Injection Molding_B

Injection-Compression Molding一、前言射出壓縮成型(Injection-Compression Molding)為一新的製程技術，近年來在學界與業界引起了相當多的研究與討論，而此一製程技術目前已廣泛應用在需高精度尺寸及考慮光學性質的光學產品如DVD、CD-ROM或光學鏡片等的製造。

本文傴簡介射出壓縮成型的製程特性與射出壓縮成型模板控制，最後並以光學鏡片在本公司研發之全電式射出成型機上之應用為案例說明射出壓縮製程相較於傳統射出成型對於光學鏡片成品品質之影響。

二、射出壓縮製程特性射出壓縮成型其操作結合了射出成型以及壓縮成型兩種成型技術，此種製程主要是在一般傳統射出成型製程中之外加入模具壓縮的製程，亦即在充填之初模具不完全閉鎖，當部份塑料注入模穴後，再利用鎖模機構閉鎖模具，由模心模壁向模穴內熔膠施加壓力以壓縮成型來完成模穴充填。

此種成型方式不但可以降低充填模穴所需之射出壓力，且由於均勻加壓使得整個成型製程可以在低壓的環境下完成而得到模穴內熔膠均勻的壓力分佈(圖一)。

比起傳統的射出成型，射出壓縮成型具有以下優點：(1)降低射出壓力。

(2)降低殘餘應力。

(3)減少分子定向。

(4)均勻保壓減少不均勻收縮。

(5)克服凹陷及翹曲。

(6)減少成品雙折射率差。

(7)緩和比容積變化。

(8)增進尺寸精度(圖一)三、射出成型模板的控制射出壓縮成型方法中活動模板的位置控制直接影響射出階段的模穴厚度、流動阻力，以及成品的殘留應力；而在壓縮段活動模板的壓力速度直接對應熔膠的保壓及流動，也因此影響成品的收縮與翹曲狀況。

活動模板的控制模式可分為二種模：其中一種為壓力控制模式，亦即模板在射出階段前以低壓力鎖模，此時模具已密合只是鎖模力極低，在射出階段時再利用射出壓力迫使模具打開，以使模穴空間加大同時降低流動阻力，當完成射出動作後再使模具移動進行壓縮動作(圖二)。

第二則為位置控制模式，模板在射出前以預先定位某一位子，並預留較大的模穴空間，此時射出動作擠入熔膠並且可以低壓方式進入模穴，待射出完成後再進行壓縮工作(圖三)。

注塑（成型）模具安装及调试Injection Mold Installing and Setup注塑模具安装及调试1. Purpose (⽬的)To provide the general standard guideline for injection mold installing and setup.Ensure consistent approach is used for each injection mold installing and setup processes.提供⼀套标准注塑模具安装及调试⽅法。

确保每次注塑模具安装及调试⽅法⼀致。

2. Scope (应⽤)This instruction applies to injection molding machine inside Grakon injection molding division.本指引适⽤于所有Grakon注塑部注塑机。

3. Responsibilities (责任)Injection Molding In-charge need to ensure all of the Injection Molding Foremen and operators are been trained and qualified forinjection mold installing and setup.Production Engineering Manager delivers proper training to Project Engineers, Process Improvement Engineers and Technicians to ensurethat all the molding activities, tooling qualification and moldingparameter determination follow this guideline.注塑部总负责⼈需确保所有注塑部领班和操作员有适当及充⾜模具安装及调试训练. 及后各⼈取得模具安装及调试资格。

Injection MoldingIntroductionInjection molding is a widely used manufacturing process in the field of plastic production. It involves injecting molten material into a mold cavity, allowing it to cool and solidify, before ejecting the molded part. This process is known for its efficiency, accuracy, and versatility, making it suitable for producing a wide range of plastic products. In this document, we will explore the injection molding process, its advantages, limitations, and relevant considerations.The Injection Molding ProcessStep 1: ClampingThe first step in the injection molding process is clamping. The mold cavity is closed and clamped shut, ensuring that it remains tight and secure during the subsequent steps of the process. The clamping force is controlled depending on the size and complexity of the part being molded.Step 2: InjectionOnce the mold is clamped shut, the molten material, typically a thermoplastic polymer, is injected into the mold cavity through a nozzle. The material is heated and liquefied in a barrel before being pushed under high pressure into the mold. The molten material fills the cavity and takes the shape of the mold.Step 3: CoolingAfter the cavity is filled, the molten material is left to cool and solidify. Cooling time is determined by several factors, including material properties, part design, and thickness. It is crucial to control the cooling process to ensure uniform solidification and prevent defects such as warping or shrinkage.Step 4: EjectionOnce the molded part has cooled and solidified, the mold is opened, and the part is ejected. Ejection mechanisms such as pins or ejector plates are used to remove the part from the mold without causing damage.Step 5: Post-processingDepending on the requirements of the final product, additional post-processing steps may be required. This can include trimming excess material, adding surface finishes, or assembling multiple injected parts.Advantages of Injection MoldingInjection molding has numerous advantages over other manufacturing processes, including:EfficiencyInjection molding allows for high-volume production with minimal wastage. The process can produce a large number ofidentical parts within a short period, making it highly efficient for mass production.Cost-effectivenessOnce the initial mold is created, the cost per unit decreases significantly. This makes injection molding cost-effective for large-scale production runs, as the cost is spread over a large number of parts.Design flexibilityInjection molding offers design flexibility, allowing for the creation of intricate and complex parts. It enables the incorporation of features such as undercuts, threads, and varying wall thicknesses.Material optionsInjection molding supports a wide range of material options, including various thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics. This enables the production of parts with different physical properties, colors, and finishes.Limitations and ConsiderationsHigh initial costThe initial cost of tooling and mold creation can be high. However, this cost is typically offset by the cost savings achieved during large-scale productions runs.Design constraintsCertain design constraints apply to injection molding, such as draft angles and uniform wall thickness. These constraints are necessary to ensure proper mold filling, uniform cooling, and easy ejection of the part.Part size limitationsInjection molding is most suitable for producing small to medium-sized parts. Large parts may require special considerations and equipment.Parting line and gate designThe parting line, where the two halves of the mold meet, and the gate design are important considerations in injection molding. Proper placement of the parting line and gate helps prevent defects like sink marks or visible gate scars.Environmental impactInjection molding relies on the use of plastic materials, which can have a significant environmental impact. Proper disposal and recycling of plastic waste are crucial to mitigate these impacts.ConclusionInjection molding is a highly efficient and versatile manufacturing process for producing plastic parts. From the clamping of the mold to the ejection of the final part, each stepin the process is crucial to ensure high-quality parts. Understanding the advantages, limitations, and considerations of injection molding allows manufacturers to make informed decisions and optimize the production process.。

INJECTION BLOW MOLDING BOTTLE TROUBLESHOOTING瓶子注吹问题的解决方法The contents of this troubleshooting guide are meant only to give the leaders andmachine operators something to refer to, when trying to correct a problem with abottle on the injection blow molding. The below list is not all the possibility which may be become the cause of the problem, and indeed, the solution may be acombination of several things.这个问题解决方法的内容只是为了在解决瓶子注吹问题时，给领班和机器操作员一些参考。

以下的列表不是所有可能导致问题的原因，事实上，解决方法可能是几件事情的结合。

There are several important things to remember when trying a troubleshooting: 当式着解决一个问题时，有几件很重要的事需要记住：1.THINK! Think about the problem and the possibility reason for it before youtry anything.思考！在你做出任何尝试之前思考出现的问题以及可能的原因。

2.Try only one change at a time. Don’t lose your p erspective.一次只试着改变一个变量！不要失去你的观点3.Be patient! Give a change an opportunity to work before you go into somethingelse. For example, a change in the barrel heat setting may take 15 to 20 minutes before its true effect will be noticed.有耐心！在你得到一些结果之前给变量一个运作的机会。

手机机壳的注塑成型一、手机机壳注塑概论1、机壳的结构特点:2、原料特性：2.1 原料特性2.1.1 工程塑料概述:塑料有多种分类方法,如可按化学结构,受热行为,结晶状态和应用领域等进行分类.按应用领域,塑料可以分为通用塑料和工程塑料两大类.通用塑料的来源丰富,产量大,价格便宜,成型加工容易,但一般只能作为非结构性材料使用,如PP, PE, PVC, PS等.工程塑料主要是指能用作结构材料好的热塑性塑料.工程塑料具有优良的综合性能,刚性大,蠕变小,机械强度高,耐热性好,电绝缘性好,可在较苛刻的化学,物理环境中长期使用,可代替金属作为工程结构材料使用,但价格较贵,产量较少.工程塑料又可分为通用工程塑料和特种工程塑料两类.前者主要品种有聚酰胺PA, 聚碳酸酯PC,聚甲醛POM, 改性聚苯醚MPPO/MPPE和热塑性聚酯?五大通用工程塑料.后者是指耐热达150℃以上的工程塑料,主要品种有聚酰亚胺,聚苯硫醚,聚砜类,芳香族聚酰胺,聚芳酯,聚苯酯,聚芳醚酮,液晶聚合物和氟树脂等.2.1.2 原料特性1）PC聚碳酸酯化学和物理特性:PC是一种非晶体工程材料，具有特别好的抗冲击强度、热稳定性、光泽度、抑制细菌特性、阻燃特性以及抗污染性。

PC的缺口伊估德冲击强度（otched Izod impact stregth）非常高，并且收缩率很低，一般为0.1%~0.2%。

PC有很好的机械特性，但流动特性较差，因此这种材料的注塑过程较困难。

在选用何种品质的PC材料时，要以产品的最终期望为基准。

如果塑件要求有较高的抗冲击性，那么就使用低流动率的PC材料；反之，可以使用高流动率的PC材料，这样可以优化注塑过程。

注塑模工艺条件干燥处理：PC材料具有吸湿性，加工前的干燥很重要。

建议干燥条件为100C到200C，3~4小时。

加工前的湿度必须小于0.02%。

熔化温度：260~340C。

模具温度：70~120C。

注射压力：尽可能地使用高注射压力。

Injection Molding Design GuidelinesMuch has been written regarding design guidelines for injection molding. Yet, the design guidelines can be summed up in just a few design rules.1Use uniform wall thicknesses throughout the part. This will minimize sinking, warping, residual stresses, and improve mold fill and cycle times.▪Wall Section Considerations▪Voids and Shrinkage▪Warpage2Use generous radius at all corners. The inside corner radius should be a minimum of one material thickness.▪Radius Limitations3Use the least thickness compliant with the process, material, or product design requirements. Using the least wall thickness for the process ensures rapid cooling, short cycle times, and minimum shot weight. All these result in the least possible part cost.4Design parts to facilitate easy withdrawal from the mold by providing draft (taper) in the direction of mold opening or closing.▪Draft and Texture5Use ribs or gussets to improve part stiffness in bending. This avoids the use of thick section to achieve the same, thereby saving on part weight, material costs, and cycle time costs.▪Rib DesignUniform WallsParts should be designed with a minimum wall thickness consistent with partfunction and mold filling considerations. The thinner the wall the faster the part cools, and the cycle times are short, resulting in the lowest possible part costs.Also, thinner parts weight less, which results in smaller amounts of the plastic used per part which also results in lower part costs.零件的设计应以最小壁厚符合部分功能和充填型腔的考虑。

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成型工艺流程及条件介绍Molding technique procedure and parameter introduction第一節成型工艺Section 1 molding technique.1.成型工艺参数类型Sorts of molding parameter.(1). 注塑参数Injection parameter.a.注射量Injection rate.b.计量行程Screw back positionc.余料量Cushiond.防诞量Sucking back ratee.螺杆转速Screw speedf.塑化量Plastic0 rateg.预塑背压Screw back pressureh.注射压力和保压压力Injection pressure and holding pressurei.注射速度Injection speed(2)合模参数Clamping parametera.合模力Clamping forceb.合模速度Clamping speedc.合模行程.Clamping stroked.开模力Opening forcee.开模速度Opening speedf.开模行程Opening positiong.顶出压力Ejector advance pressureh.顶出速度Ejector advance speedi.顶出行程Ejector advance position2.温控参数Temperature parametera.烘料温度Dry resin material temperatureb.料向与喷嘴温度Cylinder temperature and nozzle temperaturec.模具温度Mold temperatured.油温Oil temperature3.成型周期Molding cyclea.循环周期Cycle timeb.冷却时间Cool timec.注射时间Injection timed.保压时间Holding pressure timee.塑化时间Plant timef.顶出及停留时间Knocking out and delay timeg.低压保护时间Mold protect time成型工艺参数的设定须根据产品的不同设置.Molding technique parameter setting differs depending on type of product第二节成型条件设定Section 2 Molding parameter Setting按成型步骤:可分为开锁模,加热,射出,顶出四个过程.Molding steps: mold opening/closing, heating injection and knocking out. 开锁模条件:Mold opening parameter:快速段中速度低压高压速度High-speedmid-speedLow pressure high pressure speed锁模条件设定:Mold closing parameter setting1锁模一般分: 快速→中速→低压→高压Mold closing: high-speed →low-speed →low pressure→high pressure2.快锁模一般按模具情况分,如果是平面二板模具,快速锁模段可用较快速度,甚至于用到特快,当用到一般快速时,速度设到55-75%,完全平面模可设定到 80-90%,如果用到特快就只能设定在45-55%,压力则可设定于50-75%,位置段视产品的深浅(或长短)不同,一般是开模宽度的1/3.In high-speed section, Mold closing speed depends on type of mold. For two –plate mold it can set quick and even especially quick usually, it set speed within 55-75%. F or full-plate mold it set speed within80-90% while using especially high speed it set speed within 45-55% and pressure within 50-75% position distance setting differs depending on the volume of product and usually it can be set 1/3 of mold opening position.3.中速段,在快速段结束后即转换成中速,中速的位置一般是到模板(包括三板模,二板模)合在一块为止,具体长度应视模板板间隔,速度一般设置在30%-50%间,压力则是20%-45%间.In mid-speed section: Mold closing speed changes into mid-speed after high-speed section fin ish. Mid-speed start position is where two plates meet (include three-plate mold and two-pla te mold ) Distance of mid-speed is up to distance of two plates plate it speed within 30-50% and pressure 20-45%.4.低压设定,低速设定一般是在模板接触的一瞬间,具体位置就设在机台显示屏显示的一瞬间的数字为准,这个数字一般是以这点为标准,,即于此点则起不了高压,高于此点则大,轻易起高压.设定的速度一般是15%-25%,视乎不同机种而定,压力一般设定于1-2%,有些机则可设于5-15%,也是视乎不同机种不同.Low-pressure section: Mold closing sets low-pressure when plates meeting. This position is s et to the data of machine screen on this time. This point is the gage of the data. Data lowe r the point there is no high-pressure. Data higher the point there is high-pressure easily. It set speed within 15-25% and pressure within 1-2% depending on type within 1-2% depending on type of injection molding machine.5.高压设定,按一般机台而言,高压位置机台在出厂时都已作了设定,相对来讲,是不可以随便更改的,比如震雄机在50P.速度相对低压略高,大约在30-35%左右,而压力则视乎模具而定,可在55-85%中取,比如完全平面之新模,模具排气良好,甚至于设在55%即可,如果是滑块较多,原来生产时毛边也较多,甚至于可设在90%还略显不足.High-pressure section: To normal injection molding machine, high-pressure position had been set before they were sent to customer. It can not be modified. For example high-pressure pos ition of CHENHSONG machine is 50P.The speed of high-pressure section is about 30-35% and hig her than that of low-pressure. The pressure is up to mold, it can set within 55-85% For full -plate mold, it’s eject air well, it can set pressure 55% .If mold has a lot of slides and flash rate high i n production, pressure can set 90%.加热工艺条件设定Heating technique parameter setting1.加热段温度设定必须按照产品所使用的原料的不同而不同,但却必须遵循一个这样的规则,即由射口筒到进科段温度是逐步递减的.且递减温度是以10.度为单位.The proper temperature setting differs depending on type of resin material, but it must be a bide by a rule that temperature setting should diminish in step 1０.C from nozzle to feeding resin material position.2特殊情况下.如料头抽丝,则射口筒温度应降低,如果是比较特殊的原料冷凝比较快的.则射口筒温度则不止比第二节法兰温度高10度.比如PPS. 尼龙等.Nozzle temperature setting should low if product line. If resin material such as PPS, PA, co ol very soon , Nozzle temperature should higher more 10.C than the second cylinder temperatu re.3.机台马达启动温度视乎机台不同而不同,一般出于对机台油路中的油封保护需要,油温最好能控制在40度-60度,以免油封长期高压而变化,缩短使用寿命,造成成型不稳定.Pump turning on temperature is different depending on type of injection molding machine. To protect oil seal of machine it set oil temperature within 40.C-60.C, If oil seal work on con dition that high pressure and damaged It’s work time will be shorter, it can cause molding stable.第三节注射及熔胶(加料)工艺条件设定Injection and plastic Technique parameter setting一.注射Injection第四节常见塑料原料的有关温度值.原料Resin名称Name熔点℃Melt’s成型温度℃Molding Temperature(’c)分解温度℃Decomposing Temperature(‘C)模具温度℃Mold Temperature(‘c)干燥温度℃Resin dry temperature(‘c)注射是把塑料原料经加热后射进模腔的过程,它一般可分为第一级,第二级,第三级,第四级及保压几段: Injection is a step which inject melt resin material into mold. It consists of stepl,step2 , step3,step4 and holding pressure step:1.第一级注射一般是注射料头段.具注射量一般可根据料头的轻重来估计其行程,当然也可以依据公式来计算,如公式:Step l injects usually tunnel material, Injection Volume can be estimated according to the w eight of course it can be calculated by formula:L=Si=Vi/0.785Ds2L:注射行程; Si: 注射行程;L: injection stroke Si: injection strokeVi:理论注射容积; Ds:螺杆直径;Vi: injection volume of theoretical Ds: diameter of screw0.785:是Ω/4的值.0. 785: value of Ω/4.当然,如果我们在成型时每设定一个参数都要计算一次,要成型出一个产品就要几个小时才能完成了.But it cost a lot of time to produce one product if every time molding parameter is setting by calculation.2.第二级是注塑产品约2/3的阶段,当然,根据产品特殊需要,也允许成型不到2/3阶段,比如避免结合线问题,这一阶段的成型速度及压力一般是整个成型段的最大值段,如果排的产品与机台基本是相吻合的.模具结构合理,排气良好,这一段的压力一般也不会超过80%.速度侧视产品需变,可能大到95%也可,自然一般都是在55%-80%间.Step 2 inject 2/3 of product. It can lower 2/3 of product according to requirement of produc t. For example to prevent weld line. Molding speed and pressure on this step is the maximum of whole molding section. If Mold suit the injection molding machine and mold structure reas onable and eject air well, pressure of this step should lower 80%. Molding speed setting wit hin 55-80% but it may setting 95% for especial product.3.第三段是注射余下的1/3段,其速度和压力根据产品的需要,一般是小于第二段,速度和压力存在于一个往下降的过程.主要是为了防止产品毛边的产生,但同时又必须把产品充填饱满.Step3 inject remain 1/3 of product. According to product molding speed and pressure lower th an that of step2 To prevent flash speed and pressure should decrease but it can’t shot short.4.第四段:一般有机台还有第五,第六段,这段的成型速度和压力相同前,都存在两段一个递减过程.其作用都是起到一个再次充满的作用.Step4 section: Some injection machines have step5,step6 which are same as former molding spe ed and pressure this step should diminish and inject once more.5.保压段:不论成型什么产品,都存在一个保压过程.任何产品都不同程度的存在一个厚薄不一的问题,正常情况下,较厚的部分都可能存在一个收缩凹陷的现象,为了解决这种现象,就应应用到保压,保压一般来讲都应用较慢的射速,而压力的设置则应看缩水的情况如何,小到25%,大到80%都有可能.Holding pressure step: No matter what product there is a holding pressure step. Any product can’t molding a same thickness. Usually the deeper section may sink mark . To prevent this defec t it should set holding pressure, The injection speed of holding pressure step is slow but h olding pressure setting within 25-80% depending on sink mark.二.熔胶段工艺Plastic Technique1.再复杂的熔胶旋转过程最多不会超过三段,因为熔胶本身就是存在于把胶熔进料筒的过程,如果原料粘度大,熔胶压力则大,但速度则应取决于原料的分解温度,熔胶速度越快,原料中的剪切力则会越大,料管温度则越高,局部原料产生分解的可能性则会越大,故一般熔胶会采用中速为宜,如45%-75%,熔胶同时会碰到一个比较重要的环节,那就是背压的使用,产品精度要求越大,背压的使用则更大,背压可使原料分子间结构更紧密,成型出的产品则尺寸更稳定,外观越好.当然,背压太大,则会产生流涎,所以背压的使用又应考虙到其它原因.Plastic should lower 3 steps, because plastic is a step to add melt resin material to cyclin der , Higher stick of resin material ,higher screw back pressure. Screw speed differs depend ing on decomposing temperature of resin material ,Higher screw speed ,Higher trim force of r esin, higher cyclinder temperature. Some resin material may decomposes so it set screw speed in mid-speed such as 45-75%, In plastic step setting screw back pressure is very important, Higher screw back pressure ,higher quality of product screw back pressure make resin struct ure order, Molding product is beautiful and volume stable. But ,it maybe flow if screw back pressure too high . So all factors should be considered when using screw back pressure. 2.熔胶过程还有一个比较重要的环节,那就是松退,松退分前松退和后松退,其作用一般是为了防止流涎和抽丝,设定值速度和压力都在20%-50%间,设定的行程一般在2-5cm间,太长的行程可能会使料筒里面贮存空气,导致下一模出现不期望的气泡.In plastic step sucking back is very important too. Sucking back include front sucking back and back sucking back It setting sucking back to prevent flow and line. It sets sucking back speed and pressure within 20-50% and distance within 2-5cm. TOO long distance make cyclinde r reserve air and cause bubble at next molding.顶出的工艺设定knocking out technique setting产品经冷却定型后则有一个开模的过程,开模基本上是合模的反过程.开模的未段则有一个慢速设置,开模完成后,产品必须顶出的过程.There is a mold opening step after product cooling taking shape. Mold opening is a reverse s tep of mold closing. The last step of mold opening speed set slow. Product should be knocked out after mold opened.一.顶前:Knocking out顶前最好分两个阶级,第一阶可分为中压慢速,即是把产品轻轻顶出一部分,然后是中压中速顶,中压中速一般指的是35%-55%,而低速则有可能低到5%,这需视产品不同而言,顶出行程设定是顶出长度稍比产品垂直深度大1-2cm即可.Knocking out includes two steps, Step1 section setting mid-speed, knocks product out partly step2 section setting mid-pressure and mid-speed . Depending on different product, mid-press ure and mid-speed sets within 35-55% but low-speed can set 5%. Distance of knocking out long er 1-2cm than the vertical thickness of product.二.退针Back顶退包括两个过程与顶落的过程基本一致,顶退的终点应预留1-3cm的空间,以保护顶针油管不被顶坏. The same as knocking out, ejector back includes 2 steps. To protect the ejector oil jar, it should make a 1-3mm distance in the ending point of ejector back.三.顶针方式还包括一个多次顶,单次顶及顶针停留的选择,机械手取产品,脱模顺利的情况都采取多项,为了顶针油缸寿命的延长,多次顶就以不超过三次为宜,顶针停留一般用在顶针带着产品退回有可能对增品产生损伤的模具,同时为配合机械手使用,有时也需要较短的顶针停留.The way of knocking out includes knocking out once, Knocking out repeat and ejector delay. T ake product by manipulator or take product easy, it should select knocking out once. To long er the work time of ejector oiljar, times of knocking out lower 3 times. Ejector delay used when product will be damaged if ejector back or suit manipulator.成型时间的设定Molding time setting在保证产品质量的前提下,周期时间是越短越好,周期时间又包括如下几项:射胶时间,保压时间,熔胶时间,冷却时间,顶出时间,锁模低压时间,甚至乎关系到时间因素的还有还开模与锁模,及顶出的快慢.Cycle time should shorter on condition that product quality well. Cycle time includes: injec tion time , holding pressure time, plastic time, cure time, knocking out time and mold prote ct time. Even mold opening closing sopeed and knocking out speed affect cycle.1. 射胶时间包含保压时间,一般看起来,射胶时间越长,产品越饱和,但我们在讲求质量时,同时也须考虑产能,更何况,射胶时间过长,有可能会造成产品过于饱满而寻致粘模顶的变形呎寸偏大等一系列问题,故我们在设置射胶时间时应综合考虑,尽量在合乎质量要求时缩短射胶时间.Injection time consists holding pressure time. Longer injection time, fuller product, we sho uld consider production quantity when we suit for quality. If injection time too long, it may cause a series of defects suck as flash strain. So all sorts of factors should be consider ed, injection time should be shout if quality suit for requirement.2. 熔胶时间的长短取决于熔胶速度设定的快慢,背压设定的大小,但有一点,熔胶时间控制的长短一定要比冷却时间短.Plastic time depends on plastic speed and screw back pressure, but plastic time must shorter than cure time.3. 冷却时间:冷却时间的长短直接影响到成型的周期,冷却时间越长,成型时间就越长,造成产能就越低,故我们在设定高压冷却时间时,只要能保证到产品成型顺利,不会直接影响到变形等问题,设定的时间也是越短越好.Cure time: Cure time affects molding cycle. Longer cure time, longer molding cycle, lower pr oduction quantity. So it sets cure time short on condition that product molding succed and c an’t deformation..4. 在大量使用机械手的塑胶公司,我们的顶出时间一般是与机械手配合为宜,全自动使用机械手时顶出停留时间一般保持1.5-2秒,半自动生产,如因顶针退回会导致产品掉落或卡紧,而取不下产品,停留时间则应保持5秒左右.In PCE company, for using manipulator in abundence , knocking out time suits manipulator, Kn ocking out delay keeps 1.5-2 second when using manipulator full-manipulator, knocking out d elay keeps about 5 second when using manipulator semi-manipulator and product will fall or c an’t be taken off if ejector back.5. 低压保护时间对保护我们人身安全,模具安全起很大作用,配合好模具低压位置和低压压力的调整,低压保护的时间应取1-3秒,保护时间越短,可能造成的危害则越小.Low-pressure protect is very important for safety and protect mold, Mold protect time should adjust within 1-3 second suit low pressure and position of mold protect, shorter protect ti me, make damaged.。

模具毕业设计英译汉（Injection_molding）Injection moldingInjection molding (British English: moulding) is a manufacturing process for producing parts from both thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic materials. Material is fed into a heated barrel, mixed, and forced into a mold cavity where it cools and hardens to the configuration of the mold cavity.After a product is designed, usually by an industrial designer or an engineer, molds are made by a moldmaker (or toolmaker) from metal, usually either steel or aluminum, and precision-machined to form the features of the desired part. Injection molding is widely used for manufacturing a variety of parts, from the smallest component to entire body panels of cars.ApplicationsInjection molding is used to create many things such as wire spools, packaging, bottle caps, automotive dashboards, pocket combs, and most other plastic products available today. Injection molding is the most common method of part manufacturing. It is ideal for producing high volumes of the same object.Some advantages of injection molding are high production rates, repeatable high tolerances, the ability to use a wide range of materials, low labor cost, minimal scrap losses, and little need to finish parts after molding. Some disadvantages of this process are expensive equipment investment, potentially high running costs, and the need to design moldable parts.EquipmentPaper clip mold opened in molding machine; the nozzle is visible at rightMain article: Injection molding machineInjection molding machines consist of a material hopper, an injection ram or screw-type plunger, and a heating unit. They are also known as presses, they hold the molds in which the components are shaped. Presses are rated by tonnage, which expresses the amount of clamping force that the machine can exert. This force keeps the mold closed during the injection process. Tonnage can vary from less than 5 tons to 6000 tons, with the higher figures used in comparatively few manufacturing operations. The total clamp force needed is determined by the projected area of the part being molded. This projected area is multiplied by a clamp force of from 2 to 8 tons for each square inch of the projected areas. As a rule of thumb, 4 or 5 tons/in2 can be used for most products. If the plastic material is very stiff, it will require more injection pressure to fill the mold, thus more clamp tonnage to hold the mold closed. The required force can also be determined by the material used and the size of the part, larger parts require higher clamping force.MoldMold or die are the common terms used to describe the tooling used to produce plastic parts in molding.Since molds have been expensive to manufacture, they were usually only used in mass production where thousands of parts were being produced. Typical molds are constructed from hardened steel, pre-hardened steel, aluminum, and/or beryllium-copper alloy. The choice of material to build a mold from is primarily one of economics; in general, steel molds cost more to construct, but their longer lifespan will offset the higher initial cost over a higher number of parts made before wearing out. Pre-hardened steel molds are less wear-resistant and are used for lower volume requirements or larger components. The typicalsteel hardness is 38-45 on the Rockwell-C scale. Hardened steel molds are heat treated after machining. These are by far the superior in terms of wear resistance and lifespan. Typical hardness ranges between 50 and 60 Rockwell-C (HRC). Aluminum molds can cost substantially less, and, when designed and machined with modern computerized equipment, can be economical for molding tens or even hundreds of thousands of parts. Beryllium copper is used in areas of the mold that require fast heat removal or areas that see the most shear heat generated. The molds can be manufactured either by CNC machining or by using Electrical Discharge Machining processes.Mold DesignStandard two plates tooling –core and cavity are inserts in a mold base – "Family mold" of 5 different partsThe mold consists of two primary components, the injection mold (A plate) and the ejector mold (B plate). Plastic resin enters the mold through a sprue in the injection mold, the sprue bushing is to seal tightly against the nozzle of the injection barrel of the molding machine and to allow molten plastic to flow from the barrel into the mold, also known as cavity The sprue bushing directs the molten plastic to the cavity images through channels that are machined into the faces of the A and B plates. These channels allow plastic to run along them, so they are referred to as runners.The molten plastic flows through the runner and enters one or more specialized gates and into the cavity geometry to form the desired part.The amount of resin required to fill the sprue, runner and cavities of a mold is a shot. Trapped air in the mold can escape through air vents that are ground into the parting line of the mold. If the trapped air is not allowed to escape, it is compressedby the pressure of the incoming material and is squeezed into the corners of the cavity, where it prevents filling and causes other defects as well. The air can become so compressed that it ignites and burns the surrounding plastic material. To allow for removal of the molded part from the mold, the mold features must not overhang one another in the direction that the mold opens, unless parts of the mold are designed to move from between such overhangs when the mold opens (utilizing components called Lifters).Sides of the part that appear parallel with the direction of draw (The axis of the cored position (hole) or insert is parallel to the up and down movement of the mold as it opens and closes)are typically angled slightly with (draft) to ease release of the part from the mold. Insufficient draft can cause deformation or damage. The draft required for mold release is primarily dependent on the depth of the cavity: the deeper the cavity, the more draft necessary. Shrinkage must also be taken into account when determining the draft required.If the skin is too thin, then the molded part will tend to shrink onto the cores that form them while cooling, and cling to those cores or part may warp, twist, blister or crack when the cavity is pulled away. The mold is usually designed so that the moldedpart reliably remains on the ejector (B) side of the mold when it opens, and draws the runner and the sprue out of the (A) side along with the parts. The part then falls freely when ejected from the (B) side. Tunnel gates, also known as submarine or mold gate, is located below the parting line or mold surface. The opening is machined into the surface of the mold on the parting line. The molded part is cut (by the mold) from the runner system on ejection from the mold. Ejector pins, also known as knockout pin,is a circular pin placed in either half of the mold (usually the ejector half), which pushes the finished molded product, or runner system out of a mold.The standard method of cooling is passing a coolant (usually water) through a series of holes drilled through the mold plates and connected by hoses to form a continueous pathway. The coolant absorbs heat from the mold (which has absorbed heat from the hot plastic) and keeps the mold at a proper temperature to solidify the plastic at the most efficient rate.To ease maintenance and venting, cavities and cores are divided into pieces, called inserts, and sub-assemblies, also called inserts, blocks, or chase blocks. By substituting interchangeable inserts, one mold may make several variations of the same part.More complex parts are formed using more complex molds. These may have sections called slides, that move into a cavity perpendicular to the draw direction, to form overhanging part features. When the mold is opened, the slides are pulled away from the plastic part by using st ationary “angle pins” on the stationary mold half. These pins enter a slot in the slides and cause the slides to move backward when the moving half of the mold opens. The part is then ejected and the mold closes. The closing action of the mold causes the slides to move forward along the angle pins.Some molds allow previously molded parts to be reinserted to allow a new plastic layer to form around the first part. This is often referred to as overmolding. This system can allow for production of one-piece tires and wheels.2-shot or multi-shot molds are designed to "overmold" within a single molding cycle and must be processed on specialized injection molding machines with two or moreinjection units. This process is actually an injection molding process performed twice. In the first step, the base color material is molded into a basic shape. Then the second material is injection-molded into the remaining open spaces. That space is then filled during the second injection step with a material of a different color.A mold can produce several copies of the same parts in a single "shot". The number of "impressions" in the mold of that part is often incorrectly referred to as cavitation. A tool with one impression will often be called a single impression(cavity) mold.A mold with 2 or more cavities of the same parts will likely be referred to as multiple impression (cavity) mold.Some extremely high production volume molds (like those for bottle caps) can have over 128 cavities.In some cases multiple cavity tooling will mold a series of different parts in the same tool. Some toolmakers call these molds family molds as all the parts are related.Effects on the material propertiesThe mechanical properties of a part are usually little affected. Some parts can have internal stresses in them. This is one of the reasons why it's good to have uniform wall thickness when molding. One of the physical property changes is shrinkage. A permanent chemical property change is the material thermoset, which can't be remelted to be injected again.Tool MaterialsTool steel or beryllium-copper are often used. Mild steel, aluminum, nickel or epoxy are suitable only for prototype or very short production runs.Modern hard aluminum (7075 and 2024 alloys) with proper mold design, can easily make molds capable of 100,000 or more part life.Geometrical PossibilitiesThe most commonly used plastic molding process, injection molding, is used to create a large variety of products with different shapes and sizes. Most importantly, they can create products with complex geometry that many other processes cannot. There are a few precautions when designing something that willbe made using this process to reduce the risk of weak spots. First, streamline your product or keep the thickness relatively uniform. Second, try and keep your product between 2 to20 inches.The size of a part will depend on a number of factors (material, wall thickness, shape,process etc.). The initial raw material required may be measured in the form of granules, pellets or powders. Here are some ranges of the sizes.MachiningMolds are built through two main methods: standard machining and EDM. Standard Machining, in its conventional form, has historically been the method of building injection molds. With technological development, CNC machining became the predominant means of making more complex molds with more accurate mold details in less time than traditional methods.The electrical discharge machining (EDM) or spark erosion process has become widely used in mold making. As well as allowing the formation of shapes that are difficult to machine, the process allows pre-hardened molds to be shaped so that no heat treatment is required. Changes to a hardened mold by conventional drilling and milling normally require annealing to soften the mold, followed by heat treatment to harden it again. EDM is a simple process in which a shaped electrode, usuallymade of copper or graphite, is very slowly lowered onto the mold surface (over a period of many hours), which is immersed in paraffin oil. A voltage applied between tool and mold causes spark erosion of the mold surface in the inverse shape of the electrode.CostThe cost of manufacturing molds depends on a very large set of factors ranging from number of cavities, size of the parts (and therefore the mold), complexity of the pieces, expected tool longevity, surface finishes and many others. The initial cost is great, however the piece part cost is low, so with greater quantities the overall price decreases.Injection processSmall injection molder showing hopper, nozzle and die area With Injection Molding, granular plastic is fed by gravity from a hopper into a heated barrel. As the granules are slowly moved forward by a screw-type plunger, the plastic is forced into a heated chamber, where it is melted. As the plunger advances, the melted plastic is forced through a nozzle that rests against the mold, allowing it to enter the mold cavity through a gate and runner system. The mold remains cold so the plastic solidifies almost as soon as the mold is filled.Injection Molding CycleThe sequence of events during the injection mold of a plastic part is called the injection molding cycle. The cycle begins when the mold closes, followed by the injection of the polymer into the mold cavity. Once the cavity is filled, a holding pressure is maintained to compensate for material shrinkage. In the next step, the screw turns, feeding the next shot to the front screw.This causes the screw to retract as the next shot is prepared. Once thepart is sufficiently cool, the mold opens and the part is ejected.Molding trialWhen filling a new or unfamiliar mold for the first time, where shot size for that mold is unknown, a technician/tool setter usually starts with a small shot weight and fills gradually until the mold is 95 to 99% full. Once this is achieved a small amount of holding pressure will be applied and holding time increased until gate freeze off (solidification time) has occurred. Gate solidification time is an important as it determines cycle time, which itself is an important issue in the economics of the production process. Holding pressure is increased until the parts are free of sinks and part weight has been achieved. Once the parts are good enough and have passed any specific criteria, a setting sheet is produced for people to follow in the future. The method to setup an unknown mold the first time can be supported by installing cavity pressure sensors. Measuring the cavity pressure as a function of time can provide a good indication of the filling profile of the cavity. Once the equipment is set to successfully create the molded part, modern monitoring systems can save a reference curve of the cavity pressure. With that it is possible toreproduce the same part quality on another molding machine within a short setup time.Tolerances and SurfacesMolding tolerance is a specified allowance on the deviation in parameters such as dimensions, weights, shapes, or angles, etc. To maximize control in setting tolerances there is usually a minimum and maximum limit on thickness, based on the process used.Injection molding typically is capable of tolerances equivalent to an IT Grade of about 9–14. The possible toleranceof a thermoplastic or a thermoset is ±0.008 to ±0.002 inches. Surface finishes of two to four microinches or better are can be obtained. Rough or pebbled surfaces are also possible.Lubrication and CoolingObviously, the mold must be cooled in order for the production to take place. Because of the heat capacity, inexpensiveness, and availability of water, water is used as the primary cooling agent. To cool the mold, water can be channeled through the mold to account for quick cooling times. Usually a colder mold is more efficient because this allows for faster cycle times. However, this is not always true because crystalline materials require the opposite: a warmer mold and lengthier cycle time.InsertsMetal inserts can be also be injection molded into the workpiece. For large volume parts the inserts are placed in the mold using automated machinery. An advantage of using automated components is that the smaller size of parts allows a mobile inspection system that can be used to examine multiple parts in a decreased amount of time. In addition to mounting inspection systems on automated components, multiple axial robots are also capable of removing parts from the mold and place them in latter systems that can be used to ensure quality of multiple parameters. The ability of automated components to decrease the cycle time of the processes allows for a greater output of quality parts.Specific instances of this increased efficiency include the removal of parts from the mold immediately after the parts are created and use in conjunction with vision systems. The removal of parts is achieved by using robots to grip the partonce it has become free from the mold after in ejector pins have been raised. The robot then moves these parts into either a holding location or directly onto an inspection system, depending on the type of product and the general layout of the rest of the manufacturer's production facility. Visions systems mounted on robots are also an advancement that has greatly changed the way that quality control is performed in insert molded parts. A mobile robot is able to more precisely determine the accuracy of the metal component and inspect more locations in the same amount of time as a human inspector.注塑成型注射制模（Injection moldin）是一种生产由热塑性塑料或热固性塑料所构成的部件的过程。

注塑专业术语1，注塑，吸塑，吹塑以及搪塑的区别注塑injection molding是一种工业产品生产造型的方法。

产品通常使用橡胶注塑和塑料注塑。

注塑还可分注塑成型模压法。

和压铸法。

注射成型机（简称注射机或注塑机）是将热塑性塑料或热固性料利用塑料成型模具制成各种形状的塑料制品的主要成型设备，注射成型是通过注塑机和模具来实现的。

橡胶注塑：.橡胶注塑成型是一种将胶料直接从机筒注入模型硫化的生产方法。

橡胶注塑的优点是：虽属间歇操作，但成型周期短，生产效率高取消了胚料准备工序，劳动强度小，产品质量优异。

2.塑料注塑：.塑料注塑是塑料制品的一种方法，将熔融的塑料利用压力注进塑料制品模具中，冷却成型得到想要各种塑料件。

有专门用于进行注塑的机械注塑机。

目前最常使用的塑料是聚苯乙烯。

所得的形状往往就是最后成品，在安装或作为最终成品使用之前不再需要其他的加工。

许多细部，诸如凸起部、肋、螺纹，都可以在注射模塑一步操作中成型出来。

吸塑：Blister molding一种塑料加工工艺，主要原理是将平展的塑料硬片材加热变软后，采用真空吸附于模具表面，冷却后成型，广泛用于塑料包装、灯饰、广告、装饰等行业。

吸塑包装的主要优点是，节省原辅材料、重量轻、运输方便、密封性能好，符合环保绿色包装的要求；能包装任何异形产品，装箱无需另加缓冲材料；被包装产品透明可见，外形美观，便于销售，并适合机械化、自动化包装，便于现代化管理、节省人力、提高效率。

【吸塑成型对材料的要求】：吸塑成型只能生产壁厚比较均匀的产品，（一般倒角处稍薄），不能制得壁厚相差悬殊的塑料制品吸塑成型的壁厚一般在1到2mm范围之内或更加薄（小包装用吸塑包装的片材最常用的厚度为0.15到0.25mm）吸塑成型制品的拉伸度受到一定的限制，吸塑成型的塑料容器直径深度比一般不超过1，极端情况下亦不得超过1.5.吸塑成型的尺寸精度差，其相对误差一般在百分之一以上。

吹塑：blow molding也称中空吹塑，一种发展迅速的塑料加工方法。

Notes concerninginjection moulding Grilamid (PA12, amorphous PA) Grivory (partially aromatic PA) Grilon (PA6, PA66)Grilamid, Grivory and Grilon grades can be processed economically to manufacture moulded parts using com-mercially available injection moulding equipment.This technical data sheet is intended to serve as a guide for correct processing and, in particular, to provide guidelines for the selection of optimal processing and mould temperatures. Please request our specialised literature for data concerning mechanical, thermal and electrical properties as well as for long-term test values (behaviour when stressed by force, tem-perature, humidity, exposure to chemicals, etc.)We will be pleased to advise you.Temperatures1. Melt temperatureIt should be noted that the melt temperature must not necessa-rily correspond to the barrel wall temperature set at the injec-tion moulding machine. This difference is influenced by:a)screw speed during meteringb)back-pressure during meteringc)residence time of the melt in the barreld)design and diameter of the screwe)viscosity of the meltf)degree of wear of screw and barrelA further temperature increase due to friction can be caused, in addition to the shearing effect of the screw, by a rapid melt flow through a small gate cross-section (pin or film gates). Grilamid, Grivory and Grilon injection-moulding grades have excellent thermal stability. The relevant injection-moulding mate-rial can be processed without problem at the maximum per-missible melt temperature for parts with extended flow distan-ces and small wall thicknesses. However, in such cases the influence of points a) to f) given above should be taken into con-sideration and monitored. Wear of screw and barrel wall have particularly disadvantageous effects. Leakage flow between the screw flight/barrel wall and non-return valve/thrust ring, results in quantities of melt remaining in the barrel for long peri-ods of time.Additional overheating of small amounts of metered melt in these areas of radial screw clearance is not registered by the melt temperature measurements(average temperatures). This is one reason why injection moulded parts produced at correct melt temperature settings may exhibit discoloration or streaks caused by overheating. A low melt temperature is recommen-ded when producing solid parts with large wall thicknesses, long cooling times and short flow distances as this reduces ther-mal stressing of the melt.The choice of a lower melt temperature may also give impro-ved surface quality of thick-walled parts made of non-reinforced material.A range of melt temperatures is given in the tables on pages 3 to 5. In addition, the recommended melt temperatures and mel-ting points are listed.2. Barrel temperaturesThe temperature settings of the heating barrel normally result in a profile where the temperature increases from feed hopper to nozzle. The choice of nozzle temperature is dependant on the design of nozzle used. It should be selected in such a way to avoid filament formation (stringing) at temperatures which are too high and cold-slug formation at temperatures which are too low. During long contact times between nozzle and mould, coo-ling of the nozzle tip from contact with the mould must be com-pensated by increasing the nozzle temperature. A low tempe-rature setting in zone 1 (feed zone), together with cooling of the hopper flange, prevents premature melting of the granules and, therefore, promotes uniform and trouble-free metering.Exceptions:Deviation from these rules is permissible when the maximum volume that can be metered by the plasticising unit has to be used within a short metering time (normally not exceeding 80% of maximum volume). In this case, a higher barrel temperature in the feed zone must be selected in order to create sufficient heat to allow the increased through-put. A temperature profile decreasing from hopper to nozzle is thus created. If production is interrupted, this temperature must be reduced immediately to normal levels in order to prevent melting of the granules in the hopper and feed zone, impeding or preventing restarting of production. Starting-up of production runs requiring such high temperatures should be carried out with a normal temperature profile. The temperature in the feed zone is then increased during optimisation of the cycle time.3. Mould temperatureThe mould surface temperature is one of the decisive factors influencing the quality of parts made of Grilamid, Grivory or Grilon. Heating is carried out by a heating unit which pumps water (up to 95 °C, pressurised water up to 160 °C) or oil (> 160 °C) through heating bores in the mould.Water is preferable for use as heating medium as it provides better and quicker heat transfer than oil. The heating systems are equipped with a control device which maintains a constant mould surface temperature throughout production. The control tolerance should not be exceed ± 3 °C.Using Grilon injection moulding materials at high mould tem-peratures, parts are obtained which have a high degree of cry-stallinity and which exhibit excellent mechanical properties and have a low tendency to warp.Optimal surface quality of parts made of glass-reinforced Grilamid, Grivory and Grilon grades is achieved when mould temperatures above 80 °C are used, following the recommen-dations in the temperature setting tab.If an injection moulded part is to be sterilised with super-heated steam (e.g. at 121 °C), the mould temperature selected should be as high as possible. This reduces warping of the part during sterilising to a minimum or may even prevent it. Large moulds should have separate heating circuits for ejector and nozzle areas. It is important to always have an even temperature distri-bution over the complete cavity surface of the mould.2Temperature settingsProduct Melting Melt tempera-Recommended Mould surface Normal initialpoint in °C ture in °C melt tempera-temperature humidity in %ture in °C in °CGrilamidGrilamid ELY 20 NZ160210–26023020–40<0.1Grilamid ELY 60160210–26023020–40<0.1Grilamid ELY 2475167210–26022020–40<0.1Grilamid ELY 2694176210–26022020–40<0.1Grilamid ELY 2702162210–26022020–40<0.1Grilamid L20 EC178210–26025040<0.1Grilamid L20 G178210–26025040<0.1Grilamid L20H FR178210–26024040<0.1<Grilamid L20 W20174210–26025020–40<0.1<Grilamid LV-3H178240–30026080<0.1Grilamid LKN-5H178240–30026080<0.1Grilamid TRGrilamid TR 551601)280–30528080<0.06 Grilamid TR 55 LX1101)250–27026540<0.06 Grilamid TR 55 LY1051)250–27026540<0.06 Grilamid TR 55 LZ1101)250–27026540<0.06 Grilamid TR 70 LX1901)290–320290110<0.06 Grilamid TR 901551)260–29026580<0.06 Grilamid TRV-4X91551)270–30028080<0.06 Grilamid TR 90 UV1551)260–29026580<0.06 Grilamid TR 90 LX1251)250–27026540<0.06Grivory GGrivory GC-4H260270–30029080–100<0.08Grivory GM-4H260270–30029080<0.08Grivory GTR 451251)250–28027080<0.08<Grivory GV-4H260270–30029080–120<0.08Grivory GV-5H260270–30029080–120<0.08Grivory GV-6H260270–30029080–120<0.08Grivory GVN-35H260270–30029080–100<0.08The drying temperature for all grades is 80 °C, drying time 4–12 hours. Use of drying air is necessary.1)Glass transition temperature3Product Melting Melt tempera-Recommended Mould surface Normal initial point in °C ture in °C melt tempera-temperature humidity in %ture in °C in °CGrivory HTGrivory HTM-4H1325330–345340140–160<0.06 Grivory HTV-3H1325330–345340140–160<0.06 Grivory HTV-4X1325330–345340140–160<0.06 Grivory HTV-5H1325330–345340140–160<0.06<Grivory HTV2V-3X V0310315–325320100–140<0.06 Grivory HT2V-4X V0310315–325320100–140<0.06 Grilon (PA6)Grilon A23 FC222240–28026080<0.1 Grilon BS*222240–28026080<0.1 Grilon A28 GM222240–28026080<0.1 Grilon R40 GM222240–28026080<0.1<Grilon A28 DZ222240–30026080<0.1<Grilon A28 NZ222240–30026080<0.1<Grilon BT40 Z220270–30028080<0.1 Grilon A28 V0222240–26025080<0.1 Grilon PVS-15H222270–30029080–100<0.1 Grilon PVS-25H222270–30029080–100<0.1 Grilon PVS-3H222270–30029080–100<0.1 Grilon BG-30*222270–30029080–100<0.1<Grilon PVS-5H222270–30029080–100<0.1<black 9922Grilon BGZ-15*222270–30028080–100<0.1 Grilon PVZ-3H222270–30028080–100<0.1<Grilon PVZ-5H222270–30028080–100<0.1 Grilon BS EC*222240–28026080<0.1 Grilon BK-30*222270–30028080–100<0.1 Grilon BK-50*222270–30028080–100<0.14Product Melting Melt tempera-Recommended Mould surface Normal initialpoint in °C ture in °C melt tempera-temperature humidity in %ture in °C in °CGrilon BGK-30 X222270–30028080–100<0.1Grilon BGM-40 X222270–30028080–100<0.1Grilon PV-15H HM222270–30028080–100<0.1Grilon PV-3H HM222270–30028080–100<0.1Grilon PV-4H HM222270–30028080–100<0.1<Grilon PMV-5H V0222280–31030080–120<0.1Grilon (PA66)Grilon T300 GM260260–29028080<0.1Grilon AZ 3*260260–29028080<0.1<Grilon T302 V0260260–27027080<0.1<black 9836Grilon TV-25H HM260280–30029080–100<0.1Grilon TS (PA66 + PA6)Grilon TSS*260270–30028080<0.1Grilon TSS/4*260270–30028080<0.1<Grilon TSZ 3*260270–30028080<0.1Grilon TSG-30*260280–30029080–100<0.1Grilon TSG-30/4*260280–30029080–100<0.1Grilon TSG-50*260280–30029080–100<0.1<Grilon TSK-30/4*260280–30029080–100<0.1Grilon TSM-30*260280–30029080–100<0.1Grilon TSGK-30*260280–30029080–100<0.1Grilon TSGZ-15*260280–30029080–100<0.1Grilon TSGZ-30 X*260280–30029080–100<0.1Grilon TS V0*260260–27027080<0.1<Grilon TSG-30 FR260270–29028580–100<0.1<Grilon TSS/4 LF 20*260270–30028080<0.1<56ProductMelting Melt tempera-Recommended Mould surface Normal initial point in °C ture in °C melt tempera-temperature humidity in %ture in °C in °C Grilon TSC-20/4 EC*260280–30029080–100<0.1 Grilon TSC-30/4 EC*260280–30029080–100<0.1 Grilon TSC-40/4 EC*260280–30029080–100<0.1* new Grilon nomenclature!Grilamid and Grivory nomenclature7EMS -GRIVORY worldwide SwitzerlandEMS-GRIVORY Reichenauerstrasse CH-7013 Domat/Ems Tel.+41 81 632 78 88Fax +41 81 632 74 01a unit of EMS -CHEMIE AGE-Mail: welcome@GermanyEMS-CHEMIE (Deutschland) GmbH Business Unit EMS -GRIVORY Warthweg 14D-64823 Gross-Umstadt Tel.+49 6078 78 30Fax +49 6078 783 416E-Mail: welcome@FranceEMS-CHEMIE (France) S.A.Division EMS-GRIVORY 73-77, rue de Sèvres Boîte postale 52F-92105 Boulogne-Billancourt Tel.+33 1 41 10 06 10Fax +33 1 48 25 56 07E-Mail: welcome@Great BritainEMS-CHEMIE (UK) Ltd.Business Unit EMS -GRIVORY Drummond RoadAstonfields Industrial Estate GB-Stafford ST16 3HJ Tel.+44 1785 607 580Fax +44 1785 607 570E-Mail: welcome@United StatesEMS-CHEMIE (North America) Inc.Business Unit EMS -GRIVORY 2060 Corporate Way P.O. Box 1717Sumter, SC 29151, USA Tel.+1 803 481 91 73Fax +1 803 481 38 20E-Mail: welcome@ TaiwanEMS-CHEMIE (Asia) Ltd.Business Unit EMS -GRIVORY 36, Kwang Fu South Road Hsin Chu Industrial ParkFu Kou Hsiang, Hsin Chu Hsien Taiwan, R.O.C.Tel.+886 35 985 335Fax +886 35 985 345E-Mail: welcome@ JapanEC-SHOWA DENKO K.K.Business Unit EMS -GRIVORY Yutaka Bldg.4-9-3 Taito Taito-ku110-0016, Tokyo, Japan Tel.+81 3 38321501Fax +81 3 38321503E-Mail: welcome@。