 成功to gain ascendancy through strength or superiority : TRIUMPHprimitive adj.原始的, 远古的of or relating to the earliest age or period : PRIMEVAL粗糙的, 简单的private adj.私人的, 私有的belonging to or concerning an individual person, company, or interest profitable adj.有利可图的affording profits : yielding advantageous returns or resultspromotion n.促进; 提升, 晋升the act of furthering the growth or development of something propagate v.繁殖to cause to continue or increase by sexual or asexual reproduction传播, 宣传to cause to spread out and affect a greater number or greater area : EXTEND prospect n.景色something extended to the view : SCENE 前景an extensive viewvi.寻找, 勘探to explore an area especially for mineral depositspulp n.(水果的)果肉the soft, succulent part of a fruitpuzzling adj.使迷惑的difficult to understand or solveRrange n.山脉a series of mountains 行列a series of things in a line : ROW范围, 射程the space or extent included, covered, or used : SCOPEvt.排列to set in a row or in the proper order; 归类to assign to a category : CLASSIFY reach n. 范围: a continuous stretch or expanse; vt.到达, 达到to stretch out : EXTEND rebel n.造反者one who rebels or participates in a rebellionadj.造反的, 叛逆的DISOBEDIENT, REBELLIOUSv.造反, 反叛to oppose or disobey one in authority or controlrecipient n.容纳者, 容器one that receives : RECEIVERrecycle v. 重复利用to adapt to a new use : ALTER n.再循环the process of recycling refrain n.重复, 叠句a regularly recurring phrase or verse ;vi.节制, 避免CURB, RESTRAINregrettably adv.抱歉地, 遗憾地1. to a regrettable extent; 2 : it is to be regrettedrelate vt.叙述, 讲to give an account of : TELL使联系, 发生关系to show or establish logical or causal connection between reluctantly adv.不情愿地, 嫌恶地feeling or showing aversion, hesitation, or unwillingness remote adj.遥远的, 偏僻的far removed in space or timerepair n.修理, 修补to restore by replacing a part or putting together what is torn or broken research n.研究careful or diligent search vi.研究, 调查to search or investigate exhaustively resort vi.求助, 诉诸to have recourse ；常去to go especially frequently or habitually度假胜地a place providing recreation and entertainment常去之地frequent, habitual, or general visitingrestore vt.恢复, 使回复to bring back to or put back into a former or original state归还, 交还to put again in possessionrevere v.尊敬, 敬畏, 崇敬to show devoted deferential honor torewarding adj.报答的, 有益的, 值得的yielding or likely to yield a reward : VALUABLE rudimentary adj.根本的consisting in first principles: FUNDAMENTAL未发展的of a primitive kind run-down adj.破败的，衰败的being in poor repair : DILAPIDATED n.. 纲要, 总结Sscarcely adv.几乎不, 简直没有almost not ; certainly not; probably notscenery n.风景, 景色a picturesque view or landscapescrupulous adv.小心翼翼地, 多顾虑地acting in strict regard for what is considered right or proper secretly adv.秘密地, 背地里seek v.寻找, 探索to go in search of : look for; 寻求to ask for : REQUESTsensible adj.明智的, 有判断力的perceptible to the senses or to reason or understanding shade n.荫, 阴暗comparative darkness or obscurity owing to interception of the rays of light sheer adj.全然的UTTER 峻峭的marked by great and continuous steepness透明的of very thin or transparent texturev.使避开to deviate from a course : SWERVEshield n.防护物, 盾one that protects or defends : DEFENSEvt.(from) 保护to protect with or as if with a shield : provide with a protective cover or shelter silently adv.默默地, 静静地free from sound or noise : STILLsite n.地点, 场所the spatial location of an actual or planned structure or set of structures sketch n .略图, 草图a rough drawing representing the chief featuresslim adj.苗条的, 纤细的of small diameter in proportion to the height or length : SLENDER socket n. 孔, 插座, 糟an opening or hollow that forms a holder for somethingsolitary adj.孤独的1being, living, or going alone or without companions 2saddened by isolation sophisticated adj.诡辩的, 久经世故的not in a natural, pure, or original state : ADULTERATED spacious adj.广大的, 大规模的: vast or ample in extent : ROOMY; large or magnificent in scale split v.劈开, (使)裂开to affect as if by cleaving or forcing apartstain n.污点, 瑕疵a soiled or discolored spot ; v.染污, 沾污to suffuse with colorstatic adj.静态的, 静力的exerting force by reason of weight alone without motion strengthen v.加强, 巩固to make strongerstrict adj.(～with) 严格的stringent in requirement or control, , 精确的EXACT, PRECISE stripe n.斑纹, 条纹a stroke or blow with a rod or lashstubborn adj.顽固的unreasonably or perversely unyielding : MULISH难应付的, difficult to handle ,manage, or treatstyle n.风格a distinctive manner or custom of behaving or conducting oneself文体 a distinctive manner of expressionsubtle adj.狡猾的highly skillful: EXPERT 微妙的DELICATE, ELUSIVE; 精细的REFINED supernatural adj.超自然的of or relating to an order of existence beyond the visible observable universe surpass vt.超越, 胜过1 to go beyond : OVERSTEP; 2 to become better, greater, or stronger than : suspicious adj.(～of) 可疑的, 怀疑的tending to arouse suspicion : QUESTIONABLEswift adj.迅速的, 快的, 敏捷的in a swift manner : with speed : QUICKL Ysymphony n.交响乐, 交响曲a musical composition (as for organ) resembling such a symphony incomplexity or varietyTtake place v. 发生To happen; occur.temperature n.温度degree of hotness or coldness measured on a definite scaletension n.紧张(状态), 不安张力the stress resulting from the elongation of an elastic body terrifying adj. 恐怖的causing terror or apprehensiontheory n.理论，原理the analysis of a set of facts in their relation to one anothertimid adj.胆小的: lacking in boldness or determination羞怯的lacking in courage or self-confidencetolerate vt.忍受, 容忍to suffer to be or to be done without prohibitiontouching adj.动人的, 令人同情的capable of arousing emotions of tenderness or compassion trace n.痕迹, 踪迹a mark or line left by something that has passed;微量a minute and often barely detectable amount or indicationtransplant v.移植, 移种, to transfer (an organ or tissue) from one part or individual to another移民to remove from one place or context and settle or introduce elsewhere : relocate treasured n.财宝, 财富wealth of any kind or in any form : RICHESvt.珍爱, 珍惜to hold or keep as precious : CHERISH, PRIZEtrickle v.滴流1 a : to issue or fall in drops b : to flow in a thin gentle streamtropical adj.热带的, 热情的of, relating to, occurring in, or suitable for use in the tropics turbulence n.骚乱, 动荡the quality or state of being turbulentUunaccustomed adj.不习惯的not habituated,不平常的not customary : not usual or common unbearable adj.无法忍受的, 承受不住的not bearable : UNENDURABLEuncalled-for adj.不必要的, 多余的Not required or requested; unwantedunquenchable adj.难抑制的Impossible to slake or satisfy:, 不能消灭的mpossible to suppressVvacillate v.犹豫不定to waver in mind, will, or feeling : hesitate in choice of opinions or courses vandalism n.故意破坏公物，艺术的行为willful or malicious destruction or defacement of publicor private propertyverify vt.检验, , 查证to establish the truth, accuracy, or reality ofvigorous adj.精力旺盛的, 有力的possessing vigor : full of physical or mental strength oractive force : STRONGvivid adj.生动的，逼真的having the appearance of vigorous life or freshness : LIVELY清晰的producing distinct mental imagesWwarn vt.警告, 注意, 通知to give notice to beforehand especially of danger or evilwed v.娶,嫁,结婚to take for wife or husband by a formal ceremony : MARRY widespread adj.分布广泛的widely extended or spread out; 普遍的widely diffused or prevalent willing adj.自愿的inclined or favorably disposed in mind : READY反应迅速的prompt to act or respondwithhold vt. 抑制to hold back from action : CHECK ;拒给, to refrain from granting, giving, or allowingvi.忍住: FORBEAR, REFRAIN。

银行系统公开招聘考试英语-选词填空(二)(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}选词填空{{/B}}(总题数：50，分数：100.00)1.The manager {{U}}talked over{{/U}} the requirement of the new job with him.∙ A. discussed∙ B. mentioned∙ C. accepted∙ D. rejected（分数：2.00）A. √B.C.D.解析：[解析] discuss：讨论，例如：A meeting will be held to discuss the issue tomorrow afternoon．明天下午将开会讨论这一事宜。

mention：谈到、提及，例如：He mentioned that he might be leaving．他说起过他也许要离开。

accept：接受，例如：She accepted a present from her friend．她接受了朋友的礼物。

reject：拒绝、排斥，例如：The manager rejected their application．经理对他们的申请不予理睬。

2.The parents have to {{U}}restrain{{/U}} their daughter from playing cyber games.∙ A. disallow∙ B. reduce∙ C. prevent∙ D. confine（分数：2.00）A.B.C. √D.解析：[解析] prevent：防止、阻碍，例如：The rain prevented us from playing football．雨使我们不能踢足球了。

disallow：不允许、禁止，例如：The judge disallowed their claim．法官否决他们的要求。

开始Begin, start, begin with, spring, start up, set off on, break out, strike up, originate from,;Initiate, launch, originate, sprout; unfold; unleash outset, onset, Rudimentary, elementary,出现Appear, appear to be, emerge, arise, loom, turn out, show up, out, come into sight/view, come forth发生Happen, occur, take place, come about,Happening occurrence产生,创造create, produce, bring about, yield, give birth to, bear, bring into being, generate, beget，germinate;Invent, innovate, renovate, plan, design, imagine, conceive, devise, formulate, imagine, envision,建立Found, set, built up, construct, institute, constitute, set up, establish制造,组成Make, make up, produce, construct, turn out, manufacture, form, shape, compose, compile, concoct, fabricate生长壮大复制,繁殖58Copy, duplicate, reproduce, multiply.发育，发展Grow, develop, breed, bring up, nurture, cultivate, hone, raise, foster, (主动)Develop, advance, progress, move forward, go forward, proceed（自我成长）Burgeon, flourish, thrive, bloom, blossom, boom, prosper;保持，延续Continue, last, carry on, keep on, keep, remain maintain retainPerpetuate,Persevere, stick with, insist on, persist in,Continuous, incessant, permanent, constant, steady, unbroken, perpetual, everlasting, eternal, lasting, unending, uninterrupted, undying, immortal, invariable,存在,生存Exist，found, stand, lay in, be rooted in，be embedded in,Substance, matter, object, material, stuff, things, entity,individual, creature, beings,Topic, subject, issue, theme, gist, item, content, point,Extant, existing, in existence, substantive, ubiquitous, omnipresent, universal,survive，outlive，outlast, remain alive，Endure, undergo,结束，停止53stop，finish, be over, cease, discontinue, wind up, bring to an end(close, halt), end，come to an end, end up, terminate，quench，quell，run out, expire, concludeadjourn/dissolve/lull/subvert, abortaive , Surcease, cessation, impasse, deadlock, logjam, stalemate, Ultimate, final, eventual,Abeyance, suspend, interruption, brake, halt, pause,死亡,毁灭Perish, annihilate, kill, exterminate, take life, slay, hatchet, slaughter, assassinate, famish, smother, throttle, strangle, stifle, decimate,Die, pass away, perish, expire, run out,decease, death, demise, Defunct, moribund, dying,Fatal, formidable, deadly, fatality.取消,废除550Cancel, annul, call off, do away with,Abolish, desuetude, disuse, abandon, repeal, revoke, invalidate, rescind, nullifyObsolete, out of date, outmoded, out of fashion, old-fashioned,除去551Remove，erase，delete, extinguish, exterminate, eliminate, eradicate, extirpate, efface，clear away, throw away, do away with, wipe out, get rid of , rule out,Obliterate, expurgate, expunge, purify, purge,破坏Destroy, damage, wreck, devastate, raze, ravage, knock down, demolish, vandalize, tear down, ruin, spoil, dilapidate,Perdition，detrimental，harmful, injurious,topple down/inclement/伤害Damage Bruise, mar, maul, do harm to, injure, wound, hurt, impair, harm, hurt, wound, harm, break, fracture, maim, cripple, mangle, mutilate;cut, gash, fracture, break灾祸Disaster, catastrophic, calamity, cataclysm, carnage, massacre, holocaust, decimate, wreck, accident,Misfortune, hapless, mishap,逐渐消亡Rot way, perish, decay, disintegrate, decompose, deteriorate, molder, aggravate, worsen, exacerbate, corrupt,Rotten, decayed, corrupt, damaged;decrepit ,decrepitude, dilapidate状态之改变正面能力，强，权力Enable, facilitate, empower, entitle, enhance,Strengthen, reinforce, sustain, countenance, consolidate,Able, be capable of doing , competent, potent, omnipotent, puissant, resourcefulAbility, capability, capacity, skill, forte，competence, facultyIntelligence, aptitude, flair, talentClever, bright, talented, astute, wisdom, wise, smart, acumen,Hegemony, puissance, resource, power, energy, authority, influence, impact, supremacy, potency, strength, force,vigor;大Aggrandize, amplify, augment, broaden, widen, extend, enlarge, magnify, enlarge,Exaggerate, overstate, overstress, overemphasize,多,增加Enrich, increase, add to, abound, fill, fill up, replenish, stock up, add, put in, raise,Accrue, mount up, augment, accumulate, riseAbundant, plentiful, more than enough, profuse, copious, rich, wealthy, generous, numerous, in great numbers; sufficient, enough, adequate, ample, as much as necessary,Increment, accretion, growth, augmentation,高Raise, lift up, improve, enhance, elevate, escalate, heave, heighten, hoist,Rise, increase, ascend, mount, go up, climb scale, jack up, skyrocket, surge, upsurgeHigh, tall, in height, lofty, towering, lanky; Height, stature, elevation, altitude有助Help, assist, aid, subsidize, help to, conduce to,, contribute to, function to, be of assistance, lend a hand, facilitate, enhance, Helper, aide, assistant, accessory, ancillary, accomplice, auspices,支持Support, bolster, boost, brace, buttress, espouse, proponent, underpin, embrace, exponent,快216Accelerate, hasten, speed up, quicken up, expediteRun, scurry, scuttle, scamper, prance, gallop, sprint, scud, Dart, fleet, rush,Fast, quick, rapid, swift, expeditious, speedy, fleeting, briskSpeed, swiftness, pace, velocity, rapidity, tempo, rate, quickness, promptness,有效,起作用Effective, efficient, effectual, successful, useful, helpful, functional, applicable, operative, working, active, functioning, in operation, in use, Available,able, Impact, influence,自由，解脱Release, free, set free, set off, liberate, unshackle, unfetter, emancipate, manumit, disentangle, untangle, extricate,unravel,中性变Change, alter, modify, vary, turn, become, adjust, amend, transform, distort, modulate, transmute, shift, transfigure,Fluctuate, move, revolutionize, alternate, shiftDiversified, volatile, fickle, mercurial, protean, erratic, eccentric, irregular, inconsistent, Changeable, unsettled, variable, malleable, mutable,Change, alteration, variation, modification, transition, renovation, recondition, mutation;修改Redress, rectify, revise, emend, renovate, innovate, recondition,负面弱Weaken, enervate, vitiate, sap, impair, emaciate, attenuate, diluteWane, sag, fade, flag, deteriorate, exacerbate, wither, blight, dry up, wilt, sere, sear, shrink, shrivel, Weak, feeble, effete, wan, frail, lacking in strength, impotent, feeble, lethargicInfirmity, weakness, decadence, decadent,减少，降低Lower, reduce, decrease, drop off, abate, decline, dwarf, dwindle, rarefy, curtail, shorten, abridge, truncate, dock, decline, slump, eclipse, subside, shrink, ebb,Diminish, lessen, debase, dilute, moderate, die down, grow less intense, cut down, ebb, cut back,慢Decelerate, slow, slow down, retard, hold back,Slow, sluggish,Postpone, put off, delay, defer, procrastinate, adjourn,Dilatory, tardy, slack, sluggish,平息reconcile, comfort, placate, conciliate, reassure，allay, calm, console, soothe, pacify, assuage, mitigate, palliate, salve, temper,palliation, reconciliation,禁止，限制Prohibit, proscribe, forbid, ban, restrain, interdict, overrule, veto, stop fromLimit, restrict, confine, blockade, fetter, shackle, circumscribeProhibited, forbidden, banned, illegal, outlawed, proscribed, taboo;Durance, taboo,控制, 抑制Control, wield, hold, steer, helm, maneuver, manipulate, dominate, regulate, rein in, direct, rule, govern, reign, regimentCurb, bridle, yoke, restrain inhibit smolder, suffocate，refrain from阻碍455Hinder, hamper, check, stunt, impede, block, obstruct, retard, interrupt, hold back, prevent from, forestall, keep from, deter from, discountenance, lumber, thwart, stem, stymie, frustrate, stump, stem,Entangle, enmesh, ensnare, entrap,Barrier, obstacle, obstruction, impediment, setback, hindrance, hurdle, blockade, blockage, morass, predicament, plight, straits, quandary,strait,预防Forestall, proselytize, preclude, prevent,干预432Interfere, intervene, intercede, meddle, annoy, vex, nettle, perturb, disturb, discomfit, molest, pester, bother, annoy, harass, intrude,Mediate,Inroad, raid, assail, assault, attack, trespass, infringe, attack, foray, intrude, encroach, Turbulence, disturbance得到，付出，付，出给Give, offer, endow, endue, present, bestow, provide, supply, furnishImpart, instruct, apprise, teach, instill, inculcate,Proffer, confer, donate, contribute, subscribe, bequeath,Issue, flow out, release,支出Cost, spend, pay, pay out, expend, disburse,Prodigal, profligate, splurge, spendthrift, dissipatefrugal, scrimp, skimp, abstemious,Expenditure, subvention,归还,偿439Return, hand out, restore, reciprocate, remunerate, revert,Compensate, reimburse, indemnify, expiate, atonement,Salary, remuneration, Emolument, honorarium,分配Distribute, allocate, issue, hand out, apportion, allot, dispense, ration, allot, assign, designate; Distribution, dispensation ration, allotment施加impose, entail, exert, inflict, suppress, subjugate, compress ,repress, coerce，使满Suffice, satiate, satisfy, cater, sate, meet requirement, gratifySuffuse, implant, instill, infuse, fill, impregnate,放弃Relinquish, give up, disclaim, abdicate, abjure, waive, renounce, recant, wean, forsake, abdicate, desert, forswear, renounce, repudiate, forgo, disown, disavow, abandon，Renunciation,获得，得到Get, receive, Accept, attain, acquire, obtain, gain, repossess, retrieve, procure, catch,Earn, profit, embezzle, peculate, defalcate, graft, appropriate,Obtainable, accessible, receptive,Receiver, recipient, procurement夺Deprive, take away, exact, extort, dispossess, bereave, divest, strip,Loot, ravage, ransack, sack, despoil, plunder, rapine, snatch, ,exploit, distill,Confiscate, impound, sequestrate, forfeit, expropriateExaction, depredation, spoliation,吸引Attract, appeal, fascinate, draw, charm, intrigue, enchant, tempt, allure, enchant, enthrall, rivet, fix, spellbind, intoxicate, engross, occupy, captivate, enamor,Attractive, appealing, charming, pleasing, attractiveness, fascination, charisma, personal, magnetism, attraction, fascination,包含510Contain, consist of, comprise, cover, encompass, span, contain, encompass, subsume, consist of, include, involve, embroil, implicate, ;Configuration component，需要,Require, call for, need, demand, necessitate,Necessary, required, requisite, essential,Requisite, prerequisite, requirement, precondition,使Cause to be, make, lead to, render, turn into, trigger, activate, cause,要求，请求，Request, ask, entreat, demand, petition, appeal toSolicit, invoke, plead, implore, beseech, adjure,Dictate, command, mandate, order, instruct, charge,Imperative, essential, compulsory, mandatory, urgent, obligatory,Request, requisition, petition, invocation;促使，劝说，Advise, urge, argue, advocate, persuade, sway, influence,Convince, expostulate, exhort, hortative刺激，激发，鼓励Stimulate, activate, spur, incite, agitate, inspire, arouse, excite, provoke, actuate, incite, foment, stir up, trigger, Kindle, enkindle, igniteencourage, motivate, invigorate, prompt, instigate,Impetuous, impulsive;Drive, motivation, incentive, inducement, impetus推动，驱动，迫使Push, drive, propel, force, oblige, propel, compel goad威逼利诱，欺骗，伪装Deceive, dupe, cheat, swindle, hoodwink,Disguise,Duplicity, artifice, chicanery, deception, scheme, subterfuge, duplicity.引诱Beguile, lure, tempt, allure, entice, tantalize, coax, delude, cozen, beguile,,Guile, deceit, cunning, wile, trickery，Wily威吓Threaten, menace, intimidate ,hector, frighten, bully,Threatening, menacing,Threat, menace允许,承认Allow, let, permit, licenseAllowance, license, permission, consent, sanction, authorization心理，想要，期望Expect, look forward to, wait for, look ahead to, suppose, anticipate, await欲望，欲求Wish, want, desire, long, yearn, aspire, crave, hanker, covet:Desirous, eager, avid, greedy, acquisitive, much desired, coveted, ambitious, enterprising; Longing, aspiration, yearning, ambition, avarice, desire for, appetite, desire意图Intend, tend to, mean, plan, be inclined to, predispose, resolve, prone to, apt to, disposed to, attempt to, aim to, be set to, have in mind, slantIntentionally, purposely, deliberately, consciously,Intention, motive, tendency, trend, proclivity, inclination, acclivity declivity,Liable, inclined to, willingly, likely不愿意Waver, hesitate, oscillate, vacillate, boggle, pause, falter,reluctant, unwilling，irresolute, indecisive, undetermined, uncertain, undecided, unsure, Reluctantly, unwillinglyReluctance, unwillingness认知，感觉，察觉Sense, feel, savor, be conscious of, be aware of, regain consciousness, perceive, Cognize, regard, Detect, identify, notice, recognize, observe,Heed, pay/give heed to, take heed/notice of, notice, pay/give attention toConscious, aware capable of feeling, sentient, percipient, cognizant,Consciousness, awareness, feeling, sense, sensation,Attention, heed, notice思考Think, consider, ponder, speculate, contemplate, reflect, muse, ponder, contemplate, muse, meditate, ruminate, chew, deliberate, take into account, take into consideration, cross one's mind, flash across one's mind, pass through one's mind, occur to sbthoughtful, meditative, pensivethought,consideration,reflection,contemplation理解know, understand, realize, appreciate, grasp, apprehend, figure out, be informed about, read, make out, go one’s idea across, decipher, decode, recognize, comprehend, be acqu ainted with, be familiar with,忽视，忘记, 没感觉Forget, not remember, neglect, ignore, overlook, disregard, pay no attention to, take no notice of Condone, excuse, and forgive, pardon, absolve, exonerate, extenuate, Oblivious, remiss, delinquent, negligent , Neglectful, forgetful，Oblivion, remission, omission. Amnesia, amnesty, inattention, oversight Ignorant, unknown, unconscious, unaware, insensitive, unresponsive清楚clarify, elucidate, shed light on, illuminate, make clear explicit, overt, precise, unambiguous, plain, clear, unequivocal, clarity, clearness, lucidity, transparency, simplicity, precision.迷惑Confuse, puzzle, muddle, bewilder, perplex, baffle, nonplus, flummox, disconcert, confound, mix up, fluster, obscure, obfuscate, perplex，Quandary, dilemma, plight, predicament,态度正面，赞成,同意Approve, endorse, grant, confirm, ratify, agree with, consent, endorse, approbate, assent, approve, accord, agree, accede, resonate,Unanimous, in full accord,Approval, agreement, concurrence, unanimity, approbation. Uniformity, consistency, endorsement, confirmation, ratification, sanction, allow, permit, let, consent to肯定，相信Certain, sure, ascertain, positive, confident, convinced, assured, Inevitable, certainly, surely, positively, definitely, confidently, assuredly, inevitably, undoubtedly, unquestionably, unequivocally Believe, trust, entrust, have faith in, fidelity, loyalty, faith, affidavit, conviction喜欢，赞美Love, be fond of, like, favor, worship, adore, Laud, praise, commend, extol, exalt, exult, eulogize, honor, pay tribute to, hymn, paean, carol, psalm, encomium,不喜欢，Loath, hate, dislike, abhor, repulse, repel, abominate, detest,Heinous, odious, hateful, repellent, repulsive, repugnant obnoxious,Aversion, odium, aversion, revulsion, abhorrence,不同意，反对Disagree, dissent, reject, and disallow discord,Contradict, gainsay, say the opposite to, oppose, counter, be in opposition to, go up against, defy, controvert, impugn, Inconsistent, contradictory, in disagreement, at oddsDisharmony, dissonance Opposing, dissenting, opposite, contradictory, override contrariwise, oppositely; Dispute, argue,反驳Refute, rebut, retort, deny, confute, contest, disprove羞辱，贬义Embarrass, humiliate, disgrace, dishonor, mortify, demean, discomfit, degrade, undermine Embarrassed, ashamed, unembarrassed, unabashed Humiliation, chagrin忧虑Worry about, fret over, feel anxious, uneasy about, be concerned about,fret, agony, Anxious , uneasy; Anxiety, concern, uneasiness, disquietedness, nervousness疑问,不相信Doubt, query, question, inquiry,Discredit, distrust, disbelieve, mistrust, suspect, be suspicious of, have doubts aboutDoubtful, misgiving, skeptical, dubious, incredulous,;Doubt, incertitude, questioning, skepticism, implausibility, incredibility批评，谴责Criticize, censure, condemn, denounce, attack, rail, rebuke, blame, reprove, reprimand, reproach; diatribe, reproof, reprimand分久必合，合久必分合，和，同,等, 似Accord, match, equal, like, resemble, approximate,Same, unified, matching, much the same, be similar to, akin to, the same as, equivalent, identical parallel Equivalent, congruity, concord, parallel, similarity, parallelism, tantamount, tally, Resemble, bear a resemblance to, be like, look like, simulate, take after, imitate, mimic, copy, emulate,比较Compare, contrast, weigh against, judge against, balance, parallelComparatively, relatively适合Suitable, fit, suited, proper, right, appropriate, apposite, apropos, opportune, fitting, apt, suitably, properly, rightly, appropriately, fittingly, aptly,相容Compatible, well-matched, well-suited, attuned, companionable, congenial, affable, amicable, Accommodate, Harbor, lodge,陪伴Accompany with, go along with, go together with, go with, come with, keep sb. Company, join, escort, convoy, cling to合作,合并Work together, cooperate, come together, and collaborate, join forces, team up,Merge, unite, connect, bond, bring together, combine, associate, amalgamate, swallow up, become one, come together, Affiliate, annex, coalesce, incorporate, integrate, put together, join together. Involve, embroil, include, Weld, join, solder,Merger, combination, solidarity, coalition, cohesion, conglomeration, agglomeration, confluence, Rapport, rapprochement, inseparable,聚集Gather, accumulate, amass, collect, pile up, heap up, compile, assemble, garner, convene, summon, organize, call together, swarm, throng, teem, crowd Rally, confer, muster, congregate, aggregate, put together, amass, convoke, convene, collect a supply of;Collection, group, multitude, flock, herd, array, accumulation, accretion, backlog.Gregarious,联系，依靠Link, relate, connect, associate, correlate, attach, fasten, clinch, cling to, tie, adhere, affiliate, pertain, trace;Relevant, pertinent, germane,Link, bond, nexus, linkage, relationship, attachment,Rely on, trust, depend on, count on;Reliable, foolproof, dependable, independent, sovereign;trust, reliance, dependence,整体,全部，广义Complete, total, entire, full, whole, thorough, comprehensive, all-round, versatile, plenary Generally, entirely, fully, wholly, thoroughly, exhaustively, usually, largely, mainly, mostly, for the most part, on the whole, in generalAll over, throughout;交易，遇见，互相Trade, exchange, deal, do business, transact, interact, intertwine, swap, switch,Trade, commerce, interplay, commodity, goods, merchandise, transaction, interactionMeet, encounter, run into, run across, come across, happen to see, discover;Mutual, reciprocal, vice versa,遵守，认同Obey, comply with, act upon, follow, meet the terms, act in accordance, submit, observe, conform, Accordance, tractable, obedient, ductile, compliant, docile, manageable, tame,分，分开，部分Divide, break up, separate, undo, seclude, sever, diversify, bifurcate, ramify, disconnect, cede, sunder, asunder, part, partition, isolate, part, detach,Exclude, occluded, preclude, segregate, secludeDisband, dismiss, scatter, estrange, segment, cleave, rift, disintegrate, split up, fall apart, collapse, Fission, crevice, partition, detachment, secession,Section, aspect, feature, facet, respect, side, sector, division, part, segment, fragment, piece, portion背离Digress, deviate, diverge, astray, depart, swerve, deflect, defection, apostate, betray, divagate, secede egress,Perfidious, infidelity, disloyal, unfaithfulness, disaffected,不同Different, dissimilar, unlike, incongruous, discordant, disparate,Multifarious, motley, various varied, diversified,Diversity, shade, nuance, disparity, discrepancy, difference, variance, multiplicity,不相容，不适合Incompatible, mismatched, unsuited, discordant, inharmonious, unsuitable, improper, wrong, inappropriate, inopportune, unfitunsuitably, inappropriately,违背，对立Contravene, defend, break, breach, disobey, counter, resist, violate, defy, flout, infringe, infraction, 对立争，斗，努力Compete, via, contend, struggle, wrestle, tussle, challenge, fight against, emulate, rival, conflict, contest, strife,confront, face up to,Strive, make an effort, endeavor to, try to do, attempt to do, struggle;Effort, attempt antagonistic, hostile, friction躲避Avoid, escape, keep away from, stay away from, shun, wince, flee, run away, flight, parry, evade, dodge, sidestep,elude, shirk,成Win, succeed, triumph, prevail, outstrip, outwit, transcend, exceed, surmount, overcome surpass, Fulfill, complete, accomplish, finish, achieve, reach, approach, realize, soar,Subdue, suppress, override, overrule, subvert, topple,Consummation, achievement, feat, attainment, accomplishment.Accessible, reachable, attainable, obtainable, approachable,败Fail, be unsuccessful, be abortive, flunk, founder, bungle, sink, be fruitless, bungle, blunder, bumble, muff Failure, abortion, crash stranded,处理，对付,处置Deal with, cope with, and dispose, handle, manage, process, Disposition选择Choose, select, favor, prefer, pick,传递Transmit, pass, hand on, transcribe, transfer, move, convert, convey, send, ferry, transport, Impart, inculcate, instruct, teach, inform, apprise, pass on transfusion,采用，利用Make use of, use, employ, utilize, exploit, consume, harness, assume, take on手段，工具By means of, by way of, by virtue of , method, manner, means, device, instrument, facility, implement, apparatus, appliance, mechanism, gadget, utensil, tools,contrivance, maneuver, tactic, mean, expedient, stratagem, tact, ploy,artifice, chicanery, scheme, plan, project, program行为，Act, perform, behave, work, serve as, operate, run, function to, conduct;Be engaged in, carry on, indulge in, participate, endeavor to, take part in, devote to, dedicate to, Behavior, demeanor, conduct, action, performance,信息处理表达说,表达say, tell, talk, speak, utter, express, voice, state, articulate, pronounce, emote,Declare, pronounce, claim, announce, address, intimateEquivocate, prevaricate, prattle, stammer,chat, discuss, converse, bargain, negotiate,talk, chat, discussion, debate, conversation, colloquy提出Suggest, propose, present, put forward, recommend, advocate, advise, posit, aver, allege, postulate, propound, tender, Hint, imply, insinuate, allude,描述Describe, depict, illustrate, limn, recount, portray, represent, define, characterize, delineate, sketch out,; description, version解释,说明Explain, interpret, explicate, detail, clarify, make clear, construe, misconstrue, elucidate, shed light on, decipher,, expound, disabuse, explain in detail, account for;Exposition, exhibition, connotation, exegesis, gloss annotate,表明Show, demonstrate, evince, indicate, display, exhibit,获取信息观察,探求observe, view, see, spot, watch, notice, make out, perceive, bring attention to, be aware of, distinguish, discern, detect, scrutinize, monitor, study, sight, inquire, probe, search, explore, Search, grope, probe, plumb, fathom, research,quest;调查，检查Inspect, examine, scan, study, check, investigate, censor, peruse, look into, look over, scrutinize, survey, Inspection, examination, census, censor, investigation, scrutiny, survey, inquiry, census, poll 纪录，记载Record, register, document ,write down, take down, put down, note down, detail, keep details,逻辑分析证明Analyze, consider, infer, extrapolate, prove, justify, confirm, verify, validate, testify, attest, authenticate,substantiate, give evidence, corroborate假设Presume, assume, suppose, imagine, premise, surmise,推断Induce, infer, deduce, reason, derive from, ratiocinate, conclude,因果result from, result in, according to, attribute to, ascribe to, credit to, account for, derive from, arise from, proof, evidence, inference, conclusion, convince, cogent, sound, logical, rational,真，正确True, right, correct, proper, real, actual, genuine, veritable, veracious, authentictruly, really, actually, in fact, authentically, realistically, pragmatically;genuinely veraciously，faultless, impeccable, in the right wayTruth, canon, criterion, norm, axiom, veracity. Rationale, truism, maxim,correct, revise, rectify假,错False, wrong, incorrect, fallacious mistaken, erroneous, unreal, errant, faultyFake, sham, phony, pretended, simulated, pseudoMistakenly, erroneously; Mistake, error, fault, fallacy, misconception, illusion;take A as B, confuse A with B, mistake A for B, erroneously identify A as B, falsify,发现, 揭示Discover, find out, learn, reveal, disclose, unveil, expose, divulge, make known, debunk, declassify, decode,decipher, translate, make out, revelation,其它强调的，Absolutely, incontrovertible, indispensable，indisputable, inalienable, indubitable, incontestable, irrefutable, incontrovertible;重要的Consequential, imponderable, paramount, substantial, major, significant, important, leading, major, dominant, predominant, prevailing, key, pivotal, decisive, critical, crucial, basic, fundamental, radical, essential, primary, integral, inherent, indispensable, necessary优缺点Advantage, benefit, advantageous, valuable, precious, positive, positive aspect, helpful, asset, valuable quality.Disadvantage, drawback, weakness, shortcoming, downside, negative aspect, unfavorable feature.明显的，突出的，优秀的，杰出的Obvious, apparent, evident, conspicuous visible, noteworthy, noticeable, notable, manifest, outstanding, remarkable, salient, prominent, eminent, distinguished, striking, extraordinary, excellent, monumental, phenomenal,主要mainly, chiefly, principally, predominatly, basically, fundamentally, primarily, inherently,考研英语常用的阅读同义词替换artificialsynthetic, fabricated, contrived, fake, mock, bogus, counterfeit, pseudoconventionaltraditional, historical, past; accepted, common, regular, routine, mainstream, ordinaryearlyfirst, old, ancient, primitive, previous, former, remotesimulatevirtual, create, reproduce, pretend, imitateartificialsynthetic, fabricated, contrived, fake, mock, bogus, counterfeit, pseudoreducecurtail, cut, decrease, halve, impair, lessen, moderate, trim, slashfuturewhat's next, prospect, approaching, expected, destined, forthcomingworldwideinternational, cosmopolitan, global, universal, ubiquitous, widespread, around the worlddevelopevolve, advance, grow, improve, progress, flourishfinddiscover, come across, encounter, hit on, expose, notice, note, observe, recognize, spot, uncoverdemandrequest, claim, need, order, require, call fordeclinedecrease, degeneration, drop, fall, recession, depression, reduction, slump, worseningsignificanceimportance, milestone, impact, justification, gist, implication, point, purport, vitalprevelantcommon, usual, prevailing, widespread, systematic, collective, general, popularobjectionchanllenge, complaint, disapproval, opposition, protest, query, question, remonstrationobstaclebar, barricade, barrier, block, blockage, check, obstruction, problem, snag, hurdlecommercialbusiness, economic, financial, mercantile, profitable, pecuniaryinevitableunavoidable, certain, destined, fated, inescapable, suremillitaryarmed, belligerent, army, weapon, warlikerolefunction (provide, support, weaken, smooth, solve), job, position, duty, post, task, contribution。

英语温度方面的知识点总结Basics of Temperature:Temperature is a fundamental physical quantity that measures the hotness or coldness of an object or a substance. It is a scalar quantity, which means it has magnitude but no direction. The SI unit of temperature is the kelvin (K), and it is also commonly measured in degrees Celsius (°C) and degrees Fahrenheit (°F).The concept of temperature is based on the kinetic theory of matter, which states that all particles in a substance are in constant motion and that temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of these particles. At higher temperatures, the particles move faster, while at lower temperatures, they move slower.Temperature Scales:There are several temperature scales commonly used around the world, including the Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin scales. The Celsius scale is based on the freezing (0°C) and boiling (100°C) points of water, while the Fahrenheit scale uses the freezing (32°F) and boiling (212°F) points of water. The Kelvin scale is based on absolute zero (-273.15°C), which is the lowest possible temperature and the point at which all molecular motion ceases.The relationship between these scales can be expressed through the following formulas:- Celsius to Fahrenheit: °F = (°C × 9/5) + 32- Fahrenheit to Celsius: °C = (°F - 32) × 5/9- Celsius to Kelvin: K = °C + 273.15- Kelvin to Celsius: °C = K - 273.15Factors Affecting Temperature:Several factors can affect the temperature of an object or a substance, including the amount of heat energy added or removed, the mass and specific heat capacity of the substance, and its surroundings. When heat is added to a substance, its temperature increases, and when heat is removed, its temperature decreases.Specific heat capacity is a measure of how much heat energy is required to raise the temperature of a substance by a certain amount. Substances with higher specific heat capacities require more heat energy to increase their temperatures, while those with lower specific heat capacities heat up more quickly.The surroundings of a substance can also affect its temperature. For example, a substance in contact with a colder object will lose heat and decrease in temperature, while a substance exposed to a heat source will gain heat and increase in temperature.Applications of Temperature:Temperature is used in a wide range of applications across different fields, including meteorology, medicine, food industry, and engineering.In meteorology, temperature is a crucial variable for weather forecasting and climate studies. It helps meteorologists understand the behavior of the atmosphere, predict changes in weather patterns, and assess the impact of climate change.In medicine, temperature is important for monitoring the health of individuals and for various medical procedures. Body temperature is used as an indicator of fever or hypothermia, and medical equipment such as thermometers, incubators, and cryogenic storage units rely on temperature control for their proper functioning.In the food industry, temperature control is essential for food safety and preservation. Proper cooking temperatures ensure that food is safe to eat, while refrigeration and freezing processes help extend the shelf life of perishable items.In engineering, temperature plays a critical role in the design and operation of various systems and devices. For example, in the automotive industry, engines, and exhaust systems need to be able to withstand high temperatures, while in electronics, temperature control is essential for preventing overheating and ensuring the proper functioning of electronic components.In conclusion, temperature is a fundamental physical quantity that influences many aspects of our lives. Understanding the basics of temperature, its different scales, factors affecting it, and its applications can help us appreciate its importance and make informed decisions in various fields.。

第38卷第5期计算机仿真2021年5月文章编号：1006 -9348(2021 )05 -0066 -04基于温度补偿的动力锂电池S O C估算方法刘新天，彭泳，何耀，郑昕昕(合肥工业大学电气与自动化工程学院，安徽合肥230009>摘要:动力电池的荷电状态（State of C h a r g e,S O C)是电动汽车的重要参数之一，直接影响电动汽车的安全控制与可续行里程的评估。

电池总容量作为估算电池S0C的重要变量之一,其与使用环境温度密切相关，而在S0C估计算法中常被认为是恒定值，从而影响不同环境温度下锂电池S0C估计精度。

为实现对锂电池S0C的准确估计，考虑温度对锂电池容量等特性参数的影响，通过引人温度补偿模型，并结合扩展卡尔曼滤波(E x t e n d e d K a l m a n Filter,EKF)算法实现对锂电池S0C的动态估计。

在不同环境温度下模拟电动汽车实际工况对锂电池进行放电试验，并比较未经温度补偿的S0C算法与补偿后的S0C算法精度。

研究结果表明，所提出的方法适用于不同温度的锂电池，能实现较为精确的估计。

关键词：电动汽车;锂电池;荷电状态；温度补偿;扩展卡尔曼滤波中图分类号:T M743文献标识码：BState of Charge Estimation of Lithiumion Power BatteryConsidering Temperature InfluenceLIU Xin -tian,PENG Yong,HE Yao,ZHENG Xin -x in(S c h o o l o f E l e c t r i c a l and A u t o m a t i o n E n g i n e e r i n g,H e f e i U n i v e r s i t y o f Technology,H e f e i Anhui230009, China)A B S T R A C T：As a n i m p o r t a n t p a r a m e t e r o f t h e e l e c t r i c v e h i c l e s,t h e S t a t e - o f- Ch a r g e (SOC)o f L i t h i u m - i o nb a t t e r y h a s a d i r ec t i n f l u e n c e o n s e c u r i t y c o n t r o l and t he r e m a i n d e r d r i v i n g r a n g e e s t i m a t i o n.The c a p a c i t y w h i c hp l a y s a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n SOC e s t i m a t i o n c h a n g e s w i t h t h e a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e,b u t a s a c o n s t a n t v a l u e i n m o s t i n­s t a n c e s,s o t h e SOC e s t i m a t i o n a c c u r a c y d e c r e a s e s i n d i f f e r e n t t e m p e r a t u r e s.I n o r d e r t o a c h i e v e a c c u r a t e e s t i m a t i o n o f l i t h i u m b a t t e r y S OC,c o n s i d e r i n g t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t e m p e r a t u r e o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c p a r a m e t e r s s u c h a s l i t h i u m b a t t e r yc a p a c i t y,dy namic e s t i m a t i o n o f l i t h i u m b a t t e r y SOC w a s r e a l i z ed b y i n t r o d u c i n g te m p e r a t u r e c o m p e n s a t i o n model a n dc o m b i n i n g Ex te nde d Kalman F i l t e r (E K F)a l g o r i t h m.The d i s c h a r g e t e s t of t h e l i t h i u m b a t t e r y wa s c a r r i e d o u t u n d e rt h e a c t u a l o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e s i m u l a t e d e l e c t r i c v e h i c l e un d e r d i f f e r e n t a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e s,an d t h e a c c u r a­c y o f t h e SOC a l g o r i t h m w i t h o u t t e m p e r a t u r e c o m p e n s a t i o n and t he a c c u r a c y of t h e co mp en sa te d SOC a lg o r i th m w e r ecompared.The r e s e a r c h r e s u l t s show t h a t t h e p r o p o s e d method i s s u i t a b l e f o r l i t h i u m b a t t e r i e s w i t h d i f f e r e n t t e m p e r a­t u r e s,wh ic h c a n a c h i e v e a more a c c u r a t e e s t i m a t i o n.K E Y W O R D S：E l e c t r i c v e h i c l e；L i t h i u m- i o n b a t t e r y；S t a t e o f Charge(S OC)；Te m p e r a t u r e co m p e n s a t i o n；Ex t e n d­e d Kalmanf i l t e r (E K F)i引言锂离子动力电池具有能量大、寿命长等优点，已被广泛 应用于电动汽车中。

形容词合适的: suitable/ advisable/ sound/ temperate/ rational/ preferable/ reliable/ fitting/ modest/ moderate精致的: elegant/ delicate/ elaborate/subtle美好的: gorgeous/ glorious/ splendid/ admirable/ breathtaking/ impressive/ spectacular/ superb杰出的: outstanding/ distinguished/ eminent/ excellent/ supreme/ extraordinary/ prominent/ matchless/ foremost著名的: famous/ illustrious/ celebrated/ notable聪明的: intelligent/ wise/ ingenious/ sensible/ smart/ clever/ knowledgeable/ capable大的: immense/ huge/ spacious/ prodigious/ massive/ enormous/ vast/ tremendous/ expansive 小的: slight/ tiny/ microscopic/ small/ diminutive/ minuscule重要的: important/ significant/ concernful/ pivotal/ superb/ momentous/ vital/ primary/ essential/ principal/ leading/ major/ dominant/ predominant/ fateful最好的: optimum/ premium基本的: underlying/ elementary/ fundamental/ essential/ cardinal不足的: insufficient/ scanty/ meager/ needy/ poor/ scarce/ devoid/ empty/ lacking充足的: fraught/ sufficient/ enough/ adequate/ abundant过多的: excessive/ redundant/ overabundant/ inordinate特殊的: unique/ matchless/ unrivaled/ extraordinary / special奇怪的: odd/ bizarre/ quaint/ weird/ queer相似的: similar/ approximate/ proximate/ homogeneous/ identical/ equal/ equivalent/ coordinate.无效的: null/ invalid/ void有效的: valid/ acceptable/ effective/ resultful/ efficient/ competent高兴的: delightful/ happy/ hilarious/ exultant/ gleeful/ joyous/ exalted/ blessed/ pleasing/ amusing成就, 成功: success/ triumph/ victory/ accomplishment/ achievement/ fruition/ consummation/ attainments失败: failure/ be defeated/ a case of crabs观点: point of view/ standpoint/ viewpoint/ frame of reference/ theory财产: treasure/ profit/ fortune/ moneybag/ wealth/ belongings/ estate/ possessions/ property/ riches/ worth好处: advantage/ behoof/ benefit/ gain/ good/ stead优点: excellence/ merit/ strongpoint/ virtue缺点: bug/ disfigurement/ limitation/ objection/ vice/ lacuna/ defect/downside发展: development/ evolution/ progress/ grow普及: popularization/ prevalence.出现: emergence情况: circumstance/ condition原因: causation/ cause/ matter/ reason影响: infection/ influence/ impact提供: provide/ supply/ furnish/ give/ render/ accommodate思考: consider/ speculate/ ponder/ think建议: propose/ suggest/ advance/ mention/ recommend/ advise/ offer/吸引: engross/ absorb/ draw/ attract/ intoxicate/ lure/ entice/ tempt揭示: reveal/ exhibit/ expose/ disclose/ unveil/ show/ transpire/ indicate/ denote理解: understand/ comprehend说明: illuminate/ clarify/ illustrate/ exemplify/ explain/ elaborate暗示: imply / allude/ insinuate开始: start/emerge/ launch/ start/ begin/ commence/ initiate带来, 引起: generate/ produce/ give rise to/ engender停止: stop/ cease/ halt/ terminate/ end/ finish/ conclude赞同: agree with/ applaud/ approve/ go along with/embrace反对: oppose/ argue against/ combatFaded from 消失于：disappeared fromNovel 创新的，新颖的：innovativeStationary 固定的：fixedVessel 船只：craftSmothering 窒息的：eliminatedCoined 组成，创造：createdIntervention 干预：influenceEmerged 出现：appearedOutlining 概括，总结：summarizingDeliberate 仔细地：carefulDemanded 需要：requiredImitate 模仿：copyComparably 相似地：similarlyInclinations 偏好，喜好 : preferencesVaried 不同：differedCumbersome 笨重地：burdensomeConfined 局限：limitedFramed 构造，制定：posedSupposedly 可能地，推测地：seeminglySanitation 卫生：healthConflicting 对立的：apposingGive way to 让位于：turns intoSpeculate 假设：hypothesizeAlternative 选择：optionImposing 要求高的，费力的：demandingPenetrate 穿过：go throughExtended 增加，延长：increasePreferred 喜欢; favoredBarren 贫瘠的：infertileHard 坚硬的：firmDivergence 不同，区别：differenceDurable 耐久地：long-lastingDwelling 住所：housesElaborately 精心地：done in a great detail Bounds 限制：limitsChance 偶然的：unplannedIntegral 必要的，基本的：an essentialCarry 承担：supportConcentrated 集中：clusteredEffect 影响：influenceDistinct 区别，不同：separateSetting 建立：establishingEnds 目标：goalsDrastic 激进的：radicalExtracted 提取：removedInstances 例子:casesEntombed 陷入：trappedMarked 明显的:pronouncedUshering 开始，引入：beginningExecute 执行，创造：createDomains 领域：fieldsFundamental 基本的：basicSkilled 专业的：expertPresided over 管理控制：managedCelestial 天文学的：astronomicalEntities 物体：objectsMotifs 母题，图案：designsRare 罕见的:infrequentMaintaining 维持：preservingTolerate 忍耐：endureObtain 获得 getRoll back 减少 reduceStimulating 刺激 encouragingDepressed 降低，使沮丧 loweredStringent 严厉的 strictDictates 决定 determines Witnessed 看到 observedA break with 分开 a departure fromConserve 维持，保留 retainMagnified 加强，加剧 intensifiedForage 觅食 feedCounteracted 否定，抵消 negatedIn season 应季 a particular time of yearFixture 寻常物品 commonplace object Nevertheless 但是 howeverRotates 转动，改变 turnsReadily 容易地，欣然地 easilyConstituting 组成 making upPits 洞，坑 holesDisputes 争论 argumentsUnrestricted 不受限制的 unlimitedSnap 折断 breakFed 吃/放入 putExposed to 易受影响的，受支配 subjected to Exert 引起，导致 causeDiffuses 穿过，扩散 travelsRapture 破裂 burstMiniscule 微小的 tinyEnables 使能够 allowsAesthetically 美学的，艺术的 artisticallyRefreshing 非同寻常的，耳目一新的 unusualDevote 奉献 dedicateBound 系，绑 tiedAssembling 聚集 gatheringAdorned 装修 decoratedAttire 服装 clothingUnravel 揭露 discoverMundane 平凡的 ordinaryGap 空隙 openingDiscards 抛弃 gets rid ofDeft 灵巧的 skilledRobust 强壮的 strongHeralded 宣布 announcedPosition 职位 jobMajor 主要的 principalSymmetrical 比例平衡的，对称的 proportionally balanced Obvious 明显的 apparentDominated 占支配地位的 were prevalent inSupplements 补充 extensionsCrisscross 交叉 move back and forthSkepticism 怀疑主义 doubt Subsidy 资助 financingConjectural 猜测的 based on guessingEmploying 采用 usingAssortment 种类 varietyExalted 高级的 superiorIngots 银锭/块 blocks of silver mixed with copperCame of age 出现了，成名了 established itselfTrace 痕迹 imprintsExposed 暴露 uncoveredAdversely 逆向/反的 negativelyAltered 改变 changedNoxious 有毒的，有害的 harmfulDetectable 可以探测的 measurableAcute 敏锐的，剧烈的 intenseExceeded 超越 surpassedAstounding 惊讶的 surprisingDurable 耐久的 lastingCustomarily 通常 usuallyInduced 导致 causedRemarkable 异常的 extraordinaryExerted 运用 appliedRestricted 限制 limitedIntricate 错综复杂的 complexVary 区别，不同 differInitially 首先 at firstCohesion 凝聚力 unityConsciously 有意识地，故意地 purposely Unadorned 未装饰的，平凡的 plainConsumption 消费，吃 eatingConstituents 组成部分 componentsCalculated 计算，决定 determinedCeased 停止 stopProminent 著名的 distinguishedApply to 应用于 used forCoarser 粗糙的 rougherDense 浓密的 thickThanks to 由于 because ofEagerly anticipated 渴望，期待 looked forward to Properties 特征，特点 characteristicsAscribed to 归功于，认为 assumed to be true of Revolutionized 巨变，革命 dramatically changed Appeal 吸引attractionSpawned 产生，产卵 createdCore 核心 centerEmbedded 镶嵌 encasedSpotting 识别 identifyingDogma 信仰，教条 beliefDetect 发现 discovered the presence ofShied away from 避免 avoidedMilestone 里程碑 significant developmentCritical 关键的 essentialJolting 震动 shockingMagnitude 成都/大小 extent Intent 目的，意向 goal Administered 管理 managedPeriphery 外围 outer edgeInception 起初beginningFabricating 构成，虚构constructingResort to 采取usingIngenuity 机灵，灵巧resourcefulnessFunctional 有功能的，有用的usableSignificant 有意义的meaningfulAttained 获得reachedFlamed 燃烧burnedEncompass包围，环绕 includeCame to the forefront 来到最前线/变得很重要 became important Hinged on 依赖 depended onLured 引诱attractedExpendable消费品，可以牺牲的 nonessentialNotwithstanding 尽管despiteIntricate 错综复杂的complexRandom 任意的unpredictableOptimal 最佳的，最理想的bestUrged 催促encouragedCarried on 继续 continuedDiverse 不同的variedEnsures确保 guaranteesSuitable 合适的，适宜的appropriatelyScares 稀有rareResemble 类似look likeCoarse 粗糙的crudeBrittle易碎的，脆弱的 easily brokenAppreciated赏识，意识到 recognizedMerely 仅仅onlyEmitting 发出producingSpanning 跨越 coverPursue 追赶catchAltogether 完全的completelyIntensive 集中的，透彻的concentratedPrevailed 流行，盛行dominatedDepicted 描述describedForemost 首要的 leadingMeteoric流星的，迅速的 rapidApace with 快速的，急速的as fast asWider 宽广的more extensiveThereby 因此，在那方面by that meansUnique 唯一的，独特的singularRotting 腐烂的decayingKey 关键的importantConverted修改 changedAntecedent 先行的的，先辈predecessorAppealing吸引人的 attractiveLocal 场所placeBoosted推进 raisedScope 范围extentProlific多产的，丰富的 productiveEager 热心的，渴望的enthusiasticEngaged使用，雇佣 hireSubsequent后来的 laterSums 总数amountsIdentical同样的 exactly alikeGraphic生动的，鲜明的 vividUndoubtedly 毫无疑问的certainlyComponents 组成部分partsBesides 除此之外in addition toFlourished繁荣，昌盛 thrivedGrumbled 抱怨，牢骚complainedServe服务，适合 functionSole 唯一的onlyDetecting 发现findingSedentary久坐的，不活动的 inactiveSubjected 受影响的exposedEssence 本质，精华basic natureDiverse 不同的differentNoted 注意到 observedEmphasize 强调stressAccessible易接近的，可靠近的availableAccount for 解释，说明explainSmooth operation 顺利进行 effective functioning Cluster 成群 groupAlert 警惕 wareScurrying 急跑，匆忙走rushingFormidable 艰难地，令人敬畏的difficultIntent 目的，意向 purposeRegardless of 不管，不顾no matter whatMarked 显著地noticeableConfine 限制 restrictPresumably 推测，大概 probablySustain 支撑，持续 supportInsignificant 无关紧要的unimportantUltimately 最后，最终 eventuallyDemise 死亡 deathConvert 转变 changePrimarily 主要地，根本上 chieflyPrevailing 流行的dominantUndergone 经历 experiencedVast 巨大的 great Attachment to 倾向于 preference for Protruding 凸出的 projectingShield 保护 protectDaring 大胆boldBoosted 鼓舞 raisedInhibited 阻碍hinderedCounterpart 版本，对应物 versionDetectable 明显的，可探测的 apparentSumptuous 奢侈的 luxuriousYield 供应provideAdhere 坚持 stickInitiate 启动，开始 beginModifying 改变，限制 changingRapidity 迅速 swiftnessEfficiency 效率 effectivenessRear 抚养 raiseScale 攀登 climbImmunity 免疫，保护 protectionConspicuous 明显的 noticeableBias 偏见 prejudiceExorbitant 丰富的 expensiveUndergone 经历 experiencedConsorted 交往 associatedSufficient 充足 adequateAnnihilate 消灭，征服 conquerAptly 恰当的 appropriatelyFashion 制造 createArticle 物品 objectStaples 基本产品 basic elementsInvade 侵入 move intoContemporary 当代的 existingFinely 微小的 minutelyAttendant 伴随的 accompanyingExponential leaps 迅速上升 rapid increasesVirtually 几乎完全，实际上 almost completely Pertinent 相关的 relevantSuccinct 简明 conciseRevise 改变 changeMonopolized 垄断 dominatedFactions 部分 sidesFlattering 赞美 complimentaryDisseminated 分散 spreadAccelerated 加速 increasedGiven way to 替代 been replaced byReliance 依赖 dependencePicture 想象 imagineEmit 发出 give offGlowing 发光的 shiningInflux 流入，到达 arrivalExtraordinary 异常的 exceptionalEra 时代 period of timeIntriguing 吸引人的 attractiveConclusive 总结性的 definitivePreoccupation 卷入involvementPrimary 基本的fundamentalEntire 整个whole Bring about 引起 causeTemping 吸引人的 attractiveReckless 不负责任的 irresponsibleConcomitant with 同时发生的，与之伴随的 in conjunction with Skyrocketing 迅速上升 increasing rapidlyExtolling 高度赞扬praisingRoughly 大约harshlyReaped 获得gainedInterchangeable 互换的，等同于 equivalentClassified 分类 categorizedIncinerated itself 燃烧 burn upSecuring 获得 acquiringImplications 意义 significantHinterland 腹地，内地贸易区 regionPersisted 坚持，持续 continuedUndergoing 经历，遭受 experiencingSuspend 悬挂，延迟 hangFatal 致命的 deadlySecure 安全的 safeSorted out 分类，挑练 separatedDampened 使潮湿 moistenedFine 细微的 tinyDerived 起源，得自 obtainedDrastically 激烈的，彻底的severelyCoincided with 一致，符合 happened at the same time Supplement 补充 add toContemporary 当代的，同时代的 written at the same time Prized 珍视 valuedOvertaken 超越，胜出surpassedIntervals 间隔 periodsFreeing 解除 releasingPlunge 投入，跳进 dropTangled缠结的，紊乱的 twisted togetherConcealed 隐藏 coveredAvail themselves 利用 make useAccordingly 因此for that reasonCrucial至关重要的 importantPonderous 笨重的heavyAttained 达到，获得achievedAbundant 丰富的，充裕的plentifulPeculiar 独特的，奇异的strangeMeticulously小心翼翼的 carefullyDurability 经久，耐久力enduranceIncised雕刻的carvedConsumed消耗，吃eatenInnovative 创新的 newExtract 提取，提炼removeScorched烧焦burnedConsequence 结果resultExceed超越，胜出go beyondGenerated 产生 causeNorm 标准 standardHenceforth 今后 from that time onMandated委托统治的recommendedImmutable 不可变的unchangeableRevered 尊敬 respectedConsist 一致的，协调的constant address v. 应付，处理(问题等)aging n. n陈酿appropriate v. 擅用，挪用，占用，盗用article n. 物品；制品，商品arrested adj. 不良的，滞留的。