Novel features of Josephson flux-flow in Bi-2212 contribution of in-plane dissipation, cohe

Abelian group 阿贝尔群，又称Abel群ablation 烧蚀abnormal dispersion 反常色散Abrikosov vortex lattice 阿布里科索夫涡旋线格子Abrikocov vortex state 阿布里科索夫涡旋态absorber 吸收体absorption spectroscopy 吸收光谱abundance 丰度acceptor doping 受主掺杂acceptor impurity 受主杂质accumulation layer 累积层achromatic phase matching 消色差相位匹配achromatic wave plate 消色差波片achromatism 消色差[性]ac Josephson effect 交流约瑟夫森效应，又称交流Josephson效应acoustic compliance 声顺acoustic ohm 声欧[姆]acoustic stiffness 声劲[度]acoustic-optic tensor 声光系数张量acousto-optic effect 声光效应acousto-optic Q-switch 声光Q－开关acousto-optic signal processor 声光信号处理器acousto-optical tunable filter 声光可调滤波器actinide element 锕系元素activated tunneling 激活隧穿active device 有源器件active region 激活区addressing electrode 寻址电极adiabatic theorem，绝热定理adiabatic transformation 绝热变换adiabatic transport，绝热输运adiabaton 浸渐子，绝热子advection 平流aerodynamic sound 空气动力声aersol 气溶胶affinity potential 亲和势aggregate 聚集体aggregation 聚集Aharonov-Bohm (AB) effect AB效应，又称Aharonov-Bohm (AB) 效应Aharonov-Bohm (AB) flux AB磁通，又称Aharonov-Bohm (AB)磁通allowed state 容许态alpha decay ( -decay) 衰变alpha particle ( -particle) 粒子Altshular-Aronov-Spivak (AAS) effect AAS效应，又称Altshular-Aronov-Spivak效应amplification without inversion 无反转放大amplitude limiting 限幅amplitude transformer 变幅杆Andreev reflection 安德列也夫反射，又称Andreev反射Andreev mirror 安德列也夫镜[子]，又称Andreev镜[子] Andreev scattering 安德列也夫散射，又称Andreev散射angular resolved photoemission spectroscopy 角分辨光电子谱[学] anisotropic confinement 各向异性限域anisotropic scatterer, 各向异性散射体anisotropy energy 各向异性能anomalon 反常子anomalous power laws 反常幂[次]率anomalous proximity effect，反常临近效应anomaly 反常antidot 同quantum antidot 反量子点antidodal point 腹点antigravity 反引力antihyperon 反超子anti-localization, 反局域化antimeson 反介子anti-exclusive principle 反不相容原理antiferromagnetic interaction 反铁磁相互作用antiferromagnetic semiconductor 反铁磁半导体anti-Stokes scattering 反斯托克斯散射anti-time ordered function, 反时序函数anyon 任意子aphelion 近日点, 远核点areal density 面密度armchair nanotube 扶手椅型纳米管arrayed waveguide gratings 阵列波导光栅artificial atom，人[工]构[造]原子artificial barrier 人工势垒artificial elment 人造元素atom laser 原子凝射器atom optics 原子光学atom trapping 原子陷俘，原子捕获atom waveguide 原子波导atomic clock原子钟atomic diffraction 原子衍射atomic fountain 原子喷泉atomic form factor 原子形状因子atomic time 原子时attenuation 衰减attosecond X-ray pulse 阿秒X射线脉冲Auger process 俄歇过程，又称Auger过程avalanche counter 雪崩计数器avalanche effect 雪崩效应avalanche photodiodes,apd 雪崩光电二极管azimuth 方位角back-action evasion 非干扰[测量]background radiation 本底辐射，背景辐射background temperature 本底温度, 背景温度balanced homodyne detection平衡零拍探测ballistic aggregate 弹道聚集体ballistic aggregation 弹道聚集ballistic electron injection 弹道电子注入ballistic transport弹道输运ballistics 弹道学band bending 带弯曲band index 带指标band of rotation-vibration 振转[谱]带band offset 带阶band repulsion 带排斥band theory 能带论bar 巴（压强单位），杆Barkhausen noise 巴克豪森噪声，又称Barkhausen噪声barn 巴恩(截面单位，10－24厘米2)barrier 势垒barrier curvature 势垒曲率barrier height 势垒高度barrier state 势垒态barrier tunneling 势垒隧穿base-centered orthorhombic lattice 底心正交格[子] base line 基线base material 基质base metal 碱金属basis vector 基矢beam 束，梁beam dump 束流捕集器beam focusing 束流聚焦behaviour 行为，性能Bell inequality贝尔不等式，又称Bell不等式bend resistance，弯曲电阻bent crystal 弯晶Berry phase 贝里相位，又称Berry相位βdecay β衰变βradioactivity β放射性βray β射线βspectum β谱βstability line β稳定线bevatron 吉伏质子加速器（高能质子同步稳相加速器）bicritical point 双临界点bicrystal junction 双晶结big bang model 大爆炸模型binary diffractive optical element 二元衍射光学元件bioastrophysics 天体生物物理学biochip 生物芯片bipolar junction transistor 双极[结]晶体管bit rate 比特率blackness 黑度blaze line 闪耀角bleaching effect 漂白效应blob 团迹，链滴Bloch electron 布洛赫电子，又称Bloch电子Bloch frequency，布洛赫频率，又称Bloch频率Bloch oscillation，布洛赫振荡，又称Bloch振荡Bloch theorem 布洛赫定理，又称Bloch定理blockade 阻塞Blonder-Tinkham-Klapwijk [BTK] model BTK模型body-centered cubic lattice 体心立方格[子]body-centered orthorhombic lattice 体心正交格[子]Bogoliubov [-de Gennes] equations 博戈留波夫[－得简斯]方程，又称Bogoliubov [-de Gennes]方程Boltzmann distribution 玻尔兹曼分布Boltzmann transport equation，玻尔兹曼输运方程bond-angle order 键角有序bond-orientational order 键取向有序bond polarizability 键极化性bond valence 键价boojum 布经(超流氦3中的取向织构)bosonization of field operators 场算符的波色化Bragg peak 布拉格峰，又称Bragg峰Bragg plane 布拉格平面，又称Bragg平面Bragg reflection 布拉格反射，又称Bragg 反射Bragg reflectors 布拉格反射器，又称Bragg 反射器Bragg waveguide 布拉格波导，又称Bragg 波导break junction 断裂结breathing mode呼吸模breeder 增殖反应堆breakup reaction 崩裂反应bright state 亮态brittleness 脆性buffer amplifier 缓冲放大器buffer gas 缓冲气体buffer layer, 缓冲层burn-up 燃耗Büttiker formula, 比特克公式，又称Büttiker公式buzzer 蜂鸣器C-15 structure C-15结构C[a]esium clock 铯钟calorie 卡【洛里】candle 烛光candescence 白热，又称白炽canonical commutation relation 正则对易关系canonical variable 正则变量cantact angle 接触角canted spin order倾斜自旋有序cantilever 悬臂（原子力显微镜中的）canthotaxie眼角[式]排列（另文说明）carbon cycle 碳循环(恒星内部的)carbon nanotube 碳纳米管carrier 载流子carrier concentration 载流子浓度carrier diffuse 载流子扩散carrier reservoir 载流子库Cartesian coordinates 笛卡儿坐标Cauchu-Schwarz inequality Cauchu-Schwarz不等式cavity dark state 腔暗态cavity dumping 腔倒空cavity quantum electrodynamics 腔量子电动力学cavity resonator [谐振]腔共振器14C dating 碳14测年celestial X-ray source 宇宙X 射线源center of inversion 反演中心center of moment 矩心central collision中心碰撞center-of-mass energy 质心系能量centrifuge 离心机centrifugal separation 离心分离ceramic 陶瓷chain folding 链折叠chain statistics 链统计学chalcogenide 硫属化物channel waveguide 沟道波导chaos synchronization 混沌同步chaotic communication 混沌通讯chaotic noise 混沌噪声characteristic impedance 特性阻抗characteristic curve 特征曲线charge-separated plasma 电荷分离等离子体(正负电荷在空间不同区域的等离子体) charge imbalance 电荷不平衡charge ordering 电荷有序charge parity effect，电荷宇称效应charge qubit 电荷量子比特（超导量子比特的一种）charge-phase qubit 电荷-相位量子比特（超导量子比特的一种）charge reservoir 电荷库charge stiffness 电荷劲度（衡量外场作用下电荷被自由加速的难易程度）charge-spin coupling电荷自旋耦合（用于自旋电子学）charge stripe phase 电荷条纹相charge-to-mass ratio 荷质比charge transfer insulator 电荷转移绝缘体charge transfer salt 电荷转移盐charge velocity 电荷速度（见于电荷－自旋分离现象）charging energy，充电能chemical shift 化学位移chiral liquid crystal 手征液晶chiral molecule手征分子，又称手性分子chiral symmetry broken 手征对称[性]破缺chirp啁啾chirped Gaussian pulse 啁啾高斯脉冲chirp filter 啁啾滤波器，又称线性调频滤波器，或色散延迟线chopper 斩波器circumlunar orbit 环月轨道circumsolar orbit 环日轨道circumterrestrial orbit 环地轨道cis-lunar space 月地空间clad 覆盖clamping 箝位classical fluid 经典液体clean limit [干]净极限cleaved coupling cavity 解理耦合腔cloning fidelity克隆保真度closed shell 满壳层，又称闭壳层，英文又称closure shellcluster state簇态CNO cycle 碳氮氧循环coalescence 聚合, 并合code 1，[代]码；2，密码；3，符号coding 编码codirectional coupling 同向耦合coefficient of correlation 关联系数coefficient of elasticity 弹性系数coexistence line 共存线(相图中的)coexisting phase 共存相coherence factor 相干因子coherence length，相干长度coherent atomic recoil 相干原子反冲coherent electron tunneling 相干电子隧道coherent peak 相干峰coherent photoassociation 相干光缔合coherent population oscillation相干布居振荡coherent population trapping相干布居囚禁coherent population transfer相干布居迁移coherent structure 拟序结构coherent terahertz waves相干太赫波coherent transient effects 相干暂态效应coherent trap 相干捕获cold finger 冷头cold fusion 冷聚变collective coordinate 集体坐标collective mode 集体模collective motion 集体运动collective pinning model 集体钉扎模型collinear phase matching 共线相位匹配colloid 胶体，胶质colloidal metal 胶体金属colored noise 色噪声colossal magnetoresistance [CMR] 庞磁电阻commensurate lattice 公度格子compact star 致密星compensated impurity 补偿杂质complementary metal oxide semiconductor [CMOS] 互补金属氧化物半导体complex 1，复合体；2，络合物complex analytical signal theory 复解析信号理论complex-conjugate pulses 复共轭脉冲compliance 1，柔度；2，顺度composite Fermion 复合费米子compression of ultrashort pulses 超短脉冲压缩compressor 压缩器，压机concurrence并发纠缠,又称量子并发condensate 凝聚体condensation energy 凝聚能condenser 冷凝器conductance fluctuation, 电导涨落conductance quantization 电导量子化conduction electron 传导电子confinement 1，约束（等离子）；2，限域（凝聚态）；3，禁闭（高能）congregating effect 聚集效应conjugate variable 共轭变量conservation of angular momentum 角动量守恒conservation of crystal momentum 晶体动量守恒conservative dislocation motion 保守位错运动(位错沿滑移面平行于Burgers矢量运动无净质量流)conservation of energy 能量守恒conservation law of flux 磁通守恒律conservation of momentum 动量守恒conservation of particle number粒子数守恒contact angle 接触角contact potential 接触势contact resistance 接触电阻continuation 延拓continuous group 连续群contour line 等值线contour map 等值线图contradirectional coupling反向耦合conventional unit cell 惯用单胞，简称单胞convergence factor 收敛因子conversion electron 内转换电子coolant moderator 载热减速剂cooperative diffusion 合作扩散Cooperon, 库珀子Cooper pair box 库珀对盒子coplanar waveguide 共面波导copolymer 共聚物core energy 芯能core nucleus 核芯[核]correlated spontaneous emission 关联自发发射correlation exponent 关联指数cosmic aerodynamics 宇宙气体动力学cosmic age 宇宙年龄cosmic constant 宇宙常量cosmic [microwave] background radiation [CMBR] 宇宙[微波]背景辐射cosmic microwave background 宇宙微波背景cosmic string 宇宙弦cosmochemistry 宇宙化学，天体化学cosmological nucleosynthesis 宇宙核合成cosmos 宇宙co-tunneling 共隧穿Couette flow 库埃特流Coulomb blockade 库仑阻塞Coulomb gap 库仑隙Coulomb interaction 库仑[相互]作用Coulomb island 库仑岛，又称单电子岛（single electron island）Coulomb potential 库仑势Coulomb repulsion 库仑斥力Coulomb staircase 库仑台阶counter telescope 计数器望远镜coupled-channels model 耦合道模型coupled mode theory 耦合模理论coupled waveguides，耦合波导coupled wells耦合阱coupling energy 耦合能coupling strength 耦合强度covalent bond 共价键creep wave蠕波，又称爬波critical assembly [核反应堆]临界装置critical density 临界密度critical dimension 临界维度cross-phase-modulation 交叉相位调制cross field 交叉场cross junction, 十字结crosstalk attenuation 串扰衰减crystal-field splitting 晶［体］场劈裂crystalline anisotropy晶态各向异性crystal symmetry class 晶体对称类cubic lattice 立方格子cuprate 铜氧化物curie 居里(非国际制放射性活度单位)current bias 电流偏置current operator 电流算符cutoff energy，截止能量cyclone 气旋cyclotron effective mass 回旋有效质量D/A converter 等于digital to analog converter 数模转换器damping radiation 阻尼辐射dark current 暗电流dark energy 暗能量dark state 暗态dark-state polariton 暗态光极化子date line 日界线dc Josephson effect 直流约瑟夫森效应，直流Josephson效应dc SQUID (superconducting quantum interference device) 直流超导量子干涉器Debye wave vector 德拜波矢decay heat 衰变热decay time，衰减时间deceleration 减速度decibel 分贝decoherence 退相干，又称消相干decoherence-free 无退相干，又称无消相干decontamination factor 去污因子decoupling epoch 退耦期decoy state 诱骗态deformation potential，形变势degeneracy collapse 简并塌缩degenerate pressure 简并压degenerate star 简并星de Gennes-Taupin length de Gennes-Taupin长度degree of order 有序度de Haas-Shubnikov effect de Haas-Shubnikov效应delay time，延迟时间demultiplexer 解复用器dendrite 1,枝晶；2，枝蔓；3，枝蔓体dense coding 密集编码dense wavelength division multiplexing 密集波分复用density correlation function，密度关联函数density distribution 密度分布density wave 密度波depairing 拆对dephasing length，退相位长度depinning 脱钉[扎]depleted Uranium 贫化铀deplation force 排空力（胶体物理用语）depletion layer 耗尽层descreening 去屏蔽deterministic equation 确定(论)的方程deuterium 氘, 即重氢deuterium oxide 重水dextrorotation 右旋diabatic approach 非绝热近似diagnostics 诊断学diagonal element 对角元diagonal matrix 对角矩阵diagonalization 对角化diamond structure 金刚石结构diblock copolymer 双嵌段共聚物dielectric response function 介电响应函数dielectric function，介电函数dielectric microcavity 介电[质]微腔dielectric reflector 介[电]质反射器differential conductance 微分电导differential input 差分输入differential rotation 较差自转（天文学用语）differential scanning calorimetry 差分扫描量热术diffraction-free beam 消衍射光束diffractive binary optics 衍射二元光学diffuseness [parameter] 弥散参数diffusion constant，扩散常数diffusion current 扩散电流diffusion region 扩散区diffusive transport，扩散输运digit 数字digital circuit 数字电路digital cross connect 数字交叉连接digit[al] to analog converter (DAC) 数模转换器digital micromirror device 数字微镜器件dilation 膨胀dilute phase 稀相dilation symmetry 伸缩对称dimensionless conductance 无量纲电导dimer 二聚体dimerization 二聚化dipole interaction 偶极相互作用dipole giant resonance 偶极巨共振Dirac braket 狄拉克括号Dirac picture 狄拉克绘景, 即相互作用绘景directed diffusion 定向扩散directional bond 定向键directional coupler 定向耦合器directional ordering 取向有序directional quantization 方向量子化direction of magnetization 磁化方向direct lattice 正格子，又称正点阵direct transition 直接跃迁dirty limit 脏极限dirty-metal regime，脏金属区discontinuity 1，不连续[性]；2，突变[性] dislocation network 位错网络disordered alloy 无序合金disordered system 无序系统dispersion compensation 色散补偿dispersion-managed solitons 调控色散孤子dissipationless flow 无耗散流dissociation energy 离解能distillable entanglement 可萃取纠缠distinguishable states可区分态distributed Bragg reflector 分布布拉格反射器domain 1，畴；2，[定义]域；3，区域donor level 施主能级dopant 掺杂物doping 掺杂dosimetry 剂量学double-barrier tunneling，双势垒隧穿double exchange interaction 双交换相互作用double heterostructure DH 双异质结doublet state 双重态dressed atom 着衣原子，又称缀饰原子droplet model 小液滴模型Drude model，德鲁德模型duty ratio 占空比d-wave pairing d波配对dyad 并矢dynamical mass 动力学质量(08.02dynamic random access memory [DRAM] 动态随机存储器dynamic screening，动态屏蔽dynamically induced coherence 动态诱导相干dynamo theory 发动机理论dyne 达因early universe 早期宇宙eccentricity 偏心率eclipse 1，食；2，交食edge channel，边缘通道edge dislocation 刃[型]位错edge state，边缘态effective field theory 有效场理论effective Hamiltonian 有效哈密顿量effective mass approximation，有效质量近似Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen thought experiment EPR思想实验Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen effect EPR效应Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pair EPR对Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox EPR佯谬elastic compliance 弹性顺度elastic deformation 弹性形变electrical isolation 电绝缘electric breakdown 电击穿electric capacity 电容electric resistance 电阻electrical quadrupole moment 电四极矩electrochemical potential 电化学势electromagnetic absorption 电磁吸收electromagnetically induced absorption 电磁感生吸收electromagnetically induced transparency 电磁感生透明electromagnetic-environment effect，电磁环境效应electron backscattering pattern 电子背散射图样electron-beam lithography 电子束刻蚀electron configuration 电子组态electron density 电子密度electron-doped high temperature superconductor 电子掺杂的高温超导体electronegativity 电负性electron-electron interaction，电子－电子相互作用electron-hole pair 电子空穴对electron-hole recombination 电子-空穴复合electron hologram 电子全息术electron transition 电子跃迁electron pair 电子对electron pair tunneling 电子对隧穿electron-phonon coupling 电子声子耦合electron temperature，电子温度electron tunneling 电子隧穿electron waveguide，电子波导electron volt (eV) 电子伏electrorheological effect 电流变效应electrorheological fluid 电流变液Eliashberg equations Eliashberg方程Eliashberg theory of strong coupling Eliashberg强耦合理论elliptical orbit 椭圆轨道elliptic flow 椭圆流emittance 发射度empirical pseudopotential method 经验赝势方法empty lattice approximation 空晶格近似endohedral fullerene 内嵌原子富勒烯end-butt coupling 端面对接耦合energy relaxation length，能量弛豫长度energy transport velocity 能量传输速度ensemble average，系综平均entangled state 纠缠态entanglement 1，纠缠；2，纠缠度entanglement concentration 纠缠浓缩entanglement measure 纠缠度量entanglement monotone 单调纠缠量entanglement of formation 生成纠缠entanglement purification 纠缠纯化entanglement witness 纠缠见证entropy force 熵力envelope function，包络函数epithermal neutron 超热中子epoxy 环氧树脂erbium-doped fiber amplifier 掺饵光纤放大器error correction 纠错Esaki diode 江崎二极管evanescent state，衰逝态even-odd nucleus 偶奇核even parity 偶宇称evolution of inflation 暴涨演化Ewald construction Ewald作图法Ewald sphere Ewald球excess current 过剩电流excess neutron 过剩中子exchange-correlation hole 交换关联空穴exchange-correlation functional 交换关联泛函exchange hole 交换空穴exchange integral 交换积分excitation spectrum 激发谱excluded volume 排除体积exclusion of flux 磁通排斥exclusion principle 不相容原理exotic nucleus 奇特核expanding universe 膨胀宇宙extended [Brillouin] zone scheme 扩展[布里渊]区图式extraterrestrial life 地外生命extravehicular activity(EV A) [太空]舱外活动f-sum rule f求和规则face-centered orthorhombic lattice 面心正交格[子] face-on 正向facsimile 传真，英文简写为faxfacula 光斑Fahrenheit thermometer 华氏温度计faint object 暗天体fan diagram 扇形图F-center F中心Feno lineshape Feno线型Feno resonance Feno共振fan spin order 扇状自旋有序farad (F) 法拉（电容单位）Faraday depolarization 法拉第退偏振Faraday law of electrolysis 法拉第电解定律far-from-equilibrium system，远离平衡态系统far-side 背面（far-side of the moon, 月球背面）far-ultraviolet (FUV) 远紫外fast fission 快裂变fatigue crack 疲劳裂纹fatigue fracture 疲劳断裂fatigue strength 疲劳强度feed [source] 馈源feeder 馈线femto (f) 飞（＝10-15）(01)femtosecond pulse shaping 飞秒脉冲成形Fermi age 费米[中子]年龄Fermi age-diffusion equation 费米年龄扩散方程Fermi arc 费米弧Fermi coupling constant 费米耦合常数Fermi energy 费米能量Fermi gas 费米气体Fermi golden rule 费米黄金定则Fermi liquid 费米液体Fermi liquid parameter 费米液体参数Fermi loop 费米环Fermi point 费米点Fermi transition费米跃迁Fermi vacuum 费米真空Fermi velocity 费米速度Fermi wavelength 费米波长Fermi wave vector，费米波矢Fermi’s golden rule费米黄金规则ferrielectric crystal 亚铁电晶体ferrimagnet 亚铁磁体ferroelectric 铁电体ferroelectric crystal 铁电晶体ferromagnet 铁磁体few-cycle pulse少周[期]脉冲few nucleon transfer 少[数]核子转移Feynman path，费曼路径Feynman path integral，费曼路径积分fiber cross connect 光纤交叉连接fiber grating 光纤光栅Fibonacci sequence 斐波那契序列fiducial confidence bar 置信棒fiducial point 基准点field intensity 场强field quantization 场量子化field quantum 场量子field strength 场强figure of merit，又称qualityfactor 品质因数filament 1，丝；2，丝极finite-amplitude wave 有限振幅波，又称大振幅波finite-difference method 有限差分方法finite element method 有限元法finite size effect 有限尺寸效应finite-size scaling 有限尺寸标度first approximation 一级近似first Brillouin zone 第一布里渊区first point of Aries 春分点，英文又称：vernal equinoxfirst point of Cancer 夏至点，英文又称：summer solsticefirst point of Capricornus 冬至点，英文又称：winter solsticefirst point of Libra 秋分点，英文又称：autumnal equinoxFiske steps 费斯克台阶，又称自感应台阶fissility 易裂变性fission 1，裂变；2，分裂fission isomer 裂变同质异能素fission nuclide 裂变核素fission reactor 裂变反应堆fission-spectrum neutron 裂变谱中子fission track dating 裂变径迹年代测定fitting curve 拟合曲线five-fold symmetry 5重对称fixed-range hopping 定程跳跃flash memory 闪速存储器，简称闪存flat spectrum 平谱flattening factor 扁率floating probe 浮置电极，又称浮置探针floating phase 浮置相Floquest theorem 弗洛开定理flow resistance 流阻fluctuating wall 涨落壁fluctuation 涨落（统计物理〕，又称起伏（声学〕fluence 注量fluorescence probe 荧光探剂flux，通量flux 1通量，又称流量；2，注量率；3，焊料；4 助熔剂flux bundle 磁通束flux flow amplifier (FFA) 磁通流放大器flux flow oscillator (FFO) 磁通流振荡器flux flow transistor（FFT）磁通流三极管,又称涡旋流三极管(vortex flow transistor) flux-line lattice 磁通线格子flux line 磁通线flux tube 磁流管flux quantum 磁通量子flux quantization 磁通量子化foam 泡沫focal point 焦点focal ratio 焦比focus 1，焦点；2，震源folding Brillouin zone 折叠布里渊区forbidden beta decay 禁戒b衰变forecast 预报forward bias 正向偏压four-Josephson junction logic (4JL) 四约瑟夫森结逻辑门Fourier analysis 傅里叶分析Fourier transform 傅里叶变换Fourier [transform] nuclear magnetic resonance 傅里叶[变换]核磁共振Fourier [transform] Raman spectroscopy 傅立叶[变换]拉曼谱学four probe method 四探针法four-terminal resistance，4端电阻fractional chain yield 相对链产额fractional cumulative yield 分积累产额fractional distillation 分馏fractional independent yield 分独立产额fractional statistics 分数统计法fragment 1，碎片；2，片段Franck-Condon principle弗兰克-康登原理free electron approximation 自由电子近似free electron gas 自由电子气体free energy 自由能free –free transition 自由－自由跃迁，又称自由态间跃迁freely falling body 自由落体free radical 自由基free spectral range 自由光谱范围freezing point 凝固点Frenkel exciton 弗仑克尔激子frequency conversion 频率转换Frequency division multiplexing 频分复用frequency jitter 频率抖动frequency multiplication 倍频friction 摩擦Friedel oscillation，Friedel振荡Friedel sum rule Friedel求和规则Frohlich interaction Frohlich相互作用front velocity波前速度frustrated magnet 窘组磁体fuel cell 燃料电池Fulde-Ferrell state Fulde-Ferrell态fullerene 富勒烯full moon 满月function 函数functional (1)泛函(2)功能（的）fundamental interaction 基本相互作用fundamental space-filling mode 基本空间填充模fuse (1)熔解(2)保险丝fused silica熔融石英fusion reactor 聚变[核反应]堆fuzzy information 模糊信息fussy mathematics 模糊数学gain-clamping 增益箝位gain efficiency 增益效率Galton plate 伽尔顿板-陈gamma(γ)伽马（地磁场强单位γ＝nT）gamma rayγ射线gap 1，隙；2，能隙gap anisotropy 能隙各向异性gap parameter 能隙参数gaseous state 气态gate1，门；2，栅（极）gate voltage 门电压gauge symmetry 规范对称性gauss (G) 高斯（磁感应强度单位G＝10－4T）Gaussian fluctuation 高斯涨落Gauss law 高斯定理Gauss surface 高斯面generalized Balmer formula 广义巴尔末公式generalized work 广义功general refractive index 广义折射率（量子信息）geomagnetic declination 地磁偏角geomagnetic inclination 地磁倾角geometrical structure factor 几何结构因子geometrization of gravitation 引力几何化German silver 德银g-factor g因子g-factor of electrons 电子的g因子g shift g移位ghost imaging 鬼成像giant magnetoresistance (GMR) 巨磁电阻Giaever tunneling 盖沃尔隧穿（单电（粒）子隧穿）Gibbs ensemble 吉布斯系综gilbert 吉尔（磁通势单位）Ginzburg-Landau coherence length 金兹堡-朗道(GL)相干长度Ginzburg-Landau equation 金兹堡-朗道(GL)方程Ginzburg-Landau-Abrikosov Go’rkov theory（GLAG）金兹堡-朗道-阿布里科索夫－高里科夫理论Glan-Thompson prism 格兰－汤普森棱镜Glan-Taylor prism 格兰-泰勒棱镜glass phase 玻璃相glassy ceramics 微晶玻璃glassy metal 玻璃态金属Glauber state Glauber态glide axis 滑移轴glide line 滑移线global phase 整体相位（量子信息）goniometer 测角器graded bandgap layer 缓变带隙层Gorter-Casimir two-fluid model 高特－卡西米尔二流体模型Graded index lens (GRIN) 梯度折射率透镜gradient of electric potential 电势梯度gram-molecule 克分子，摩尔（mole）grand free energy 巨自由能granular matter 颗粒物质granular superconductor 颗粒超导体granule 颗粒granularity 颗粒性granular metal 颗粒金属graphite 石墨graphite structure 石墨结构graph [线]图graph state 图态（量子信息）gravitational deflection of light 光线的引力偏折gravity acceleration 重力加速度Gray code 格雷码grazing angle 1，掠射角；2，擦边角greenhouse effect 温室效应group index of refraction 群折射率group theory 群论group velocity dispersion 群速度色散growth 生长growth model 生长模型guest host liquid crystal 宾主型液晶guided wave optics 导波光学gyroscopic effect 回转效应half metal 半金属half metallic magnet 半金属磁体half wave filter 半波滤波器half wave oscillator 半波振子half- wave zone method 半波带法half-wave voltage 半波电压Hall angle 霍尔角Hall coefficient 霍尔系数Hall field 霍尔电场[强度]Hall plateau 霍尔平台Hall resistance 霍尔电阻Hall voltage 霍尔电压halo nucleus 晕核halogen 卤素Hamiltonian matrix哈密顿［量］矩阵hard sphere 硬球hard sphere approximation 硬球近似harmonic generation 谐波产生Hartree-Fock electron 哈特里-福克电子H-center H心health physics 保健物理heat conductivity 1,导热性;2,热导率heat flow vector 热流矢量heat flux 热通量heat switch 热开关heavy electron 重电子heavy element 重元素heavy fermion superconductor 重费米子超导体heavy [fission] fragment 重【裂变】碎片heavy hole 重空穴heavy wall 重壁heavy water 重水hedgehog 猬缺陷height of potential barrier 势垒高度Heisenberg Hamiltonian 海森伯哈密顿量Heisenberg operators 海森伯算符Heisenberg uncertainty principle 海森伯不确定【性】原理Heitler-London theory 海特勒－伦敦理论Helfrich spontaneous curvature model 黑弗里希自发曲率模型helical spin order螺旋自旋有序helium liquefier 氦液化器heptahgedron 七面体Hermite polynomial 厄米多项式Hermitian matrix 厄米矩阵hertz (Hz) 赫兹, 频率单位heterotic superstring theory 杂化超弦理论Heusler alloy 霍伊斯勒合金hexadecapole 十六极hexahedron 六面体hexatic phase 六角相high coherence model 高相干模型high electron mobility transistor 高电子迁移率晶体管（简写：HEMT）high energy particle 高能粒子high-field domain 强场畴high-order dispersion 高阶色散high-order harmonic generation 高阶谐波产生high pass filter 高通滤波器high temperature reservoir 高温热源high temperature superconductor（HTS）高温超导体high vacuum 高真空high voltage electron microscopy 高压电子显微术Hohenberg-Kohn energy functional 霍恩伯格-科恩能量泛函hole-electron recombination 空穴－电子复合hole surface 空穴面(k空间中未占据态区的表面)hole-type high temperature superconductor 空穴型高温超导体holey fiber 多孔光纤hollow core optical fibers 空心光纤holon 空穴子homodyne零拍homodyne detection 零拍探测homolog[ue] 同系物homopolymer 单聚合物honeycomb photonic band gap fiber 蜂窝型光子带隙光纤hopping conductance 跳跃电导hopping energy，跳跃能hopping probability 跳跃概率hopping transport 跳跃输运host 基质host crystal 基质晶体，又称主晶hot carrier 热载流子h/e oscillation h/e振荡h/2e oscillation h/2e振荡Huang equations 黄[昆]方程组Huang-Rhys factor 黄昆－里斯因子Hubbard Hamiltonian 哈勃德哈密顿量Hubbard model 哈勃德模型Hubble time 哈勃时间hybrid bond 杂化键hybrid field effect 混合场效应hydrodynamics 流体［动］力学hydrodynamic mode 流体［动］力学模hydromagnetic disturbance 磁流体扰动hydromagnetic instability 磁流体不稳定性hydrophilic force 亲水力hydrophobic association 疏水缔合hydrophobic force 疏水力hyperbolic point 双曲点hypernucleus 超核hyper-Rayleigh scattering 超瑞利散射hyperspherical coordinate 超球座标hysteresis loop 1，滞后回线；2，磁滞回线hysteresis loss 1，滞后损失；2，磁滞损耗。

6.1.1 真空磁导率(permeability of vacuum)6.1.2 介电系数，电容率(permittivity)0也称电常数(electric constant)。

6.1.3电动势(electromotive force)6.1.4接触电动势(contact electromotive force)6.1.5感应电(动)势(induced electromotive force)6.1.6导体(conductor)6.1.7绝缘体(insulator)6.1.8半导体(semiconductor)6.1.9超导体(superconductor)6.1.10接触电位(差)（contact potential[difference]）6.1.11热电效应(thermoelectric effect)6.1.12塞贝克效应(Seebeek effect)6.1.13珀耳帖效应(Polfier effect)6.1.14汤姆逊效应(Thomson effect)6.1.15约瑟夫森效应(Josephson effect)6.1.16量子化霍尔效应(quantum Hall effect)6.1.17单电子隧道效应(single electron tunnel effect)6.1.18 功率天平（Watt balanc e）6.1.19交流电阻时间常数(time constant of ac resistor)6.1.20介电强度(dielectric strength)6.1.21绝缘电阻(insulation resistance)6.1.22 电流(electric current)6.1.23 电压(voltage)6.1.24 电阻(resistance)6.1.25 电导(conductance)6.1.26 阻抗(impedance)6.1.27 导纳(admittance)6.1.28 电容(capacitance)6.1.29 电感(inductance)6.1.30 电阻率(resistivity)6.1.31 电导率(conductivity)6.1.32 磁导率（permeability）6.1.33 静电场(electrostatic field)6.1.34 电场强度(electric field intensi ty) 6.1.35 电位(electric potential)6.1.36 电荷(electric charge)6.1.37 库伦定律(Coulomb’s law)6.1.38 电位移(electric displacement)6.1.39 拉普拉斯方程(Laplace’s equation) 6.1.40 静电感应(electrostatic induction) 6.1.41 恒定电场(steady electric fiel d) 6.1.42 欧姆定律(Ohm l aw)6.1.43 焦耳定律(Joule’s l aw)6.1.44 安培(ampere)6.1.45 伏特(volt)6.1.46 库仑(couomb)6.1.47 欧姆(ohm)6.1.48 西门子(siemens)6.1.49 法拉(farad)6.1.50 亨利(henry)6.1.51 瓦特(watt)6.1.52 电路(electric circuit)6.1.53 激励(excitation)6.1.54 响应(response)6.1.55 电路元件(electric circuit elements)6.1.56 无源二端元件(passive two-terminal elements)6.1.57 电压源(voltage sources)6.1.58 电流源(current sources)6.1.59 受控源(controlled sources)6.1.60 开路(open circuit)6.1.61 短路(short circui t)6.1.62 理想变压器(ideal transformer)6.1.63 基尔霍夫定律(Kirchhoff’s law)6.1.64 直流(direct current)6.1.65 交流(alternating current)6.1.66 正弦电流(sinusoidal current)6.1.67 频率(frequency)6.1.68 赫兹(hertz)6.1.69 相位(phase)6.1.70 相量(phasor)6.1.71相量图(phasor diagram)6.1.72 谐振(resonance)6.1.73 铁磁谐振电路(ferro- resonance circuit)6.1.74 三相电路(three-phase circuit)6.1.75 三相电源(three-phase sources)6.1.76 三相负载(three-phase loads)6.1.77 相电压(phase voltages)6.1.78 线电压(line voltages)6.1.79 相电流(phase currents)6.1.80 线电流(line currents)6.1.81 对称三相电路(symmetrical three-phase circuit)6.1.82 非对称三相电路(unsymmetrical three-phase circuit)6.1.83 三相电路功率(power of three-phase circuit)6.1.84 非正弦周期电流电路(non-sinusoidal periodic current circuits)6.1.85 基波电流(fundamental current)6.1.86 谐波电流(harmonic current)6.1.87 频谱(frequency spectrum)6.1.88 瞬时值(instantaneous value)6.1.89 平均值(average value)6.1.90有效值(effective value)6.1.91 峰值（peak [value]）6.1.92波形因数(wave factor)6.1.93 总谐波畸变率(total harmonic distortion)6.1.94 平均功率(average power)6.1.95视在功率(apparent power)6.1.96无功功率(reactive power)6.1.97 复功率(complex power)6.1.98 谐波功率(harmonic power)6.1.99 畸变功率(distortion power)6.1.100 伏安(volt ampere)6.1.101 乏(var)6.1.102 瓦特小时(watt hour)6.1.103 串联(series connection)6.1.104 并联(parallel connection)6.1.105 星形阻抗与三角形阻抗的变换(transformation between star-connected and delta connected impedances)6.1.106电源的等效变换(equivalent transformation between sources)6.1.107回路法(loop analysis)6.1.108节点法(node analysi s)6.1.109叠加定理(superposition theorem)6.1.110替代定理(substitution theorem)6.1.111 互易定理(reciprocity theorem)6.1.112戴维南定理(Thevenin theorem)6.1.113诺顿定理(Norton theorem)6.1.114 二端口(2-port)6.1.115 特性阻抗(characteristic impedance)6.1.116 输入阻抗(input impedance)6.1.117 输出阻抗(output impedance)6.1.118 传播常数(propagation constant)6.1.119 品质因数(quality factor )6.1.120 阻抗匹配(impedance matching)6.1.121 网络函数(network functions)6.1.123 分布参数电路(distributed parameter circuit)6.1.124 一阶电路(first order circuit)6.1.125 二阶电路(second order circuit)6.1.126 高阶电路(high order circui t)6.1.127 非线性电路(nonlinear electric circuit)6.1.128 端子（terminal）6.1.129 端变量（terminal variable）6.1.130 两端(2T) (2-terminal)6.1.131 三端(3T) (3-terminal)6.1.132 四端(4T) (4-terminal)6.1.133五端(5T) (5-terminal)6.1.134四端对(4TP)(4-terminal pair)6.1.135磁场(magnetic fiel d)6.1.136 磁感应强度(magnetic induction)6.1.137磁通量(magnetic flux)6.1.138 磁导率(permeability)6.1.139 相对磁导率(Reletive permeability) 6.1.140磁矩（Magnetic(area) moment）6.1.141 磁化强度（Magnetizat ion）6.1.142 磁极化强度(magnetic polarization) 6.1.143 磁场强度（magnetic intensity）6.1.144磁偶极矩（magnetic dipole moment）6.1.145 磁通势（magnetomotive force）6.1.146 磁阻（reluc tanc e）6.1.147 磁导（permeanc e）6.1.148 磁化率（magnetic susceptibility）6.1.149 磁共振（magnetic resonance）6.1.150核磁共振（nuclear magnetic resonance）6.1.151霍尔效应（hall effect）6.1.152 波尔磁子（Bohr magneton）6.1.153 质子旋磁比（Proton gyro magnetic ratio）6.1.154 磁通量子（F1ux quantum (F1uxon)）6.2 电学计量6.2.1.1直流电压基准(Primary Standard of DC V oltage)6.2.1.2直流电动势基准(Primary Standard of DC Electromotive Force)6.2.1.3直流电阻基准(Primary Standard of DC Resistance)6.2.1.4电容基准(Primary Standard of Capacitance)6.2.1.5电容器损耗因数基准(Primary Standard of Dissipation Factor)6.2.1.6电感基准(Primary Standard of Inductance)6.2.1.7交流电流基准(Primary Standard of AC Current)6.2.1.8交流电压基准(Primary Standard of AC V oltage)6.2.1.9交流功率基准(Primary Standard of AC Power)6.2.1.10工频电能基准(Primary Standard of AC Energy at Industrial Frequency)6.2.1.11磁感应强度基准(Primary Standard of Magnetic Flux Density)6.2.1.12数字阻抗电桥标准(Standard for LCR meter)6.2.1.13数字多用表检定装置(Standard of Multimeter)6.2.1.14超导强磁场标准(Standard of Supper Conducting High Magnetic Fi el d)6.2.1.15非铁磁金属电导率标准(Standard of Conductivity for Nonferrous Metals)6.2.1.16模/数、数/模转换测量标准（Standard of ADC and DAC）6.2.1.17标准电池(standard cell)6.2.1.18固态电压标准(solid state voltage standard)6.2.1.19标准电阻(standard resistor)6.2.1.20计算电容(cross capacitor)6.2.1.21感应分压器(inductive voltage divider)6.2.1.22分流器(shunt)6.2.1.23直流电流比较仪(direct current comparator)6.2.1.25多功能校准源(multifunction calibrator)6.2.1.26数字阻抗电桥(LCR meter)6.2.1.27 电压表（voltmeter）6.2.1.28 电流表(amperometer)6.2.1.29 电阻表(ohnneter)6.2.1.30 功率表(Watt meter)6.2.1.31 电能表(kWh meter)6.2.2电学计量常用测量方法6.2.2.1 直接测量（法）(direct (method of) measurement)6.2.2.3组合测量（法）(combination (method of) measurement)6.2.2.4 比较测量（法）(comparison (method of) measurement)6.2.2.5 零值测量（法）(null (method of) measurement)6.2.2.6 差值测量（法）(differential (method of) measurement)6.2.2.7 替代测量（法）(substitution (method of) measurement)6.2.2.8 不完全替代法(semi-substitution method of measurement)6.2.2.9 内插测量（法）(interpolation (method of) measurement)6.2.2.10 互补测量（法）(complementary (method of) measurement)6.2.2.11 差拍测量（法）(beat (method of) measurement)6.2.2.12 谐振测量（法）(resonance (method of) measurement)6.2.2.13 模数转换(analogue to digital conversion)6.2.2.14 数模转换(digital to analogue conversion)6.2.2.15 静电屏蔽(electrostatic screen)6.2.2.16 磁屏蔽(magnetic screen)6.2.2.17 泄漏电流(leakage current)6.2.2.18 电位屏蔽(potential screen)6.2.2.19 等电位屏蔽(equip—potential screen)6.2.2.20 无定向结构(astatic construction)6.2.2.21交流-直流转换(AC-DC conversion)6.2.2.22交流-直流转换器<AC-DC converter)6.2.2.23交流-直流比较仪(AC-DC comparator)6.2.2.24热电变换器(thermal converter)6.2.2.25 共模电压(common mode voltage)6.2.2.26 串模电压(series mode voltage)6.2.2.27 共模抑制比(common mode rejection ratio ———CMRR)6.2.2.28 串模抑制比(series mode rejection ratio——SMRR)6.2.2.29 非对称输入(asymmetrical input)6.2.2.30 非对称输出(asymmetrical output)6.2.2.31 对称输入(symmetrical input)6.2.2.32 对称输出(symmetrical output)6.2.2.33 差分输入电路(differential input circuit)6.2.2.34 接地输入电路(earthed input circuit 或grounded input)6.2.2.35 接地输出电路(earthed output circuit或grounded output)6.2.2.36 浮置输入电路(floating input circuit)6.2.2.37 浮置输出电路(floating output circuit)6.2.3.1 模拟（测量）仪表（analogue (measuring) instrument）模拟指示仪表（analogue indicating instrument）6.2.3.2 数字（测量）仪表（digital (measuring) instrument）6.2.3.3 热电系仪表（electrothermal instrument）6.2.3.4 双金属系仪表（bimetallic instrument）6.2.3.5 热偶式仪表（thermocouple instrument）6.2.3.6 整流式仪表（rectifier instrument）6.2.3.7 振簧系仪表（vibrating reed instrument）6.2.3.8 多用表、万用表（multimeter）6.2.3.9（测量）电桥（(measuring) bridge）6.2.3.10（测量）电位差计（(measuring) potentiometer）6.2.3.11 分压器（voltage divider）6.2.3.12 比较仪（comparator）6.2.3.13 指针式仪表（pointer instrument）6.2.3.14 光标式仪表（instrument with optical index）6.2.3.15 动标度仪表（moving-scale instrument）6.2.3.16 影条式仪表（shadow column instrument）6.2.3.17 静电系仪表（electrostatic instrument）6.2.3.18 磁电系仪表（(permanent magnet) moving-coil instrument）6.2.3.19 动磁系仪表（moving magnet instrument）6.2.3.20 电磁系仪表（moving-iron instrument）6.2.3.21 电动系仪表（electrodynamic instrument）6.2.3.22 铁磁电动系仪表（ferrodynamic instrument）6.2.3.23 感应系仪表（induction instrument）。

Adventure NovelIntroductionAn adventure novel is a genre of literature that focuses on thethrilling and exciting experiences of the protagonist as they embark on a dangerous journey or quest. These novels typically involve a combination of action, suspense, and exploration, often set in exotic or unfamiliar locations. Adventure novels have captivated readers for centuries, offering an escape from reality and taking them on a rollercoaster ride of emotions and adrenaline.Characteristics of Adventure Novels1.Heroic Protagonist: Adventure novels usually feature a brave andcourageous protagonist who possesses exceptional skills orabilities. This character is often driven by a strong sense ofjustice or a desire for discovery.2.Quest or Journey: The storyline revolves around a quest orjourney that the protagonist undertakes, which may involveovercoming obstacles, battling enemies, or solving mysteries. This journey often takes them through different landscapes or evendifferent worlds.3.Exotic Locations: Adventure novels frequently take place inremote, unexplored, or exotic locations. These settings add anelement of mystery and wonder to the story, allowing readers tovicariously experience the thrill of exploring new places.4.Action and Suspense: Adventure novels are known for their fast-paced and action-packed narrative. They are filled with thrilling scenes, such as daring escapes, intense battles, or adrenaline-fueled chases. Suspense is often built through unexpected plottwists and cliffhangers, keeping readers on the edge of theirseats.5.Sense of Danger: Adventure novels create a sense of danger andrisk, as the protagonist faces life-threatening situations andencounters formidable adversaries. This constant threat addstension and excitement to the story, making it difficult forreaders to put the book down.6.Themes of Exploration and Discovery: Adventure novels oftenexplore themes of exploration, discovery, and self-discovery. The protagonist may embark on a physical journey to uncover hiddentreasures or secrets, but they also undergo an internal journey of personal growth and transformation.7.Dynamic Characters: Adventure novels feature a diverse cast ofcharacters, including allies, mentors, and villains. Thesecharacters often have complex motivations and backstories, adding depth and richness to the narrative.Notable Adventure Novels1.“Treasure Island” by Robert Louis Stevenson: This classicadventure novel tells the story of young Jim Hawkins, who embarks on a treasure hunt after discovering a pirate’s map. Filled with swashbuckling pirates, buried treasure, and a memorable cast ofcharacters, this book has become a defining work in the adventure genre.2.“The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” by Mark Twain: Set alongthe Mississippi River, this novel follows the escapades of HuckFinn and his friend Jim, a runaway slave. Together, they navigate through various challenges, including encounters with thieves, con artists, and slave hunters, highlighting the social issues of the time.3.“The Hobbit” by J.R.R. Tolkien: This fantasy adventure novelintroduces readers to the world of Middle-earth and follows Bilbo Baggins as he accompanies a group of dwarves on a quest to reclaim their homeland. Along the way, Bilbo faces numerous dangers,including encounters with trolls, goblins, and the fearsome dragon Smaug.4.“Jurassic Park” by Michael Crichton: In this thrilling sciencefiction adventure, a group of scientists and tourists visit aremote island where dinosaurs have been brought back to lifethrough genetic engineering. As chaos ensues and the dinosaursescape, the characters must fight for their survival in adangerous and unpredictable environment.5.“The Da Vinci Code” by Dan Brown: Combining elements ofadventure, mystery, and historical fiction, this novel followssymbologist Robert Langdon as he unravels a complex web of cluesand symbols in a quest to uncover a hidden secret. The fast-paced narrative takes readers on a thrilling journey through famouslandmarks and historical events.ConclusionAdventure novels provide readers with an exhilarating and immersive experience, transporting them to worlds filled with danger, excitement, and discovery. Through the heroic actions of the protagonists, readers can vicariously experience the thrill of embarking on daring quests and facing formidable challenges. Whether set in the past, present, or future, adventure novels continue to captivate audiences of all ages, reminding us of the boundless possibilities that lie beyond our everyday lives.。

I.Multiple choice. Please choose the best answer among the four items.(10x 1’= 10’)1.In American literature, the 18th century was the age of Enlightenment. ____2.The short story “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”is taken from Irving’s3.4.The short story “Rip Van Winkle” reveals the __ attitude of its author.5.Stylistically, Henry James’ fiction is characterized by ___.6.7.Which is regarded as the “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”?8.____ is considered Mark Twain’s greatest achievement.9.___ is not among those greatest figures in “Lost Generation”.10.Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing beesII.Multiple choice. Please choose the best answer among the four items.(10 x 1’= 10’)14.Which of following is NOT a typical feature of Mark Twain’s language?From Thoreau’s jail experience, came his famous essay, _____ which stateshis belief that no man should violate his conscience at the mand of agovernment.A. WaldenB. NatureC. Civil DisobedienceD. mon Sense16.Which is regarded as the “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”?17.Most of the poems in Whitman’s Leaves of Grass sing of the “en-mass”19.Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing bees20.For Melville, as well as for the reader and ____, the narrator, Moby Dick is stillII. Identify Works as Described Below (1’×15=15’):1.The novel has a sole black protagonist who tells his own story but whose namein unknown to us.a.Native Sonb.Uncle Tom’s Cabinc.Invisible Mand. Go Tell It onthe Mountains2.The main conflict of the play is the protagonist’s false value of fineappearance and popularity with people and the cruel reality of the society in which money is everything.a.A Street Car Named Desireb. The Hairy Apec.Long Day’s Journeyinto Nightd. Death of Salesman3.It is an autobiographical play and Edmund in the play is based on theplaywright himself.a. Long Day’s Journey into Nightb. Henderson the Rain Kingc. The Hairy Aped. The Glass Menageries4.The novel tells of how a black man kills a white woman by accident and howthe society is responsible for the murder.a.Native Sonb.Uncle Tom’s Cabinc.Invisible Mand. Go Tell It onthe Mountains5._________ is one of the best works in American literature about the SecondWorld War.a.A Farewell to Armsb.The Catcher in the Ryec.The Red Badge ofCourage d. The Naked and the Dead6. The novel by Hemingway is the best of its kind about World War I.a.A Farewell to Armsb.The Sun Also Risesc.The Old Man and the Sead. The Naked and the Dead7.The novel is about how a family of farmers cannot survive in Oklahoma andtravel to California to seek a living and how they suffer hunger in California.a.T he Grapes of Wrathb. U.S. A.c.Babbittd. The Adventures of Augie March8.It is a trilogy including The 42nd Parallel, 1919, and The Big Money, with suchtechniques as biographies, newsreels and camera eye.a.B abbittb. Light in Augustc. U.S.A.d. The Grapes of Wrath9.It is a novel which uses the stream of consciousness technique and whosetitle is taken from Shakespeare’s Macbeth.a. Absolom, Absolom!b. The Sound and the Furyc.A Farewell to Armsd. The Great Gatsby10. It is a naturalistic work about how a country girl is seduced and how she beesa famous actress and how her lover falls into a beggar and finally mitssuicide.a.An American Tragedyb. Sister Carriec.McTeagued.Maggie, A Girl of the Streets11.The novel is set on the Mississippi with the protagonist telling us the story inthe local dialect. It is a representative work of local colorism.a.Sister Carrieb.The Adventures of Tom Sawyerc.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finnd.The Portrait of a Lady12.The novel is a psychological study of a soldier (Henry Fleming)’s reactions inthe Civil War.a.An American Tragedyb. Sister Carriec.The Red Badge of Couraged.McTeague13. The poem is written in free verse in 52 cantos with the theme of theuniversality and equality in value of all people and all things.a.Cantosb. The Ravenc.Song of Myselfd.Chicago14. The novel is about how a group of people on a whaling ship kill a great whalebut themselves are killed by the whale, with the conflict between man and his fate.a.The Octopusb. Moby-Dickc.The Rise of Silas Laphamd. Leaves of Grass15.It is a philosophical essay in 8 chapters plus an introduction mainly concernedwith the four uses of nature.a. Waldenb. Naturec.The Scarlet Letterd. The American ScholarI.Choose the Best Answer for Each of the Following(1’×15=15’):1.An English ship brought 102 people from Plymouth, England on September 16, 1620 and arrived in the present Provincetown harbor on November 21 in the same year. This ship was named ____________.a. The Pilgrimsb. Mayflowerc. Americad. Titanic2._________ is father of American drama and in his dramatic career he wrote 49 plays.a. Tennessee Williamsb. Eugene O’Neillc. Arthur Millerd. Elmer Rice3._________ was the first American writer to write entirely American literature.a. Anne Bradstreetb. Washington Irvingc. Mark Twaind. Ernest Hemingway4. _______ was the leader of American transcendentalism.a. Benjamin Franklinb. Washington Irvingc. Ralph Waldo Emersond. Henry David Thoreau5._______was the greatest woman poet in American literature and she wroteabout 1,700 short lyric poems in her life time.a. Pearl S. Buckb.Harriet Bicher Stowec. Emily Dickensond. Walter Whitman6._________ is father of the detective story and of psychoanalytic criticism.a. Washington Irvingb. Ralph Waldo Emersonc. Walt Whitmand. Edgar Allan Poe7.William Dean Howells is concerned with the middle class life; ______ writes about the upper class society, and Mark Twain deals with the lower class reality.a. Stephen Craneb. Frank Norrisc. Theodore Dreiserd. Henry James8. Which of the following is a naturalistic writer?a. William Dean Howellsb. Mark Twainc. Ernest Hemingwayd.Theodore Dreiser9. His writings are characterized by simple, colloquial language and deep thoughts. He is______.a. Ernest Hemingwayb. William Faulknerc. F. Scott Fitzgeraldd.Mark Twain10. He wrote 18 novels all set in Jefferson Town, Yoknapatwapha County in thedeep south. He is ______.a. William Faulknerb. John Steinbeckc. Ernest Hemingwayd. Mark Twain11. ________is Jewish in origin and in many of his novels the American Jews aremajor characters.a. Sinclair Lewisb. Saul Bellowc. Norman Mailerd. Jerome David Salinger12._________ is often regarded as the greatest American woman poet and she wrote over 1,700 short lyric poems in her life time.a. Anne Bradstreetb. Robert Frostc. H.D.d. Emily Dickinson13.________ is father of American drama and won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1936.a. John Steinbeckb. William Faulknerc. Eugene O’Neilld. Arthur Miller14. He was the first black American to write a book about black life with greatimpact on the consciousness of the nation and his masterpiece is one of the three classics about black Americans. Who is he?a.Richard Wrightb. Harriet Beecher Stowec. Langston Hughesd.Ralph Ellison15. Hemingway wrote about American patriots in Europe whereas ________ wroteabout the Jazz age, life in American society.a.William Carlos Williamsb. William Faulknerc. John Steinbeckd. F. ScottFitzgeraldI.Choose the Best Answer for Each of the Following(1×15 %):2.The American Civil War broke out in 1861 between the Northern states and the South states, which are known respectively as the ______and the______.a. N, Sb. Revolutionaries, Reactionariesc. Union, Confederacyd. Slavery, Anti-Slavery2._____________was praised by the British as the “Tenth Muse in America”.a.Anne Bradstreetb. Edward Taylorc. Thomas Pained. Philip Freneau3.Mark Twain was a representative of ________ in American literature.a. transcendentalismb. naturalismc. local colorismd. imagism4. _______ was the leader of American transcendentalism.a. Benjamin Franklinb. Washington Irvingc. Ralph Waldo Emersond. Henry David Thoreau5.The greatest American poet and the first writer of free verse is ____________.a. Washington Irvingb.Ezra Poundc. Walt Whitmand. Emily Dickinson6._________ is father of the detective story and of psychoanalytic criticism.a. Washington Irvingb. Ralph Waldo Emersonc. Walt Whitmand. Edgar Allan Poe7.Henry James is concerned with the upper class life; ______ writes about the middle class society, and Mark Twain deals with the lower class reality.a. Stephen Craneb. Frank Norrisc. Theodore Dreiserd. William Dean Howells8. Which of the following is a naturalistic writer?a. William Dean Howellsb. Mark Twainc. Ernest Hemingwayd.Theodore Dreiser9. ________’s writings are characterized by simple, colloquial language anddeep thoughts.a. Ernest Hemingwayb. William Faulknerc. F. Scott Fitzgeraldd. Mark Twain10. ______ wrote 18 novels all set in Jefferson Town, Yoknapatwapha County inthe deep south. .a. William Faulknerb. John Steinbeckc. Ernest Hemingwayd. Mark Twain11. ________is Jewish in origin and in many of his novels the American Jews aremajor characters.a. Sinclair Lewisb. Saul Bellowc. Norman Mailerd. Jerome David Salinger12._________ is often regarded as the greatest American woman poet and she wrote over 1,700 short lyric poems in her life time.a. Anne Bradstreetb. Robert Frostc. H.D.d. Emily Dickinson13.________ is father of American drama and won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1936.a. John Steinbeckb. William Faulknerc. Eugene O’Neilld. Arthur Miller14. _______ was the first black American to write a book about black life withgreat impact on the consciousness of the nation and his masterpiece is one of the three classics about black Americans.b.Richard Wright b. Harriet Beecher Stowec. Langston Hughesd. Ralph Ellison15. ________ first used the “Jazz age”as the title of a collection of shortstoriesa. F. Scott Fitzgeraldb. William Faulknerc. John Steinbeckd. ErnestHemingwayII. Identify Works as Described Below (1×15 %):6.The play is about a stoker whose identity as a human being is not recognizedby his fellow human beings and who tries to find affinity with a monkey in the zoo and is finally killed by the animal.a. The Hairy Apeb. Henderson the Rain Kingc. Long Day’s Journey into Nightd. The Glass Menageries7.The protagonist in this play is a crippled girl named Amanda.a.A Street Car Named Desireb. The Hairy Apec.Long Day’s Journeyinto Nightd.The Glass Menageries8.The hero of this novel tells about his own story to us but his name is unknown.a.Native Sonb.Uncle Tom’s Cabinc.Invisible Mand. Go Tell It onthe Mountains4. It is an autobiographical play and Edmund in the play is based on the playwright himself.a. Long Day’s Journey into Nightb. Henderson the Rain Kingc. The Hairy Aped. The Glass Menageries5.The novel tells of how a black man kills a white woman by accident and howhe is finally arrested and tried and sentenced to death.a.Native Sonb.Uncle Tom’s Cabinc.Invisible Mand. Go Tell It onthe Mountains6._________ is one of the best works in American literature about the SecondWorld War.a.A Farewell to Armsb.The Catcher in the Ryec.The Red Badge ofCouraged. The Naked and the Dead6. The novel by Hemingway is the best of its kind about World War I.a.A Farewell to Armsb.The Sun Also Risesc.The Old Man and the Sead. The Naked and the Dead10.The novel is about how a family of farmers cannot survive in Oklahoma andtravel to California to seek a living and how they suffer hunger in California.b.The Grapes of Wrath b. U.S. A.c.Babbittd. The Adventures of Augie March11.It is a trilogy including The 42nd Parallel, 1919, and The Big Money, with suchtechniques as biographies, newsreels and camera eye.b.Babbitt b. Light in Augustc. U.S.A.d. The Grapes of Wrath12.It is a novel which uses the stream of consciousness technique and whosetitle is taken from Shakespeare’s Macbeth.a. Absolom, Absolom!b. The Sound and the Furyc.A Farewell to Armsd. The Great Gatsby10. It is a naturalistic work about how a country girl is seduced and elopes withHurstwood and how she bees a famous actress and how her lover falls into beggary and finally mits suicide.a.An American Tragedyb. Sister Carriec.McTeagued.Maggie, A Girl of the Streets11.It is a novel with 135 chapters plus an epilog; in it a group of people on awhaling ship kill a great whale but they themselves are killed by the whale in the end, except Ishmael the narrator who survives by adhering to a coffin.b.Sister Carrie b.The Adventures of Tom Sawyerc.Moby Dickd. The Portrait of a Lady12.The novel is a psychological study of a soldier (Henry Fleming)’s reactions inthe Civil War, in which wound is called the red badge which symbolizes courage.a.An American Tragedyb. Sister Carriec.The Red Badge of Couraged.McTeague13. The poem is written in free verse in 52 cantos with the theme of theuniversality and equality in value of all people and all things.a.Cantosb. The Ravenc.Song of Myselfd.Chicago14. The novel is about how a man falls economically and socially but who risesmorally because he gives up the opportunity to sell his factory to an English Syndicate, which would otherwise mean a ruin to that syndicate.a.The Octopusb. The Rise of Silas Laphamc. Moby-Dickd. Leaves of Grass15.It is a speech delivered at Harvard University. It is often hailed as the“declaration of intellectual independence” in America.a. The American Scholarb. Naturec.The Scarlet Letterd. WaldenII. Match the following(1×20%)A. Match Works with Their Authors1.Hugh Selwyn Mauberly2.Walden3. Autobiography4. The Scarlet Letter5.Leaves of Grass6.The Raven7. The Rise of Silas Lapham8. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer9. Long Day’s Journey into Night10. The Old Man and the Seaa.Mark Twainb. Ernest Hemingwayc. Eugene O’Neilld. William Dean Howellse. Edgar Allan Poef. Walt Whitmang. Nathaniel Hawthorneh. Benjamin Franklini.Henry David Thoreauj. Ezra Poundk.Thomas Jefferson l. T.S. EliotB. Match the Characters with the works in which they appear.1.Hester Prynne2.Mrs. Touchett3.Frederick Henry4.Benjy pson5.the Joads6.General Edward Cummings7.Holden Caulfield 7.Bigger Thomas8.Yank 9.Happya.The Portrait of a Ladyb. The Scarlet Letterc. The Hairy Aped. A Farewell to Armse.The Sound and the Furyf. The Grapes of Wrathg. The Naked and the Deadh. The Catcher in the Ryei. Native Sonj. Death of a Salesmank.Invisible Manl.Catch-22III. Match the following(1’×20=20’)A. Match works with their authors1.Nature2.Rip Van Winkle3. Nature4. The Scarlet Letter5.Leaves of Grass6.The Raven7. The Rise of Silas Lapham8. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn9. Cantos10. The Old Man and the Seaa.Ezra Poundb. Ernest Hemingwayc. Mark Twaind. William Dean Howellse. Edgar Allan Poef. Walt Whitmang. Nathaniel Hawthorneh. Ralph Waldo Emersoni.Washington Irvingj. Waldo Emersonk.T.S. Eliot l. Robert FrostB. Match characters with the works in which they appear.2.Captain Ahab and Starbuck 2.Isabel Archer3.Frederic Henry and Catherine4.Benjy pson5.the Joads6.General Edward Cummings7.Holden Caulfield 8.Bigger Thomas9.The Tyrones 10.Willy Lomana.The Portrait of a Ladyb. Moby-Dickc. Death of a Salesmand. A Farewell to Armse.The Sound and the Furyf. The Grapes of Wrathg. The Naked and the Dead h. The Catcher in the Ryei. Native Son j. Long Day’s Journey into Nightk.Absalom, Absalom l. The Old Man and the SeaV. Essay Questions (30%; c hoose only ONE of the following three topics and write a short essay of at least 300 words. Note: [1]Your essay should have at least 3 paragraphs; you are not simply to make a list of facts.[2] You may give a title to your essay, but you are required to indicate which of the 3 topics it belongs to.[3]You are not to write on a topic of your own.1.To the best of your knowledge, analyze and make ments onEmerson’sNature2.ment on any American poet you like.3.Analyze and/or ment on any one of the American novels or plays you haveread.V. Essay Questions (30%;c hoose only ONE of the following three topics and write a short essay of at least 300 words. Note: [1]Your essay should have at least 3 paragraphs; you are not simply to make a list of facts.[2] You may give atitle to your essay, but you are required to indicate which of the 3 topics it belongs to. [3]You are not to write on a topic of your own.)4.Make ments on an American novel we have discussed in this course.5.ment on an American poet.6.Describe how your knowledge of American literature is improved after takingthis course..IV. Please answer the following questions briefly. (2 x 10’ = 20’)1.Why do people think Franklin is the embodiment of American dream?2.What is “Lost Generation”?V. Discussion. (1 x 20’ = 20’)State your own interpretations of Hemingway’s iceberg theory of writing?IV. Please answer the following questions briefly. (2 x 10’ = 20’)3.What is Hawthorne’s style? Explain the style with examples.4.At the end of the 19th century, there were three fighters for Realism. Who arethey? What are their differences?________True or False. (10 x 2’= 20’)1. American literature is the oldest of all national literature.2. Thomas Jefferson was the only American to sign the 4 documents that created the US.3. All his literary life, Hawthorne seemed to be haunted by his sense of sin and evil.4. Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass are about human psychology.5. Hurstwood is a character in Dreiser’s An American Tragedy.6. Faulkner’s region was the Deep North, with its bitter history of slavery, civil war anddestruction.7. Placed in historical perspective, Howells is found lacking in qualities and depth. But anyhow he isa literary figure worthy of notice.8. Faulkner’s works have been termed the Yoknapatawpha Saga, “one connected story”.9. As a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematical.10. Emily Dickinson expresses her deep love in the poem “Annabel Lee”.II. Decide whether the statements are True or False. (10 x 2’= 20’)1. Early in the 17th century, the English settlements in Virginia and began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history.2. American Romantic writers avoided writing about nature, medieval legends and with supernatural elements.3. As a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematical.4. “Young Goodman Brown” wants to prove everyone possesses kindness in heart.5. Henry James was a realist in the same way as one views the realism of Twain or Howells.6. The American realists sought to describe the wide range of American experience and to present the subtleties of human personality.7. Frost’s concern with nature reflected his deep moral uncertainties.8. Faulkner’s works have been termed the Yoknapatawpha Saga, “one connected story”.9. Roger Chillingworth is a character in Dreiser’s An American Tragedy.10. After the Civil War, the Frontier was closing. Disillusionment and frustration were widely felt. What had been expected to be a “Golden Age” turned to be a “Gilded” one.。

Part I the Anglo-Saxon Period（449-1066）Social background：The Teutonic tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes who conquered the British settled in the island and became the ancestors of the English dwelt. The language spoken by these tribes is generally called Anglo- Saxon or Saxon.Main trend of literature: The literature of this period falls naturally into two divisions—pagan and Christian.The former represents the poetry which the Anglo –Saxons probably brought with them in the form of oral sagas-the crude material out of which literature was slowly developed on English soil.The latter represents the writers developed under teaching of the monks.Special forms of literature:Epic(史诗)—An epic is a long narrative poem, on a grand scale, about the deeds of warriors and heroes.Master work:The Song of Beowulf .The Song of Beowulf is England's first national epic and its hero Beowulf ---one of the national heroes of the English people. The whole epic consisting of 3182 lines is to be divided into two parts with an interpolation between the two, describing the deeds of the Teutonic hero Beowulf.My understanding:It is the beginning of the English literature.Part ⅡThe Anglo-Norman Period(1066-1350)Social background:In the year 1066,at the battle of Hastings, the Normans headed by William, Duke of Normandy, defeated the Anglo-Saxon.The Normans were originally a hardy race of sea rovers inhabiting Scandinavia. In the tenth century they conquered a part of northern France, which is still called Normandy, and rapidly adopted French civilization and the French language. Their conquest of Anglo-Saxon England under William, duke of Normandy, began with the battle of Hastings in 1066.Main trend of literature: English literature is a combination of French and Saxon elements. The literature which Normandy brought to England is remarkable for its bright , romantic tales of love and adventure, in marked contrast with the strength and somberness of Anglo-Saxon poetry.Special forms of literature: Romance —Sir Gawain and the Green KnightPopular Ballads—Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission.(Robin Hood and Allin -a-Dale)Major writer: Geoffrey Chaucer(1340?-1400) —―father of English poetry‖Master work:Chaucer‗s masterpiece is The Canterbury Tales，one of the most famous works in all literature. In this great work，Chaucer created a strikingly brilliant and picturesque panorama of his time and his country. In this poem Chaucer‘s realism, trenchant irony a nd freedom of views reached such a high level of power that it had no equal in all the English literature up to the 16th century.Style and language feature:His work is permeated with buoyant free-thinking，so characteristic of the age of Renaissance whose immediate forerunner Chaucer thus becomes. He believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions and a blind belief in fate. He is always keen to praise man's energy，adroitness，intellect，quick wit and the love for life.My understanding:The English literature come into being.Part III The Renaissance(the 16th century)Social background: The 16th century in England was a period of the breaking up of feudal relations and the establishing of the foundations of capitalism. Manufactories were developing and the wool trade was rapidly growing in bulk. The enclosure of commons drove thousands of peasants off their lands and many of them settled in towns. It was a time when, according to Thomas More, ―sheep devoured men.‖Main trend of literature:Together with the development of bourgeois relationships and formation of the English national state this period is marked by a flourishing of national culture known as the Renaissance.Special forms of literature: sonnet, drama, lyrical poetry and various types of novel.Major writer and master works and their style and language features: At the beginning of the 16th century the outstanding humanist Thomas More(1478-1535) wrote his Utopia(1516)in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of the people's sufferings and put forward his ideal of a future happy society .In the first half of the 16th century there appeared lyrical poems by Thomas Wyatt (1503?-1542),Henry Howard, Earl of surrey(1517-1547) and others who initiated new poetical forms, borrowing freely from English popular songs and Italian and French poetry. Thus Wyatt was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.In the second half of the 16th century lyrical poetry became widespread in England. Among the outstanding lyrical and epic poets of the time were Philip Sidney (1554-1586), Thomas Campion (1567-1680), and Edmund Spenser (1552-1599). The latter was the author of the greatest epic poem of the time The Fairy Queen.John Lyly (1553?-1606) and Thomas Loge (1558?-1625) were authors of novels dealing with court life and gallantry. Realistic tendencies developed in Thomas Deloney‘s (1543-1607) and Thomas Nashe‘s (1567-1602) novels, devoted to the everyday life of craftsmen, merchants and other representatives of the lower classes.The greatest of the pioneers of English drama was Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) who reformed that genre in England and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works. It was Marlowe who made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama. Robert Greene（1560?-1592）was a outstanding dramatist whose play George Green, the Pinner of Wakefield was highly appreciated.The great English scientist and philosopher Francis Bacon (1561-1626) whose s famous Literary work is the Essays. Francis Bacon's works may be divided into three classes: the philosophical, the literary，and the professional works. The principal and best known of the philosophical works are: the Advncement of Learning，（学术的推进）publshed in English in 1605; the Novum Organum新工具，published in Latin in 1620; and the De Augmentis，published in Latin in 1623. Of Bacon's litera works，the most important are the Essays.T he greatest humanist writer of this period —William Shakespeare(1564-1616).William Shakespeare is the greatest of all English authors. He belongs to those rare geniuses of mankind who have become landmarks in the history of world culture. The works of William Shakespeare are a great landmark in the history of world literature for he was one of the first founders of realism，a master hand at realistic portrayal of human characters and relations.No wonder that Shakespeare's works were so fondly cherished by the greatest minds of mankind，and among them by Karl Marx，who regarded Aeschylus and Shakespeare as "the two greatest dramatic geniuses the world has ever known.‖ It is well known in what high esteem Shakespeare was held by such giants of world literature as Milton，Goethe，Stendhal，and Pushkin.Works of Shakespeare.During the twenty-two years of his literary work he produced 38 plays，2 narrative poems and 154 sonnets. His literary work may be divided into three major periods: the first period from 1590 to 1600，the second from 1601 to 1608，and the third from 1609 to 1612.The first period:1590 The Second Part of King Henry VThe Third Part of King Henry V1591 The First Part of King Henry V1592 The Life and Death of King Richard IIIThe Comedy of Errors《错误的喜剧》1593 Titus AndronicusThe Taming of the Shrew（驯悍记）1594 The Two Gentlemen of Verona（维洛那二绅士）Love's Labor‘s Lost（爱的徒劳）Romeo and Juliet（罗密欧与朱丽叶）1595 The Life and Death of Richαrd IIA Midsummer Night's Dream（仲夏夜之梦）1596 The Life and Death of King JohnThe Merchant of Venice（威尼斯商人）1597 The First Part of King Henry IVThe Second Part of King Henry IV1598 Much Ado About Nothing（无事烦恼）The Merry Wives of Windsor（温莎的风流娘儿们）The Life of King Henry V1599 The Life and Death of Julius CaesarAs You Like It（皆大欢喜）1600 Twelfth Night, or, What You Will（第十二夜）The second period:1601 Hamlet，Prince of Denmark （哈姆莱特）1602 Troilus and CressidaAll's Well That Ends Well. （终成眷属）1604 Measure for Measure（一报还一报）Othello，the Mooe of Venice（奥赛罗）1605 King Lear（李尔王）The Tragedy of Macbeth（麦克白）1606 Antony and Cleopatra1607 The Tragedy of CriolanusTimon of Athens1608 Pericles，Prince of TyreThe third period:1609 Cymbeline, King of Britain （辛白林）1610 The Winter's Tale（冬天的故事）1612 The Tempest（暴风雨）The Life of King Henry VIIIShakespeare had also written poems: Venus an Adonis(1592)，Lucrece (1592-1593)，and Sonnets (1593-1598). Among these works, Hamlet is considered to be the summit of Shakespeare‘s art. The whole tragedy is permeated with the spirit of Shakespeare‘s own time. Hamlet is the profoundest expression of Shakespeare's humanism and his criticism of contemporary life.My understanding: It is a flourishing time of English literature.Part IV The 17th Century :The period of revolution and restorationSocial background: The 17th century was one of the most tempestuous periods in English history. It was a period when absolute monarchy impeded the further development of capitalism in England and the bourgeoisie could no longer bear the sway of landed nobility. The contradictions between the feudal system and the bourgeoisie had reached its peak and resulted in a revolutionary outburst.Main trend of literature: In this period in literature also the Puritan Age was one of confusion，due to the breaking up of old ideals. The Puritans believed in simplicity of life. They disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry written in the previous period. The Bible became now the one book of the people. The Puritan influence in general tended to suppress literary art.Special forms of literature:In this period in the absence of any fixed standard of literary criticism there was nothing to prevent the exaggeration of the "metaphysical" poets，who are the literary parallels to religious sects like the Anabaptists（浸礼教徒）. Poetry took new and startling forms in Donne and Herbert，and prose became as somber as Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy.Major writer and master works and their style and language features:John Donne (1572?-1631) is a more thoroughly characteristic figure of the early seventeenth century. His religious poems and his magnificent sermons reached astounding heights of subtlety and intensity. The searchings of soul andthe horrified fascination with which he contemplated the processes of dissolution and the awful event of death are rendered with amazing intellectual ingenuity and imaginative power. His prose style, involuted and ornate, cumulative and Ciceronian, is one of the more glorious monuments to the spirit of the early seventeenth century.John Milton (1608-1774) is a great English poet. John Milton was the child of the Renassance, inherited all its culture, and the most profoundly educated man of his age. His greatest work Paradise Lost presents the author‘s views in an allegoric(比喻的，寓言的) religious form. The basic idea in this poem is: the exposure of reactionary forces of his time and passionate appeal for freedom. The poem is on the biblical legend of imaginary progenitors of the human race—Adam and Eve, and involves God and his eternal adversary, Satan. His another poem is Paradise Regained. John Bunyan (1628-1688) is a great prose writer. His most important work is The Pilgrim’s Progress, written in the old-fashioned, medieval form of allegory and dream.My understanding: It is a time of revolution and restoration.Part V The 18th Century：The Age of English Enlightenment in EnglandSocial background: After the tempestuous events of the 17th century, England entered a period of a comparatively peaceful development.Main trend of literature: With the advent of the 18th century，in England，as in other European countries，there sprang into life a public movement known as the Enlightenment（启蒙运动）The Enlightenment on the whole，was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality，stagnation，prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people.And the new literature current—that of Sentimentalism appeared. Sentimentalism in literature is ―emotion run wild,‖ with emphasis on feeling rather on events and circumstances which produced the feeling.Another conspicuous trend in the English literature of the later half of the 18th century was the so-called pre-romanticism. It originated among the conservative groups of men of letters as a reaction against Enlightenment and found its most manifest expression in the "Gothic novel"，the term arising from the fact that the greater part of such romances were devoted to the medieval times.Special forms of literature: Neo-classicism (poetry and prose), realistic novel and the gothic novel.Major writer and master works and their style and language features:Enlighteners fell into two groups — the moderate group and the radical group. Moderate enlighteners supported the principles of the existing social order and considered that partial reforms would be sufficient. In this group may be included chiefly Alexander Pope(1688-1744), Joseph Addison(1672-1719) and Richard Steele(1672-1729), Daniel Defoe (1660-1731) and Samuel Richardson(1689-1761). They tried to work out a standard of moral conduct, which could be more suitable to the existing social conditions. Radical enlighteners struggled for more resolute democratization in the management of the government, and defended the interests of the exploited masses, the peasants and the working people in the cities. The representative writers of this group are Jonathan Swift(1667-1745), Henry Fielding(1707-1754), Tobias George Smollet(1721-1771), Oliver Goldsmith(1730-1774) and Richard Brinsley Sheridan(1751-1816). They stressed the discrepancy between what they called "the proper, moral standards"and the bourgeois-aristocratic society of their age.Alexander Pope (1688-1744)①An Essay on Criticism (1711)②The Rape of the Lock (1712-14)③Essay on Man (1733-34)④The Dunciad (1728)2. Joseph Addison (1672-1719) and Richard Steele (1672-1729)①The Tatler②The SpectatorDaniel Defoe (1660-1731)①Robinson Crusoe1719②Captain Singleton—a novel of adventure, 1720③Moll Flanders—written in the form of autobiography, 1722④Colonel Jacque—a novel of adventure, 1722三、Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) The Battle of the Books (1704), and A Tale of a Tub (1704). The former is a satirical dialogue on the comparative merits of ancient and modern writers. It mainly attacks on pedantry in literary world of the time. The latter is a prose satire written in the form of a parable and a sharp attack on the disputes among the different sects of the Christian religion.Among the pamphlets he wrote about Ireland, the best-known pieces are The Drapier' s Letters and A Modest Proposal Swift‘s tragic live affairs were recorded in his poem Cadenus and Vanessa and Journal to Stella. Before his death, Swift published a poem On the Death of Dr. Swift.Henry Fielding (1707-1754)①Joseph Andrews1742②Jonathan Wild the Great1743.③The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling 1749④Amelia 1751William Blake (1757-1827)①Songs of Innocence1789②Songs of Experience1794③The Marriage of Heaven and HellRobert Burns (1759-1796)Most of Burns‘s poems are lyrics on love and friendship. They have a great charm of simplicity. His best-known lyrics are A Red, Red Rose, and Auld Lang Syne.③Burns wrote some poems to express his hatred for the oppression of the ruling class and his love for freedom. A best-known poem of this kind is A Man's A Man for That.④Burns wrote some patriotic poems, in which he expresses his deep love for his motherland; such as My Heart's inthe Highlands.⑤Burns wrote some verse-tales which he based on old Scottish legends. In these poems, he sings of the heroic spirit of the Scottish people in their struggle against their oppressors. The best example of these poems is John Barleycorn.⑥Burns wrote a number of poems on the theme of revolution, such as The Tree of Liberty and A Revolutionary Lyric.⑦Burns also achieve success in the field of satire. E.g. The Toadeater.⑧Poems like The Jolly Beggars are characterized by humor and lightheartedness.Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751-1816)①The Rivals②The School for ScandalFeaturesSheridan‘s dramatic techniques are largely conventional; th ey are exploited to the best advantage. His plots are well organized; his characters, either major or minor, all sharply drawn; and his manipulation of such devices as disguise, mistaken identity and dramatic irony is masterly. Witty dialogues and neat and decent language also make a characteristic of his plays.My understanding: The age of English Enlightenment in England。

第１２卷第４期２０１４年４月淮海工学院学报（人文社会科学版）ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＨｕａｉｈａｉＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ（Ｈｕｍａｎｉｔｉｅｓ＆ＳｏｃｉａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓＥｄｉｔｉｏｎ）Ｖｏｌ．１２　Ｎｏ．４Ａｐｒ．２０１４ ＤＯＩ：１０．３９６９／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．２０９５ ３３３Ｘ．２０１４．０４．０１１论先锋、实验文学中的意识流手法陈　斌，王　琴（安徽建筑大学外国语学院，安徽合肥　２３０６０１）摘　要：在改革开放的社会背景下，一批思想敏锐的作家以独特的话语方式进行小说文本形式的实验，被评论界冠以“先锋派”的称号。

先锋、实验小说可大致分为两个时期。

在前期，作家们全面吸收和借鉴西方意识流小说的特质，避开时代政治主题，关注人的生存状态，展示人的精神危机所带来的意识流程。

在后期，意识流技巧得到更加娴熟的运用，它融入到很多现代和后现代的技巧之中，成为中国作家挖掘人物内心奥秘的常用手法。

关键词：意识流；先锋文学；实验文学中图分类号：Ｉ２０７．６７ 文献标识码：Ａ 文章编号：２０９５ ３３３Ｘ（２０１４）０４ ００３６ ０３一意识流小说兴起于１９世纪末２０世纪初，它采用迥异于传统文学的心理描写方式来展现人物的内心世界，在内容上力图挖掘人物的“前意识”、“潜意识”，在形式上力求真实地再现意识流动的随意性和跳跃性，扩展了小说艺术的表现领域，丰富了小说艺术的表现手法。

中国对意识流小说的接受始于“五四”新文化运动时期。

在这一时期，意识流小说在中国的接受主要停留在理论和作品的译介层面。

意识流小说在中国接受的第二个阶段是２０世纪三四十年代中国新感觉派对意识流小说的一次集体尝试。

这是在当时历史条件下的具有先锋性质的艺术实验，它形成了意识流小说在中国的第一次高潮，推动了意识流小说在中国的发展。

意识流小说在中国接受的第三个阶段是２０世纪７０年代末８０年代初，在这一时期对意识流小说进行积极实践的代表人物是王蒙，他的创作重新开启并加速了已中断多年的意识流文学东方化进程。

《看得见风景的房间》的象征意义分析dissertation----英美文学论文-->爱·摩·福斯特是20世纪英国最著名的小说家之一。

《看得见风景的房间》是他小说中最著名的一部。

从表面上看，这是一部简单的爱情小说，但是在小说中大量地运用了象征主义手法使作品有了更深层的意义。

本文由五部分构成：论文的第一部分简单地介绍了福斯特的生平和他在文学上的主要成就。

对福斯特小说中象征主义手法的运用进行了一个简单的论述，并简要说明了本论文研究的可行性及重要意义。

第二章是本论文的理论基础，根据查德威克所著的《象征主义》对象征主义的介绍，概括出象征主义的主要创作方法：通过运用未加解释的象征暗示内心的情感与思想及内心深处所憧憬的理想世界;论文第三章通过对《看得见风景的房间》这部小说中题目、主要人物、小说故事发生的背景中象征主义手法的解读，暗示是如何通过一些客观事物来暗示他的情感：对不健全心灵的批判和对自由人文主义的提倡，同时传达他所追求的超越现实的理想世界：人与人、人与自然和谐相处。

第四部分说明了象征主义在文章中的作用。

第五部分是对全篇论文的总结。

通过从象征主义手法分析福斯特的作品，读者可以更深刻地理解福斯特及他的作品。

ABSTRACT摘要E.M. Forster ostfamous novelists of the 20th Century in English literature.A Room ong his six novels. At first sight, you may regard it as asimple love story, but the use of symbolism gives this novel deeper meanings.This thesis is constituted of fiveparts. The first chapter briefly introduces Forster’s main life experiences andhis literary acplishments. The second part is the theoretical perspective.In terms of Symbolism ain method of symbolismbols to shoain characters and background settings. Through theuse of symbolism,it reveals hoanism. The author desires a harmonious onghuman and also betan and nature. The forth part is the function of symbolismin the novel. The firth part is the conclusion of the thesis. StudyingForster’s bolism, readers are able to understandboth Forster and his novel on a deeper level.Key bolismChapter1 Introduction引言Ediddle-class family. He ous as D.H. Laes Tait Black Memorial Prize.A Room e suggests, overes difficulties andgains the happiness that belongs to her finally.This thesis is to analyze E.MFoster’s application of symbolism in the novel., of which we can know that thetitle,-->characters, and locations, seasons and bolic meanings respectively. Through the collection of theinformation from some books, bols, roughly speaking, is a signof something else; in this aspect, all bols. In criticism,hobol”only refers to a e of bolism.The body part of this novel consistsof tboland symbolism. Part tainly represents the symbolic meaning of the title,characters, locations, seasons and bol and Symbolism符号和象征意义的解释Because of the importance of symboland symbolism in the novel and in order to let us understand this novel better,it is very necessary to understand some basic conceptions about symbol andsymbolism.2.1 An interpretation of symbolFrom the dictionary, symbol issomething that represents or stands for something else, usually by conventionor association, a material object used to represent something abstract. It isan object, person, idea and other things used in a literary ething else e more subtle bols sometimes are not justapplications for conveying meanings, being not a mark of themselves in theconcrete circumstances and scenes but also are knitted into the grain of theeaningsand more poplies all the same. Roughly speaking, it is a sign ofsomething else; in this point, all bols.A symbol has intricate meanings; ithas not only a literal meaning, but also additional meanings beyond theliteral. A symbol may have more than one meaning. Actually, most typicalsymbols do express a eanings. Like the peony can be regarded asthe symbol ofChina.Thus, in the right context, a peony can express even eaningthan its literal and simple meaning.Poets, like all of us, employmon symbols such as the terms “the Cross,”“the Red, eanings are monly knoe examples of mon Literary, the symbolic meaning of sunshine ishope, cross is salvation, heart is love, grim is reaper or death and phoenix isrebirth.2.2 An exposition of symbolismIt is defined that symbolism as theart of expressing thoughts-->and feelings not by describing them directly, nor bydefining them through parisons ages, but by expressing in the mind of the readerthrough the use of unexplained symbols.According to Charles Chadbolism involves tansymbolism”and the other is called as “transcendental Symbolism”. Edmund an symbolism as “an attempt by carefully studied means—a plicatedassociation of ideas represented by a medley of metaphors—to municate uniquepersonal feelings”(Chadbolism “in ages are used as symbols, not of particularthoughts and feelingserely an imperfect representation”(Chadbolism inliterature, theperiod since the bol systemsare applied by many chief efrom mostlyforgotten religious and mysterious traditions and partly developed by theauthors themselves. The symbolic applications in someof the most famous bolism in literature is one ofthe many tools that ploy in order to generate not only interest inone's eaning. Symbolism may beobvious or more subtle or hidden so that the reader must really think and studythe eaning. Like the ore subtle meanings.ay also use symbolism toallude to a mood or feeling otion. For example, a ight use the symbol of a lily to representpurity or a ray of sunshine to represent hope. Roses and images of hearts havebee synonymous bolist revolutions’acplishment ost basically, an exact consciousness of language s of life rather than a natural appearance of the person (Scott 212).According to Friedman, because of the influence of French Symbolist poetry, anebolist novel came into being.In some respects, the novels ofJames, Proust, Joyce, Conrad, Faulkner and Virginia bolist poetry.)Even though the symbolist novel is oneof the distinguished forms of the twentieth century, it has achieved-->lessattention than studies of symbolist poets and of symbolist poetry.E.M. Forsterand E.K. Brobolist novel (Tindall 71).Through the use of symbolism in A Room plies his feelings and ideas to criticize the unsound heart andadvocating liberal humanism.Chapter 3 SYMBOLIC ANAL YSIS OF AROOM bols appear almost every bolism of the title, maincharacters and the background setting.3.1 Symbolism of the Title—“A Room. Hoore than ore. The title of A Room bolic meaning.In the title, there are tbols—“room”and “vieportant because that they “explorerather than summarize”(Gindin, 176). Evidently, “room”and “vieeaning, room is anenclosed environment bolic meaning. People er, have unsound and undeveloped hearts. Vieosphere inItalyadvocatespeople to be honest and natural to express their true feelings.In the novel, all key charactersare measured by room and vieed by culture is that he has a dra but s. So this kind person is a deadly one.pletely differ from this kind persons, the Emersons bolizes the process of Lucy’s development. In the beginning ofthis story, Lucy longs for a room doesn’t etrue, she is very disappointed, plies Lucy has the right to o the vieersons offer to her, e new ideaswhich never happen to her before. Overprotected, she doesn’t know how to--> doerson bol ofthe freedom provides Lucy al vieising life. No: s and Mr. Emerson’s representing vieersons andItaly, erson’s sincere suggestion andescapes from imprisonment into freedom.The use of symbolism in the title provokesthoughts of readers and gives the novel a more rich meaning. .Forster agination, hypocrisy.”These features symbolize the middle class inevery country, but inEnglandthey are also national features, because the middle classes ofEnglandhavebeen in poale self-satisfaction”. All these are seen inCecil.Noedieval. Like a gothic statue. Tall and refineded braced by an effort of the bled the fastidioussaints ained in the grip of a certain devilodern the medieval, mer vision, .”(Forster,106)This portrayal description stresson Cecil’s back a his true life turning himself into a type of rigidart-object that is very different from all human outline. Symbolically, Cecilseems as the saints guarding the cathedral—a huge religious room. So e threatening qualities of Cecil’s “medievalism”.-->r />Mr. Beebe Lucy and the in poth and generosity .He remarks Cecilis “the kind of felloanity. Unable to understand the real meaning of life, he is alongthe sidelines, making best to fix and turn it to be appropriate to his prospectof the “good life,”a life th and humanity of Lucyand her family. He disliked touch and intimacy. Though he talked of democracy,he people, to keep himself pure and uncontact. He didn’tlike the body, all physical energies and functions.All these points make acontribution to Forster’s creation of Cecil. The author arranged him among theinhuman orethan a character but a symbol of the conception “undeveloped heart.”in thisnovel.3.2.2 Lucy—a “Fixed”one into a“Free”oneThrough Forster’s using of names,some implied meaning is gained. e “Honeychurch”oral control by church . As aVictorian young lady, she is the product of her class and controlled by thesocial discipline . She has a fixed figure—a medial lady “virtuous, solemn,removed, and sensitive to art but allo her previous life, offered by Italy—er, nee adventure.In Chapter 3 through the music LucyHoneychurch plays, it releases her out of herself and alloit in public. ation. Lucy es toItalyto gainknoore critical than everbefore, judging the familiar with new ideas and standards.There is a big test waiting for herin Chapter 6. In this part, it es to her a cr -->ucial encounter betazingly imaginative “vieprovement toore affected bythe mon attitudes of her class. She is doubtful about her true feelings. Atthis moment, she refuses the chance of o that life brings to her. So, the test is failed. Part 2 tells Lucydiscovered the truth about Cecil and her o fear of thephysical. She accepts Cecil Vyse’s third proposal and is engaged to him, ind is in a confused situation, even though a secondchance of releasing is given to her in the rest.In Chapter, 12 there is anotherimportant encounter bete. Accidently, theymeet Mrs. Honeychurch, Cecil and Lucy. Georges seems like a god from pond andgreets Lucy almost naked. The interesting scene is a sign of asking forpassion.In Chapter 15 one Sunday afternoon,at the rest just after George beats Lucy at tennis, Cecil accidentally reads achapter from Miss Lavish’snovel, ilar to George’s firstkissing of Lucy during the outingtoFiesole.Affected by the recollection of this scene, instinctively, Georgekisses Lucyagain. The kiss does have a direct and strong impact.At the end of Chapter 16, shelisten to her heart and pursue happiness and love, so Lucy breaks off herengagement ersons —the SpokesmenofLiberal HumanismThe Emersons is the spokesmen ofLiberal Humanism. Mr.Emerson’sdirectness and kindness is seen by his firstapperance in the book. As thebook opens, after their reaching to the PensionBertolini inFlorence,Lucy and Miss Bartlett find their rooms ised. At dinner, an hears their plaint,erson.In symbolic terms, both theEmersons noust acquire. Mr.Emerson, has aviean ake thei-->r fello these erson truly loves people erson an forItalyand love, appreciates and supports the love betphasis on theplexities of life. “Life is a public performance on the violin, in ust learn the instrument as you go along ”(Forster, 222). Mr. Emersoncontinues to speak to Lucy, quite unrestrained by social regulations, that sheloves George “body and soul”(Forster, 223).Though Lucy seems shocked, truthand love are too much part of Mr.Emerson and she has not got the courage toface him erson says to her next might be the vitalooning in the Pension Bertolini ulated by thebeautiful nature, George naturally conveys his love for Lucy. His role here isto aakes some contribution to her progress.Moreover, the Emersons, aredemocratic, for they believe in the equality beten and en. As opposedto Cecil’s regarding Lucy as a an. “I y arms”(Forster, 187).Definitely George is a conqueror oral symbolism is best embodied in the Emersons.3.3 Symbolism in the BackgroundSetting3.3.1 Symbolism of the LocationsFor Forster his visit toItalyother in the autumn of 1901 is “the most fruitful journey of his life”for itsdirect result is to afford some material for his earliest stories and t a quite different visionand Forster considersItalyas “The beautiful country bol of the“natural”life of activity and participation.Italybol of thefree land can be best personified in its people. Contrasted en, the Italians ore natural life.Mr.Beebe says Italians “are bornknowing the way”and they are endowed with--> “a gift from God”to find the rightpeople. Italians indeed have an intuitive intelligence. “They pry everyerson. Under the guidance of Phaethon,Lucy es into a“beautiful and direct”ing at last; shecould discern the river, the golden plain, other hills. At the same moment theground gave end to end.3.3.1.2 Symbolic Meaning of EnglandAs the book opens, pression ofEnglandthrough Lucy’s discontent ight beLondon.”She looked at the t.Englandis just a similar inded conventionality. “Forster’sEnglandis chiefly that of the upper middleclasses and the intelligentsia of the universities andLondon”(Bradbury, 51).Civilization ong these people. bolizes a otion3.3.2 Symbolism of Seasons and. The first part occurs inItalydominatedby the bright and sunny air but ends that implies the truelove is defeated by the tradition convention .The second part describes Lucy’snice home uch similar to thevieising period ofic. “Do you suppose there’s anydifference betan?”(Forster, 84) Lucy’sspringtime of emotion also arrives.In Chapter6, Forster describes aflorescent Italian spring viepered by-->theemerging of Miss Bartlett. issBartlett’s repressed spirit ind and she gives n. All thatphed”(Forster,143).The fortable climate fits forthe first important meeting betn. Summeradeher to be more pathetic, because they inded of spring. Looking thesurroundings, a leaf, violently agitated, danced past her, merforever,ily. The inevitablemovement of nature implies that Lucy must react correctly. The traditionalvalues can’t meet her any longer and she should face the reality courageouslyand be honest to herself. In Chapter 18, after she lies to Mr.Beebe, Mrs.Honeychurch, Freddy and the Servants, Gray clouds ed insufficientfor those vast operations in heaven.The plies Lucy is totally controlled Lucy and defeated by the depthof darkness. The novel concludes atching bolism inA Room bolism is important to expressthe theme of the novel, so this chapter mainly discusses hobolism presentsthe theme of the novel.4.1 Theme of A Room w-->ith A Viee of A Room A Vieany different levels phasis on differentaspects. The conflict beteof the novel.Lucy's match atch that could makeher happy. Her match ore conventional, but marriage to Cecilersons are truly unconventional people. Theycare almost nothing for propriety. Mr. Emerson, a Socialist, speaks portance of passion and the beauty of the human body. TheBritish characters of the novel have very strong ideas about the need torepress passion and control young girls. To achieve happiness, Lucy any of e throughout E. M. Forster’s novel. Light and dark motifs conjointo a degree bolism of rooms and vieself muses repeatedly thatLucy represents light, and interestingly the name Lucy does in fact mean‘light’–obviously chosen by Forster intentionally for the association.Forster distinguishes the difference bete Cecil, to putfurther emphasis on this symbolism,means ‘blind’.4.2 Function of Symbolism inPresenting ThemesThe use of symbolism and itssignificance appear almost everyaticuse of symbolism style of E.M Foster akes him popular is one of the mostunusual. In bols are not used to decorate the novel but are means tomake a plete statement. They can offer consistency of meaning and carry muchdeeper meaning of the book to make the story more attractive. Symbolism in thenovel A Room ost successfulcontribution akes the various themes of the book appear vividly.As noted earlier, there are plentyof symbols-such as the room and vieerges almost from the beginning tothe end and until the story is pleted, its importance starts to appear. Roomhere representsEnglandbolic meaning. People er, have unsound and undeveloped hearts. Viewstands forItalywhich is a free place link to nature and earth clo-->sely. The atmosphere inItalyadvocatespeople to be honest and natural to express their true feelings. . Forster.London:Chatto .Forster.London:The Macmillan Press Ltd,1979.Forster,Ed an,1983.Gransden,K..Forster.London:Oliverand Boyd,1962.胡允林. 《象征主义》译林1980 第一期Ruan,.福斯特小说和思想研究.北京：中国社会科学出版社，2003.ACKNOENTSHere firstly, I uch to the people e to finish this paper a lot,especially myrespected supervisor, any helpful suggestions and-->some pertinent ments y paper better absolutely. And I should emphasize that y paper e a lot not only on English majorbut also hoe very much during the four years university life.Thirdly, I y friendsand classmates deeply e too much help and support me y thesis.Last but not the least, I am alsodeeply indebted to my parents for their encouragement and understanding, I ember their care forever.。

US-China Education Review A 4 (2012) 462-466Earlier title: US-China Education Review, ISSN 1548-6613The Heroine of The Rainbow’s ResearchTian BingHubei Vocational College of Bio-technology, Wuhan, ChinaThe Rainbow tells a story about the marriage of three generations of a family during the period of British IndustrialRevolution. This paper analyzes the charms of Ursula. First, Ursula’s four excellent characters share somesimilarities with those of modern successful women. Thus, modern women can find sympathetic response andunderstanding which echo with their inner heart in this book. Second, some personality traits modern people lackbut long for are reflected in the heroine of this book. Third, Lawrence’s unconventional writing styles and theunique use of symbolism make the book the liking of modern women. This paper, using examples andargumentations, attempts to analyze the above mentioned points and explains the reason why the book remainspopular among young readers for a long period of time.Keywords: Ursula, Lawrence, society, character analysis, symbolIntroductionThis paper tries to explore the key to Ursula’s popularity among young readers. By reading the story,young readers are pleasantly reminded of what they are themselves and what queer enterprises they have l Rights Reserved.engaged in before. Through his profound understanding of an excellent girl and the normal history of girlhood,Lawrence expressed his profound unconventional point of view on the presumed rebellious girl who finallybecomes an excellent girl. From Ursula, young readers who are presumed to be rebellious girls get some relief.By using her best talents, Lawrence employed his unique style of expression to tell the story to modern girls.Ursula Bran Gwen, on the whole, goes along with young blood’s psychology.The Life of D. H. LawrenceDavid Herbert Lawrence (1885-1930), English novelist, storywriter, critic, poet and painter, was very famous. Many of his works have been translated into different languages all over the world. And he has alsobeen a controversial figure in the literary world. The Rainbow was probably his most famous novel.David Herbert Lawrence was born in 1885, in Eastwood, Nottinghamshire, Central England. His father was a coal miner and a heavy drinker. His mother was a schoolteacher, greatly superior in education to herhusband. Lawrence’s childhood was dominated by poorness and friction between his parents. He was educatedat Nottingham High School, where he had won a scholarship. After he graduated, he worked as a clerk in asurgical appliance factory and then for four years as a pupil teacher. After studying at Nottingham University,Lawrence matriculated at 22 years old and briefly pursued a teaching career.In 1909, a number of Lawrence’s poems were published in the English Review. The appearance of his firstnovel, The White Peacock, made Lawrence into a writing career. In 1912, he met Frieda who was the ProfessorTian Bing, Business English Work-Team, Management Department, Hubei Vocational College of Bio-technology.THE HEROINE OF THE RAINBOW’S RESEARCH 463Ernest Weekly’s wife and fell in love with her. Then, Frieda left her husband and their three children, and theyeloped to Bavaria1. In 1914, Lawrence married Frieda and traveled with her in several countries around Europe.Lawrence’s fourth novel was about two sisters growing up in the north of England, The Rainbow (1915).Lawrence’s other novels from the 1920s include Women in Love (1920), a sequel to The Rainbow.D. H. Lawrence died in Vence2, France.The Characteristics of UrsulaBrave ChallengerThe novel written by D. H. Lawrence pays more attention to the depiction of a figure named Ursula, whose thoughts reflected many internal thinking and aspirations of D. H. Lawrence. He used Ursula’s willingto express his own thoughts. In her way to seek freedom and independence of soul, she criticized and negatedthe untruthful civilized system constantly. She wanted to resist the man’s world. Being a modern woman, hermale principle was much more dominant and demanding than it was in her mother and grandmother. This wasLawrence’s explanation of modern women. Deep in his mind and as his hope, the value of modern women wasdepended on it. Besides, he had some questions about women’s fright in the men’s world. But, the scope forself-realization was limited for a woman in that age, “How to act, that was the question? Whither to go, how tobecome oneself? One was not oneself, one was merely a half-stated question” (Shaw, 1983, p. 33) that wasreally a question for her at that time. Ursula was puzzled about all of these. And she also thought about, “Whatis the value for women? How much freedom of women gets in her marriage?” D. H. Lawrence himself lent hisopinions to the off-side of the prevailing point that takes procreation as honor, and he used Ursula to expressthat Ursula was against to only have more and more babies after marriage, and that became the only value of l Rights Reserved.women in that time. She thought that a certain hunger in her mother’s heart which she wanted to unite herhusband with herself was a child. But, Ursula did not want to do like that.Passion of UrsulaPassion for teaching. After her graduation from high school, Ursula dreamed to become a teacher. She tried hard to get a job at school, but when she arrived in that school, she found that the primary school systemwas so ugly. She saw many unfair affairs in the school.Whereas Ursula thought she was going to become the first wise teacher by making the whole business personal and using no inhuman force. She believed in her own education mode. With a strong desire to be anexcellent teacher, she had a strong passion to fight against the wrong education system. Though it was verydifficult, she tried again and again, because she loves teaching. But at last, she failed at her first time fighttingagainst the old education system. After all, she could not win the strong and ugly education system. But, shenever gave up. She had strong faith that her dreams would come true.Strong willpower comes from strong passion. Ursula dreamed to be a teacher in a primary school. It wasa strong desire in the girl’s heart. With her beautiful wish, it takes a strong passion with her psychology. Thestrong passion was a great power, which brought her a strong willpower to overcome the huge difficulties inher way to become a good teacher. As we know, the strong passion comes from a constant dream, which is thetrue desire in one’s heart. It is the real cause of strong passion. And the strong passion is one of important1 At the south side of Germany, now it is a self-governed country.2 The city at Westside of Nice, near to the Italy and France.THE HEROINE OF THE RAINBOW’S RESEARCH464factors leading to the girl’s success.She thought that a poor person could not win respect in the world. How dreary and hopeless it made to her!The material richness is a foundation for people living in society (Humma, 1984).There is a saying, “Pressure of life is more important than respect”. But, self-respect is also very important to a girl. That is another type of psychic enjoyment and taste which are different from physical taste. Peopleneed both physical and psychic satisfaction to perfect their life.Imagination of UrsulaThere is no creation and development when there is no dream and imagination. The merits of imagination are like the characters of a pure child and it should not be lost in human being’s heart. As we grow up, we donot imagine as much as we did in childhood, because we become more realistic. Some people even think thatimagination is a way of killing time. It is wrong. We should imagine and create something and the wholehuman beings should do this.Imagination of the future. That was what her grandmother wanted. But, Ursula did not want this kind of life which was too calm. Her grandmother lived in a narrow countryside nearly all her life, which was so lonelyand too inaccessible. She wanted to go to the outside world which was different from the Cosenxi country. Shewanted to go to the city. She did not want the city itself, what she really wanted was to experience new thingsshe had never seen before. This is a pursuit of nice things and it is also an exploration of fine things.So, even as a girl of 12 years old, she was glad to burst the narrow boundary of Cossethay, where only limited people lived. But, she wanted to own a more widely world. She believed that the outside was allvastness, and a throng of real and proud people whom she would love.Imagination of Christianity. Ursula also has her fantasy and imagination of Christianity. She longed for l Rights Reserved.a happy and beautiful life just like the angel lived in the heaven. She wanted a man who was the son of the God.She believed that the God would ask his son to go to the world to find the daughter of the world. She wanted tobe that woman. She believed that she could do well as the wife of the God’s son. When she fell in love with herboyfriend Anton, she thought he was the son of the God. His noble birth and the strong man blood areevidences. She believed that.Kindness of UrsulaRespect to the elder. When her grandfather, Tom Brangwen, died in the river, her grandmother became very lonely.The shock broke her grandmother’s heart and she was terrified about her grandfather’s death. After the death of the father, the Marsh Farm was very quiet. Mrs. Brangwen was unsettled. She could not sit all the evening peacefully, as shecould before, and during the day, she was always rising her feet and hesitating, as if she must go somewhere, and were notquite sure. The children, Ursula and Gudrun and Theresa, went by the garden gate on their way to school. The grandmotherwould call them in each time when they passed; she would call them come to the Marsh for dinner. She wanted children tocare about her.Her chief friend at this period was Ursula. The little girl, and the musing and fragile woman of 60 years old seemed to understand the same language. They talked about many things. Almost every day, Ursula went tosee her grandmother and they talked to each other. Till the grandmother’s sayings and stories, told in thecomplete hush of the Marsh bedroom, accumulated with mystic significance and became a sort of Bible to thechild. But, the most they talked about was love.THE HEROINE OF THE RAINBOW’S RESEARCH 465Generosity to the poor. Many other things can also prove her kindness. One day when Ursula and her boyfriend were dating, they came to a lakeside where there was a family who had a big boat themselves, ahappy family with a lovely baby girl. The baby was too young and she did not have a name, Ursula happilytalked with them, they suddenly found the name “Ursula” was very nice and they decided to give the name“Ursula” to their little daughter. Ursula said to its mother, “It does sound awfully nice” (Lawrence, 1982), andthen, she said, “I must give her something. And I have not got anything at all” (Lawrence, 1997). She thoughtfor a while and said, “Could I give her my necklace?”. It was the little necklace made of pieces of amethyst,topaz, pearl and crystal, which were strung at intervals on a little golden chain, given by her Uncle Tom. Shewas very fond of it. She looked at it lovingly when she took her favorite necklace from her neck. “Is itvaluable?”, the man asked her, curiously. “I think so”, she replied. “The stones and pearl are real; it is worththree or four pounds”, said Skrebensky from the wharf above. Ursula could tell that he disapproved of her. “Imust give it to your baby—may I?”, she said. “What would your father and mother say?”, cried the womancuriously, from the door.And as this paper argues, kindness is a very important character for a person, especially for a modern woman in nowadays society. Though modern women are independent, well-educated, smart and excellent,traditional virtues, especially “kindness”, are very important for a modern woman. Luckily, the heroine, Ursula,was very kind and she was also a girl who was independent, smart, educated and competent.Unique Style of Expression Suitable for Modern GirlsLawrence’s Unconventional PatternsAnother reason why The Rainbow attracts so many readers is that it departs from the pattern of l Rights Reserved.conventional fiction, which does not go along with modern girls’ psychology. Actually, Ursula attacks earlierfeminism literature.Unlike other writers, Lawrence has a much more profound understanding about what an ordinary girl and the normal history of girlhood should be like (Messenger, 1989). In The Rainbow, Lawrence tried to eliminatethose incongruities between fiction and the real life of a girl so as to make the story easier to be accepted byreaders.Lawrence gave up the conventional pattern of character analysis and he trended to analysis the subconscious in every body’s heart and those being oppressed desire. He also used the skill of symbols andwith religion. Lawrence hated the modern civilianization generated by big industry. And Lawrence also arguedthat it was just that modern civilianization distorts the normal humanity (Pannill, 1995). So, Lawrenceadvocated the natural development of human being and nature, especially women and men.Lawrence described the sex with careful write and the holy and sensitive attitude. In his forth novel, The Rainbow, the sex under his pen is not the dirt part of human being’s mind, but is a mystic taste which he issearching for Lawrence tried to use the extremely careful psychal description to prove his research (Shaw,1983), but not using halfhearted way to write girl’s emotion and love. All in all, the paper sums up thatLawrence’s opinion about love is the unification of soul and physique (Simpson, 1982).Lawrence’s Style of ExpressionAnother unconventional pattern of Lawrence is his use of romantic love keepsake, such as the ring given to Ursula by Anton. She put it around her neck. What Ursula did influenced girls of one generation afterTHE HEROINE OF THE RAINBOW’S RESEARCH466another all over the world. They, from different parts of the world, all imitate Ursula. This ring, as a necklace ofUrsula and Anton in The Rainbow, becomes such huge modern girl’s delight.The merry-go-round is another symbol of romantic love, as many teleplays and movies used it as a prop of love. The emergence of this love prop originated from this book. It does not go out of fashion as time goes by.Obviously, it has become a forever prop of love among young people just as the three-sleeve style T-shirt is thesymbol of Audrey Hepburn3, the first woman to wear the shirt. Women all over the world wear three-sleevestyle T-shirt with a great passion. This kind of shirt has become a trend, due to Audrey Hepburn. Similarly,merry-go-round is a symbol of Lawrence. It is the shining point in The Rainbow.The last, but not the least that The Rainbow is so popular among modern girls is due to Lawrence’s unique style of expression. No matter how good a book is, if the language is boring, it must be beyond young reader’sability of understanding. Unlike other writers, who often use long words and complex sentences, Lawrenceseldom employs them, so young readers can share the experience in The Rainbow.ConclusionsAfter the period of the World War I, D. H. Lawrence became the most popular and internationally famous English novelist. Being the greatest representative of the English naturalism, he gave us a vivid picture of thedaily life of the ordinary people of his time. He created a large number of real-life characters who werewell-known, full of life and unforgettable experiences. He had suffered so bitterly himself as a child and hadseen so much evilness that he burned with the desire to fight it to the end. Being representative of the hardshipsborn by poor people, he believed that a hard-working and honest man could achieve personal success undercapitalism. The success of a great novelist would rely on his career—his work, to support himself.l Rights Reserved.All of these give charms to Ursula Bran Gwen through Lawrence’s careful and profound understanding of modern girls, by providing rich and convincing knowledge of modern girls’ psychology, Ursula Brangwenattracts young readers and captures their general feeling one generation after another.ReferencesHumma, J. B. (1984). Recent Lawrence criticism. Studies in the Novel, 16(1).Lawrence, D. H. (1982). Women in love. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd..Lawrence, D. H. (1997). The rainbow. New York: Oxford UP.Messenger, N. (1989). How to study a D. H. Lawrence novel. London: Macmillan Education Ltd..Pannill, L. (1995). D. H. Lawrence and feminism book review. American Notes and Queries, 21(9/10), 73.Shaw, M. (1983). Lawrence and feminism. Critical Quarterly, 25(3), 25-23.Simpson, H. (1982). D. H. Lawrence and Feminism. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press.3 She was the famous film star who was the heroine of Roman holiday, etc..。

本科毕业设计（论文）文献综述题目海浪涨落与生命起伏：伍尔夫《海浪》研究新视阈(Literature Review)A New Study of Woolf’s The Waves1. Brief introduction of Virginia Woolf and The WavesThe 21st century is an oceanic century. With the popularity of research into the oceanic culture, research into the oceanic literature has increasingly caught the attention of people. The oceanic literary is the literary work of independent style, which is infiltrated with oceanic spirit. People have gradually carried out research into the oceanic literature as a literary phenomenon since the end of the 20th century. And it has far-reaching historic meaning and important academic value for research into literary history. Ocean is the eternal theme of literature and art, and the oceanic literature is a mirror of the development of the oceanic culture.Virginia Woolf was one of the most distinctive writers of English Literature using the stream of consciousness technique masterfully. Being one of the most innovative and influential novelist of last century, Virginia Woolf’s entire publishing career can be described as an ever-regenerating creative process. By resetting the subject matter of the novel and constantly experimenting with its form, she finally ascends to that conspicuous height from which she ca n penetrate into life’s flesh and fabric. Having long been viewed as a paradigm piece of modern literature, The Waves, herlatest complete work, can best demonstrate this innovative spirit of Woolf’s. It literally possesses no plot; therefore it almost seems an impossible task to provide an outline of its content. There are six main characters in this book, but they feel no warmth of real human beings. Actually each of these characters represents one unique perspective of life, and the all six of them point up the main body of this work, which mainly consists of their observations or meditations on the meaning of human existence, self-identity, the truths of personal as well as collective human life.The Waves, written in 1931 by Virginia Woolf, is an astounding depiction of an internal landscape which is full of dissociative phenomena. The waves go throughout the novel. The author borrowed the symbolic meaning of ocean waves to express her feelings to life: life will run without pause. The waves surge and break, break and surge without ceaselessly, reflecting not only the life is circulatory, but also breezing the seeds of death..2. Oversea studies on Woolf’s The WavesScholars from overseas countries began their study on Woolf’s The Waves as soon as it appeared in the 20th century. From its first publishing, its unique form, especially its brand new way of characterization, its absence of plot, and its poetic style, has aroused much confusion and debates among some of its readers and cities. Such confusion not only came from amateur readers, but also uttered by a few prominent writer or critics such as E.M.Foster and Arnold Bennet. However, it is also appreciated by lots of readers both at home and abroad.The Waves is a novel of disrupted conventions, so characterization is certainly one of the most foundational, thus resulting in considerable dissatisfaction. Once commenting on Woolf’s characterization, Arnold Bennett (1975) said that he was more interested in details than in the full creation of their characters. So he implies that the six characters catch too much weight to cleverness, which is perhaps the lowest of all artistic qualities. E.M.Forster (1974) displays a similar view on this subject. Because Woolf’s characters are often lifted out of their social-economical conditions, he thinks that they lack life eternal.Theresa K.Albini (2007) illustrates how The Waves might metaphorically connote the internal experiences of dissociating. The narrative of the novel illuminates the mapping of Woolf's internal system as it changes across a life span. Woolf deftly submerged not only the facts of herpersonal life in The Waves but, more important, revealed through both her literary method and language the dissociative nature of her own mind. By extrapolating from Woolf's autobiographies, journals, and letters, the parallels between fact and fiction become apparent.Sinem Bezircilioglu(2009), in his The Rhythm in the Corridors of Virginia Woolf’s Mind, mainly discusses Woolf’s writing techniques in the way she writing novels as well as her writing style. Sinem says that The Waves is considered to show her mastery in the use of stream of consciousness technique in an effective way. Although the work is in the form of a prose, it is closer to poetry. Her vocabulary choice and the sentence structure make the reader to feel that he is reading a poem in the form of prose. This is related to Woolf’s passion to find a new narration style. She combines poetry and prose so successfully that her work is both tempting and hard to read.3. Domestic studies on Woolf’s The WavesDomestic study on Woolf’s The Waves, when compared with overseas one, seem to be more detailed and have more research directions, among which some are very innovative.Gao Fen (2008) claims that The Waves can be classified as writing with life. In his essay Memory: the foundation of life----the life writing of Woolf’s the Waves, he clearly analyzes the life writing can be written from two aspects: the composition and the practice of life writing. Woolf’s idea of life writing is based on the understanding of the human mind. This understanding comes from her reading and understanding of the Russian writer Dostoyevsky’s works. The Waves is a poetic novel; each chapter begins with the moment of sunrise and sunset. The six figures talk about their life from childhood to middle age. Finally Bernard recalls and summarizes their life. He tells some fantasy story as an artist to explore the mode of life writing and his understanding about the image of the writing life announced a whole form of creation of The Waves. Besides, the invisible narrator in the novel plays a role in reading, experiencing, explaining the whole process of life.Lv Hongling(2005), in her Interpretation of gender and identity of Woolf’s the Waves, mainly discusses the interpretation of gender and identity in Woolf’s works. She claimed that the conventional researches of difference pay much attention to the external difference, differencebetween men and women or difference between individual and individual in works. But in her opinion, the study should include the diversity of one own and his inherent complexity of identity. She claims that in The Waves, according to the six character’s inner monologue, it demonstrates the deficiency, blend and conversation of their gender and identity.Wu Yuejin(2003), in his interpretation of the poetic novel The Waves, he explores the work from two perspective: one is the writer, the other is narrative means of the characters in this novel. From the writer’s point of view, she drives the narrative activities in recessive view. This perspective is mainly embodied in the lyrical probe and the narration of each character. The lyrical probe is the presentation of the nature, which indicates the vicissitudes and the rise and decline of universe. The latter one is the presentation of life, the writer change the focus point instantly to form a strong sense. From each character’s point of view, everyone has his own characteristic, such as Louis’s diffidence, Rhoda’s sensitivity.Zhen Yanhua(2005), from a perspective of Woolf’s novel creation theory, provides a relatively analysis the mode of character s’inner image. She discusses this topic in mainly two aspects. First, she claims that what Woolf concerned was whether the mental image plump or not. She thinks the writer did her best to shape the mental image, and that is the point of writing The Waves, which pay much attention to spirit analysis. What’s more, she also points out that vivid mental image has its own life prototype, namely Bloomsbury member, that is the most distinguishing feature of The Waves.Sun Fangli(2009), pays much attention to the water archetype in The Waves. Water plays an important role in our life. Similarly, water is a significant archetype image in human cultural life. She finds that water image highlights life meaning. The eternal seawater is just like the eternal life. The fluctuation of the waves just likes the human generation. The waves flap and agitate, representing life rhythm to fight.Yuan yuan(2012), in her the character cracked: The waves and Woolf’s mew way of characterization, she points out that in this novel Woolf has granted a brand new form to her work, of which the characterization is certainly a major element. By transforming conventional character into motif-character, Woolf has done a profound contribution to the development of English novel, making it a more suitable artistic form for the representation of modern life. Through unique and daring, the coming forth of such new means of artistic expression follows the natural logic of thenovel’s development. The Waves and its unique artistic features represented by its innovative characterization is certainly such a sight-catching blossom, and the rich soil underneath is certainly the life in its author’s era. What we get from our research is the wholeness of man’s living experience, of which art may be viewed as its expression.4. Existing Problems and Research DirectionTo sum up, researchers both from overseas and domestic have done a lot of work on Woolf’s The Waves. They have made great achievements concerning various topics about Woolf’s The Waves, including her life writing, interpretation of gender and identity, the writing techniques of stream of consciousness and the language and narrative in this work and many other fields. Although some scholars, especially Chinese ones, have paid great attention to the impotence of water archetype, few of them attach to the importance of the theme. Besides, when analyzing the whole novel, the scholars lack a systematic analysis between the theme and the water archetype. They simply focus on single element but avoid giving an overall discussion between the theme and the characters’lives. Therefore, when considering these aspects, the study on Woolf’s The Waves is still insufficient and needs to be further explored.Thus, my paper is going to make a detailed analysis of Woolf’s The Waves. I will not only focus on how the waves help to shape the characters’ images, but also give an in-depth analysis between the waves and the theme. First, I will show how the waves influence the six characters’growth process. Through reading, we clearly know that the theme of this novel is meditation for life. Then, I will show how the rise and fall of waves influence the theme. Furthermore, I will continue to explore the relation between the waves and life.As what have been discussed above, it is of great importance to examine in -depth of Woolf’s The Waves, especially its theme, and the relation between the theme and the waves. However, scholars around the world seem to pay very limited attention to this direction, which, in turn, leads to a stagnant stage of the study on The Waves .Therefore, my research will, for one thing, arouse people's attention on The Waves; for another, it will further emphasize on the great contribution Woolf has made to the world literature, especially in the writing techniques of stream of consciousness.References[1] Theresa K. Albini. 2007,Virginia Woolf's The Waves: A Lyrical 'Sense of Continuity' in a Sea of Dissociation [J]. Talor & Francis e-Library.[2] Sinem Bezircilioglu. 2009, The Rhythm in the Corridors of Virginal Woolf’s Mind [J]. World Conference on Educational Science[3]Yuan yuan, 2012, the character cracked: The Waves and Woolf’s mew way of characterization [J]. Theory and practice in language studies,V ol.2,No.4,pp.726-733,April2012[4]高奋，2009，记忆：生命的根基——论伍尔夫《海浪》中的生命写作[J]. 外国文学2008年第5期[5]吕洪灵，2005，伍尔夫《海浪》中的性别与身份解读[J].外国文学研究2005年第5期[6]武跃进，2003，宇宙人生的诉说---解读伍尔夫的诗小说《海浪》[J].国外文学2003年第1期[7]甄艳华，2005，谈意识流小说《海浪》中人物心理形象的塑造[J]. US-China Foreign Language,.2005年第3期[8]孙方莉，2009，试析伍尔夫《海浪》中水原型的生命象征意义[J].语言文学研究2009年8月号上旬刊。

随着超导量子比特技术的进一步发展，实验上需要可以表面误码差校正以及更复杂的高保真量子电路[1-2]。

相关报道介绍了一些平面二维阵列的设计[3-5]，但是这几种现行的设计方案中控制布线和读出电路往往使得量子比特数目与器件高保真度这二者与不能同时兼顾。

例如，二维阵列的X mon单量子位就需要利用电容耦合到四个最近量子比特和读出谐振腔，此外还要考虑XY驱动线的设计[6]。

多层膜加工工艺是解决这个问题的一种直观的方案[7]，但是该方案中制备的量子比特基片上制备的绝缘层会造成额外的退相干，从而影响量子比特的特性[8]。

目前国际上解决上述困难的主流方法是通过将器件分离成两部分，其中一部分是密集的布线基片并在该基片上制备绝缘层，另一部分上制备量子比特而不生长大面积的绝缘层，随后将这两种基片通过倒装焊工艺结合起来形成一种同时满足多量子比特数目与高保真度的量子比特器件。

该种工艺已经在半导体工业中得到了广泛的应用，从手机到大型强子对撞机都有应用[9]。

而在低温技术中的应用还较少。

该工艺对两部分基片的连接部分提出了如下的要求：1.连接材料应是常规的量子比特制备工艺中常用的并可以与现有的量子比特制备工艺兼容。

2.谐振腔的可加工数量与质量必须达到高要求。

（在布线基片上需加工数百个高Q值的谐振腔）。

3.在极低温的条件下可以保证两部分的联通。

4.可以在不高的温度与大气压下进行两部分基片的连接，以避免退火改变约瑟夫森结临界电流[10]。

5.两部分基片的连接部分必须在测量条件下进入超导态，以保证芯片之间的无损连接与避免局部生热破坏测量条件。

6.相互连接偏置线临界电流应大于5nA，以保证可以进行实验测量。

铟的临界温度相对较高为3.4K，室温铟焊接工艺也是一种在半导体工业中较为成熟的技术[11]，而在量子比特的加工工艺中高纯度的铟可以通过常用的热蒸发工艺生长在指定的位置，因此基片之间连接材料可选高纯铟。

但是，由于量子比特的基底金属常用铝，而铝和铟接触层会形成交叠层[12]影响量子比特的性能，因此热蒸发的时候必须在铝基底上生长氮化钛介质缓冲层以防止上述现象的出现，氮化钛的临界温度高达5.64K，并且是一种高相干性能的量子比特材料[13，14]。