CFA-SEM - Association of Marketing Theory and Prac

CFA一级每日一练（含详细解析）051、An analyst does research about tradingsessions.Which of the following statementsis most accurate to describe the characteristics of a call market?【单选题】A.Dealers who provide securities liquidity engage in proprietary trading.B.Gathering all trades to the same place at the same time makes it easier forbuyers to find sellers and vice versa.C.A willing buyer and seller can trade at anytime the market is open.正确答案:B答案解析:集合竞价市场(call market)主要是撮合买卖订单来决定单一价格，该价格往往在一些小的市场或者一些大的市场决定开盘价格时使用。

连续交易市场（continuous trading market)在开盘中的任何时间，交易都能够被执行。

2、A 180-day U.S. Treasury bill has a holding period yield (HPY) of 2.375%. The bank discount yield (in %) is closest to :【单选题】A.4.640.B.4.750.C.4.875.正确答案:A答案解析:“Discounted Cash Flow Applications,” Richard A. Defusco CFA, Dennis W. McLeavey, CFA, Jerald E. Pinto, CFA, and David E. Runkle, CFA2010 Modular Level I, Vol. 1, pp. 253-257Study Session 2-6-d, eCalculate and interpret the bank discount yield, holding period yield, effective annual yield, and money market yield for a U.S. treasury billConvert among holding period yields, money market yields, effective annual yields, and bond equivalent yields.3、The aggregate demand and supply functions for the local market for pizza, along with some relevantdata, is provided in the following table.The number of units of excess demand for pizza is closest to:【单选题】A.2,358.B.1,471.C.2,072.正确答案:A答案解析:CFA Level I"Demand and Supply Analysis: Introduction," Richard V. Eastin and Gary L. ArbogastSection 3.64、A consultant starts a project today that will last for three years. Her compensation package includes the following:If she expects to invest these amounts at an annual interest rate of 3%, compounded annually until her retirement 10 years from now, the value at the end of 10 years is closest to:【单选题】A.$566,466.B.$618,994.C.$460,590.正确答案:A答案解析:Calculate the future value (FV) of each of the cash flows to the end of 10 years:2014 CFA Level I“The Time Value of Money,” by Richard A. DeFusco, Dennis W. McLeavey, Jerald E. Pinto, and David E. RunkleSection 4.25、Which of the following statements concerning the use of industry analysis is most accurate? Industry analysis is most useful for:【单选题】A.portfolio performance attribution.B.evaluating market efficiency.C.sector allocations in passive equity portfolios.正确答案:A答案解析:Portfolio performance attribution, which addresses the sources of a portfolio’s returns, usually in relation to the portfolio’s benchmark, includes industry or sector selection. Industry classification schemes play a role in such performance attribution.2014 CFA Level I“Introduction to Industry and Company Analysis,” by Patrick W. Dorsey, Anthony M. Fiore, and Ian Rossa O’ReillySections 1–2。

cfa是什么证书cfa是什么证书CFA是特许金融分析师证书。

CFA是由美国投资管理与研究协会(AIMR)于1963年开始设立的特许金融分析师职业资格认证。

CFA考试分为三个级别的考试，每个考试的内容都建立在上一个考试的基础上，只有通过前一阶段的考试，才有资格进入下一阶段的考试。

CFA是当今世界证券投资与管理界普遍认可的一种职业称号，在全球投资行业最高水平的代表。

如何考取cfa1、依次通过三个级别的考试。

2、具有四年或以上的CFA认可的与投资决策过程相关的专业工作经验(相关经验可在CFA考试前、考中、考后积累)。

3、提交两封引荐人Sponsor的推荐信，两位引荐人要求分别是CFA协会的常规会员(regular member)和申请人的主管(supervisor)，两名引荐人中至少要有一名是申请人正在申请的协会正式会员，并不非要是cfa持证人才可推荐。

4、申请成为CFA及所在地协会的会员资格(membership)。

5、承诺遵守CFA协会的道德与行为准则。

CFA考试需要准备多久?一般来说，备考CFA考试需要的时间至少为6个月。

制定备考计划：备考计划包括考试时间、备考时间、学习计划和复习计划等。

学习教材：CFA考试的教材非常丰富，需要认真学习每一本教材，掌握每一个知识点。

做题练习：做题是CFA考试备考过程中非常重要的环节，需要做一些模拟试题，进行模拟考试练习。

参加课程培训：参加CFA考试的课程培训可以帮助考生更好地掌握知识点和考试技巧。

复习备考：在备考过程中，需要进行复习备考。

可以制定复习计划，每天复习一定的知识点和题目。

2023年11月CFA一级考试时间2023年11月CFA一级考试时间：2023年11月11日-2023年11月17日，CFA二级考试时间：2023年11月18日-2023年11月22日，考试科目如下表：CFA考试科目权重最新版科目名称CFA一级CFA二级CFA三级职业道德伦理15-20%10-15%10-15%数量分析8-12%5-10%0经济法8-12%5-10%5-10%财务报表分析13-17%10-15%0公司金融8-12%5-10%0权益投资10-12%10-15%10-15%固定收益10-12%10-15%15-20%衍生品5-8%5-10%5-10%另类投资5-8%5-10%5-10%投资组合管理5-8%10-15%35-40%cfa证书的用处提升职业竞争力：CFA证书是国际金融界公认的职业资格证书，持有CFA证书可以在求职过程中提升自己在金融领域的竞争力。

英文招聘广告：Job Title: Marketing SpecialistCompany: ABC CorporationLocation: New York, USASalary: Competitive salary + benefitsClosing Date: March 31, 2023ABC Corporation is a leading technology company specializing in innovative products and solutions. Due to our continued growth, we are currently seeking a highly motivated and experienced MarketingSpecialist to join our dynamic team in New York.As a Marketing Specialist, you will be responsible for developing and implementing marketing strategies to promote our products and services. Your role will involve market research, competitive analysis, creating marketing materials, managing social media campaigns, and coordinating events. You will work closely with cross-functional teams to ensure alignment and deliver exceptional customer experiences.To be successful in this role, you should have a Bachelor's degree in Marketing, Business, or a related field, along with 2-4 years of experience in marketing. You should be familiar with digital marketing tools and platforms, such as SEO, SEM, social media marketing, and email marketing. Additionally, you should have excellent communication skills, both written and verbal, and the ability to analyze and interpret data.ABC Corporation offers a competitive salary, comprehensive benefits package, and a dynamic work environment. We provide opportunities for professional growth and development, and we value diversity and inclusion. If you are passionate about marketing and want to be part of a forward-thinking company, we want to hear from you!To apply, please submit your resume, cover letter, and any relevant portfolio or samples of your work.We thank all applicants for their interest, but only those selected for an interview will be contacted.---英文求职信：Dear Hiring Manager,I am writing to express my interest in the Marketing Specialist position at ABC Corporation, as advertised on LinkedIn. With a strong background in marketing and a proven track record of driving successful campaigns, I am confident in my ability to contribute to ABC Corporation's continued growth and success.I hold a Bachelor's degree in Marketing from XYZ University and have approximately three years of experience working as a MarketingSpecialist at DEF Corporation, a leading software company. During my tenure at DEF Corporation, I have honed my skills in market research, competitive analysis, and digital marketing. I have successfully managed social media campaigns, executed email marketing strategies, and optimized website content to improve SEO rankings. My work has directly contributed to a 20% increase in our brand's online presence and a 15% increase in lead generation.In addition to my professional experience, I am an active member of the Marketing Professionals Association, where I have served as a committee member for various events and webinars. This has allowed me to stay up-to-date with the latest marketing trends and best practices.What sets me apart from other candidates is my creativity, attention to detail, and ability to think outside the box. I am a strong believer in data-driven decision-making and have experience using various analytics tools to measure the success of marketing campaigns. I am also well-versed in Adobe Creative Suite and have a passion for creating visually appealing marketing materials.I am particularly excited about the opportunity to join ABC Corporation, as it aligns perfectly with my career goals and interests. Yourcompany's commitment to innovation and customer satisfaction is truly inspiring, and I am eager to contribute to your marketing efforts.Thank you for considering my application. I would welcome the opportunity to discuss how my skills and experience can be an asset to ABC Corporation. Please find attached my resume and a portfolio showcasing some of my work. I look forward to hearing from you soon.Sincerely,[Your Name]。

CFA一级考试知识点第十部分其他类投资其他类投资具有以下特征：流动性较差、管理细分、与传统投资相关性低、监管力度及透明度较低、历史风险和收益数据有局限性、特殊的法律与税务考虑。

包括：对冲基金、私募股权基金、房地产、商品、基础设施被动投资：相信市场有效性，专注于系统性风险，一般选择房地产信托基金real eatate investment tursts、商品投资、交易型开放式指数基金exchange tradd funds，ETF 主动投资：试图从市场失效中赚取更高的风险调整后收益机会，主要有以下几个策略：绝对收益absolute return市场隔离market segmentation集中投资concentrated portfolios对冲基金和私募股权基金采用合伙制partnership ，基金管理方为一般合伙人general partner，GP。

投资者有有限合伙人limited partner，LP。

其他投资优势：分散化diversification、更高的回报higher return。

风险：出现极端概率大、透明度低、衍生品的使用会带来额外经验风险或财务风险。

对冲基金hedge fund是积极管理并投资于不同资产、使用杠杆及多空头投资的投资基金。

有如下特征：使用杠杆、多空头、衍生品头寸积极管理追求高收益、一般来说是绝对收益投资限制少、监管披露要求低投资门槛高、仅向有限投资者开放有赎回限制restrictions on redemptions，例如锁定期lockup period在此期间不允许赎回，锁定期后还需要30-90天的通知期notice period母基金fund of fund，投资于对冲基金的基金，会在对冲基金费用基础上，多收取一层管理费和激励费。

对冲基金四大策略：事件驱动策略、相对价值策略、宏观策略、权益对冲策略。

事件策略event driven strategies从影响资产价值的事件中获取收益，典型的自下而上bottom up策略。

Action Plan 行动方案AD（Account Director）客户总监Add Value 附加价值Ads（Advertisement）广告Advertorial付费软文AE（Account Executive）客户代表、客户主任Agency 代理商AM（Account Manager）客户经理Analysis Tools分析工具Announcement 公告Annual Report年报AP (Asia-Pacific) 亚太区AR List 任务清单ATL (Above the Line) 线上活动Attachment附件Audience Awareness公众认知度Auto Industry 汽车行业Awareness 认知Background Analysis 背景分析Background material 背景材料Benchmark测试基准BI (Behavior Identity)企业行为识别系统Bidding 竞标Bio个人简历Boilerplate公司简介（附在新闻稿后面的关于该公司的简短介绍）Brand Communications Strategy品牌传播战略Brand Loyalty品牌忠诚度Brand Management Commission品牌管理委员会Brand Management Consulting Firm品牌管理顾问公司Brand Management品牌管理Brand Planning/Designing品牌策划/设计Brand Positioning Survey品牌定位调查Brand Positioning 品牌定位Brand Promotion品牌推广Branding Strategy品牌战略Briefing Kit资料包Briefing情况介绍BTL (Below the Line) 线下活动BU （Business Unit）业务部门Bulletin公告栏Bundle 附赠品Business E-Mail 商务电邮Business Model商业计划Business Philosophy 经营哲学Business Strategy 经营战略Campaign 公关或营销活动Career Development 职业发展Career Planning职业计划Case study案例研究Category 类别Celebration 庆典活动CEO Reputation Management CEO声誉管理CEO's Arrangement CEO接待Channel 渠道Chart 幻灯片中的页面China Golden Awards For Excellence in Public Relations中国最佳公共关系案例大赛China International Public Relations Congress中国国际公共关系大会CI（Corporate Identity）企业形象CIPRA（China International Public Relations Association）中国国际公共关系协会CIS （Corporate Identity Sysetm）企业形象识别系统Client Database Management客户数据管理Client Oriented Strategy客户导向战略Client Relations Development System客户关系开发系统Client Relations Evaluation System客户管理评价系统Client Relations Maintenance System客户关系维护系统Client Relations Management System客户关系管理系统Client Relations Management客户管理管理Client Relations Precaution System客户管理预警系统Client Relations Supporting System客户管理支持系统Client Relations客户关系Client Satisfaction Management客户满意度管理Clipping Report剪报报告Closing Phase结束阶段Code of Conduct行为准则Code of Ethics 职业道德Communication Model 传播模式Communications Kit新闻夹Communications Management 传播管理Communications Regions传播地域Communications Strategy传播战略Community Relations社区关系Competitor竞争对手Confidential 保密的、机密的Confidential Items保密条款Consecutive Interpretation交互式翻译Consultant顾问Consumer Buying Process 顾客购买过程Consumer Database顾客数据Consumer Orientation消费者导向Consumers/Dealers Assembly用户/经销商大会Contact Person 联系人Continuous Education继续教育Controlling Phase 控制阶段Coordination Communicating协调沟通Copywriter 文案Copywriting公关文案Core Competitiveness核心竞争力Core Media核心媒体Corporate Affairs企业事务Corporate Image企业形象Corporate Profile公司简介Corporate Reputation企业声誉Corporate Video 宣传片Cost Control成本控制Cost Management成本管理Creative & Design创意设计Credential公司或个人简介Crisis Control 危机控制Crisis Management Office危机管理办公室Crisis Management Planning危机管理策划Crisis Management Team危机管理小组Crisis Management危机管理Crisis Research危机研究Crisis Statement危机声明CRM （Customer Relationship Management）客户关系管理Customer testimonial客户证言Datasheet宣传页Decoration 现场布置（装饰）Demand GenerationDemo Booth 产品演示台Diagnosis诊断Director总监Distributor 分销商DM （Direct mailing ）直邮Domain Name Registration 域名注册Donation捐赠EC（East China)华东Editorial Calendar媒体刊登计划EDM（Email Direct Marketing）电子邮件营销Effective Communications有效传播Employee Compensation员工薪酬Employee Relations员工关系Environment Analysis环境分析Environment Issues环境问题Ethics of the Profession 职业道德Event Management事件管理Event Planning 事件策划Event事件、活动Executing Phase 执行阶段Execution 执行Executive President 执行总裁Fact Sheet资料（数字或其他材料）FAQ 常见问题问答Fashion Business时尚产业Feature article 深度文章Feature文章类型中的通讯Finance Management财务管理Financial Communications财经传播Flyer 宣传单页Follow-up跟进Forum 论坛GCG（Grand China）大中国区Glossary词汇表Government Affairs政府事务Government PR 政府公关Government Relations政府关系Govt （Government）政府Graphics图形文件Greetings问候语Health Care医疗保健High Tech高科技Hospital PR 医院公关Human Resource Management人力资源管理IMC (Integrated Marketing Communications)整合营传播Implementation实施Incentive Plan激励计划Industry Participation行业参与Initiating Phase 初始阶段INPUTS Evaluation Tools输入级评估工具Integration Management整合管理Interactive PR 网上互动公关Internal Magazine内部期刊Internal Communications System内部传播系统Internal Communications内部传播Internal Film内部电影Internal PR 内部公关International PR国际公关Internet Communications网络传播Internet Media Communications 网媒传播Interpersonal Communications人际传播Interpreter翻译Interview 专访或面试Introduction Lantern宣传幻灯Investor Relations投资者关系Invitation Letter 邀请IPR（Institute of Public Relations）英国公共关系协会IPRA（International Public Relations Association）国际公共关系协会Issue Diagnosis问题诊断Issues Management问题管理ISV （Individual Software Vendor）独立软件开发商Job Evaluation绩效考核Journalist记者Key Media关键媒体Key Messages 关键信息Keynote Speaker主题演讲人Keynote Speech主题演讲LA（ Large Account）大客户LE （Large Enterprise）大客户Leadership 领导者Legal Duty法律义务Life Cycle of the Products 产品生命周期Lobby游说Logo标识Long Term Program长期项目Lucky Draw 抽奖Marcomm（Marketing Communications）营销传播Market Analysis Report市场分析报告Marketing Communications Mix营销传播组合Marketing Communications营销传播Marketing Strategy 市场营销战略Marketshare 市场份额Mass Media大众媒体MB（Medium business）中客户MC（Master of Ceremonies）主持人MC（Middle China）华中MD（Managing Director）董事总经理、执行董事Media Assistant媒介助理Media Analysis媒体分析Media Communications Strategy媒体传播战略Media Communications媒体传播Media Coverage 媒体覆盖率Media Director 媒介总监Media Executive媒介代表、媒介主任Media Inquiry媒体垂询Media Kit媒体资料包Media List媒体名单Media Manager媒介经理Media Monitor媒体监测Media Relations媒介关系Media Research媒体研究Media Tour媒体拜访或媒体外出巡游Media媒体Meeting Agenda会议议程Meeting Minutes 会议记录Merchandise促销物品Methodology方法论MI (Mind Identity)企业理念识别MI（Media Index)企业媒体声望指数Mindshare 品牌影响力份额Miscellaneous 杂费Monthly Report月报Multifunctional Task Force多职能任务小组National Standards of the PR Professional Qualification国家公共关系职业资格标准NC（North China）华北NE （Northeast China）东北Negative Report负面报道New Product Launch新产品发布News Clipping新闻剪报News Release新闻发布Newsletter通讯No-profit PR 非营利机构公关Norms of Excellent PR Management 卓越公共关系管理标准NW（Northwest China）西北Objective Diagnosis目标诊断Offering 服务内容On Site现场Online Advertisement 线上广告Online Communications线上传播Online Marketing Communications 线上营销传播Online media网络媒体Online Roadshow 网上路演Online Survey网上调查OOP（Out-of-Pocket）杂费、日常工作发生的成本Open-day Visits开放日参观Opinion Leader舆论领袖OUTCOMES Evaluation Tools输出级评估工具OUTPUTS Evaluation Tools效果级评估工具Outsourcing 外包OV（One Voice）一个声音Photo Library图片库Planning Phase 策划阶段Polish文案润色POP (Point Of Purchase Advertising) 导购点广告Positioning定位Post Event 善后工作Poster 海报Postmortem 会后书面的简短总结报告Postscript后记PR Agency公关公司PR Consulting Market公关顾问服务市场PR Consulting Practice公关顾问实务PR Consulting Service公关顾问服务PR Consulting Tools公关顾问工具PR Directorr 公共关系总监PR Evaluation公关评估PR Event 公关活动PR Guideline公关方针PR Management Working Code公关管理工作准则PR Manager 公共关系经理PR Procedure公关流程PR Proposal公关建议书PR Supervisor 公共关系主管Pre Event前期工作Pre-evaluation 预评估Preface前言Presentation 演示、陈述President 总裁Press Conference新闻发布会Press Kit媒体新闻夹Press Release新闻稿Print Media平面媒体Priority 优先的Procurement Management预警管理Product Test产品评测Profession Responsibility 职业义务Professional Association 专业协会Professional Certification 职业认证Professional Consultant 专业顾问Professional fee专业服务费Professional Grading专业等级Project Life Cycle项目生命周期Project Management项目管理Project Owner项目委托人Project Title项目标题Project公关项目Proposal公关建议书PRSA（Public Relations Society of America）美国公共关系协会Pubic Opinion公众舆论Public Affairs公共事务Public Relations Consulting公关顾问Public Relations Crisis公关危机Public Relations Management公关管理Public Relations公共关系Public Utility公用事业Publicity宣传Q&A问题问答Qualified Project Manager合格的项目经理Quality Control质量控制Quality Management质量管理Questionnaire调查问卷Quotation报价Real Estate房地产Recommendatory 推荐信Recruitment招募Reference参考资料Rehearsal预演、彩排Report报告Reputation Management 声誉管理Research Tools研究工具Reseller 经销商Retainer长期客户Review回顾、总结Risk Management风险管理Roadshow巡展、路演ROI return on investment投资回报率Rude question 不友好的问题SAE（Senior Account Executive）高级客户代表、高级客户主任SEM（Search Engine Marketing）搜索引擎营销SAM（Senior Account Manager）高级客户经理SB （Small business）小客户SC（South China）华南Scope Management范畴管理SEO（Search Engine Optimization）搜索引擎优化SMO：Social Media Optimization（社会媒体优化）Seminar研讨会Senior Consultant高级顾问Senior Media Executive高级媒介代表Senior Media Manager高级媒介经理Senior Vice President 高级副总裁Shareholders利益关系人Simultaneous interpretation同声传译Slide 幻灯片Slogan口号Social Activities社会活动Social Responsibility社会责任Source Materials客户提供的辅助资料Souvenirs & Gifts 纪念品和礼品SOV （Share of Voice）Speaking with One Voice 用一个声音说话Spokes Person Tips发言人技巧Spokesperson发言人Sponsorship Planning赞助策划Sponsorship 赞助Strategic Consulting战略咨询Strategy Communications Systems战略传播系统Strategy 战略Success Story成功故事Summary 简介、概述Supplier 供应商Survey调查SW（Southwest China）西南SWOT analysis优势、劣势、机遇、威胁分析Synopsis概要总结Target Audience 目标受众Task Marketing任务营销TBD （To be Detail）需更详细信息Team 小组、团队Technical Article技术文章Theme 主题Time Management管理Time Sheet时间管理表Two-way Asymmetry双向非平衡模式Two-way Communications双向传播Two-way Symmetry双向平衡模式UEO (user experience Optimization)用户体验优化Venue 会议地点Vertical media行业媒体VI (Visual Identity)视觉识别VIP Speech 讲话稿Virtual Computer虚拟主机Vision愿景Voiceshare 曝光信息份额VP（Vice President）副总裁VSB （Very small business）特小客户、超小客户Website Construction网站建设Whitepaper白皮书Workshops工作研讨Worldwide 全球特写feature articles以货代款in kind机构广告institutional advertising前期市场企业广告market prep corporate advertising 营销公关marketing public relation新闻简报news/press release意见抽样opinion sampling招贴posters传媒炒作press agentry传媒工具press/media kit公共事务public affairs公共关系户public relations公共关系广告public relations advertising宣传publicity公众publics招聘广告recruitment advertising声望经营reputation management撰写讲演稿speechwriting赛场营销venue marketing新闻通报录像video news release执行证明书affidavit of performance受众构成audience composition受众占有率audience share时间表avails一刻平均听众数average quarter-hour audience 一刻平均收听率average quarter-hour rating 一刻平均占有率average quarter-hour share交换辛迪加barter syndication无线电视broadcast TV有线电视cable TV单位成本CPP千人成本CPM累积听众数cumulative persons累积收听率cumulative rating时段组合day-part mix预定市场区域designated market areas班车时间drive time首播辛迪加first-run syndication形象移植imagery transfer信息式广告informercial互相连接interconnect广播电视网networks网外辛迪加off-network syndication协办participation basis占位价格preemption rate黄金时段prime time节目式广告PLA节目收率视program rating节止编排形式programming formats视听率调查服务公司rating services电台指定时间run-of-station受众总数total audience总体受众计划total audience plan广告网络ad networks广告查询ad request横幅广告banner商业回邮件business reply mail分类广告Web站classified ad Web site编辑名录compiled lists立体创意直邮creative dimensional direct mailing 数字互动媒介digital interactive media直邮广告direct-mail advertising内部刊物house organs互动电视interactive TV互联网Internet互联网服务供应商Internet service provider销售信函sales letters广告礼品advertising specialty展台booths路牌bulletin structure车内尾部招贴car-end posters电影贴片广告cinema advertising陈列媒介exhibitive media全面登场full showing车内广告牌inside cards户外媒介out-of-home media车体招贴outside posters包装packaging奖品premiums标准户外广告standardized outdoor advertising 成品招贴stock posters优惠赠券take-ones商业展示会trade shows交通广告transit advertising广告英语术语——媒介策划用语广告印象advertising impression广告反应曲线advertising response curve注意度attention value受众audience受众目标audience objectives品牌开发指数brand development index品种开发指数category development index发行量circulation成本效益cost efficiency单位成本cost per point千人成本cost per thousand创意组合creative mix分布目标distribution objectives有效频次effective frequency有效到达率effective reach暴露值exposure value频次frequency市场markets组合mechanics媒介media媒介策划media planning媒介载体media vehiclesAE——Account Executive——客户代表，或客户执行。

xxxx学院期中测试课程：电子商务专业英语姓名：学号：班级：一、单词/词组英汉互译(本大题共30小题，每小题1分，共30分)。

transaction: 交易供应商：supplier wholesaler：批发商commission: 佣金原材料：raw material value chain：价值链specification: 规格虚拟的： virtual enrich：使丰富ultimate:最终的诈骗：fraud 排名：rankingsolution: 解决方案使命：mission considerable：相当大的stocking trading:股票交易盈利模式：revenue model 志愿者：volunteerunique: 唯一的购物车：shopping cart conversion rate：转化率boost: 提高执行： execute 开始生效：kick inbear with: 忍受目标市场：targeted market comprehensive: 综合的two-way interaction：双向互动努力、尽力： endeavor 宽带：broadband二、名词解释，请对以下名词/短句用英文进行解释说明（本题共6道，每个5分，共30分）。

1、electronic businessElectronic Business, commonly referred to as "e-commerce" or "e-business",may be defined as the utilization of information and communication technologies(ICT) in support of all the activities of business.2、B2BBusiness-to-Business (B2B)is a term commonly used to describe commerce transactions between businesses like the one between a manufactuer and a wholesaler or a wholesaler and a retailer,i.e.,and both the buyer and the seller are business entity.3、advantages of internet auctionConvenience flexibility economical to operate increased reach4、domain nameA unique address on the Internet, like .my, where clients or potential customers can find your business.5、affiliate marketingAffiliate marketing is one of the oldest forms of marketing, and Internet has brought new life to this old standby（备用品）. With affiliate marketing, influencers promote other people's products and get a commission every time a sale is made or a lead is introduced.6、SEMSearch engine marketing (SEM) is a form of Internet marketing that involves the promotion of websites by increasing their visibility in search engine results pages (SERPs) primarily through paid advertising.三、段落翻译，请把下面的英文段落翻译成中文（本题共1道，共10分）。

CFA一级考试《数量分析》考试大纲CFA一级考试大纲科目《数量分析》中的考纲变化：数量科目权重未变8-12%，但被移动到第一个部分，替代道德的位置。

CFA一级考试总体来说，本科目是新考纲中变动较大的科目，主要体现在协会更加注意学问的有用性，与当前金融行业的进展特别契合。

新增两个章节分别为：Organizing,Visualizing,And Describing Data以及Introduction To Linear Regression,同时删除Statistical Concepts and Market Returns，其余每一个reading 都有少量的增减。

变化分析：第一个新增的"Organizing,Visualizing,and Describing Data'其实是原本"Statistical Concepts and Market Returns'的进阶版本。

在新增的这个章节中，除了保留对数据描述性的分析介绍之外，更加注意对数据进行系统性的分类、整理和可视化分析，介绍了在实务中常用的一些数据分析手段和方法论，比如热力图、树状图、云图、气泡线图等。

另一个新增的章节"Introduction to Linear Regression'原本是二级数量中的一个章节，这个章节主要讲的是线性回归的基本规律和原理，是为二级数量中多元回归打基础的一个章节。

另外，线性回归是金融数据分析中常用的一个量化分析模型，更加偏重应用，突出了协会对量化建模的重视。

详细变动内容：STUDY SESSION 1-QUANTITATIVE METHODS（1）Reading 1.THE TIME VALUE OF MONEY（原Reading 6-R6）：（1）由solve time value of money problems for different frequencies ofcompounding变为calculate the solution for time value of moneyproblems with different frequencies of compounding，考纲描述变化。

中外合作经营合同英文版7篇篇1COOPERATION CONTRACTThis Cooperation Contract (hereinafter referred to as the “Contract”) is entered into by ___________ (hereinafter referred to as “Party A”), and ___________ (hereinafter referred to as “Party B”), in accordance with the laws of the People’s Republic of China, on the basis of equality, mutual trust, and mutual benefit.I. CONTRACTING PARTIESParty A: ___________ (Full Name)Address: ___________ (Address)Party B: ___________ (Full Name)Address: ___________ (Address)II. COOPERATION OBJECTIVEThe parties agree to jointly establish a cooperative business entity for the purpose of ___________.III. COOPERATION PERIODThe cooperation shall be effective from the date of signing this Contract and shall continue for a period of ________ years. After the expiration of this period, unless otherwise agreed by both parties, the Contract shall be automatically renewed.IV. SCOPE OF COOPERATION1. The parties shall jointly invest and establish a business entity with Party A contributing _______% of the total investment and Party B contributing _______%.2. The business entity shall be primarily engaged in __________ (business scope).3. The parties shall jointly determine major business decisions, management policies, and share profits and risks in accordance with their respective shares in the investment.V. CAPITAL CONTRIBUTIONS AND MANAGEMENT1. The total investment of the business entity shall be determined by both parties upon joint negotiation.2. Party A shall contribute _______% of the total investment in cash/kind within _______ days from the date of signing this Contract. Party B shall contribute its share in accordance with the agreed proportion and terms.3. The management of the business entity shall be carried out in accordance with relevant laws, regulations, and the articles of association approved by both parties.VI. PROFITS AND LOSSES1. Profits and losses generated during the cooperation shall be shared by both parties in proportion to their respective shares in the investment.2. After-tax profits shall be distributed to both parties based on their respective shares after deducting necessary expenses for the operation and expansion of the business entity.VII. CONFLICT OF INTEREST AND CONFIDENTIALITY1. Both parties shall not engage in any activities that are in conflict with the interests of the business entity during the term of this Contract.2. Any confidential information related to the business entity shall be kept confidential by both parties, and neither party shalldisclose such information to third parties without the consent of the other party.VIII. CONTRACT TERMINATION AND DISPOSITION OF ASSETS1. In case of termination of this Contract due to any reason, the remaining assets of the business entity shall be disposed of in accordance with relevant laws, regulations, and the agreed terms of both parties.2. Any disputes arising from the termination of this Contract shall be resolved through friendly negotiation or legal means.IX. MISCELLANEOUS1. Both parties shall comply with all applicable laws, regulations, and policies during the implementation of this Contract. Any changes to relevant laws, regulations, or policies that affect the implementation of this Contract shall be notified to the other party in a timely manner.2. Any disputes arising from or in connection with this Contract shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. If no settlement can be reached, either party may submit the dispute to the court with jurisdiction over the place where the business entity is located for litigation resolution.3. This Contract is made in both Chinese and English languages with equal validity. In case of any discrepancies between the two versions, the Chinese version shall prevail.4. This Contract shall be subject to approval by relevant authorities before its effectiveness if so required by law or regulation.5. This Contract is executed in ____ copies, with both parties holding equal number of copies each bearing equal validity and legal force from the date of signing by both parties concerned hereby confirmed by an authorized representative on behalf of each party.. 签署地点：____________ 日期：____________For Party A: （盖章）For Party B: （盖章）（以下空白留双方代表签字及盖章用）（以下空白留双方代表签字及盖章用）（Signature）（Signature）（Stamp）（Stamp）（Name）（Name）Title: _________________________ Title: _________________________ （双方代表签字及盖章处）（双方代表签字及盖章处）篇2Sino-Foreign Cooperative Operation ContractThis Sino-Foreign Cooperative Operation Contract (hereinafter referred to as the "Contract") is made by andbetween [Company Name of China] (hereinafter referred to as "Party A") and [Company Name of Foreign Country] (hereinafter referred to as "Party B").Article 1: Contract ObjectiveThe objective of this Contract is to establish a cooperative operation between Party A and Party B for the purpose of [specify the purpose of the cooperation, such as production, distribution, marketing, technology cooperation, etc.]Article 2: Terms of Cooperation1. The cooperation shall be implemented in accordance with the principles of mutual benefit, equality, fairness, and good faith.2. Party A and Party B shall contribute resources, technologies, expertise, and other necessary elements for the successful operation of the project.Article 3: Capital Contribution1. Party A shall contribute [specify amount or percentage] of the total capital required for the project.2. Party B shall contribute [specify amount or percentage] of the total capital required for the project, which may include foreign currency or technologies.Article 4: Operation Management1. The cooperative operation shall be managed by a Joint Management Committee composed of representatives from both parties.2. The Committee shall be responsible for overseeing the daily operations, making strategic decisions, and resolving any disputes that may arise during the course of cooperation.Article 5: Profit Distribution1. Profits generated from the cooperative operation shall be distributed in accordance with the capital contributions of both parties.2. Additional profit distribution arrangements shall be agreed upon by both parties in writing.Article 6: Risk SharingAny risks encountered during the operation shall be shared by both parties in accordance with their respective contributions and responsibilities.Article 7: Contract Duration1. The duration of this Contract shall be [specify duration].2. There shall be options for renewal upon expiration of the Contract as agreed by both parties.Article 8: Intellectual Property Rights1. Any intellectual property rights arising from the cooperative operation shall be owned by both parties in accordance with their respective contributions.2. Each party shall be responsible for safeguarding the other party's intellectual property rights.Article 9: ConfidentialityBoth parties shall maintain confidentiality of all information related to the cooperative operation that is not intended for public disclosure.Article 10: TerminationThis Contract may be terminated by either party in the event of a breach of Contract by the other party that is not rectified within a reasonable period.Article 11: Miscellaneous1. Any disputes arising from or in connection with this Contract shall be resolved through friendly negotiations between both parties.2. This Contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of [specify applicable law].3. This Contract constitutes the entire agreement between the parties and no modifications shall be made to it unless agreed upon by both parties in writing.IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Contract by their respective duly authorized representatives on _________. The original text of this Contract shall be made in both Chinese and English languages, with equal legal effects. Any discrepancies shall be resolved by reference to the Chinese version.篇3Sino-Foreign Cooperative Operation ContractThis Sino-Foreign Cooperative Operation Contract (hereinafter referred to as the "Contract") is made by and between [Name of Chinese Party] (hereinafter referred to as the "Chinese Party") and [Name of Foreign Party] (hereinafterreferred to as the "Foreign Party"), through friendly negotiation and mutual understanding, in accordance with the laws of the People's Republic of China.Article 1: ObjectiveThe purpose of this Contract is to establish a cooperative operation between the Chinese Party and the Foreign Party for the purpose of jointly developing, manufacturing, and marketing ___[describe the product/service合作经营的项目]___ in China.Article 2: Scope of Cooperation1. The parties shall cooperate in the areas of research, development, production, and sales of ___[产品/服务].2. The specific details of cooperation, including investment, profits distribution, risk sharing, management structure, and operation mode shall be further defined in subsequent agreements.Article 3: Term of CooperationThe term of this Contract shall be ___[Contract duration, e.g., "ten years"], commencing on the date of signing this Contract and expiring on the date specified.Article 4: Investment1. The Chinese Party shall contribute land, buildings, and other assets as its investment.2. The Foreign Party shall contribute technology, equipment, and cash as its investment.3. Details of investment structure, proportion, and timing shall be clearly defined in a separate investment agreement.Article 5: Management1. A joint management committee shall be established to oversee the operation and daily management of the cooperative enterprise.2. The committee shall consist of representatives from both parties and shall have equal decision-making power.3. Major decisions, such as changing the purpose of cooperation, major investments, and appointment of senior management personnel require the approval of both parties.Article 6: Operation and Management1. The cooperative enterprise shall conduct its business activities in accordance with the laws and regulations of China.2. The operation and management rules shall be formulated by the joint management committee based on agreed principles.3. The enterprise shall establish a sound management system to ensure the smooth operation of its business activities.Article 7: Profit Distribution and Risk Sharing1. Profits generated by the cooperative enterprise shall be distributed in accordance with the agreed proportion between the parties.2. Risks associated with the operation of the enterprise shall be shared by both parties in accordance with their respective contributions to the enterprise.Article 8: Intellectual Property1. The Foreign Party shall assign or license all intellectual property rights related to the technology it provides to the cooperative enterprise.2. The parties shall protect each other's intellectual property rights and take necessary measures to prevent any infringement of such rights.Article 9: Contract Termination1. In case of any breach of contract by either party, the other party may terminate this Contract in accordance with applicable laws and regulations.2. Upon termination of this Contract, all assets and rights related to the cooperative enterprise shall be disposed in accordance with agreed principles.Article 10: Miscellaneous1. This Contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the People's Republic of China.2. Any disputes arising from or in connection with this Contract shall be settled through friendly negotiation between the parties. If no settlement can be reached, such disputes may be submitted to ___ [specify dispute resolution mechanism, e.g., "the court having jurisdiction over the place where the cooperative enterprise is located"] for resolution.3. This Contract is made in both Chinese and [Foreign language], with the Chinese version being the official version. In case of any discrepancies between the two versions, the Chinese version shall prevail.4. This Contract is effective as of the date of signing by both parties and shall be registered with relevant authorities in accordance with applicable laws and regulations.The parties have read and fully understand this Contract, and agree to be bound by its terms and conditions.Chinese Party: _________ [Signature]Foreign Party: _________ [Signature]Date: _________ [Contract signing date]篇4Sino-Foreign Cooperative Operation ContractThis Sino-Foreign Cooperative Operation Contract (hereinafter referred to as the "Contract") is made by and between [Party A Name], a legal entity duly organized under the laws of [Party A's Country], and [Party B Name], a legal entity duly organized under the laws of the People's Republic of China, through friendly negotiation and mutual understanding on the basis of equality and mutual benefit and in accordance with the laws of the People's Republic of China.Article 1: Contract ObjectiveThe objective of this Contract is to establish a cooperative operation between the two Parties for the purpose of [specify the purpose or industry, e.g., manufacturing, distribution, technology cooperation, etc.] in China.Article 2: Scope of CooperationThe scope of cooperation shall include but not be limited to [list specific areas of cooperation, e.g., product development, technology transfer, market expansion, etc.].Article 3: Term of CooperationThe term of this Contract shall be for a period of [specify duration, e.g., twenty years], commencing on [start date] and expiring on [end date].Article 4: Investment and Capital Contribution1. Party A shall contribute [specify amount or percentage] as investment, which may include [specify, e.g., cash, technology, equipment, etc.].2. Party B shall contribute [specify amount or percentage] as investment, which may include [specify, e.g., land, buildings, working capital, etc.].Article 5: Management StructureThe cooperative enterprise shall establish a management committee consisting of representatives from both Parties. Decision-making shall be based on mutual consultation and agreement.Article 6: Operation and ManagementThe cooperative enterprise shall be operated and managed in accordance with laws and regulations of China, and the operational activities shall be conducted based on the agreed management structure.Article 7: Profit DistributionProfits shall be distributed in accordance with the agreed ratio between the two Parties. Details shall be specified in the Supplementary Agreement.Article 8: Intellectual PropertyAll intellectual property arising from the cooperative activities shall be owned by the cooperative enterprise or used under license from either Party, as agreed upon by both Parties.Article 9: Risk SharingBoth Parties shall share risks in accordance with their respective contributions to the enterprise.Article 10: Contract TerminationThis Contract may be terminated upon agreement by both Parties or in cases of force majeure leading to permanent inability to perform the Contract. Termination shall be subject to the provisions of the Supplementary Agreement.Article 11: Miscellanea1. This Contract shall be subject to laws and regulations of the People's Republic of China.2. Any disputes arising from or in connection with this Contract shall be settled through friendly negotiation between both Parties. If no settlement can be reached, either Party may submit such disputes to [specify arbitration institution] for arbitration.3. This Contract shall be made in both Chinese and English languages, with equal validity. In case of any discrepancies between the two versions, the Chinese version shall prevail.4. This Contract is effective as of the date when it is signed and approved by both Parties.Party A (China): [Name of Party A]Authorized Representative: [Signature] Date:XX-XX-XXXX篇5SINO-FOREIGN COOPERATION CONTRACT甲方：__________（以下简称中方）Party A: __________ (hereinafter referred to as the Chinese Party)乙方：__________ （以下简称外方）Party B: __________ (hereinafter referred to as the Foreign Party)鉴于甲方拥有独特的资源和技术优势，乙方拥有先进的国际管理经验和资金实力；经充分友好协商，双方就共同开展合作经营活动事宜，达成共识，并签订本合同。

广告类型的英语作文In the modern world, advertising plays a crucial role in promoting products and services. It is a strategic form of communication that aims to persuade potential customers to purchase certain goods or services. There are various types of advertising that businesses use to reach their target audience. Here, we will explore some of the most common types of advertising.1. Print Advertising: This is one of the oldest forms of advertising, which includes newspapers, magazines, brochures, and flyers. Print ads are still popular for their tangible nature and can be very effective when strategically placed.2. Television Advertising: TV ads are highly visual and auditory, allowing for a combination of storytelling, music, and imagery to engage viewers. They are particularlyeffective during prime time slots when viewership is at its peak.3. Radio Advertising: Radio ads rely on sound to convey messages. They are cost-effective and can reach a wide audience, especially when targeted at specific demographics during their commute times.4. Outdoor Advertising: Billboards, transit ads, and street furniture are examples of outdoor advertising. These ads are highly visible and can be seen by a large number of people inpublic spaces.5. Digital Advertising: With the rise of the internet,digital advertising has become increasingly prevalent. This includes online banners, search engine marketing (SEM), and social media ads. Digital ads can be highly targeted andoffer analytics to measure effectiveness.6. Direct Mail Advertising: Direct mail involves sending promotional materials directly to potential customers' homes or businesses. This can include catalogs, postcards, and personalized letters.7. Point-of-Sale Advertising: This type of advertising is used at the point of purchase to influence the buying decision. It includes in-store displays, shelf talkers, and promotional signage.8. Sponsorship Advertising: Companies sponsor events, teams, or individuals to gain exposure. This can build brand awareness and create a positive association with the sponsored entity.9. Experiential Marketing: This involves creating immersive experiences for consumers to engage with the brand. Examples include product demonstrations, brand ambassadors, and interactive events.10. Influencer Marketing: Brands partner with influencers who have a strong following on social media platforms. Influencers promote products to their followers, leveragingtheir trust and credibility.Each type of advertising has its own strengths and is suited to different marketing goals and budgets. The key to successful advertising is understanding the target audience and choosing the right mix of advertising channels to reach them effectively.。

常用商务英语缩写c. cents 分C cash; coupon; currency 现金、息票、通货C centigrade 摄氏温度C. A. chartered accountant; chief accountant 特许会计师、主任主管会计师C. A. commercial agent 商业代理、代理商C. A. consumers’ association 消费者协会C/A capital account 资本帐户C/A current account 往来帐C/A current assets 流动资产C. A. D cash against documnet 交单付款can. cancelled 注销cap. capital 资本CAPM capital asset pricing model 固定资产计价模式C. A. S. cost accounting standards 成本会计标准c. b., C. B. cash book 现金簿CBD cash before delivery 先付款后交货C. C. cashier’s check 银行本票C. C contra credit 贷方对销c/d carried down 过次页、结转下期CD certificate of deposit 存单c/f carry forward 过次页、结转CG capital gain 资本利得CG capital goods 生产资料、资本货物C. H. custom house 海关C. H. clearing house 票据交换所Chgs charges 费用Chq. cheque 支票C/I certificate of insurance 保险凭证CIA certified internal auditor 注册内部审计员c. i. f. , C. I. F. cost, insurance and freight 到岸价,货价+保险+运费C. I. T. comprehensive income tax 综合所得税Ck. check 支票C. L. call loan 短期拆放C / L current liabilities 流动负债C. M. A. certificed management accountant 注册管理会计师CMEA, Comecon Council for Mutual Economic Assistance 经济互助委员会CML capital market line 资本市场线性CMO Collateralised Mortgage Obligations 担保抵押贷款债务CMV current market value 现时市场价值CN consignment note 铁路运单CN credit note 贷方通知书c/o carried over 结转后期C. O., C/O cash order 现金汇票、现金订货C. O. certificate of origin 产地证明书Co. company 公司COBOL Common Business Oriented Language 通用商业语言CoCom Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls 多边出口控制协调委员会c. o. d, C. O. D. cash on delivery 货到付款Col. column 帐栏Coll. collateral 担保、抵押物Coll. collection 托收Com.; comm. commission 佣金cont. container 集装箱cont., contr. contract 契约、合同conv., cv., cvt. convertible 可转换的、可兑换的Cor. corpus 本金Cor. correspodent 代理行Corp. corporation 公司CP. commercial paper 商业票据C. P. A certified Public Accountant 注册公共会计师CPB China Patent Bureau 中国专利局CPI consumer price index 消费者价格指数CPM cost per thousand 每一千个为单位的成本CPP current purchasing power 现行购买力Cps. coupons 息票CPT carriage paid to 运费付至......C/R company’s risk 企业风险Cr. credit 贷记、贷方CR carrier’s risk 承运人风险CR current rate 当日汇率、现行汇率CR cash receipts 现金收入CR class rate 分级运费率CS civil servant; civil service 公务员、文职机关CS convertible securities 可转换证券C. S. capital stock 股本CSI customer satisfaction index 顾客满意指数csk. cask 木桶CT corporate treasurer 公司财务主管CT cable transfer 电汇ct crate 板条箱ctge cartage 货运费、搬运费、车费Cts. cents 分CTT capital transfer tax 资本转移税cu cubic 立方CU customs unions 关税联盟cu. cm. cubic centimeter 立方厘米cu. in. cubic inch 立方英寸cu. m. cubic meter 立方米cu. yd. cubic yard 立方码cum. pref. cumulative preference share 累积优先股cur. curr. current 本月、当月CV convertible security 可转换债券CVD countervailing duties 抵消关税、反倾销税. P. analysis Cost Volume Profit analysis 本---量---利分析 C. W. O. cash with order 订货付款Cy. currency 货币CY calendar year 日历年CY container 整装货柜CY container yard 货柜堆场、货柜集散场 D degree; draft 度、汇票D/A deposit account 存款帐户D/A document against acceptance 承兑交单d/a days after acceptance 承兑后......日付款 D. A. debit advice 欠款报单 D. B day book 日记帐、流水帐DB method declining balance depreciation method 递减余额折旧法 D. C. F. method discounted cash flow method 现金流量贴现法D/D documentary draft 跟单汇票 D. D.; D/D demand draft 即期汇票D/d; d/d days after date 出票后......日付款 d.d. dry dock 干船坞DDB method double declining balance depreciation method 双倍递减余额折旧法 D. D. D deadline delivery date 交易最后日期def. deficit 赤字、亏损dem. demurrage 滞期费Depr. depreciation 折旧 d. f; D. F.; d. frt. dead freight 空舱费 D.G dangerous goods 危险货物diff. difference 差额Dis. discount 折扣、贴现dish’d; dishd dishonored 不名誉、拒付 D. I. T double income-taxrelief 双重所得税免征div.; divd dividend 红利、股息D-J Dow Jones & Co. 美国道—琼斯公司DJIA Dow Jones Industrial Average Stock Index 道—琼斯工业股票指数DJTA Dow Jones Transportation Average 道—琼斯运输平均数DJUA Dow Jones Utility Average 道—琼斯公用事业平均数DK Don’t know 不知道DL direct loan 直接贷款DL discretionary limit 无条件限制DLD deadline date 最后时限Dls. ; Dols; Dolls dollars 元DM Deutsche Mark; D-mark; Deutschmark; 德国马克DMCs developing member countries 发展中国家DN date number 日期号DN; D/N debit note 借记通知单DNR do not reduce 不减少do.; dto. ditto 同上、同前D/O delivery order 发货单Docs documents 凭证、单据、文件doc. att. documents attached 附单据、附件Doc. code document code 凭证单据编号 D. O. G. days of grace 宽限日数DOR date of request 要求日DP; D/P document against payment 交单付款DPI disposable personal income 个人可支配收入DPOB date and place of birth 出生时间和地点DPP damp proofing 防潮的Dr. debit 借记、借方 D. R.; DR discount rate 贴现率、折扣率Dr debtor 债务人DR deposit receipt 存单、存款收据dr. drawer 借方DS; d/s days after sightdays’ sight见票后.......日付款ds.; d’s days 日dstn. destination 日的地港DTC Deposit taking company 接受存款公司DTC Deposit Trust Company 储蓄信托公司dup.; dupl.; dupte. duplicate 副本DVPdelivery versus payment 付款交货dy.; d/y day; delivery 日、交货dz dozen 一打商务英语：集装箱术语缩写LCL LessThan ContainerLoad拼箱40 HC 40 H igh Cubic 40柜40 HR F 40 H igh Refrigerator 40冻柜GeneralCargo普通柜Sem i Hazardous半危险品H azardous危险品O／T O penTop开顶柜F R Flatrack R efrigerator冻柜CY ContainerYard集装箱堆场CFS ContainerFreightStation集装箱处理站TEU Twenty feet Equivalent Units 20尺集装箱FEU Forty feetE quivalent Units 40尺集装箱A／W All Water全水路主要指由美国西岸中转至东岸或内陆点的货物的运输方式M LB M iniLand Bridge迷你大陆桥主要指由美国西岸中转至东岸或内陆点的货物的运输方式外企公司常用缩写：1、RGDS: Regards2、TKS: Thanks3、ASAP: As soon as posible 越快越好4、BTW: By the way 顺便说一下5、FW: Foward 提出6、COD: Code of conduct 公司行为规范准则7、OL: Office lady 办公室女职员8、EG: For example9、FYI: For you information 意思是不管你的事,你看一下就好了10、ETC: Estimated time of complete 预计完成时间11、ETS: Estimated time of shipping 预计船期12、NG: No good 不合格13、FNG: Fucking new guy 常指把事情搞得一团糟的新员工14、CC: Carbon copy 抄送差额c/- or c/s---------------cases 箱bar. or 桶; 琵琶桶ca.; c/s; or cases 箱. clause---------------Both to blame collision clause 船舶互撞条款C/D--------------cash against documents 付款交单B/C-------------------------Bills for collection 托收单据取消; 注销Christ 公元前down 转下draft 银行汇票, cancelled,cancellation取消; 注销Bill----------------------Discounted 贴现票据取消; 注销商品目录bdle. ; 把; 捆C/B------------------------clean bill 光票. ; B/E ; B. of Exchange 汇票forward 接下页centimetre 立方厘米；立方公分B/G-----------------------Bonded goods 保税货物copy 复写纸；副本指复写纸复印的bg. ; b/s-----------------bags 袋of Commerce 商会银行业务篮; 筐C/d------------------------carried down 转下bl.; s 包cent-----------------------centumL. 一百Blading-------------------Bill of Lading 提单Cert. ; ; certified 证明书; 证明大厦feet 立方英尺B/L Bill of Lading 提单C/f------------------------Carried forward 接后; 结转下页包, barrels 桶商议; Compare 比较bot. ; bott. ; btl--------bottle 瓶C.& and Freight 成本加运费价格CFS;破碎公毫桶; 琵琶桶b/s-----------------------bags; bales 袋; 包货物Bs/L----------------------Bills of Lading 提单复数费用瓶支票蒲式耳of Insurance 保险凭证;箱Consular Invoice 领事发票; 领事签证箱复数, 盒复数Commission 成本. 保险费加运费,佣金价格L , panny or pence 便士Exchange 成本. 保险费 . 运费加汇费的价格D/A---------------------Document against Acceptance 承兑交单Interest 成本. 保险费. 运费加利息的价格d/a---------------------days. after acceptance 承兑后若干天交款. ,D/D--------------Demand draft 即期汇票;Delivered at docks 码头交货桶D/d---------------------documentary draft 跟单汇单; clause 级; 条款; 项十二月CLP------------------------Container Load Plan 集装箱装箱单deld--------------------delivered 交付cm-------------------------centimetre 厘米; 公分交付; 交货cm2------------------------square centimetre 平方厘米; 平方公分部; 股; 处cm3------------------------cubic centimetre 立方厘米; 立方公分目的港;目的地CMB------------------------国际公路货物运输条约D/f---------------------dead freight 空舱费CMI------------------------Comit'e Maritime International 国际海事委员会汇票c/n------------------------cover note 暂保单; 预保单直径CNC------------------------新集装箱运输公司dis. , disc't-----------discount 贴现; 折扣; 贴现息c/o------------------------care of 转交dls. ; 元C/O ; of origin 产地证明书Dmge--------------------Damage 损坏on delivery or Collection delivery 货到付款目的港; 目的地COFC-----------------------Container on Flat Car 平板车装运集装箱D/N---------------------debit note 欠款账单佣金单据invoice 领事签证发票doc. attached 附单据; 附证件Cont. ; 合同; 合约dols. ; 元FCL---------------Full Container Load 整箱货广告注册会员Products Markets 状态离线发表于2005-6-20 16:29FCL---------------Full Container Load 整箱货ETFL----------------expected time of finishing loading 预计装完时间 . & of capture and seizure clause 战争险不保条款ex------------------per or out of 搭乘例如除外；example 例子;样本Feb---------------February 二月Exch----------------exchange 兑换；汇兑or excluding 除外general average 共同海损不赔ex．interest 无利息instance 例如；free in 船方不负担装船费出口数字费用船方不负担装卸费特别的；额外的克；公分承运人不负担装入货车费．；G/A-------------General Average 共同海损保险用语ounce 液唡加仑F/O---------------in favor of 交付给…；以…为受益人货物out 船方不负担卸货费克；公分aircraft 飞机上交货价;上好可销品质fo. verso=turn the page 转下页总的；全体的；毛的重量rail 火车上交货价gg. ; 克；公分FOS. ; grs. wt. ;. ; weight 毛重weight 装船毛重h. ; 一小时damage 钩损. ; fot-------free on truck 卡车上交货价office 总公司；总行F/P---------------fire policy 火灾保险单H. & and oil damage 钩损和油损policy 总括保险单百average 平安险F. ; Fr-----------franc 法郎frt.；frit.；运费prepaid 运费已预付the same 同样英尺est that is 即；就是英尺磅功的单位进口英尺; interest 利息前面；接下页In on the way 在运输途中excharge 外汇Infra-------------------Below 以下检验J. and/or and/or loss overboard 抛弃或落水损失Insur. ; 保险一月本月七月Inst. clauses 伦敦协会保险条款六月利息发票kilo；公斤；千克千公升；公秉I/P---------------------insurance policy 保单险千米；千公尺quod the same as 同样Km square------------Kilometre 千平方米；千平方公尺ISO---------------------International Organization for Standardization 国际标准化组织Km cubic-------------Kilometre 千立方米；千立方公尺项目；条款ITV---------------------Internal Transfer Vehicle 码头内运输车公尺; mile 英里L/A------------------letter of authority 授权书m2--------------------square metre 平方米；平方公尺l. ; 公升m3--------------------cubic metre 立方米；立方公尺磅最高L/C------------------letter of credit 信用证三月LCL------------------Less than a full Container Load Cargo 非整装箱货；拼箱货装货；装载货物；商品L/G------------------letter of guarantee 保证书Memo------------------memorandum 备忘录Ikge-----------------leakage 渗漏先生复数Ikge & bkge----------leakager and breakage 渗漏及破碎Extension clause 海区扩展条款; L/T------------long ton 长吨制造的有限厂商；制造商毫克N/A-----------------Non Acceptance 不承兑英里Nav-----------------Navigating or navigation 航行insurance 海险benetake notice注意mil. ; 毫升dated 不记载日期最低；最小；起码delivery 提货不着nil-----------------nothing 无唛头；商标Mark 无标志mm--------------------millimetre 毫米；公厘名称mm3-------------------cubic millimetre 立方毫米；立方公厘十一月M/R-------------------Mate's Receipt 收货单；大副收据N/P-----------------No payment 拒绝付款先生广告注册会员Products Markets 状态离线发表于2005-6-20 16:30. ; weight 净重. ; m/s------------motorship 轮船York 纽约M/S==-----------------months after sight见票后X X月付款o/a-----------------on account of …记…帐M/T or ton 公吨o/b-----------------on or before 在或在…以前集装箱编号场O/B-----------------on board装在船上O/C-----------------open cover 预保合同Oc. B/L-------------Ocean bill of lading 海运运输提单每；page 页OCP-----------------Overland common point 内陆共同点P/a ; P/ average 单独海损十月annum 每年Cargo Clause 海洋运输货物条款centum百分比率On a/c--------------on accout 记帐；挂帐Current 市价预保单pec. ; 件; 个; 只; 块; 匹正本小包= against all risks 担保全险,一切险A/C = Account 账号。

CFA特许金融分析师-CFA一级-强化练习题（参考）-04-CorporateFinance [单选题]1.Which of the following statements regarding corpora（江南博哥）te shareholders is most accurate?A.Cross-shareholdings help promote corporate mergers.B.Dual-class structures are used to align economic ownership with control.C.Affiliated shareholders can protect a company against hostile takeover bids.正确答案：C参考解析：C is correct. The presence of a sizable affiliated stockholder (such as an indi- vidual, family trust, endowment, or private equity fund) can shield a company from the effects of voting by outside shareholders.[单选题]3.Which of the following statements regarding stakeholder management is most accurate?pany management ensures compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.B.Directors are excluded from voting on transactions in which they hold material interest.C.The use of variable incentive plans in executive remuneration is decreasing.正确答案：B参考解析：B is correct. Often, policies on related-party transactions require that such transactions or matters be voted on by the board (or shareholders), excluding the director holding the interest.[单选题]4.Which of the following represents a responsibility of a company’s board of directors?A.Implementation of strategyB.Enterprise risk managementC.Considering the interests of shareholders only正确答案：B参考解析：B is correct. The board typically ensures that the company has an appropriate enterprise risk management system in place.[单选题]5.Which of the following represents a principal–agent conflict between shareholders and management?A.Risk toleranceB.Multiple share classesC.Accounting and reporting practices参考解析：A is correct. Shareholder and manager interests can diverge with respect to risk tolerance. In some cases, shareholders with diversified investment portfolios can have a fairly high risk tolerance because specific company risk can be diver- sified away. Managers are typically more risk averse in their corporate decision making to better protect their employment status.[单选题]6.Which of the following statements about non-market factors in corporate governance is most accurate?A.Stakeholders can spread information quickly and shape public opinion.B.A civil law system offers better protection of shareholderinterests than does a common law system.C.Vendors providing corporate governance services have limited influence on corporate governance practices.正确答案：A参考解析：A is correct. Social media has become a powerful tool for stakeholders to instantly broadcast information with little cost or effort and to compete with company management in influencing public sentiment.[单选题]7.Hermann Corporation is considering an investment of €375 million with expected after-tax cash inflows of €115 million per year for seven years and an additional after-tax salvage value of €50 million in Year 7. The required rate of return is 10 percent. What is the investment’s PI?A.1.19.B.1.33.C.1.56.正确答案：C参考解析：Answer: C[单选题]8.An investment has an outlay of 100 and after-tax cash flows of 40 annually for four years. A project enhancement increases the outlay by 15 and the annual after-tax cash flows by 5. As a result, the vertical intercept of the NPV profile of the enhanced project shifts:A.Up and the horizontal intercept shifts left.B.Up and the horizontal intercept shifts right.C.Down and the horizontal intercept shifts left.参考解析：Answer: AThe vertical intercept changes from 60 to 65 (NPV when cost of capital is 0%), and the horizontal intercept (IRR, when NPV equals zero) changes from 21.86 percent to 20.68 percent.[单选题]9.With regard to net present value (NPV) profiles, the pointat which a profile crosses the vertical axis is best described as:A.the point at which two projects have the same NPV.B.the sum of the undiscounted cash flows from a project.C.a project's internal rate of return when the project's NPV is equal to zero.正确答案：B参考解析：Answer: BThe vertical axis represents a discount rate of zero. The point where the profile crosses the vertical axis is simply the sum of the cash flows.[单选题]10.Shirley Shea has evaluated an investment proposal andfound that its payback period is one year, it has a negative NPV, and it has a positive IRR. Is this combination of results possible?A.Yes.B.No, because a project with a positive IRR has a positive NPV.C.No, because a project with such a rapid payback period has apositive NPV.正确答案：A参考解析：这道题目问的是Shirley Shea评估了一项投资计划，发现投资回收期为一年，净现值为负，内部收益率为正。

阳性预测值对RR值的校正方法k1《I'中国卫生统计1996年第13卷第4期阳性预测值对RR值的校正方法华西医科大学卫生统计教研室陈冠民湖南医科大学卫生统计教研室三i目/x提要流行病学研究中疾病的错误分类是经常发生的.这些错误分类会影响暴露因素与疾病的联系.本文介绍了一种采用阳性预测值对RR进行校正的方法以及校正的RR值的可信区间的估计方法.避免丁采用特异性,敏感性对其进行校正时出现的缺陷.关键词流行病学方法相对危险度偏倚在很多流行病学研究中,疾病的假阳性,假阴性等这类错误分类是不可避免的.这种错误分类会严重干扰暴露因素与疾病的联系.CopelandL977年揭示在无偏错误分类的情况下,即错误分类对暴露因素是独立的,暴露组与非暴露组错误分类率一致时,会低估暴露因素与疾病的联系.有些作者曾探讨过在无偏错误分类的情况下,用敏感性和特异性来校正RR值但计算敏感性和特异性常需要经过创伤性检查.由于伦理学的原因,这些刨伤性的检查在研究对象中,尤其是初步检查为阴性的人中实施起来受到很大程度的限制.本文介绍一种在无偏错误分类的情况下,用阳性预测值校正RR的方法阳性预测值的计算只需在初步检查结果为阳性的人群中通过进一步检查得到,这也是初次检查结果为阳性者所乐于接受的,故有一定的实用性.总体中代数关系的推导假定在一个简单的队列研究中,危险因素分为暴露与非暴露两水平,结果分为发病与不发病.表1表示在目标总体中真实暴露和结果的不同状态.让和分别表示分类诊断实验的敏感性和特异性.在无偏错误分类的情况下,各种状态的分布可用表2来表示表1目标总体中真实的暴露与结果的情况表2在s和s声情况下出现错误分类时各状态的分布表2中,A一A?Se+(1一却)B:B?Se+D?(1一却)C=N1一AD一N0一B更进一步,让RR表示来自总体中真实情况的相对危险度;RR表示总体中错误分类情况下的相对危险度;PPV和PPV.表示目标总体中暴露组与非暴露组的阳性预测值.则;RR一(^/Ⅳ)//Ⅳ.)RR=(/N)/(B/N.)PPV】=A?Se/APPV.=B?Se/B故;RR=RR(PPV/PPV.)(1)式(1)表示只要错误分类对于暴露状态是独立的,不论敏感性和特异性取何值.上式都是成立的.样本情况下的估计假定样本是从目标总体中随机抽取的,与总体中对应的观察人数用相应的小写字母表示'吼0没有校正情况下的相对危险度的点估计^值RR表示为:RR=,)/(b/n.)在检查结果为阳性者中随机抽取一定数量的样本,采用金标准进一步检查的真实情况的结果如表3.表3在初诊阳性结果者中抽取样本盒标准确诊的结果从表3可以看出,PPV和PPV.的点估计^^值表示为:PPVl—e/mlPPV口=f/mo在此,我们假定样本个体的阳性预测值是总体阳性预剐值的估计,故校正的相对危险度表示为;^^^^RR'一1RR?(PPVI/(PPV.)=(口?e?lo?Ⅲ.)/(『,?f?1?m1)(2)没有校正的相对危险度RR的大样本的自然对数的近似方差为.:^^V ar(tnRR)=c/(a?1)+(b?.)类似的,当表3样本含量足够大时,校正因^^子PPV,/PPV.的自然对数的近似方差为.^^V ar(In(PPV,/PPV.))=g/?1)+h/(,?.)故RR*的大样本的自然对数的近似方差表示为'":^^V ar(InRR'=c/(口?,)+d/(b?n0)+g/?)+h/(f?mo)(3)由于校正的相对危险度的对数呈近似正态分布,故其可信区问的估计值可用下式表示:RR'?e~p(士"-一;?㈤其中UI--;表示在标准正态分布下相对应的可信区间的估计值.应用假定某前瞻性研究中暴露组与非暴露组各观察1000人,其观察结果如表4.表4某前瞻性研究观察的结果分析由于诊断方法的敏感性和特异性不可能为100%,故存在一定的错误诊断.由表4可知,在错误分类的情况下,其相对危险度为:RR=40%/ZO%:2.00O我们在60O例初次诊断为阳性的结果者中抽取200例,采用金标准进一步确证的结果如表5.表5初诊阳性结果中抽取样车盒标准确诊的结果由表5的结果.采用式(2)校正的相对危险度为:^^^RR'=RR?PPVl/PPV.:2.00O?(130/150)/(32/50)=2.708^由式(3)得RR的大样本的自然对数的近似方差为:^^V at(InRR)=/(d?",)+/(b?n.)+g/(?1)+h/(f?0)一600/(400?1000)+800/(200?1000)+一0.0d778故校正的相对危险度的95%的可信区间为厂■——_RR'?exp(士l昙-(V ar(1nRR')=2.708-exp(士1.960.0l778)=2.0853～3.5l76讨论本文介绍了一种在疾病诊断错误分类的情况下相对危险度的校正方法.与其他校正方法不同,它是从初步诊断为有疾病的人群中获得了是否真正患病的样本,因而排除了在实践中和伦理学中对初步诊断结果为阴性者不宜使用的创伤性检查的障碍,同时,也节约了时间和经费.尤其是对稀有疾病的研究,可以通过对阳性结果的参加者的进一步检查估计出PPV和PPv.,从而对相对危险度进行校正.本法与其他方法相比,其优点在于具有较广泛的适用性.目前提出的校正相对危险度的方法都是假定误诊错误分类对于暴露组和非暴露组是独立的.一旦这一假定稍微出现偏差,就会I起特异性发生很大变化.因此,用特异性和敏感性对相对危险度进行校正时,相对危险度的校正值往往波动较大,有时甚至出现完全相反的结论".而在实际工作中真正做到错误分类与暴露组和非暴露组独立是很难的.如果医生知遭或者怀疑某因素是某疾病的危险因素时,则暴露组的假阳性将明显增加.比如,当病人吸烟,具有高血压症状时,医生更乐于认为病人患心脏病.本校正方法是采用PPV和PPV.作为校正囤子,即使上述假定稍微出现偏差,也不会引起PPV和PPV发生明显变化,固此,校正的RR值较稳定.本校正方法是在不考虑协变量时,暴露因素为两分类的情况下推导出来的,但它也同时适用于多水平暴露状态的情况,即每个暴露水平与非暴露状态比较时RR的校正.但分层资料RR的校正,尤其是在分层协变量中各层的PPv和PPV.不等时RR的校正有待进一步探讨. TheMethodofCorrectionRRusingPositivePredictiveV a]LleforDiseaseMisclassiflcatinninEpidemiologicSt~dlesChenGuanmin-Wangshengji-WestChinaUni—5ityofMedicalSicience,ChengDuMiscla~ificationproblemofthedisease8tatu8oftenarise inepidemlologicstudiestthismisclassifieationofthedisease tonyseriouslybiasobse~ed一一diseaseassociationIn thispaper.weprovidedthemethod0fcorrectedpointandin—tervalestimatesofrelativerisku~ingthepo~itvepredicfive valueunderoHtcom~miselassi{icatlonofdisea~ewithnondi1- {erential-i.e.independentofexposurestatus.Thismetl~dcan avoidtheshorteomingusingsenti~etyandspeci{icityofthe oHtcomeelassificatitOrrectthemisclassi{ioationandhasapplicationinmanysituation. KeywordsEpldemlologtcmethodsRRBias参考文献1.CopelandKTetaLBiasduetomisclassitieation.inthets—timationofrelativerisk.AmJEpidemiol1977-l08I4882.GreenlandS.V arianeeestimatiOnder1'clⅡH5Ⅲcation StatMed1988l7l7453.KetzD,eta1.Obtainingeom'idenceintervalsfortherisk『a—rioincohortstudies.Biometries1978|344694.BrennerH.UfthePostivevaluetocotrectrdisease miselassi|icationinepidemiologi~studies.AmJEpidemidl 19蚰l138|10075GreenMS.U0fpreditivewduttoadstrelativer1Bke5t marionbiasedbymisel;issifieationofottteom~stat~AmJ Epidemiol1983-117:98。

sem开头的英语单词The Semantics andSignificance of Sem-Rooted English Words.The English language, rich and vast, is home to a diverse array of words, each carrying unique meanings and histories. Among these words, those that begin with "sem" hold a special place, often related to significant concepts in various fields. In this article, we delve into the semantics and significance of some of these sem-rooted English words, exploring their origins, meanings, and applications in modern contexts.We start with the word "semantics," which refers to the study of meaning in language. Semantics plays a crucialrole in understanding how words and phrases convey information and ideas. It is the foundation of communication, allowing us to share thoughts and feelings effectively. The word "semantics" itself is derived from the Greek word "semantikos," meaning "significant" or"having meaning."Another important sem-rooted word is "seminal," which means "serving as a seed or origin" or "of great importance or influence." The word "seminal" is often used to describe ideas or works that have had a significant impact on afield or discipline, serving as a starting point forfurther development."Seminar" is another example of a sem-rooted word, referring to a meeting or conference at which scholars or experts gather to discuss and present research or ideas. Seminars are a key component of academic and professional development, providing a forum for knowledge sharing and collaboration.The word "semester" is also worth mentioning, as it is a common term in education. A semester refers to a period of time, typically several months, during which a student takes a set of courses. The term "semester" is derived from the Latin word "semenstre," meaning "six months,"reflecting the traditional division of the academic yearinto two equal parts.In addition to these examples, there are numerous other sem-rooted words that play significant roles in various contexts. "Semiconductor" is a crucial term in electronics and computer science, referring to a material that allows electric current to flow with minimal resistance. "Semiprofessional" describes someone who participates in a sport or activity at a level between amateur and professional. And "semblance" refers to a resemblance or similarity, often used to describe an appearance that isnot entirely genuine or substantial.The common thread among these sem-rooted words is their association with significant or foundational concepts. Whether it's the study of meaning in language, the originof ideas or works, the organization of academic conferences, the division of the academic year, or the conduct of electricity, these words serve as essential building blocks of knowledge and communication.In conclusion, the sem-rooted English words are notjust a collection of letters and sounds; they are repositories of knowledge and history. They reflect the evolution of human thought and understanding, serving as vehicles for the transmission of ideas and values across generations. By exploring the semantics and significance of these words, we gain a deeper understanding of the English language and the rich cultural heritage it represents.。

AA (Account Assistant)客户助理Action Plan行动方案AD (Account Director)客户总监Add Value附加价值Ads (Advertisement)广告Advertorial付费软文AE (Account Executive)客户代表、客户主任Agency代理商AM (Account Manager)客户经理Analysis Tools 分析工具Announcement 公告Annual Report 年报AP (Asia-Pacific)亚太区AR List任务清单ATL (Above the Line)线上活动Attachment 附件Audience Awareness 公众认知度Auto Industry汽车行业Awareness 认知Background Analysis 背景分析Background material 背景材料Benchmark测试基准BI (Behavio门dentity)企业行为识别系统Bidding 竞标Bio个人简历Boilerplate公司简介(附在新闻稿后面的关于该公司的简短介绍) Brand Communications Strategy 品牌传播战略Brand Loyalty品牌忠诚度Brand Management Commission 品牌管理委员会Brand Management Consulting Firm 品牌管理顾问公司Brand Management 品牌管理Brand Planning/Designing 品牌策划/设计Brand Positioning Survey 品牌定位调查Brand Positioning 品牌定位Brand Promotion 品牌推广Branding Strategy 品牌战略Briefing Kit 资料包Briefing情况介绍BTL (Below the Line)线下活动BU (Business Unit)业务部门Bulletin公告栏Bundle附赠品Business E-Mail 商务电邮Business Model 商业计划Business Philosophy 经营哲学Business Strategy 经营战略Campaign公关或营销活动Career Development 职业发展Career Planning 职业计划Case study案例研究Category 类别Celebration庆典活动CEO Reputation Management CEO 声誉管理CEO's Arrangement CEO 接待Channel 渠道Chart幻灯片中的页面China Golden Awards For Excellence in Public Relations 中国最佳公共关系案例大赛China International Public Relations Congress 中国国际公共关系大会CI (Corporate Identity)企业形象CIPRA(China International Public Relations Association)中国国际公共关系协会CIS (Corporate Identity Sysetm)企业形象识别系统Client Database Management 客户数据管理Client Oriented Strategy 客户导向战略Client Relations Development System 客户关系开发系统Client Relations Evaluation System 客户管理评价系统Client Relations Maintenance System 客户关系维护系统Client Relations Management System 客户关系管理系统Client Relations Management 客户管理管理Client Relations Precaution System 客户管理预警系统Client Relations Supporting System 客户管理支持系统Client Relations 客户关系Client Satisfaction Management 客户满意度管理Clipping Report 剪报报告Closing Phase结束阶段Code of Conduct 行为准则Code of Ethics职业道德Communication Model 传播模式Communications Kit 新闻夹Communications Management 传播管理Communications Regions 传播地域Communications Strategy 传播战略Community Relations 社区关系Competitor竞争对手Confidential保密的、机密的Confidential Items 保密条款Consecutive Interpretation 交互式翻译Consultant 顾问Consumer Buying Process 顾客购买过程Consumer Database 顾客数据Consumer Orientation 消费者导向Consumers/Dealers Assembly 用户/经销商大会Contact Person 联系人Continuous Education 继续教育Controlling Phase 控制阶段Coordination Communicating 协调沟通Copywriter 文案Copywriting公关文案Core Competitiveness 核心竞争力Core Media核心媒体Corporate Affairs 企业事务Corporate Image 企业形象Corporate Profile 公司简介Corporate Reputation 企业声誉Corporate Video 宣传片Cost Control成本控制Cost Management 成本管理Creative & Design 创意设计Credential公司或个人简介Crisis Control 危机控制Crisis Management Office 危机管理办公室Crisis Management Planning 危机管理策划Crisis Management Team 危机管理小组Crisis Management 危机管理Crisis Research 危机研究Crisis Statement 危机声明CRM (Customer Relationship Management)客户关系管理Customer testimonial 客户证言Datasheet宣传页Decoration现场布置(装饰)Demand GenerationDemo Booth产品演示台Diagnosis 诊断Director 总监Distributor 分销商DM (Direct mailing )直由BDomain Name Registration 域名注册Donation 捐赠EC (East China)华东Editorial Calendar媒体刊登计划EDM (Email Direct Marketing)电子邮件营销Effective Communications 有效传播Employee Compensation 员工薪酬Employee Relations 员工关系Environment Analysis 环境分析Environment Issues 环境问题Ethics of the Profession 职业道德Event Management 事件管理Event Planning 事件策划Event事件、活动Executing Phase 执行阶段Execution 执行Executive President 执行总裁Fact Sheet资料(数字或其他材料)FAQ常见问题问答Fashion Business 时尚产业Feature article 深度文章Feature文章类型中的通讯Finance Management 财务管理Financial Communications 财经传播Flyer宣传单页Follow-up星艮进Forum论坛GCG (Grand China) 大中国区Glossary 词汇表Government Affairs 政府事务Government PR政府公关Government Relations 政府关系Govt (Government)政府Graphics图形文件Greetings问候语Health Care医疗保健High Tech高科技Hospital PR医院公关Human Resource Management 人力资源管理IMC (Integrated Marketing Communications 整合营传播Implementation 实施Incentive Plan 激励计划Industry Participation 行业参与Initiating Phase 初始阶段INPUTS Evaluation Tools输入级评估工具Integration Management 整合管理Interactive PR网上互动公关Internal Magazine 内部期刊Internal Communications System 内部传播系统Internal Communications 内部传播Internal Film内部电影Internal PR内部公关International PR 国际公关Internet Communications 网络传播Internet Media Communications 网媒传播Interpersonal Communications 人际传播Interpreter 翻译Interview专访或面试Introduction Lantern 宣传幻灯Investor Relations 投资者关系Invitation Letter 邀请IPR (Institute of Public Relations)英国公共关系协会IPRA(International Public Relations Association)国际公共关系协会Issue Diagnosis 问题诊断Issues Management 问题管理ISV (Individual Software Vendor)独立软件开发商Job Evaluation 绩效考核Journalist 记者Key Media关键媒体Key Messages关键信息Keynote Speaker主题演讲人Keynote Speech 主题演讲LA( Large Account)大客户LE (Large Enterprise)大客户Leadership 领导者Legal Duty法律义务Life Cycle of the Products 产品生命周期Lobby游说Logo标识Long Term Program 长期项目Lucky Draw 抽奖Marcomm (Marketing Communications)营销传播Market Analysis Report 市场分析报告Marketing Communications Mix 营销传播组合Marketing Communications 营销传播Marketing Strategy市场营销战略Marketshare市场份额Mass Media大众媒体MB (Medium business)中客户MC (Master of Ceremonies)主持人MC (Middle China)华中MD(Managing Director) 董事总经理、执行董事Media Assistant 媒介助理Media Analysis 媒体分析Media Communications Strategy 媒体传播战略Media Communications 媒体传播Media Coverage媒体覆盖率Media Director 媒介总监Media Executive媒介代表、媒介主任Media Inquiry媒体垂询Media Kit媒体资料包Media List媒体名单Media Manager媒介经理Media Monitor媒体监测Media Relations 媒介关系Media Research 媒体研究Media Tour媒体拜访或媒体外出巡游Media媒体Meeting Agenda 会议议程Meeting Minutes 会议记录Merchandise促销物品Methodology 方法论MI (Mind Identity)企业理念识别MI (Media Index)企业媒体声望指数Mindshare品牌影响力份额Miscellaneous 杂费Monthly Report 月报Multifunctional Task Force 多职能任务小组National Standards of the PR Professional Qualification 国家公共关系职业资格标准NC (North China)华北NE (Northeast China)东北Negative Report 负面报道New Product Launch 新产品发布News Clipping新闻剪报News Release新闻发布Newsletter 通讯No-profit PR非营利机构公关Norms of Excellent PR Management卓越公共关系管理标准NW (Northwest China)西北Objective Diagnosis 目标诊断Offering服务内容On Site现场Online Advertisement 线上广告Online Communications 线上传播Online Marketing Communications 线上营销传播Online media网络媒体Online Roadshow 网上路演Online Survey网上调查OOP(Out-of-Pocket)杂费、日常工作发生的成本Open-day Visits开放日参观Opinion Leader 舆论领袖OUTCOMES Evaluation Tools 输出级评估工具OUTPUTS Evaluation Tools 效果级评估工具Outsourcing 夕卜包OV (One Voice) 一个声音Photo Library 图片库Planning Phase 策划阶段Polish文案润色POP (Point Of Purchase Advertising)导购点广告Positioning 定位Post Event善后工作Poster海报Postmortem会后书面的简短总结报告Postscript 后记PR Agency公关公司PR Consulting Market公关顾问服务市场PR Consulting Practice 公关顾问实务PR Consulting Service 公关顾问服务PR Consulting Tools公关顾问工具PR Directorr公共关系总监PR Evaluation公关评估PR Event公关活动PR Guideline公关方针PR Management Working Code公关管理工作准则PR Manager公共关系经理PR Procedure公关流程PR Proposal公关建议书PR Supervisor公共关系主管Pre Event前期工作Pre-evaluation 预评估Preface 前言Presentation 演示、陈述President 总裁Press Conference新闻发布会Press Kit媒体新闻夹Press Release 新闻稿Print Media平面媒体Priority优先的Procurement Management 预警管理Product Test产品评测Profession Responsibility 职业义务Professional Association 专业协会Professional Certification 职业认证Professional Consultant 专业顾问Professional fee专业服务费Professional Grading 专业等级Project Life Cycle项目生命周期Project Management 项目管理Project Owner项目委托人Project Title项目标题Project公关项目Proposal公关建议书PRSA(Public Relations Society of America)美国公共关系协会Pubic Opinion公众舆论Public Affairs 公共事务Public Relations Consulting 公关顾问Public Relations Crisis 公关危机Public Relations Management 公关管理Public Relations 公共关系Public Utility 公用事业Publicity 宣传Q&A问题问答Qualified Project Manager 合格的项目经理Quality Control 质量控制Quality Management 质量管理Questionnaire 调查问卷Quotation 报价Real Estate 房地产Recommendatory 推荐信Recruitment 招募Reference参考资料Rehearsal预演、彩排Report报告Reputation Management 声誉管理Research Tools 研究工具Reseller经销商Retainer长期客户Review回顾、总结Risk Management 风险管理Roadshow巡展、路演ROI return on investment 投资回报率Rude question不友好的问题SAE(Senior Account Executive)高级客户代表、高级客户主任SEM (Search Engine Marketing)搜索引擎营销SAM (Senior Account Manager)高级客户经理SB (Small business)小客户SC(South China)华南Scope Management 范畴管理SEO (Search Engine Optimization)搜索引擎优化SMO：Social Media Optimization (社会媒体优化) Seminar研讨会Senior Consultant 高级顾问Senior Media Executive 高级媒介代表Senior Media Manager高级媒介经理Senior Vice President 高级副总裁Shareholders利益关系人Simultaneous interpretation 同声传译Slide幻灯片Slogan 口号Social Activities 社会活动Social Responsibility 社会责任Source Materials客户提供的辅助资料Souvenirs & Gifts纪念品和礼品SOV (Share of Voice)Speaking with One Voice 用一个声音说话Spokes Person Tips 发言人技巧Spokesperson 发言人Sponsorship Planning 赞助策划Sponsorship 赞助Strategic Consulting 战略咨询Strategy Communications Systems 战略传播系统Strategy 战略Success Story成功故事Summary简介、概述Supplier供应商Survey调查SW(Southwest China)西南SWOT analysis优势、劣势、机遇、威胁分析Synopsis概要总结Target Audience 目标受众Task Marketing 任务营销TBD (To be Detail)需更详细信息Team小组、团队Technical Article 技术文章Theme主题Time Management 管理Time Sheet时间管理表Two-way Asymmetry双向非平衡模式Two-way Communications 双向传播Two-way Symmetry双向平衡模式UEO (user experience Optimization)用户体验优化Venue会议地点Vertical media 行业媒体VI (Visual Identity)视觉识别VIP Speech讲话稿Virtual Computer 虚拟主机Vision愿景Voiceshare曝光信息份额VP(Vice President)副总裁VSB (Very small business) 特小客户、超小客户Website Construction 网站建设Whitepaper 白皮书Workshops工作研讨Worldwide 全球特写feature articles以货代款in kind机构广告institutional advertising前期市场企业广告market prep corporate advertising 营销公关marketing public relation新闻简报news/press release意见抽样opinion sampling招贴posters传媒炒作press agentry传媒工具press/media kit公共事务public affairs公共关系户public relations公共关系广告public relations advertising宣传publicity公众publics招聘广告recruitment advertising声望经营reputation management撰写讲演稿speechwriting赛场营销venue marketing新闻通报录像video news release执行证明书affidavit of performance受众构成audience composition受众占有率audience share时间表avails一刻平均听众数average quarter-hour audience 一刻平均收听率average quarter-hour rating 一刻平均占有率average quarter-hour share交换辛迪加barter syndication无线电视broadcast TV有线电视cable TV单位成本CPP千人成本CPM累积听众数cumulative persons累积收听率cumulative rating时段组合day-part mix预定市场区域designated market areas班车时间drive time首播辛迪力口first-run syndication形象移植imagery transfer信息式广告informercial互相连接interconnect广播电视网networks网外辛迪加off-network syndication协'办participation basis占位价格preemption rate黄金时段prime time节目式广告PLA节目收率视program rating节止编排形式programming formats视听率调查服务公司rating services电台指定时间run-of-station受众总数total audience总体受众计划total audience plan广告网络ad networks广告查询ad request横幅广告banner商业回邮件business reply mail分类广告Web 站classified ad Web site编辑名录compiled lists立体创意直由B creative dimensional direct mailing 数字互动媒介digital interactive media直邮广告direct-mail advertising内部刊物house organs互动电视interactive TV互联网Internet互联网服务供应商Internet service provider销售信函sales letters广告礼品advertising specialty展台booths路牌bulletin structure车内尾部招贴car-end posters电影贴片广告cinema advertising陈列媒介exhibitive media全面登场full showing车内广告牌inside cards户外媒介out-of-home media车体招贴outside posters包装packaging奖品premiums标准户夕卜广告standardized outdoor advertising 成品招贴stock posters优惠赠券take-ones商业展示会trade shows交通广告transit advertising广告英语术语一一媒介策划用语广告印象advertising impression广告反应曲线advertising response curve注意度attention value受众audience受众目标audience objectives品牌开发指数brand development index品种开发指数category development index发行量circulation成本效益cost efficiency单位成本cost per point千人成本cost per thousand创意组合creative mix分布目标distribution objectives有效频次effective frequency有效到达率effective reach暴露值exposure value频次frequency市场markets组合mechanics媒介media媒介策划media planning媒介载体media vehiclesAE ---- Account Executive ---- 客户代表，或客户执行。

AQ-----adversity quotient 逆境商数（一个人处理逆境的能力）EQ----emotional quotient 情商（人在情绪，意志方面的品质）IBM---international business machine 国际商用机器公司ISO---international organization for standardization 国际标准化组织MMS---multimedia messaging service 多媒体信息服务OTC----over the counter 非处方药TOEFL----test of English as a foreign languageIELTS---international English language testing systemGRE---graduate record examination 研究生入学资格考试EMS---------express mail service 邮政快递CA TV----cable television 有线电视CA----certified accountant 注册会计师IEC---international electro technical commission 国际电子技术委员会WIPO—world intellectual property organization 世界知识产权组织IAEA----international atomic energy agency 国际原子能组织The un security council 联合国安理会UNESCO----united nations educated, scientific and cultural organization 联合国科教文卫组织UNCF--------United Nations children’s fund 联合国儿童基金会OPEC------organization of petroleum exporting countries 石油输出国组织IRC-----international red cross 国际红十字NSC—national security council 国家安全委员会FTC---federal trade commission 联邦商业委员会AAAS---American association for the advancement of science美国科学发展协会ANSI------American National Standards Institute美国国家标准学会AP---associated press 美国联合通讯社CNN---cable news network 美国有线电视台CBC—Canadian broadcasting corporation 加拿大广播公司SPCA—society for the prevention of cruelty to animals 动物保护协会NASD—national association of securities dealers 全国证券交易商协会NGS----national geographic society 全国地理学会EMRS---European materials research society 欧洲材料研究学会DNA---Defense Nuclear Agency 国防部原子能机构NATO----north Atlantic treaty organizationEFTA—European free trade association 欧洲自由贸易联盟ECB---European central bank 欧洲中央银行ERP---European recovery program 欧洲复兴计划EEA---European Economic Area 欧洲经济区GPRS---general packet radio service 通用分组无线电业务GPS—global positioning system 全球定位系统AI----artificial intelligence 人工智慧BBS---bulletin board system 公告板系统；电子论坛ERP---enterprise resource planning 企业资源计划PO---post office 邮局WAP---wireless application protocol 无线应用协议ICU---intensive care unit 加护病房IP—intellectual property 知识产权IQ---intelligence quotient 智商BM—bone marrow 骨髓ISBN---international standard book number 国际标准书号BMI—body mass index 体重指数EDI—electronic data interchange 电子数据交换IRC---internet relay chat 网上实时聊天HDTV---high definition television 高清晰度电视MAN---metropolitan are network 城域网HDD---hard disk drive 硬盘驱动器CRM---customer relationship management 客户关系管理V AT---value added tax 增值税EFT---electronic funds transfer 电子资金转账ASP----application service provider 应用程序服务提供商RFQ----request for quotation 询价单TQM---total quality management 全面质量管理CFA---chartered financial analyst 注册金融分析师SEM---search engine marketing 搜索引擎营销LLC—limited liability company 有限责任合作公司LLP---limited liability partnership 有限合作制企业AG----agent general 总代理；accountant general 总会计师EV A---economic value added 经济附加值SCM---supply chain management 供应链管理体系CFP---certified financial planner 国际金融理财师ATM---automated teller machine 自动取款机COO---country of originOEM----original equipment manufacturer 原始设备制造商UPC---universal product code 统一商品编码GMS---geostationary meteorological satellite同步气象卫星TWS---tsunami warning system 地震海啸警报系统AAL---acceptable ambient limit 环境可接受程度DAC—disaster assistance center 灾难评估中心UV---ultraviolet 紫外线APR----annual progress report 年度进展报告MVP---Most Valuable Player 最佳运动员Chinese Basketball Association中国篮球协会NBA------national basketball association 全美篮球协会Chinese University Basketball Association中国大学蓝球协会Cost Benefit Analysis成本效益分析English Premier League英格兰超级联赛ROC----republic of china 中华民国Academy Award(s)奥斯卡金像奖荷花奖----lotus award (舞蹈演员)孔雀奖----peacock award(少数民族艺术工作者)群星奖-----galaxy award（政府为繁荣群众文艺创造）文华奖---splendor awardCancun conference 2010 坎昆会议Confucius 孔子Gaza strip 加沙地带3R economy （reduce, reuse and recycle）减少原料，重新利用和物品回收的循环经济Bogor goals 茂物目标Quantitative easing 定量宽松政策Reforestation 植树造林Lehman brothers 雷曼兄弟Stimulus package 一揽子刺激计划The UK coalition government 英国联合政府CPU 中央处理器central processing controlNGO 非政府组织PhD 博士（doctor of philosophy）OEM 原始设备制造商(original equipment manufacturer)UFO 不明飞行物(unidentified flying object)FOB 离岸价格Air France ------法国航空公司CAAC--------civil aviation administration of China 中国民用航空总局CPPCC----the Chinese people’s political consultative conference 中国人民政协Purchasing power parity------购买力平价IT industry 信息技术产业American stock exchange 美国证券交易市场United nation peacekeeping forces 联合国维和部队Blog twitter 微博CA T----carburetor air temperature 汽化器空气湿度HBS---Harvard business school 哈佛商学院Diesel oil----柴油Border fense----边境线Black EuropeArmistice Day-----休战纪念日A midsummer night’s dream----仲夏夜之梦Trade show----贸易展览Inverse translationDesertification------沙漠化Catch-22------令人左右为难的规定Non-proliferation------不扩散核武器CPI--------consumer price indexSOHO------small office, home office 在家上班族Cyberspace----网络空间Industrial dispute----劳资纠纷Installment payment-----分期付款Inside trading-------内幕交易Anti-dumping-------反倾销Human genome project-----人类基因组计划Geothermal energy -------地热能GNP------gross national product 国民生产总值GDP---------gross domestic product国内生产总值Lingua franka-----通用语Foreignizing method-------------异化法Intersemiotic translation--------符际翻译Cockney--------伦敦腔Beetles------甲壳虫乐队Migrant rural labor-----------农民工International practice-------国际惯例Brain drain-----------------------人才外流CD-ROM-----只读光盘驱动器（compact disc read-only memory）UNEP-----联合国环境规划署CFO ---------首席财务官GMT-------Greenwich mean time 格林尼治标准时间Currency appreciation---------------货币升值The book of songs-----------《诗经》NPC--------------------the national people’s congress 全国人民代表大会The divine comedy---------《神曲》天人合一the unity of heaven and humanity/harmony between man and nature《国富论》the wealth of nations千年发展计划millennium development goal（MDGs）货币战争war of currency上海合作组织SCD shanghai cooperation organization国家十二五计划national 12th five-year plan朝核危机the nuclear crisis靖国神社yasukuni shrine钓鱼岛diaoyu islands夏威夷Hawaii美联储the FED (the federal reserve)全球金融安全网global financial safety nets人民币汇率政策RMB currency rate policy金砖四国BRIC ( Brazil;Russia;Indian; China)居民消费价格指数consumer price index存款储备金率reserve requirement ratio同比on year-on-year basis上证综合指数shanghai composite index世博会world expo亚洲运动会Asian Games环保低碳生活新理念new concept of environmentally friendly and low carbon life 金靴奖golden shoe世界足联FIFA world cup辛亥革命the revolution of 1911君主专制制度autocratic monarchy杜尚别Dushanbe (塔吉克斯坦首都)中俄战略伙伴关系China-Russia strategic partnership国台办Taiwan affairs office恐怖主义terrorism自治区autonomous region宏观调控macro-control公共卫生体系public health system综合国力comprehensive national power科学发展观the scientific outlook on development商业贿赂commercial bribery平等互利equality and mutual benefit出口退税export rebates自主创新indigenous innovation/ self-dependent innovation/independent innovation 生态环境保护eco-environmental protection西部大开发west development/ large-scale development of the western region自然资源natural resources私营经济private sector次贷危机sub-prime crisis粮食危机food crisis节能减排energy saving and emission reduction宪法constitution法律适用application of law春秋战国the spring and autumn period司法公正justice海基会（海峡两岸交流基金会）straits exchange foundation大运会Games for university students上海公报the shanghai communiqué儒林外史the scholars国际先驱论坛报international herald tribune海关总署the general administration of customs联合通讯社associated press东盟------ASEAN不可抗力-------force majeure实体经济-------the real economy廉租房--------low-rent housing《与台湾法》展馆-----------the pavilion政府用车--------第三产业-----安乐死-------euthanasia载人空间站------manned space station试管婴儿-------------test tube baby试婚----------------trial marriage闭路电视------------closed circuit television收视率---------audience rating物联网-------------internet of things印花税-------------stamp tax外汇储备-------------foreign exchange reserve拜金主义-------------money worship禁飞区-----------------no-fly zone可行性报告-----------feasibility report劳动密集型产业--------labor intensive industry水货--------------------smuggled goods论语------the analects of Confucius莎士比亚-------Shakespeare大卫卡梅隆-----神舟七号--------------shenzhou VII次级贷款--------secondary loan生态难民-----------eco-refugee超级细菌---------------super bacteria蔡元培大英百科全书-------------Encyclopedia Britannica转变政府职能-----transform the government function民族先知----------national prophets全面战略伙伴关系----------comprehensive strategic partnership生态补偿机制--------------a mechanism for ecological compensation 虚拟经济--------------virtual economy聘礼--------------------betrothal presents针灸-----------------acupuncture双面绣---------------bifacial embroidery学龄前儿童----------------preschoolers国有企业-------------------state-owned business半导体-------------------semiconductor小康社会---------------affluent society被告------defendant港龙航空------KA(pragon air)中国国际航空公司------Air China中国人民广播电台-------- Chinese people’s broadcasting station保税工厂-----------tariff factory进口税-----------------import duty/customs duties美食家-------------gastronomist《石头记》------------the story of the stone《阿Q正传》------------the true story of Ah Q东汉-----------------------the Eastern Han dynasty吐鲁番市-----------Turpan Shi道家----------------Taoists不良贷款------non-performing loan安居工程-------------comfortable housing project传销---------------------pyramid sale三农工作---------------work related to agriculture, rural areas and farmers伪娘--------------------cross dresser大规模杀伤性武器--------weapon of mass destruction易经-----------------book of changes京都议定书-------Kyoto protocol经济适用房----economically affordable housing中国达人秀-----------China’s Got Talent第十一届全国人民代表大会第三会议-----the third session of the 11th national people’s congress 社会主义新农村----------new socialist countryside农村政策的稳定性--------the stability of rural policy提升出生人口质量----------improve the quality of the newborn population少数民族地区------------the areas of the minority nationality股市指数------------------the stock market (exchange) index国际法主体---------------the subject of international law国际法准则-------------standard of international law素质教育---------------------education for all-round development公务员-----------------------------civil servant低保----------------------minimum living国家主权和领土完整-------our state sovereignty and territorial integrity农副产品加工----------------agricultural byproducts processing中东和平进程---------------the Middle East peace process科教兴国----------------------rely on science and education to rejuvenate the nation法治社会-----------------------society governed by Law城市规划管理局-----bureau for municipal design抽样调查数据---------data from the sample survey出台-----unveil fresh policy促进公平分配--------------promote fair distribution of social wealth促进全球经济一体化---------foster integration with the global economy打击非法投机活动----------strike out at speculation党风建设------construction of the party conduct第一产业--------primary industry第二产业--------secondary industry豆腐渣工程-----shoddy engineering对口支援----pairing-assistance对外经贸委员会-----commission for foreign trade and economic relations房地产管理局----------real estate bureau公安局-------public security bureau中华人民共和国国务院办公厅---general office of the state council of the PRC中华人民共和国监察部-----ministry of supervision of the PRC中华人民共和国人事部---ministry of personnel of the PRC中华人民共和国劳动和社会保障部----ministry of labor and social security of the PRC 中华人民共和国水利部------ministry of water resources of the PRC中华人民共和国海关总署-----general administration of customs of the PRC国家工商行政管理局----state administration for industry and commerce国家食品药品监督管理局---state food and drug administration国家安全生产监督管理局---state administration of work safety国家知识产权局-----state intellectual property office国家旅游局-----national tourism administration国家质量监督检验检疫局----general administration of quality supervision, inspection and quarantine国家环境保护总局-----state environmental protection administration国家广播电影电视总局---state administration of radio, film and television国家新闻出版总署----general administration of press and publication国家体育总局-----state general administration of sports国家统计局----national bureau of statistics国家林业局-----state forestry administration新华通讯社-----xinhua news agency中国科学院----Chinese academy of sciences国务院新闻办公室----information office of the state council不结盟国家-----non-aligned countries非洲经济共同体----African economic community东盟自由贸易区------AFTA ASEAN free trade area东盟------ASEAN association of southeast Asian nations中国银监会-----china banking regulatory commission中国证监会-----china securities regulatory commission。

扩增A1R 和内参照β-actin 。

反应程序：50 ℃ 2 min ；95 ℃ 2 min ；95 ℃ 15 s ，60 ℃ 1 min ，40个循环；95 ℃ 15 s 。

用2−ΔΔCt 法计算mRNA 的相对表达量。

引物由上海生工生物工程有限公司设计并合成，序列见表1。

3.9　免疫荧光染色检测大鼠CPu 脑区A1R 的表达情况　4%多聚甲醛固定24小时，包埋，切片，封闭30 min 后，滴加浓度为1∶2 000的A1R 抗体，于4 ℃湿盒中孵育过夜，滴加Ⅱ抗，室温孵育50 min ，经PBS 清洗后，采用荧光显微镜观察染色结果。

每张切片随机选取3个区域，分析A1R 和DAPI 双标记阳性细胞占DAPI 阳性细胞的百分比。

4　统计学处理采用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计学分析。

实验数据用均数±标准误（mean±SEM ）的形式表示。

符合正态分布的数据，组间比较选择单因素方差分析，各组间两两比较，方差齐时采用LSD -t 检验，方差不齐时采用Dunnett's T3检验；不符合正态分布的数据则选择非参数检验。

以P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结果1　各组大鼠足底热辐射痛阈值的比较与saline 组比较，CFA 造模能显著降低大鼠热痛阈值（P <0.01）；与CFA 组比较，CFA+MA 组大鼠从第2天到第7天足底热辐射痛阈值均显著升高（P <0.05或P <0.01），见图1。

2　各组大鼠CPu 脑区A1R 的蛋白和mRNA 表达量及A1R 阳性细胞比例的比较与saline 组和CFA 组比较，CFA+MA 组大鼠A1R 蛋白表达量和阳性细胞比例均显著升高（P <0.05或P <0.01）；与saline 组比较，CFA 组和CFA+MA 组A1R mRNA 表达量显著升高（P <0.01），见图2、3。

3　各组大鼠CPu 脑区cAMP 含量及CREB 和p -CREB 蛋白水平的比较与saline 组比较，CFA+MA 组大鼠CPu 脑区cAMP 含量显著减少（P <0.05）；与saline 组比较，CFA组和CFA+MA 组大鼠CPu 脑区CREB 和p -CREB 蛋白水平均显著降低（P <0.05），见图4。

CFA备考必备名词解释1. CFA Institute:Definition:The organization that awards the Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) designation. It sets the curriculum and conducts the CFA exams.2. Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA):Definition: A professional designation granted by the CFA Institute, indicating expertise in investment and financial analysis.3. CFA Program:Definition: A three level examination process administered by the CFA Institute, covering ethics, investment tools, portfolio management, and more.4. CFA Charter:Definition:The certification and membership granted to individuals who successfully complete all three levels of the CFA Program, including meeting work experience requirements and adhering to ethical standards.5. Ethical and Professional Standards:Definition:A key component of the CFA curriculum that emphasizes ethical behavior and integrity in the investment industry.6. Quantitative Methods:Definition:A CFA exam topic covering statistical and mathematical techniques used in investment analysis.7. Economics:Definition:A CFA exam topic focusing on economic principles and their application to financial markets.8. Financial Statement Analysis:Definition: The examination of financial statements to assess a company's financial performance and make investment decisions.9. Corporate Finance:Definition:A CFA exam topic covering financial management and decision making within corporations.10. Equity Investments:Definition:A CFA exam topic addressing the analysis and valuation of stocks and equity securities.11. Fixed Income:Definition: A CFA exam topic covering bonds and other fixed income securities, including valuation and risk analysis.12. Derivatives:Definition:A CFA exam topic involving financial instruments whose value depends on the price of an underlying asset.13. Alternative Investments:Definition:A CFA exam topic encompassing non traditional investment options like hedge funds, private equity, and real assets.14. Portfolio Management and Wealth Planning:Definition:A CFA exam topic focusing on constructing and managing investment portfolios, as well as wealth planning strategies.15. Time Value of Money (TVM):Definition: A fundamental financial concept in the CFA curriculum, representing the idea thata sum of money has a different value today than it will in the future.16. Risk Management:Definition:In the context of the CFA curriculum, this involves identifying, analyzing, and managing risks associated with investment portfolios.17. Hurdle Rate:Definition:The minimum rate of return required by an investor or a firm for undertaking an investment or project.18. Monte Carlo Simulation:Definition:A statistical method used in financial modeling to account for risk and uncertainty by simulating a range of possible outcomes.19. Arbitrage:Definition:The practice of exploiting price differences in different markets to make a profit with no net cash flow or risk.20. Sharpe Ratio:Definition:A measure of risk adjusted return, indicating the return of an investment compared to its risk (volatility).21. CAPM (Capital Asset Pricing Model):Definition:A model used to determine the expected return on an investment based on its risk in relation to the overall market.22. Black Scholes Model:Definition: A mathematical model used for calculating the theoretical price of options, helping in option pricing and risk assessment.23. Liquidity Risk:Definition:The risk that an asset cannot be quickly bought or sold in the market without affecting its price.24. Credit Risk:Definition:The risk of loss from the failure of a borrower to fulfill their financial obligations. 25. Duration:Definition:A measure of the sensitivity of the price of a bond to changes in interest rates. 26. Callable Bond:Definition:A bond that the issuer can redeem (call back) before its maturity date.27. Put Option:Definition:A financial contract giving the holder the right to sell an asset at a specified price within a certain timeframe.28. Active Management:Definition:Investment management strategy involving making specific investment decisions to outperform the market.29. Passive Management:Definition: Investment strategy that aims to replicate the performance of a specific market index rather than outperforming it.30. GIPS (Global Investment Performance Standards):Definition:A set of ethical standards and performance reporting guidelines for investment managers, ensuring fair representation and full disclosure.31. Margin Call:Definition:A demand by a broker for an investor to deposit additional funds or securities to cover potential losses.32. Market Capitalization (Market Cap):Definition:The total value of a company's outstanding shares of stock, calculated by multiplying the share price by the number of shares.33. Systematic Risk:Definition:The risk inherent to the entire market or an entire market segment, often referred to as market risk.34. Unsystematic Risk:Definition:Risk specific to an individual investment or asset class, also known as idiosyncratic or specific risk.35. Active Return:Definition:The difference between the actual return of a portfolio and the return of a benchmark index.36. Passive Return:Definition:The return on a portfolio that results from simply holding the securities in a benchmark index.37. Tracking Error:Definition:A measure of how closely a portfolio follows the index it is benchmarked against, indicating the volatility of the portfolio's returns relative to the benchmark.38. Yield Curve:Definition:A graphical representation of the relationship between the yield on bonds of the same credit quality but different maturities.39. Duration Risk:Definition:The risk associated with the sensitivity of a bond's price to changes in interest rates, measured by its duration.40. Behavioral Finance:Definition:The study of how psychological factors can influence financial decision making and market behavior.41. Hedging:Definition:A risk management strategy designed to reduce or offset the impact of adverse price movements in an asset.42. Earnings Per Share (EPS):Definition: A financial metric representing the portion of a company's profit allocated to each outstanding share of common stock.43. Return on Investment (ROI):Definition:A performance measure used to evaluate the efficiency or profitability of an investment, calculated by dividing the net gain or loss by the initial investment cost.44. Beta:Definition:A measure of a stock's volatility in relation to the overall market, used to assess systematic risk.45. Convertible Bond:Definition:A bond that can be converted into a predetermined number of shares of the issuer's common stock.46. Currency Risk:Definition:The risk that changes in exchange rates will adversely affect the value of an investment denominated in a foreign currency.47. Stakeholder:Definition:An individual or group with an interest in the success or failure of a business, often including employees, customers, and investors.48. Working Capital:Definition: The difference between a company's current assets and current liabilities, representing its short term operational liquidity.49. Regression Analysis:Definition:A statistical technique used to quantify the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables.50. VaR (Value at Risk):Definition: A measure of the maximum potential loss in the value of a risky asset or portfolio over a specific time period with a certain level of confidence.51. Monetary Policy:Definition: The actions taken by a central bank to manage and control the money supply and interest rates to achieve economic goals.52. Fiscal Policy:Definition:Government policy concerning taxation and public spending to influence the economy.53. Call Option:Definition:A financial contract that gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy an asset at a predetermined price within a specified timeframe.54. Dividend Discount Model (DDM):Definition:A method used to value a stock by estimating its future dividends and discounting them back to present value.55. Duration Matching:Definition:A strategy used in portfolio management to match the duration of assets and liabilities to minimize interest rate risk.56. Commodity:Definition:A raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as gold, oil, or wheat.57. LIBOR (London Interbank Offered Rate):Definition:The benchmark interest rate at which major global banks lend to one another in the international interbank market.58. Alpha:Definition:A measure of investment performance, indicating the excess return of a portfolio relative to a benchmark index.59. Z Score:Definition:A statistical measurement that describes a value's relationship to the mean of a group of values, measured in terms of standard deviations.60. Treynor Ratio:Definition:A risk adjusted performance measure that evaluates the returns earned above the risk free rate per unit of systematic risk.61. Margin Trading:Definition: The practice of borrowing funds to trade financial instruments, using the borrowed money as leverage.62. Asset Allocation:Definition:The distribution of an investment portfolio among different asset classes, such as stocks, bonds, and cash, to achieve specific investment goals.63. Return on Assets (ROA):Definition:A financial ratio that measures a company's profitability by expressing its net income as a percentage of its total assets.64. Return on Equity (ROE):Definition:A financial ratio that evaluates a company's profitability by expressing its net income as a percentage of shareholders' equity.65. Solvency:Definition:The ability of a company to meet its long term financial obligations.66. Treasury Stock:Definition:Shares of a company's own stock that it has repurchased and holds in its treasury.67. Benchmark:Definition:A standard against which the performance of a security, mutual fund, or investment manager can be measured.68. Tender Offer:Definition:A public offer to buy shares of a company at a specified price, typically higher than the current market price.69. Discount Rate:Definition:The interest rate used to determine the present value of future cash flows in discounted cash flow analysis.70. Reverse Stock Split:Definition:A corporate action in which a company reduces the number of its outstanding shares, increasing the share price proportionally.71. Proxy Statement:Definition:A document provided to shareholders before an annual meeting, containing information about issues to be voted on.72. Hedonic Pricing Model:Definition:A pricing model that breaks down the price of a good or service into components, allowing for the analysis of each component's contribution to the overall price.73. Intrinsic Value:Definition:The perceived or calculated value of an asset, based on fundamental factors, rather than its market price.74. Margin of Safety:Definition:The difference between the intrinsic value of a security and its market price, providing a buffer against potential market fluctuations.75. R Squared:Definition:A statistical measure that represents the proportion of a security's price movement explained by the movement in a benchmark index.76. Dividend Yield:Definition:A financial ratio that represents the annual dividend income a company pays out to its shareholders as a percentage of its stock price.77. Initial Public Offering (IPO):Definition:The first sale of stock by a private company to the public, transitioning from private to public ownership.78. Underwriting:Definition:The process by which investment banks raise investment capital from investors on behalf of corporations or governments.79. Write Down:Definition:The reduction of the book value of an asset due to a decrease in its market value.80. Duration Gap:Definition:The difference between the duration of a bank's assets and liabilities, used to measure interest rate risk.81. Beta Risk:Definition:The risk associated with the uncertainty of a security's beta, which measures its sensitivity to market movements.82. Cross Sectional Analysis:Definition:An analysis that compares different companies or assets at the same point in time.83. Bottom Up Investing:Definition:An investment strategy that focuses on the analysis of individual stocks rather than broader market trends.84. Top Down Investing:Definition:An investment strategy that starts with an analysis of macroeconomic factors before narrowing down to specific industries or individual stocks.85. Risk Free Rate:Definition:The theoretical return on an investment with zero risk of financial loss, often represented by government bonds.86. Financial Modeling:Definition:The process of creating a mathematical representation of a financial situation, used for decision making and financial analysis.87. Rollover Risk:Definition:The risk that short term debt will not be able to be refinanced at the same or lower interest rates when it matures.88. Maturity Transformation:Definition:The process by which financial institutions convert short term liabilities into long term assets.89. Scenario Analysis:Definition:An analysis technique that examines how a portfolio or company's financial health would fare under different scenarios or conditions.90. Working Capital Turnover:Definition:A financial ratio that measures a company's efficiency in using its working capital to generate sales.91. Equity Risk Premium (ERP):Definition:The excess return that an individual stock or the overall stock market provides overa risk free rate.92. Market Microstructure:Definition:The study of the mechanisms and processes in financial markets, including how orders are executed and the impact of market participants on prices.93. Exchange Traded Fund (ETF):Definition:An investment fund traded on stock exchanges, representing a basket of assets like stocks, bonds, or commodities.94. Venture Capital:Definition:Funding provided to startup companies or small businesses that show high growth potential in exchange for equity ownership.95. Stress Testing:Definition:The analysis of how a financial institution's portfolio or system would perform under adverse conditions or extreme scenarios.96. Fiduciary Duty:Definition:The legal and ethical obligation to act in the best interest of another party, often associated with the duty of financial advisors to their clients.97. Securitization:Definition: The process of converting assets, such as loans or receivables, intomarketable securities.98. Futures Contract:Definition:A financial contract obligating the buyer to purchase, or the seller to sell, a specified amount of an asset at a predetermined future date and price.99. Leveraged Buyout (LBO):Definition:The acquisition of a company using a significant amount of borrowed funds, often with the acquired company's assets serving as collateral.100. Alpha Return:Definition:The portion of a portfolio's total return that is attributable to the manager's skill in selecting individual securities.101. Convertible Preferred Stock:Definition:A type of preferred stock that can be converted into a predetermined number of common shares.102. Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization (EBITDA): Definition:A measure of a company's operating performance, representing its earnings before certain expenses are deducted.103. Risk Parity:Definition:An investment strategy that allocates capital to different asset classes based on their risk contribution to the overall portfolio.104. Cash Flow Statement:Definition:A financial statement that shows how changes in balance sheet accounts affect cash and cash equivalents.105. Variance:Definition:A statistical measure of the dispersion of returns for a given security or market index. 106. Nominal Interest Rate:Definition:The interest rate before adjusting for inflation, representing the actual interest paid or earned on an investment.107. Real Interest Rate:Definition:The interest rate adjusted for inflation, providing a more accurate measure of the purchasing power of money.108. Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH):Definition:A theory asserting that financial markets are informationally efficient, making it impossible to consistently achieve higher than average returns through market timing or stock picking.109. Mutual Fund:Definition:An investment vehicle that pools funds from multiple investors to invest in a diversified portfolio of stocks, bonds, or other securities.110. Custodian:Definition:A financial institution that holds and safeguards financial assets on behalf of clients. 111. Markowitz Portfolio Theory:Definition:A theory developed by Harry Markowitz that explores how investors can construct portfolios to maximize expected return for a given level of risk.112. Black Litterman Model:Definition:An asset allocation model that combines views from investors with equilibrium market expectations to generate an optimal portfolio.113. Duration Convexity:Definition:A measure of the sensitivity of a bond's duration to changes in interest rates, providing a more accurate estimation of price changes.114. Money Market:Definition:A segment of the financial market where short term borrowing and lending occur, typically involving highly liquid and low risk instruments.115. Put Call Parity:Definition:A principle stating that the price of a European call option and a European put option of the same class, with the same strike price and expiration date, should be equal. 116. Risk Neutral Valuation:Definition:A pricing approach that calculates the present value of future cash flows by discounting them at the risk free rate, assuming investors are risk neutral.117. Cross Hedging:Definition:A hedging strategy that involves using a financial instrument that differs from the asset being hedged.118. Liberalization:Definition:The process of reducing or removing restrictions and regulations in a market, often associated with financial markets becoming more open to foreign investment.119. Elasticity:Definition:A measure of how sensitive the quantity demanded or supplied of a good is to a change in price, income, or other factors.120. Callable Preferred Stock:Definition:A type of preferred stock that can be redeemed by the issuer after a specified date.。