Acute Toxicity of Organic Extracts of Municipal Sewage Sludge in Mice

生物制药专业英语词汇手册Aabsolute lethal dose; LD100绝对致死剂量absorption rate constant吸收速率常数accelerated testing加速试验acetylcholinesterase乙酰胆碱酯酶acetylcholine乙酰胆碱acrylic acid resin丙烯酸树酯activation激活作用activator激活剂active targeting preparation主动靶向制剂acute toxicity test急性毒性实验additive effect累加效应additive附加剂adenosine phosphate腺苷磷酸adhersive strength粘附力adhesion粘附性adhesives粘合剂adjuvant佐剂adrenergic nerve肾上腺素能神经adrenergic receptor肾上腺素能受体adverse reaction不良反应aerogel气凝胶aerosil微粉硅胶aerosol of micropowders for inspiration 吸入粉雾剂aethylis oleas油酸乙酯agglomerate聚结物aggregation聚集air suspension空气悬浮法albumin microballoons白蛋白微球制剂alkaloid生物碱alkalosis;alkali-poisoning碱中毒allergy; allergic reaction变态反应allotted date of drug quality ensuring by manufacturer 药品负责期all-trans全反式alterntae addition method两相交替加入法amebocyte lysate变形细胞溶解物amorphous forms无定型anaphylactic drug reaction过敏性药物反应anaphylatoxin过敏毒素anatoxin;toxoid类毒素angle of repose休止角antagonism拮抗作用antiadherent抗粘剂antibacterial spectrum抗菌谱antibody抗体antigen抗原antioxidants抗氧剂antipode对映体antisepesis防腐antiserum抗血清antitoxin抗毒素apparent solubility表现溶解度aprotinin抑酞酶aromatic compound芳族化合物aromatic waters芳香水剂Arrhenius 方程阿仑尼乌斯方程artificial antigen人工合成抗原artificial immunization人工免疫aseptic technique无菌操作法astringent收敛药autoimmunity自身免疫Bbactericidal activity杀菌活性bactericidal effect杀菌作用bacteriophage噬菌体bacteriostatic activity抑菌活性bactriostasis抑菌作用ball mill球磨机base adsorption基质吸附率bases基质beeswax蜂蜡bending弯曲力bioavailability生物利用度bioavailability生物利用度biochemical approach生物学方法biochemistry生物化学biogenic amine生物胺biological half life生物半衰期biological product生物制品biometrics;biometry生物统计学biopharmacy生物药剂学blood coagulation血液凝固blood concentration血药浓度blood products血液制品blood volume expander血容量扩充剂blood-cerebral barrier血脑屏障body fluid体液body surface area体表面积bound water结合水分breakage (Bk)脆碎度broad-spectrum antibiotic广谱抗生素bulk density松密度、堆密度burst effect突释效应Ccaking结饼capillary state毛细管状capsules胶囊剂carcinogenic test致癌实验carcinogen致癌物carrier载体catecholamine儿茶酚胺CD圆二色谱法cellular immunity细胞免疫cellulose acetate (CA)醋酸纤维素chelating agent螯合剂chemical analysis化学分析chemical disinfection化学消毒法chemical physics化学物理学chemotherapy化学药物治疗chewable tablets咀嚼片chiral drug手性药物Chitosan壳聚糖chlinical pharmacy临床药学cholinesterase胆碱酯酶chronaxia;chronaxy时值chronic toxicity test; long term toxicity test慢性毒性实验chronopathology时辰病理学chronopharmacology时辰药理学chronosusceptability时间感受性chronotherapy时间治疗cipher prescription协定处方Clausius-Clapeyron方程克劳修斯－克拉珀龙方程clinical pharmaceutics临床药剂学clinical pharmacology临床药理学cloud point对聚氧乙烯型非离子表面活性剂CMC-Na羧甲基纤维素纳CMS-Na羧甲基淀粉钠coagulation聚沉coated tablets包衣片coating material表材cocoa butter可可豆脂coefficient of diffusion扩散系数coenzyme辅酶cohesion凝聚性、粘着性cohesive strength内聚力cold compression method汽压法cold-homogenization冷却一匀化法cold-storage冷藏colon-targeted capsules结肠靶向胶囊剂compactibility成形性complement system补体系统complement补体complete antigen完全抗原complex coacervation复凝聚法complex solubilizer助溶剂compliance顺应性compressed tablets普通片compressibility压缩度compressibility压缩性compression压缩力compressive work压缩功concentration浓度cone and plate viscometer圆椎平板粘度计consistency curve稠度曲线content uniformity含量均匀度controllability可控性controlled release preparation控释制剂controlled release tablets控释片controlled-release preparation 控释制剂convective mixing对流混合convective transport传递透过coordination number配位数core material表心物cosolvency潜溶cosolvent潜溶剂coulter counter method库尔特计数法count basis个数基准covalent bond共价键cracemization外消旋作用critical relative humidity（CRH）临界相对湿度critical velocity临界速度crude drugs; natural drugs天然药物crude drugs生药crushing粉碎crystal form晶型crystal habit晶态、晶癖、结晶习性cumulative size distribution 累积分布cumulative urinary excretion curves累积尿排泄曲线cutting剪切力cyclodextrin (CYD)环糊精cylinder model圆栓体模型cytotoxic hexitols己糖醇细胞毒剂cytotoxicity细胞素Ddecoction汤剂degree of circularity圆形度degree of sphericility球形度delipidization角质层去脂质化desiccant; drying agent干燥剂detoxication解毒作用dextrin糊精dextrorotatory form右旋体dextrose右旋糖dialysis cell method渗析池法dicetyl phosphate磷酸二鲸蜡脂dielectric constant介电常数differential scanning calorimetry DSC差示扫描显热法Differential thermal analysis DTA差示热分析法diffusion扩散diffusive mixing扩散混合dilatant flow胀性流动diluents稀释剂、填充剂dimethicone (silicones)二甲基硅油、硅油、硅酮directed pharmaceutical preparations定向药物制剂discontinuous sterilization间歇灭菌法disinfection消毒disintegrants崩解剂disintegration崩解度disk assemble method圆盘法dispensing pharmacy调剂学disperse medium分散介质disperse phase分散相disperse system分散体系dispersed phase分散相、内相、非连续相dispersible tablets分散片displacement value (DV)置换价dissolution; dissolving溶解distilled water蒸馏水DLVO理论引力势能与斥力势能DME二甲醚DMSO二甲基亚矾dosage form剂型dosage regimen or dose rate给药方案或给药速度dosage; dose剂量dose or concentration dependency剂量或浓度的依存性dosing interval给药间隔double-blind technique双盲法drop dentifrices滴牙剂drug absorption药物吸收drug accumulation药物蓄积drug administration law药品管理法drug batch number药品批号drug carrier药物载体drug combination合并用药drug distribution药物分布drug elimination药物消除drug excretion药物排泄drug interaction药物相互作用drug metablic enzyme药物代谢酶drug metabolism药物代谢drug reaction药物反应drug sensitive test药敏试验Drug Standard of Ministry of Public Health of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国卫生部药品标准drug standard药品质量标准drug tolerance耐药性drug-induced diseases药源性疾病drug-loading rate载药量drug-time curve药—时曲线dry bulb temperature干球温度dumping effect突释效应Eear drops滴耳剂effective concentration有效浓度effective halt有效半衰期effective rate有效率effectiveness有效性effector效应器effector效应物effect效应effervescent disintegrants泡腾崩解剂effervescent tablets泡腾片elastic deformation弹性变形elastic recovery (E R)弹性复原率elastic work弹性功elasticity弹性electrolyte电解质electrolyzation电解electroporesis电致孔法electuary煎膏剂elimination rate constant消除速率常数emulsifer in water method 水中乳化剂法、湿胶法emulsifier in oil method油中乳化剂法、干胶法emulsions乳剂emulsion普通乳enamine烯胺endocytosis内呑endotoxin内毒素enteric coated tablets肠溶衣片enteric coating肠溶衣enteric controlled release tablets肠溶控释片enterohepatic circulation肠肝循环entrapment rate包封率environmental pharmacology环境药理学epidermis表皮epimerization差向异构作用equilibrium solubility平衡溶解度equilibrium water平衡水分essential aminoacid必需氨基酸essential drugs基本药物essential fatty acid必需脂肪酸ethical (prescription) drug处方药ethnopharmacology人种药理学ethycellulose (EC)乙基纤维素etiological treatment对因治疗evaporation蒸发excipients辅料excitability兴奋性exotoxin外毒素expiry date; date of expiration药品有效期external phase分散介质、外相、连续相extracts浸膏剂extravascular administration血管外给药eye drop滴眼剂eye ointments眼膏剂Ffactorial design析因设计fatal dose; lethal dose致死量fatty oils脂肪油fermentation发酵fillers填充剂film coated tablets薄膜衣片film dispersion method薄分散法film-coating薄膜衣films膜剂filter aid助滤剂filtration过滤first pass effect of hepar肝首过效应first-pass effect首过效应fliud extracts流浸膏剂flocculation value絮凝度flocculation絮凝flow curve流动曲线flow velocity流出速度flowability流动性fluid-energy mills流能磨、气流式粉碎机fluidity buffer流动性缓冲剂fluidized bed coating流化床包衣法free water自由水分freely movable liquid自由流动液体freezing; refrigeration冷冻frequency size distribution 频率分布funicular state索带状fusion融合Ggas analysis气体分析gas permeability method气体透过法GCP药物临床试验管理规范gelatin glycerin甘油胫胶gelatinization糊化gelatin明胶general acid-base catalysis广义酸碱催化Geneva nomenclature日内瓦命名法geometric diameter几何学粒子径geometric isomerization几何异构ghost cell影细胞glidants助流剂GLP药物非临床研究管理规范gluconeogenesis糖异生作用glycerins甘油剂glyceryl monostearate硬脂酸、甘油酯glycolic acid羟基乙酸glycolysis酵解GMP药品生产质量管理规范granule density颗粒密度granules颗粒剂growth curve生长曲线guest molecules客分子Hhalf lethal dose ; median lethal dose; LD50半数致死剂量half-life period; half life time半衰期halogenide卤化物haptene半抗原hard capsules硬胶囊剂hardness硬度hemolysis溶血histamine组胺holonzyme and prosthetic group全酶与辅基hormone激素host molecules主分子humidity湿度humoral immunity体液免疫hydration of stratum corneum 角质层的水化作用hydrogel水性凝胶hydrolysis水解（作用）hydrophile-lipophile balance 亲水亲油平衡值hydrotropy agent助溶剂hydrotropy助溶hydroxypropyl methylcellulose羟丙甲纤维素hygroscopicity吸湿性hyperreactivity高敏性hypodermic tablets皮下注射用片IIDDS植入给药系统IEC离子交换色谱法IEF等电点聚焦immobile liquid不可流动液体immunoenhancement免疫增强剂immunogenicity免疫原性immunosuppressant;immuno inhibitor免疫抑制剂impact mill冲击式粉碎机impact冲击力implant tablets植入片implants埋植剂inclusion compound包含物incomplete antigen不完全抗原indirect carcinogenesis间接致癌individual differences; individual variation个体差异性industrial pharmacy工业药剂学infusion solution输液inhalation吸入法injection注射液in-liquid drying液中干燥法（乳化－溶剂挥发法）innocuity test method安全试验法interface polycondensation 界面缩聚法intermediate中间体intoxication; poisoning中毒intra-arterial route动脉内注射intracorporal process of drugs药物的体内过程intradermal (ID) route皮内注射intramuscular (IM) route肌肉注射intrathecal injection鞘内注射intravascular administration血管内给药intravenous (IV) route静脉注射intrinsic dissolution rate特性溶出速率inverse targeting反向靶向iontophoresis离子渗透法IR红外光谱isoclectric focusingIEF等电点聚焦isomerase异构酶isoosmotic solution等渗溶液isotonic solution等张溶液isotope同位素Llag time时滞large unilamellar vesicles大单室脂质体least significant difference最小显著差数length basis长度基准levorotatory form左旋体levulose左旋糖light quantum光量子limit date of using a drug after its production药品使用期Limulus Amebocyte Lysate assay for endotoxin内毒素鲎试剂测定法limulus lysate test鲎试验法linear correlation直线相关liniments搽剂liposome脂质体liquid immersion method 液浸法liquid injection无针液体注射器liquid paraffin液体石碏long term toxicity test长期毒性实验long-circulating liposomes 长循环脂质体long-term testing长期试验lotions洗剂low density lipoprotein低密度脂蛋白lubricants润滑剂lysozyme溶菌酶Mmacromolecule大分子magnetic controlled release dosage form磁性控释制剂magnetic medicinal preparations磁性药物制剂martin diameter定方向等分径mass basis质量基准matrix type骨架型maxial noneffective dose; EDO最大无作用剂量maximal tolerable dose; LDO最大耐受剂量maximum additive concentration MAC最大增溶浓度mechanical interlocking bonds 粒子间机械镶嵌mediator; transmitter; medium介质medical colloidal solution胶体溶液型药剂medicinal liquor酒剂melt-homogenization熔融－匀化法membrane wall表膜壁壳membrane-moderated type TTS 膜控释型TTS mesomer内消旋体methyl acrylate-methacrylate co 甲基丙烯酸-丙烯酸甲酯micellar emulsion胶团乳micelle胶束microcapsules微表microemulsion微乳microencapsulation微型包表术、微表化micromeritics粉体学microreservoir-type TTS微贮库型microscropic method显微镜法microsomal enzyme微粒体酶Microspheres微球microstreaming超微束minimal effective dose最小有效量minimal lethal dose;MLD最小致死剂量minitablet小片mixture合剂moistening agent润湿剂moisture absorption吸湿性mol fraction concentration摩尔分数浓度molar volume;mole volume摩尔分子体积molarity摩尔浓度molecular biology分子生物学molecular capsules分子囊molecular disease分子病molecular pharmacology分子药理学molecular solution分子溶液mole摩尔monoclonal antibody单克隆抗体multifunctional enzyme多功能酶multilamellar vesicles多宝脂质体multilayer tablets多层片multiorfice-centrifugal process多孔离心法multiple dose administration多剂量给药mutation突变Nnacent soap method新生皂法nanocapsules纳米囊nanoemulsion纳米乳nanoliposomes纳米脂质体nanospheres纳米球naonparticle纳米粒nasal drops滴鼻剂natural antibody天然抗体natural antigen天然抗原natural immunity天然免疫neurotoxin神经毒素newtonian equation牛顿粘度定律newtonian fluid牛顿流体niosomes类脂质体，泡囊nitrite poisoning亚硝酸盐中毒nonbound water非结合水分nondepolarizer非去极化型肌松药non-essential amino acid非必需氨基酸nonionic surfactant vesicles 非离子表面活性剂囊泡non-Newtonian fluid非牛顿流体nonprescription drug非处方药nucleation theory成核作用理论nucleotide核苷酸nutrient营养素Oocular inserts眼用膜剂official formula法定处方ointments软膏剂oligosaccharides低聚糖opitical isomerization光学异构oral administration口腔内给药ORD旋光色散orthologonal design区交设计osmotic pressure渗透压OSSDDS口服定位释药系统over the counter (OTC)非处方药oversize distribution筛上分布Ppacking fraction充填章paints涂剂paints涂膜剂pan coating锅包衣法paraffin石蜡particle size distribution粒度分布partition coefficient (P)分配系数parts per billion concentration PPB浓度parts per hundred concentration PPH浓度parts per hundred million concentration pphm浓度parts per million concentration ppm浓度passive immunity被动免疫passive targeting preparation 被动靶向制剂passive transport被动转运peak concentration of drug药峰浓度peak time of drug药峰时间pendular state钟摆状penetration enhancers穿透促进剂penetration enhancers经皮吸收促进剂percentage concentration百分浓度phagocytosis吞噬作用pharmaceutical analysis药物分析pharmaceutical chemistry制药化学pharmaceutical engineering 制剂学pharmaceutical equivalence药剂等效性pharmaceutical manufacturing制剂pharmaceutical preparation 药物制剂pharmaceutics药剂学pharmacia淀粉微球pharmacodynamics药效动力学pharmacogenetics药物遗传学pharmacokinetics model药物动力学模型pharmacokinetics药物动力学pharmacological availability 药理利用度pharmacology药理学phase inversion critical point 转相临界点phase separation相分离法（物理化学法）phase transition temperature 相转变湿度phase volume ratio相比phonophoresis超声波法photodegradation光化降解physical dependence身体依赖性physical pharmaceutics物理药剂学pill滴丸剂placebo安慰剂plasma protein binding ratio血浆蛋白结合率plasma substitute血浆代用液plasma血浆plaster硬膏剂plastic deformation塑性变形plastic viscosity塑性粘度plastisity塑性polymerization聚合polymers in pharmaceutics 药用高分子材料学polymorphism多晶型polyose多糖polypeptide多肽porosity空隙率potency unit效价单位potency效价potency效价强度powder injection无针粉未注射器powders散剂powerful drug剧药preformulation处方前工作pregelatinized starch淀粉、预胶化淀粉、可压性淀粉preparation制剂prescription;recipe处方preservative防腐剂pressure sensitive adhersive 压敏胶pressure-sensitive tape council剥离实验prickle cell layer棘层primary particle一级粒子prodrug前体药物proenzyme酶原prohormone激素原prolonged action preparation长效制剂propellents抛射剂propylene glycol丙二醇prosthetic group辅基pseudo steady state伪稳态pseudoplastic flow假塑性流动psychic dependence精神依赖性pulsed/pulsatile release脉冲释药pycnometer比重瓶pyrogen热原Qquantum pharmacology量子药理学quasi-viscous flow假粘性流动Rraceme外消旋体racemization外消旋化作用radiopharmaceutics放射药剂学radiotoxicology放射毒理学raman拉曼random floc不规则絮凝物rate of shear剪切速度、切速率、速度梯度receptor antagonist受体拮抗剂receptor stimulant受体激动剂receptor感受器receptor受体rectal administration直肠给药relative dosage interval相对给药间隔relative humidity (RH)相对湿度resistance to drugs抗药性response surface methodology效应面优化法restrictive holagogue限制性剧药retardants阻滞剂reverse osmosis反渗透rheology流变学ribonucleic acid; RNA核糖核酸rolling ball tack test滚球试验RP-HPLC反相高效液相色潽法rubbing研磨力Ssafety coefficient安全系统safety range安全范围safety安全性safflower藏红花油saponins皂甙saturated solution饱和溶液second particle二级粒子sedimentation method沉降法sedimentation rate沉降容积比selectivity选择性self-adjusted system自调式释药系统semi-logarithmic curve of drug-time药—时半对数曲线semisynthetic antibiotics半合成抗生素SEM扫描电镜sensitivity敏感性sensitization test致敏试验sensitization敏化作用sensitization致敏作用sequential design序贯设计serum血清settling velocity diameter 有效径shape factor形状系数shear mixing剪切混合shearing force剪切应力、剪切力、切力short term carcinogenic test短期致癌实验side effect副作用sieving diameterDa，筛分径sieving method筛分法simple coacervation单凝聚法simplex method单纯形优化法single unilamellar vesicles 小单室脂质体sink condition漏槽skin and mucocutaneous administration皮肤、粘膜表面给药slow pathway慢通道soft capsules软胶囊剂soft paraffin软石蜡solid bridges粒子间固体桥solid lipid nanospheres (SLN) 固体脂质纳米粒solubility parameter溶解度参数solubility溶解度solubilization增溶solubilizer增溶剂solute溶质solution tablets溶液片solutions溶液剂solvent; dissolvent溶剂solvent-nonsolvent溶剂－非溶剂法soybean-derived sterol大豆甾醇specific acid-base catalysis 专属酸碱催化specific surface area method 地表面积法specific surface area地表面积specific volume松比客spermaceti鲸蜡spirits醑剂spongia, spongc海绵剂spray congealing喷雾凝结法spray drying喷雾干燥法State food and drug administration SFDA国家食品药品管理局steady state plasma concentration稳态血药浓度sterility无菌sterilization灭菌steroid withdrawal syndrome类固醇停药综合征sticky powder粘性粉体stress relaxation应力缓和stress testing影响因素试验、强化试验striping of stratum corneum 去除角质层subacute intoxication;subacute poisoning亚急性中毒subcutaneous (SC) route皮下注射sublingual tablets舌下片subnanoemulsion亚纳米乳sugar coated tablets糖衣片supercritical Fluid (SCF)超临界流体（萃取）superinfection二重感染superoxide过氧化物suppositories栓剂surface activity表面活性surface basis面积基准surface tension表面张力suspending agents助悬剂suspending agent助悬剂Suspensions混悬剂suspension悬浮液Sustained release tablets缓释片Sustained-release preparation 缓释制剂symptomatic treatment对症治疗synergism协同作用synergists协同剂synthesis of bioconvertible Prod 生物转化前体药物的合成synthesis of lipophilic analogs 脂质类物质的合成Synthesis of prodrugs前体药物的合成synthetic drugs合成药物syrups糖浆剂Ttablet hardness片剂硬度tablets片剂tachyphylaxis快速耐受tacking strength快粘力talc滑石粉tap density振实密度target cell靶细胞targetable drug delivery向靶给药targeting drug system (TDS) 靶向给药系统TDDS经皮传递系统technology of pharmaceutics制剂学TEM透射电镜tensile strength (Ts)抗张强度teratogenic test致畸试验teratogen致畸物the Merck index默克索引the technique of sterilization 灭菌技术theory of depletion stabilization 空缺稳定理论therapeutic action治疗作用therapeutic dose治疗量therapeutic drug monitoring; TDM治疗药物临测therapeutic equivalence治疗等效（值）therapeutic index TI治疗指数thermal energy温热热能法threshold dose阈剂量thumb tack test拇指实验time clock定时钟time controlled explosive system 时控-突释系统time-effect relationship时效关系tincture酊剂tincture酊剂titer抗体滴度titration curve滴定曲线titration滴定tolerance耐受性topochemical reactions局部化学反应toroches口含片toxic response; toxic reaction毒性反应toxicology毒理学trace element微量元素transdermal therapeutic system 反向靶向transfersome传递体transmitter递质tricarboxylic acid cycle三羧酸循环true density真密度TTS经皮治疗制剂tween聚氧乙烯失水山梨醇脂肪酸酯Uunder distribution筛下分布uniform design均匀设计Vvaginal tablets阴道片vander walls 力范德华力vaselin凡士林vertebra caval route脊椎腔注射viscoelasticity粘弹性viscosity coefficient粘度系数viscosity curve粘度曲线viscosity粘度viscosity粘性void ratio空隙比volume basis体积基准volume by volume concentration体积比浓度Wwet bulb temperature湿球温度Wet granulation湿法制粒wetting润湿性wool fat anhydrous无水羊毛脂wool fat羊毛脂World Health Organization; WHO世界卫生组织。

中文摘要本論文之目的在於評估七種中草藥：白鶴靈芝(Rhinacanthus nasutus L. Kurz)荔枝草(Salvia plebeia R. Brown)、山葡萄(Ampelopsis brevipedunculata (Maxim.)Trautv.)、砂仁(Amomi fructus)、山防風(Echinops grijsii)、雞血藤(Millcttia reticulata Benth)及紅棗(Zizyphus jujube Mill.)之口服急性毒性及28天亞急毒性試驗，以評估七種中草藥之安全性，並檢測在試驗期間小鼠體內發炎媒介物之變化。

在急性毒性試驗的部分，以BALB/c雌、雄成鼠為實驗動物，分別進行一週之急性毒性評估，結果發現，山防風、白鶴靈芝、山葡萄、荔枝草、紅棗、砂仁和雞血藤熱水萃取物之LD50分別為＞20 g、12.143 g、16.250 g、10.000 g、＞20 g 、5.714 g 和8.333 g /kg body weight，七種中草藥熱水萃取物中，依急性毒性分類，山防風、山葡萄、紅棗屬無毒性物質，其餘白鶴靈芝、荔枝草、砂仁和雞血藤則均屬低毒性物質。

急毒性試驗期間，餵食荔枝草、雞血藤、紅棗、山葡萄、山防風等組別之BALB/c小鼠，其脾臟細胞抗發炎細胞激素IL-10自發性分泌量大多顯著增加，推測此五種中草藥在急性毒性試驗下可能具有抗發炎之潛力。

在28天亞急毒性試驗部分，28天亞急性毒性試驗顯示，除了雞血藤外，實驗組和控制組體重無明顯改變，體重大多呈現緩慢增加的趨勢。

血清生化指標顯示，七種中草藥連續餵食28天對血清GOT、GPT、BUN、creatinine均無顯著影響，顯示七種中草藥在本實驗之使用劑量下，並無明顯之肝腎毒性，但長時間餵食高劑量紅棗則顯著增加血清中glucose的含量。

在血清血脂肪變化方面，餵食山防風中劑量(670 mg/kg BW)，增加HDL 和減低LDL濃度，餵食高劑量(2000 mg/kg BW)則增加HDL且減少LDL及TG濃度；餵食白鶴靈芝高劑量組(1200 mg/kg BW)，亦有明顯增加HDL濃度，同時LDL和總膽固醇亦有降低趨勢；餵食山葡萄及荔枝草的高、中、低劑量均可降低LDL及總膽固醇濃度；餵食砂仁使小鼠血清中HDL膽固醇顯著升高，在高劑量組(570 mg/kg BW)，LDL亦有降低情形；餵食中劑量(280 mg/kg BW)雞血藤熱水萃取物，則同時降低HDL及總膽固醇濃度。

中药与临床Pharmacy and Clinics of Chinese Materia Medica 2012;3(3)29附子为毛茛科（Ra nu nc u lac e a e ）植物乌头A conitum carmichaelii Debx.的子根加工品，始载于《神农本草经》，是四川道地药材之一。

附子味辛、甘，性大热，有毒，归心、肾、脾经，具有回阳救逆、补火助阳、散寒止痛等功效，堪称“回阳救逆第一药”。

自古以来附子的毒性为医家所重视，并具有久煎、炮制、配伍、控制用量等多种传统制毒方法。

本课题组在前期实验中通过现代研究方法证实了附子煎煮时间、用药剂量、配伍的传统控制方法的科学性[1～2]。

当前附子的炮制品多达十余种，其中以黑顺片和白附片的临床使用最为广泛。

因此，本课题选用此两种常用炮制品及泥附子的标准水提物和醇提物，比较6个提取物的急性毒性，为全面揭示附子毒性和指导临床安全用药提供依据。

1材料1.1样品黑顺片水提物（每g 相当于生药2.294g ）、黑顺片醇提物（每g 相当于生药8.621g ）、白附片水提物（每相当于生药35）、白附片醇提物（每相当于生药6）、泥附子水提物（每相当于生药53）、泥附子醇提物（每相当于生药36谢晓芳1，彭成1，易进海2，胡海燕1，唐正伟1[摘要]目的：比较附子不同炮制品水提物和醇提物的急性毒性。

方法：采用急性毒性试验方法测定小鼠灌胃黑顺片、白附片和泥附子的醇提物的半数致死量（LD 50）以及给予小鼠、大鼠灌胃黑顺片、白附片和泥附子的水提物的最大给药量，并观察毒性反应。

结果：灌胃给予小鼠黑顺片、白附片、泥附子的醇提物的LD 50分别为49.853、42.550、22.169g 生药.kg -1；3种附子炮制品灌胃小鼠、大鼠的最大给药量分别为48.80、59.00、92.80g 生药.kg -1和48.80、59.00、46.40g 生药.kg -1；不同提取物引起的毒性反应程度存在差异。

滇桂艾纳香不同提取物急性毒性研究目的:观察滇桂艾纳香药材用不同溶剂提取的浸膏灌胃给予小鼠后产生的急性毒性反应和死亡情况。

方法:预实验发现50%､70%乙醇提取物毒性不明显,无法测定半数致死量(LD50),需改作最大耐受量(MTD)试验,并且初步确定水提取物半数致死量(LD50)试验用药剂量,正式实验采用小鼠灌胃给药的方法测定水提取物半数致死量(LD50)和50%､7 0%乙醇提取物最大耐受量(MTD)。

结果:滇桂艾纳香水提取物的LD50为143.1034g生药/kg ,50%､70%乙醇提取物MTD 分别259.60g生药/kg､309.68g生药/kg。

结论:滇桂艾纳香毒性较小,临床用药安全,且水提取物毒性大于醇提取物。

标签：滇桂艾纳香;提取物;急性毒性The test of acute toxicity on different Blumea riparia(Bl.)DC extract/JIANG Jian-ping,LIU Xi-hua,DU Xiu,et al.∥Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medi cal University,Nanning 530001, ChinaAbstract:Objective:To observe the acute toxicity and the death status of diffe rent solvent extracts of Blumea riparia(Bl)DC. by ig in mice. Methods:The pre -experiment shows that 50% and 70% alcohol extracts can’t determine LD50whichhave no obvious toxic effect,so it is necessary to change it with the maximum t olerated dose(MTD)experiment. And the aqueous extract of LD50 of medicinedoseis initially difined. The official test determines the aqueous extract of LD50, 50% and 70% alcohol extracts of MTD by ig administration in mice. Results:The a queous extract of Blumea riparia(Bl)DC. of LD50, 50% and 70% alcohol extr actsof MTD were respectively 143.103g/kg,259.60g/kg and 309.68g/kg(equivalently tocrude drug). Conclusion:Blumea riparia(Bl)DC. has very low toxicity but widesafety range in clinical application, and the toxicity of aqueous extract is hi gher than that of alcohol extracts.Key words:Blumea riparia(Bl)DC.; extract; acute toxicity滇桂艾纳香又名百花九里明､华艾纳香,来源于菊科植物假东风草Blumea riparia(Bl.)D C. 的干燥全草,为广西民间常用壮药,主要产于广西西南部和云南东南部[1]。

微量肉汤稀释法测定长裙竹荪多种提取物对食品中常见细菌的抑制效果曹奕1，孙晓红1，*，陈燕1，赵勇1，Vivian C H Wu 2，潘迎捷1(1.上海海洋大学食品学院，上海水产品加工及贮藏工程技术研究中心，上海201306;2.美国缅因大学食品科学与人类营养系，美国缅因04469)摘要：选取长裙竹荪为样品，采用索氏抽提后水蒸馏萃取获得挥发油，同时分别以乙醇、正丁醇、石油醚等有机溶剂萃取得到相应提取物。

以8种食品中常见细菌为供试对象，由微量肉汤稀释法测得各类提取物对其的MIC 值，作为评价其抑菌效果的指标。

结果表明:纯培养环境下，挥发油的抑菌效果优于三种有机溶剂提取物。

通过与平板涂布计数结果及其它方法比较分析，进一步证明肉汤稀释法作为测定抑菌效果所具有的优越性。

关键词：微量肉汤稀释法，长裙竹荪，提取物，抑菌效果，最小抑菌浓度Antibacterial effect of several extractsof Dictyophora indusiata to bacteria common in food determined by micro －broth dilution methodCAO Yi 1，SUN Xiao －hong 1，*，CHEN Yan 1，ZHAO Yong 1，Vivian C H Wu 2，PAN Ying －jie 1(1.College of Food Science and Technology ，Shanghai Ocean University ，Shanghai Engineering Research Centerof Aquatic－Product Processing ＆Preservation ，Shanghai 201306，China ;2.Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition ，University of Maine ，Maine 04469，USA )Abstract :Dictyophora indusiata was chosen as the sample ，got the volatile oil with hydro －distillation after soxlet extracting ，and the extracts extracted by ethanol ，n －butanol and petroleum ether at the same time .With the micro broth dilution method ，got the MIC values of all kinds of extracts to eight kinds of bacteria common in food ，as the indicators to evaluate the antibacterial effect .Results showed that the antibacterial effect of volatile oils were better than three kinds of organic solvent extract in the culture medium .By comparison of results with colonial counting and research results of others at the same time ，proving the micro broth dilution method as a determination method with feasibility and accuracy .Key words :micro －broth dilution method ;Dictyophora indusiata ;extracts ;antibacterial effect ;minimum inhibitory concentration 中图分类号：TS201.3文献标识码：A文章编号：1002－0306（2013）07－0106－04收稿日期：2012－12－17*通讯联系人作者简介：曹奕(1988－)，男，硕士研究生，研究方向:天然产物开发与利用。

1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUBSTANCE/TREPARATION AND THE COMPANY/UNDERTAKING3.HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION4. FIRST AID MEASURESMATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETProduct name:Supplier:Tel:EMERGENCY OVERVIEW: May cause skin irritation and/or dermatitisPrinciple routes of exposure: Inhalation: Ingestion: Skin contact: Eye contact:SkinMay cause irritation of respiratory tract May be harmful if swallowed May cause allergic skin reaction Avoid contact with eyesStatements of hazard MAY CAUSE ALLERGIC SKIN REACTION.Statements of Spill of Leak Label Eliminate all ignition sources. Absorb and/or contain spill with inert materials (e.g., sand, vermiculite). Then place in appropriate container. For large spills, use water spray to disperse vapors, flush spill area. Prevent runoff from entering waterways or sewers.General advice:POSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTSInhalation:Skin contact:Ingestion:Eye contact:Protection of first – aiders:Medical conditions aggravated by exposure: In the case of accident or if you fell unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label where possible).Move to fresh air, call a physician immediately.Rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical adviceDo not induce vomiting without medical advice.In the case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.No information availableNone knownSuitable extinguishing media:Specific hazards:Special protective equipment for firefighters:Flash point:Autoignition temperature:NFPA rating Use dry chemical, CO2, water spray or “alcohol” foam Burning produces irritant fumes.As in any fire, wear self-contained breathing apparatus pressure-demand, MSHA/NIOSH (approved or equivalent) and full protective gearNot determinedNot determinedNFPA Health: 1 NFPA Flammability: 1 NFPA Reactivity: 0Personal precautions: Environmental precautions: Methods for cleaning up: Use personal protective equipment.Prevent product from entering drains.Sweep up and shovel into suitable containers for disposalStorage:7. HANDLING AND STORAGE5.FIRE-FIGHTING MEASURES6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURESRoom temperature Handling:Safe handling advice: Incompatible products:Use only in area provided with appropriate exhaust ventilation.Wear personal protective equipment.Oxidising and spontaneously flammable productsEngineering measures: Respiratory protection: Skin and body protection:Eye protection: Hand protection: Hygiene measures:Ensure adequate ventilation.Breathing apparatus only if aerosol or dust is formed. Usual safety precautions while handling the product will provide adequate protection against this potential effect. Safety glasses with side-shieldsPVC or other plastic material glovesHandle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.Melting point/range: Boiling point/range: Density: Vapor pressure: Evaporation rate: Vapor density: Solubility (in water): Flash point:Autoignition temperature:No Data available at this time. No Data available at this time. No data available No data available No data available No data available No data available Not determined Not determinedStability: Stable under recommended storage conditions. Polymerization: None under normal processing.Hazardous decomposition products: Thermal decomposition can lead to release of irritating gases and vapours such as carbon oxides.Materials to avoid: Strong oxidising agents.10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATIONConditions to avoid: Exposure to air or moisture over prolonged periods.Product information Acute toxicityChronic toxicity:Local effects: Chronic exposure may cause nausea and vomiting, higher exposure causes unconsciousness.Symptoms of overexposure may be headache, dizziness, tiredness, nausea and vomiting.Specific effects:May include moderate to severe erythema (redness) and moderate edema (raised skin), nausea, vomiting,headache.Primary irritation: Carcingenic effects: Mutagenic effects: Reproductive toxicity:No data is available on the product itself. No data is available on the product itself. No data is available on the product itself. No data is available on the product itself.Mobility:Bioaccumulation: Ecotoxicity effects: Aquatic toxicity:No data available No data available No data availableMay cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.12. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION13. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONSWaste from residues/unused products:Contaminated packaging:Waste disposal must be in accordance with appropriate Federal, State and local regulations. This product, if unaltered by use, may be disposed of treatment at a permitted facility or as advised by your local hazardous waste regulatory authority. Residue from fires extinguished with this material may be hazardous.Do not re-use empty containers.UN/Id No:Not regulated14. TRANSPORT INFFORMATIONDOTProper shipping name: Not regulatedTGD(Canada)WHMIS hazard class: Non - controlledIMDG/IMOIMDG – Hazard Classifications Not ApplicableIMO – labels:15. REGULATORY INFOTMATION International Inventories16. OTHER INFORMATIONPrepared by: Health & SafetyDisclaimer: The information and recommendations contained herein are based upon tests believed to be reliable.However, XABC does not guarantee the accuracy or completeness NOR SHALL ANY OF THIS INFORMATION CONSTITUTE A WARRANTY, WHETHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, AS TO THE SAFETY OF THE GOOD, THE MERCHANTABILITY OF THE GOODS, OR THE FITNESS OF THE FITNESS OF THE GOODS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Adjustment to conform to actual conditions of usage maybe required. XABC assumes no responsibility for results obtained or for incidental or consequential damages, including lost profits arising from the use of these data. No warranty against infringement of any patent, copyright or trademark is made or implied.End of safety data sheet。

化学农药的危害英语作文The Detrimental Impacts of Chemical PesticidesThe widespread use of chemical pesticides in modern agriculture has become a topic of growing concern and debate. These synthetic compounds, designed to eradicate pests and protect crops, have undoubtedly played a significant role in enhancing agricultural productivity and ensuring food security for a rapidly expanding global population. However, the long-term consequences of their extensive application have become increasingly apparent, posing serious threats to both human health and the delicate balance of the natural environment.One of the primary concerns surrounding chemical pesticides is their potential to cause adverse health effects in humans. Many of these compounds have been linked to various health issues, ranging from acute poisoning to chronic diseases. Exposure to pesticides, whether through direct contact, consumption of contaminated food and water, or even inhalation, can lead to a range of symptoms, including headaches, nausea, dizziness, and respiratory problems. In more severe cases, pesticide exposure has been associated with an increased risk of certain types of cancer, reproductive disorders, andneurological impairments.Moreover, the indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides has had a profound impact on the delicate balance of ecosystems. These synthetic chemicals do not discriminate between their intended targets and other living organisms, leading to the widespread contamination of soil, water, and air. This disruption of the natural environment can have far-reaching consequences, including the decimation of beneficial insect populations, such as pollinators, and the accumulation of toxic residues in the food chain, ultimately affecting the health and well-being of both wildlife and human communities.One of the most alarming consequences of chemical pesticide use is the development of pesticide resistance in target pests. Over time, as pests are repeatedly exposed to the same or similar pesticides, they can develop genetic adaptations that render the chemicals less effective. This phenomenon, known as pesticide resistance, has become a growing problem, leading to the need for increasingly potent and harmful pesticides to be developed and applied, creating a vicious cycle of escalating environmental damage.Furthermore, the reliance on chemical pesticides has had significant economic implications, both for farmers and for society as a whole. The costs associated with the purchase and application of thesecompounds, as well as the potential health and environmental consequences, can place a significant financial burden on agricultural producers. Additionally, the long-term degradation of soil quality and ecosystem health can lead to decreased agricultural productivity, ultimately affecting food security and the livelihoods of farming communities.In recent years, there has been a growing movement towards more sustainable and environmentally-friendly agricultural practices, often referred to as organic or regenerative agriculture. These approaches emphasize the use of natural, non-synthetic methods of pest control, such as crop rotation, the introduction of beneficial insects, and the application of organic fertilizers. By adopting these practices, farmers can reduce their reliance on chemical pesticides, mitigate the negative impacts on the environment, and potentially improve the overall quality and nutritional value of their agricultural products.In conclusion, the extensive use of chemical pesticides in modern agriculture has had far-reaching and detrimental impacts on both human health and the natural environment. While these synthetic compounds have played a role in enhancing agricultural productivity, the long-term consequences of their use have become increasingly apparent. As we strive to address the challenges of global food security and environmental sustainability, it is imperative that we explore and adopt more sustainable agricultural practices thatprioritize the health of our ecosystems and the well-being of both producers and consumers. By working towards a more holistic and environmentally-conscious approach to agriculture, we can secure a future that is both prosperous and ecologically responsible.。

有机溶剂英文作文Organic solvents are widely used in various industries for their ability to dissolve, disperse, or extract materials. These solvents are commonly used in processes such as cleaning, degreasing, and as a medium for chemical reactions.The use of organic solvents presents both benefits and risks. On one hand, they are effective in dissolving a wide range of materials, making them essential in manyindustrial processes. On the other hand, these solvents can pose health and environmental risks due to their volatile nature and potential toxicity.In the workplace, exposure to organic solvents can lead to health issues such as dizziness, headaches, and skin irritation. Long-term exposure may even result in more serious conditions such as liver or kidney damage. It is important for workers to use proper protective equipment and follow safety guidelines when handling these solvents.From an environmental perspective, the release of organic solvents into the air or water can have harmful effects on ecosystems. Proper disposal and waste management practices are essential to minimize the environmental impact of these solvents.In conclusion, organic solvents play a crucial role in various industrial processes, but their use must be carefully managed to minimize health and environmental risks. It is important for both workers and companies to be aware of the potential dangers associated with these solvents and take appropriate measures to ensure safe handling and disposal.。

高乌头不同溶剂萃取部分对小鼠的急性毒性研究张立军;李芸;张艳霞;杨志军;马骏;戴海蓉【摘要】目的比较高乌头不同溶剂萃取部分的急性毒性大小,筛选高乌头的毒性部位,为阐明高乌头的毒性成分提供依据.方法采用系统溶剂法对高乌头95%乙醇提取物进行萃取,依次得到石油醚、三氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇、乙醇和水提6个不同的溶剂萃取部分,通过半数致死量(LD50)和最大给药量法对高乌头不同溶剂萃取部分的急性毒性进行比较研究.结果高乌头三氯甲烷、水提及正丁醇部分LD50分别为89.65、1805.40、24409.41 mg/kg,95%可信区间分别为76.39~108.41、1521.60~2240.00、20422.54~24246.95;高乌头石油醚、乙酸乙酯及乙醇部分最大给药量分别为2686.01、3108.13、28376.21 mg/kg.结论高乌头三氯甲烷部分毒性最大,乙醇部分毒性最小.%Objective To compare the toxicity of different extraction parts of Aconitum sinomontanum Nakai;To screen out"toxic sections"of Aconitum sinomontanum Nakai; To provide references for further study on toxicity components of Aconitum sinomontanum Nakai. Methods Systematic solvent method was used to extract the 95% ethanol extracts of Aconitum sinomontanum Nakai,and six different extraction fractions(petroleum ether,chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, alcohol and water) were obtained. Median lethal dose (LD50) and maximum dose method were used to conduct comparative study on acute toxicity of different extraction parts of Aconitum sinomontanum Nakai. Results Chloroform, water and butanol extractions in LD50of Aconitum sinomontanum Nakai were 89.65, 1805.40 and 24 409.41 mg/kg, and 95% confidence limits were 76.39~108.41, 1521.60~2240.00 and 20 422.54~24246.95, respectively. The maximum dose of petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and alcohol extractions were 2686.01, 3108.13 and 28 376.21 mg/kg, respectively. Conclusion The maximum toxicity is the extracted section of chloroform, and the minimal toxicity is the extracted section of ethanol.【期刊名称】《中国中医药信息杂志》【年(卷),期】2018(025)003【总页数】5页(P53-57)【关键词】高乌头;不同溶剂萃取部分;急性毒性;半数致死量;最大给药量;小鼠【作者】张立军;李芸;张艳霞;杨志军;马骏;戴海蓉【作者单位】甘肃中医药大学,甘肃兰州 730000;甘肃中医药大学,甘肃兰州730000;甘肃省中药药理与毒理学重点实验室,甘肃兰州 730000;甘肃中医药大学,甘肃兰州 730000;甘肃中医药大学,甘肃兰州 730000;甘肃中医药大学,甘肃兰州730000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R285.5高乌头为毛茛科乌头属植物高乌头 Aconitum sinomontanum Nakai的根，又名麻布七、辫子七、破骨七等，是我国中西部地区民间习用中药，也是著名“七药”之一，具有祛风除湿、理气止痛、活血散瘀的功效，用于治疗风湿痹痛、关节肿痛、跌打劳伤等，现收载于2009年版《甘肃省中药材标准》[1]。

生物制药中英文词汇Aabsolute lethal dose; LD100绝对致死剂量absorption rate constant吸收速率常数accelerated testing加速试验acetylcholinesterase乙酰胆碱酯酶acetylcholine乙酰胆碱acrylic acid resin丙烯酸树酯activation激活作用activator激活剂active targeting preparation主动靶向制剂acute toxicity test急性毒性实验additive effect累加效应additive附加剂adenosine phosphate腺苷磷酸adhersive strength粘附力adhesion粘附性adhesives粘合剂adjuvant佐剂adrenergic nerve肾上腺素能神经adrenergic receptor肾上腺素能受体adverse reaction不良反应aerogel气凝胶aerosil微粉硅胶aerosol of micropowders for inspiration吸入粉雾剂aethylis oleas油酸乙酯agglomerate聚结物aggregation聚集air suspension空气悬浮法albumin microballoons白蛋白微球制剂alkaloid生物碱alkalosis;alkali-poisoning碱中毒allergy; allergic reaction变态反应allotted date of drug quality ensuring by manufacturer药品负责期all-trans全反式alterntae addition method两相交替加入法amebocyte lysate变形细胞溶解物amorphous forms无定型anaphylactic drug reaction过敏性药物反应anaphylatoxin过敏毒素anatoxin;toxoid类毒素angle of repose休止角antagonism拮抗作用antiadherent抗粘剂antibacterial spectrum抗菌谱antibody抗体antigen抗原antioxidants抗氧剂antipode对映体antisepesis防腐antiserum抗血清antitoxin抗毒素apparent solubility表现溶解度aprotinin抑酞酶aromatic compound芳族化合物aromatic waters芳香水剂Arrhenius 方程阿仑尼乌斯方程artificial antigen人工合成抗原artificial immunization人工免疫aseptic technique无菌操作法astringent收敛药autoimmunity自身免疫Bbactericidal activity杀菌活性bactericidal effect杀菌作用bacteriophage噬菌体bacteriostatic activity抑菌活性bactriostasis抑菌作用ball mill球磨机base adsorption基质吸附率bases基质beeswax蜂蜡bending弯曲力bioavailability生物利用度bioavailability生物利用度biochemical approach生物学方法biochemistry生物化学biogenic amine生物胺biological half life生物半衰期biological product生物制品biometrics;biometry生物统计学biopharmacy生物药剂学blood coagulation血液凝固blood concentration血药浓度blood products血液制品blood volume expander血容量扩充剂blood-cerebral barrier血脑屏障body fluid体液body surface area体表面积bound water结合水分breakage (Bk)脆碎度broad-spectrum antibiotic广谱抗生素bulk density松密度、堆密度burst effect突释效应Ccaking结饼capillary state毛细管状capsules胶囊剂carcinogenic test致癌实验carcinogen致癌物carrier载体catecholamine儿茶酚胺CD圆二色谱法cellular immunity细胞免疫cellulose acetate (CA)醋酸纤维素chelating agent螯合剂chemical analysis化学分析chemical disinfection化学消毒法chemical physics化学物理学chemotherapy化学药物治疗chewable tablets咀嚼片chiral drug手性药物Chitosan壳聚糖chlinical pharmacy临床药学cholinesterase胆碱酯酶chronaxia;chronaxy时值chronic toxicity test; long term toxicity test 慢性毒性实验chronopathology时辰病理学chronopharmacology时辰药理学chronosusceptability时间感受性chronotherapy时间治疗cipher prescription协定处方Clausius-Clapeyron方程克劳修斯－克拉珀龙方程clinical pharmaceutics临床药剂学clinical pharmacology临床药理学cloud point对聚氧乙烯型非离子表面活性剂CMC-Na羧甲基纤维素纳CMS-Na羧甲基淀粉钠coagulation聚沉coated tablets包衣片coating material表材cocoa butter可可豆脂coefficient of diffusion扩散系数coenzyme辅酶cohesion凝聚性、粘着性cohesive strength内聚力cold compression method汽压法cold-homogenization冷却一匀化法cold-storage冷藏colon-targeted capsules结肠靶向胶囊剂compactibility成形性complement system补体系统complement补体complete antigen完全抗原complex coacervation复凝聚法complex solubilizer助溶剂compliance顺应性compressed tablets普通片compressibility压缩度compressibility压缩性compression压缩力compressive work压缩功concentration浓度cone and plate viscometer圆椎平板粘度计consistency curve稠度曲线content uniformity含量均匀度controllability可控性controlled release preparation控释制剂controlled release tablets控释片controlled-release preparation 控释制剂convective mixing对流混合convective transport传递透过coordination number配位数core material表心物cosolvency潜溶cosolvent潜溶剂coulter counter method库尔特计数法count basis个数基准covalent bond共价键cracemization外消旋作用critical relative humidity（CRH）临界相对湿度critical velocity临界速度crude drugs; natural drugs天然药物crude drugs生药crushing粉碎crystal form晶型crystal habit晶态、晶癖、结晶习性cumulative size distribution 累积分布cumulative urinary excretion curves累积尿排泄曲线cutting剪切力cyclodextrin (CYD)环糊精cylinder model圆栓体模型cytotoxic hexitols己糖醇细胞毒剂cytotoxicity细胞素Ddecoction汤剂degree of circularity圆形度degree of sphericility球形度delipidization角质层去脂质化desiccant; drying agent干燥剂detoxication解毒作用dextrin糊精dextrorotatory form右旋体dextrose右旋糖dialysis cell method渗析池法dicetyl phosphate磷酸二鲸蜡脂dielectric constant介电常数differential scanning calorimetry DSC差示扫描显热法Differential thermal analysis DTA差示热分析法diffusion扩散diffusive mixing扩散混合dilatant flow胀性流动diluents稀释剂、填充剂dimethicone (silicones)二甲基硅油、硅油、硅酮directed pharmaceutical preparations定向药物制剂discontinuous sterilization间歇灭菌法disinfection消毒disintegrants崩解剂disintegration崩解度disk assemble method圆盘法dispensing pharmacy调剂学disperse medium分散介质disperse phase分散相disperse system分散体系dispersed phase分散相、内相、非连续相dispersible tablets分散片displacement value (DV)置换价dissolution; dissolving溶解distilled water蒸馏水DLVO理论引力势能与斥力势能DME二甲醚DMSO二甲基亚矾dosage form剂型dosage regimen or dose rate给药方案或给药速度dosage; dose剂量dose or concentration dependency剂量或浓度的依存性dosing interval给药间隔double-blind technique双盲法drop dentifrices滴牙剂drug absorption药物吸收drug accumulation药物蓄积drug administration law药品管理法drug batch number药品批号drug carrier药物载体drug combination合并用药drug distribution药物分布drug elimination药物消除drug excretion药物排泄drug interaction药物相互作用drug metablic enzyme药物代谢酶drug metabolism药物代谢drug reaction药物反应drug sensitive test药敏试验Drug Standard of Ministry of Public Health of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国卫生部药品标准drug standard药品质量标准drug tolerance耐药性drug-induced diseases药源性疾病drug-loading rate载药量drug-time curve药—时曲线dry bulb temperature干球温度dumping effect突释效应Eear drops滴耳剂effective concentration有效浓度effective halt有效半衰期effective rate有效率effectiveness有效性effector效应器effector效应物effect效应effervescent disintegrants泡腾崩解剂effervescent tablets泡腾片elastic deformation弹性变形elastic recovery (E R)弹性复原率elastic work弹性功elasticity弹性electrolyte电解质electrolyzation电解electroporesis电致孔法electuary煎膏剂elimination rate constant消除速率常数emulsifer in water method 水中乳化剂法、湿胶法emulsifier in oil method油中乳化剂法、干胶法emulsions乳剂emulsion普通乳enamine烯胺endocytosis内呑endotoxin内毒素enteric coated tablets肠溶衣片enteric coating肠溶衣enteric controlled release tablets肠溶控释片enterohepatic circulation肠肝循环entrapment rate包封率environmental pharmacology环境药理学epidermis表皮epimerization差向异构作用equilibrium solubility平衡溶解度equilibrium water平衡水分essential aminoacid必需氨基酸essential drugs基本药物essential fatty acid必需脂肪酸ethical (prescription) drug处方药ethnopharmacology人种药理学ethycellulose (EC)乙基纤维素etiological treatment对因治疗evaporation蒸发excipients辅料excitability兴奋性exotoxin外毒素expiry date; date of expiration药品有效期external phase分散介质、外相、连续相extracts浸膏剂extravascular administration血管外给药eye drop滴眼剂eye ointments眼膏剂Ffactorial design析因设计fatal dose; lethal dose致死量fatty oils脂肪油fermentation发酵fillers填充剂film coated tablets薄膜衣片film dispersion method薄分散法film-coating薄膜衣films膜剂filter aid助滤剂filtration过滤first pass effect of hepar肝首过效应first-pass effect首过效应fliud extracts流浸膏剂flocculation value絮凝度flocculation絮凝flow curve流动曲线flow velocity流出速度flowability流动性fluid-energy mills流能磨、气流式粉碎机fluidity buffer流动性缓冲剂fluidized bed coating流化床包衣法free water自由水分freely movable liquid自由流动液体freezing; refrigeration冷冻frequency size distribution 频率分布funicular state索带状fusion融合Ggas analysis气体分析gas permeability method气体透过法GCP药物临床试验管理规范gelatin glycerin甘油胫胶gelatinization糊化gelatin明胶general acid-base catalysis广义酸碱催化Geneva nomenclature日内瓦命名法geometric diameter几何学粒子径geometric isomerization几何异构ghost cell影细胞glidants助流剂GLP药物非临床研究管理规范gluconeogenesis糖异生作用glycerins甘油剂glyceryl monostearate硬脂酸、甘油酯glycolic acid羟基乙酸glycolysis酵解GMP药品生产质量管理规范granule density颗粒密度granules颗粒剂growth curve生长曲线guest molecules客分子Hhalf lethal dose ; median lethal dose; LD50半数致死剂量half-life period; half life time半衰期halogenide卤化物haptene半抗原hard capsules硬胶囊剂hardness硬度hemolysis溶血histamine组胺holonzyme and prosthetic group全酶与辅基hormone激素host molecules主分子humidity湿度humoral immunity体液免疫hydration of stratum corneum 角质层的水化作用hydrogel水性凝胶hydrolysis水解（作用）hydrophile-lipophile balance 亲水亲油平衡值hydrotropy agent助溶剂hydrotropy助溶hydroxypropyl methylcellulose羟丙甲纤维素hygroscopicity吸湿性hyperreactivity高敏性hypodermic tablets皮下注射用片IIDDS植入给药系统IEC离子交换色谱法IEF等电点聚焦immobile liquid不可流动液体immunoenhancement免疫增强剂immunogenicity免疫原性immunosuppressant;immuno inhibitor免疫抑制剂impact mill冲击式粉碎机impact冲击力implant tablets植入片implants埋植剂inclusion compound包含物incomplete antigen不完全抗原indirect carcinogenesis间接致癌individual differences; individual variation个体差异性industrial pharmacy工业药剂学infusion solution输液inhalation吸入法injection注射液in-liquid drying液中干燥法（乳化－溶剂挥发法）innocuity test method安全试验法interface polycondensation 界面缩聚法intermediate中间体intoxication; poisoning中毒intra-arterial route动脉内注射intracorporal process of drugs药物的体内过程intradermal (ID) route皮内注射intramuscular (IM) route肌肉注射intrathecal injection鞘内注射intravascular administration血管内给药intravenous (IV) route静脉注射intrinsic dissolution rate特性溶出速率inverse targeting反向靶向iontophoresis离子渗透法IR红外光谱isoclectric focusingIEF等电点聚焦isomerase异构酶isoosmotic solution等渗溶液isotonic solution等张溶液isotope同位素Llag time时滞large unilamellar vesicles大单室脂质体least significant difference最小显著差数length basis长度基准levorotatory form左旋体levulose左旋糖light quantum光量子limit date of using a drug after its production药品使用期Limulus Amebocyte Lysate assay for endotoxin内毒素鲎试剂测定法limulus lysate test鲎试验法linear correlation直线相关liniments搽剂liposome脂质体liquid immersion method 液浸法liquid injection无针液体注射器liquid paraffin液体石碏long term toxicity test长期毒性实验long-circulating liposomes 长循环脂质体long-term testing长期试验lotions洗剂low density lipoprotein低密度脂蛋白lubricants润滑剂lysozyme溶菌酶Mmacromolecule大分子magnetic controlled release dosage form磁性控释制剂magnetic medicinal preparations磁性药物制剂martin diameter定方向等分径mass basis质量基准matrix type骨架型maxial noneffective dose; EDO最大无作用剂量maximal tolerable dose; LDO最大耐受剂量maximum additive concentration MAC最大增溶浓度mechanical interlocking bonds 粒子间机械镶嵌mediator; transmitter; medium介质medical colloidal solution胶体溶液型药剂medicinal liquor酒剂melt-homogenization熔融－匀化法membrane wall表膜壁壳membrane-moderated type TTS 膜控释型TTSmesomer内消旋体methyl acrylate-methacrylate co 甲基丙烯酸-丙烯酸甲酯micellar emulsion胶团乳micelle胶束microcapsules微表microemulsion微乳microencapsulation微型包表术、微表化micromeritics粉体学microreservoir-type TTS微贮库型microscropic method显微镜法microsomal enzyme微粒体酶Microspheres微球microstreaming超微束minimal effective dose最小有效量minimal lethal dose;MLD最小致死剂量minitablet小片mixture合剂moistening agent润湿剂moisture absorption吸湿性mol fraction concentration摩尔分数浓度molar volume;mole volume摩尔分子体积molarity摩尔浓度molecular biology分子生物学molecular capsules分子囊molecular disease分子病molecular pharmacology分子药理学molecular solution分子溶液mole摩尔monoclonal antibody单克隆抗体multifunctional enzyme多功能酶multilamellar vesicles多宝脂质体multilayer tablets多层片multiorfice-centrifugal process多孔离心法multiple dose administration多剂量给药mutation突变Nnacent soap method新生皂法nanocapsules纳米囊nanoemulsion纳米乳nanoliposomes纳米脂质体nanospheres纳米球naonparticle纳米粒nasal drops滴鼻剂natural antibody天然抗体natural antigen天然抗原natural immunity天然免疫neurotoxin神经毒素newtonian equation牛顿粘度定律newtonian fluid牛顿流体niosomes类脂质体，泡囊nitrite poisoning亚硝酸盐中毒nonbound water非结合水分nondepolarizer非去极化型肌松药non-essential amino acid非必需氨基酸nonionic surfactant vesicles 非离子表面活性剂囊泡non-Newtonian fluid非牛顿流体nonprescription drug非处方药nucleation theory成核作用理论nucleotide核苷酸nutrient营养素Oocular inserts眼用膜剂official formula法定处方ointments软膏剂oligosaccharides低聚糖opitical isomerization光学异构oral administration口腔内给药ORD旋光色散orthologonal design区交设计osmotic pressure渗透压OSSDDS口服定位释药系统over the counter (OTC)非处方药oversize distribution筛上分布Ppacking fraction充填章paints涂剂paints涂膜剂pan coating锅包衣法paraffin石蜡particle size distribution粒度分布partition coefficient (P)分配系数parts per billion concentration PPB浓度parts per hundred concentration PPH浓度parts per hundred million concentration pphm浓度parts per million concentration ppm浓度passive immunity被动免疫passive targeting preparation 被动靶向制剂passive transport被动转运peak concentration of drug药峰浓度peak time of drug药峰时间pendular state钟摆状penetration enhancers穿透促进剂penetration enhancers经皮吸收促进剂percentage concentration百分浓度phagocytosis吞噬作用pharmaceutical analysis药物分析pharmaceutical chemistry制药化学pharmaceutical engineering 制剂学pharmaceutical equivalence药剂等效性pharmaceutical manufacturing制剂pharmaceutical preparation 药物制剂pharmaceutics药剂学pharmacia淀粉微球pharmacodynamics药效动力学pharmacogenetics药物遗传学pharmacokinetics model药物动力学模型pharmacokinetics药物动力学pharmacological availability 药理利用度pharmacology药理学phase inversion critical point 转相临界点phase separation相分离法（物理化学法）phase transition temperature 相转变湿度phase volume ratio相比phonophoresis超声波法photodegradation光化降解physical dependence身体依赖性physical pharmaceutics物理药剂学pill滴丸剂placebo安慰剂plasma protein binding ratio血浆蛋白结合率plasma substitute血浆代用液plasma血浆plaster硬膏剂plastic deformation塑性变形plastic viscosity塑性粘度plastisity塑性polymerization聚合polymers in pharmaceutics 药用高分子材料学polymorphism多晶型polyose多糖polypeptide多肽porosity空隙率potency unit效价单位potency效价potency效价强度powder injection无针粉未注射器powders散剂powerful drug剧药preformulation处方前工作pregelatinized starch淀粉、预胶化淀粉、可压性淀粉preparation制剂prescription;recipe处方preservative防腐剂pressure sensitive adhersive 压敏胶pressure-sensitive tape council剥离实验prickle cell layer棘层primary particle一级粒子prodrug前体药物proenzyme酶原prohormone激素原prolonged action preparation长效制剂propellents抛射剂propylene glycol丙二醇prosthetic group辅基pseudo steady state伪稳态pseudoplastic flow假塑性流动psychic dependence精神依赖性pulsed/pulsatile release脉冲释药pycnometer比重瓶pyrogen热原Qquantum pharmacology量子药理学quasi-viscous flow假粘性流动Rraceme外消旋体racemization外消旋化作用radiopharmaceutics放射药剂学radiotoxicology放射毒理学raman拉曼random floc不规则絮凝物rate of shear剪切速度、切速率、速度梯度receptor antagonist受体拮抗剂receptor stimulant受体激动剂receptor感受器receptor受体rectal administration直肠给药relative dosage interval相对给药间隔relative humidity (RH)相对湿度resistance to drugs抗药性response surface methodology效应面优化法restrictive holagogue限制性剧药retardants阻滞剂reverse osmosis反渗透rheology流变学ribonucleic acid; RNA核糖核酸rolling ball tack test滚球试验RP-HPLC反相高效液相色潽法rubbing研磨力Ssafety coefficient安全系统safety range安全范围safety安全性safflower藏红花油saponins皂甙saturated solution饱和溶液second particle二级粒子sedimentation method沉降法sedimentation rate沉降容积比selectivity选择性self-adjusted system自调式释药系统semi-logarithmic curve of drug-time药—时半对数曲线semisynthetic antibiotics半合成抗生素SEM扫描电镜sensitivity敏感性sensitization test致敏试验sensitization敏化作用sensitization致敏作用sequential design序贯设计serum血清settling velocity diameter 有效径shape factor形状系数shear mixing剪切混合shearing force剪切应力、剪切力、切力short term carcinogenic test短期致癌实验side effect副作用sieving diameterDa，筛分径sieving method筛分法simple coacervation单凝聚法simplex method单纯形优化法single unilamellar vesicles 小单室脂质体sink condition漏槽skin and mucocutaneous administration皮肤、粘膜表面给药slow pathway慢通道soft capsules软胶囊剂soft paraffin软石蜡solid bridges粒子间固体桥solid lipid nanospheres (SLN) 固体脂质纳米粒solubility parameter溶解度参数solubility溶解度solubilization增溶solubilizer增溶剂solute溶质solution tablets溶液片solutions溶液剂solvent; dissolvent溶剂solvent-nonsolvent溶剂－非溶剂法soybean-derived sterol大豆甾醇specific acid-base catalysis 专属酸碱催化specific surface area method 地表面积法specific surface area地表面积specific volume松比客spermaceti鲸蜡spirits醑剂spongia, spongc海绵剂spray congealing喷雾凝结法spray drying喷雾干燥法State food and drug administrationSFDA国家食品药品管理局steady state plasma concentration稳态血药浓度sterility无菌sterilization灭菌steroid withdrawal syndrome类固醇停药综合征sticky powder粘性粉体stress relaxation应力缓和stress testing影响因素试验、强化试验striping of stratum corneum 去除角质层subacute intoxication;subacute poisoning亚急性中毒subcutaneous (SC) route皮下注射sublingual tablets舌下片subnanoemulsion亚纳米乳sugar coated tablets糖衣片supercritical Fluid (SCF)超临界流体（萃取）superinfection二重感染superoxide过氧化物suppositories栓剂surface activity表面活性surface basis面积基准surface tension表面张力suspending agents助悬剂suspending agent助悬剂Suspensions混悬剂suspension悬浮液Sustained release tablets缓释片Sustained-release preparation 缓释制剂symptomatic treatment对症治疗synergism协同作用synergists协同剂synthesis of bioconvertible Prod 生物转化前体药物的合成synthesis of lipophilic analogs 脂质类物质的合成Synthesis of prodrugs前体药物的合成synthetic drugs合成药物syrups糖浆剂Ttablet hardness片剂硬度tablets片剂tachyphylaxis快速耐受tacking strength快粘力talc滑石粉tap density振实密度target cell靶细胞targetable drug delivery向靶给药targeting drug system (TDS) 靶向给药系统TDDS经皮传递系统technology of pharmaceutics制剂学TEM透射电镜tensile strength (Ts)抗张强度teratogenic test致畸试验teratogen致畸物the Merck index默克索引the technique of sterilization 灭菌技术theory of depletion stabilization 空缺稳定理论therapeutic action治疗作用therapeutic dose治疗量therapeutic drug monitoring; TDM治疗药物临测therapeutic equivalence治疗等效（值）therapeutic index TI治疗指数thermal energy温热热能法threshold dose阈剂量thumb tack test拇指实验time clock定时钟time controlled explosive system 时控-突释系统time-effect relationship时效关系tincture酊剂tincture酊剂titer抗体滴度titration curve滴定曲线titration滴定tolerance耐受性topochemical reactions局部化学反应toroches口含片toxic response; toxic reaction毒性反应toxicology毒理学trace element微量元素transdermal therapeutic system 反向靶向transfersome传递体transmitter递质tricarboxylic acid cycle三羧酸循环true density真密度TTS经皮治疗制剂tween聚氧乙烯失水山梨醇脂肪酸酯Uunder distribution筛下分布uniform design均匀设计Vvaginal tablets阴道片vander walls 力范德华力vaselin凡士林vertebra caval route脊椎腔注射viscoelasticity粘弹性viscosity coefficient粘度系数viscosity curve粘度曲线viscosity粘度viscosity粘性void ratio空隙比volume basis体积基准volume by volume concentration体积比浓度Wwet bulb temperature湿球温度Wet granulation湿法制粒wetting润湿性wool fat anhydrous无水羊毛脂wool fat羊毛脂World Health Organization; WHO世界卫生组织。

04/2013:2034EP 7.5SUBSTANCES FOR PHARMACEUTICAL USE药用物质DEFINITION 定义Substances for pharmaceutical use are any organic or inorganic substances that are used as active substances or excipients for the production of medicinal products for human or veterinary use. They may be obtained from natural sources or produced by extraction from raw materials, fermentation or synthesis.药用物质是指人用或兽用医疗产品生产中所使用的活性物质或辅料，其可能是有机的或无机的物质。

这些物质可能是从自然途径获取，或从原料中萃取、发酵或合成得到。

This general monograph does not apply to herbal drugs, herbal drugs for homoeopathic preparations, herbal drug preparations, extracts, or mother tinctures for homoeopathic preparations, which are the subject of separate general monographs (Herbal drugs (1433), Herbal drugs for homoegopathic preparations (2045), Herbal drug preparations (1434), Extracts (0765), Mother tinctures for homoeopathic preparations (2029)). It does not apply to raw materials for homoeopathic preparations, except where there is an individual monograph for the substance in the non-homoeopathic part of the Pharmacopoeia.本通论不适用于草药制品、顺势疗法制剂用草药、草药制剂、提取物、或顺势闻法制剂的药酒母体，这些品种应参照各自的各论（草药制品（1433）、顺势疗法制剂用草药（2045）、草药制剂（1434）、提取物（0765）、或顺势闻法制剂的药酒母体（2029））。

屠呦呦演讲稿英文版屠呦呦演讲稿英文版(1)尊敬的主席先生，尊敬的获奖者，女士们，先生们：Dear respected Chairman, General Secretary, esteemed Nobel Laureates, ladies and gentlemen,今天我极为荣幸能在卡罗林斯卡学院讲演，我报告的题目是：青蒿素——中医药给世界的一份礼物。

It’s my great honor to give this lecture today at Karolinska Institutet. The title of my presentation is: Artemisinin - A Gift from Traditional Chinese Medicine to the World.致谢在报告之前，我首先要感谢诺贝尔奖评委会，诺贝尔奖基金会授予我2015年生理学或医学奖。

这不仅是授予我个人的荣誉，也是对全体中国科学家团队的嘉奖和鼓励。

在短短的几天里，我深深地感受到了瑞典人民的热情，在此我一并表示感谢。

Before I start, I would like to thank the Nobel Assembly and the Nobel Foundation for awarding me the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. This is not only the honor for myself, but also the recognition of and motivation for all scientists in China. I would also like to express my sincere appreciation to the great hospitality of the Swedish people which I have received during my short stay over last few days.谢谢William C. Campbell(威廉姆.坎贝尔)和Satoshi ōmura(大村智)二位刚刚所做的精彩报告。

接收日期：2020-11-10接受日期：2020-12-18基金项目：第四次全国中药资源普查项目(财社[2018]43号) *通信作者。

E-mail:****************;***********.cn闽南常见榕属汤料植物提取物的斑马鱼急性毒性研究王 可1，吴意红1, 刘顺治1，范世明2*，丘鹰昆1*(1.厦门大学药学院福建省药物新靶点研究重点实验室，福建 厦门 361105；2.福建中医药大学，福建 福州 350122)摘 要：利用斑马鱼模型评价闽南常见桑科榕属草药粗叶榕(Ficus hirta )、天仙果(F . erecta var. beecheyana )、薜荔(F . pumila )、变叶榕(F . variolosa )不同药用部位水提取物及醇提取物的急性毒性。

实验给药浓度分别为200 μg·mL -1、 100 μg·mL -1，记录给药后48 h 、96 h 鱼的死亡率，并采用体视显微镜观察斑马鱼胚胎畸形率和胚胎发育情况。

结果表明，上述桑科榕属植物根、茎、叶、果等不同药用部位的水提取物在200 μg·mL -1剂量下是低毒或无毒的，对斑马鱼胚胎无不良影响，反而具有促进胚胎生长的作用，但高剂量醇提取物对斑马鱼胚胎发育有一定的负面影响，粗叶榕叶，天仙果茎、叶及变叶榕叶导致斑马鱼胚胎尾部畸形，薜荔叶、果醇提取物处理出现明显心包水肿现象。

上述药材作为传统的汤料材料使用是安全无毒的，但用作药酒原料使用时应注意使用剂量。

关键词：榕属；斑马鱼；急性毒性；闽南中草药Doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2020.06.004中图分类号：R282.6 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1009-7791(2020)06-0433-05Acute Toxicity Study on Zebrafish of Commonly Used Soup Ingredient FicusPlant in Southern Fujian ProvinceWANG Ke 1, WU Yi-hong 1, LIU Shun-zhi 1, FAN Shi-ming 2*, QIU Ying-kun 1*(1.Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen361105, Fujian China; 2.Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian China)Abstract: Zebrafish model was used to evaluate the acute toxicity of aqueous extracts and alcohol extracts of different medicinal parts of Ficus hirta , F . erecta var. beecheyana , F . pumila , F . variolosa . The mortality rate of fish was recorded at 48 h and 96 h after the administration of the extracts, and the embryonic malformation rate and embryonic development of each group were observed by stereomicroscopy. The results showed that the water extracts of roots, stems, leaves, fruits and other different medicinal parts of the plants of Ficus in Moraceae were low or non-toxic at a dose of 200 μg·mL -1, and had no adverse effects on zebrafish embryos, the effect of promoting embryo growth was observed. However, the alcohol extract had a certain effect on zebrafish embryo development at high doses. The alcohol extracts from thick leaf of F . hirta , the stems and leaves of F . erecta var. beecheyana, and the leaves of F . variolosa led to the tail deformity of zebrafish embryos. The alcohol extracts from F . pumila leaves, fruit had obvious pericardial edema. The results showed that the above-mentioned medicinal materials were safe and non-toxic when used as traditional soup materials, but the dosage should be paid attention to when used as medicinal wine raw materials.2020,49(6): 433～437.Subtropical Plant Science第49卷 ﹒434﹒Key words: Ficus; zebrafish; acute toxicity; Minnan Chinese herbs桑科植物资源丰富，有构属(Broussonetia)、桑属(Morus)、榕属(Ficus)等，我国共 11属 150余种[1]。

食品研究与开发F ood Research And Development圆园19年6月第40卷第11期DOI ：10.3969/j.issn.1005-6521.2019.11.006基础研究基金项目：国家自然科学基金面上项目（81773952）；国家自然科学基金青年科学基金（81803383）；湖北省神农架林区自然科学基金（SNJKJ2016029）作者简介：林芳（1994—），女（汉），硕士，研究方向：天然产物化学。

*通信作者：程凡，男（汉），副教授，研究方向：天然产物化学。

睡菜提取物对小鼠急性毒性及镇静催眠活性研究林芳1，陈静文1，张志麒2，刘呈雄1，陈剑锋1，邹坤1，程凡1，*（1.三峡大学生物与制药学院天然产物研究与利用湖北省重点实验室，湖北宜昌443002；2.神农架国家公园管理局，湖北神农架林区442400）摘要：探究睡菜作为安神保健食物开发的安全性和可行性。

采用最大耐受量法测定评价其急性毒性。

通过小鼠自主活动实验观察对小鼠的镇静催眠作用，通过注射阈下剂量和阈上剂量的戊巴比妥钠，比较睡菜总提取物和不同极性部位对实验小鼠的入睡率，睡眠潜伏期和入睡时间的影响差异。

结果表明，睡菜提取物对小鼠经口给药急性毒性的最大耐受量（maximal tolerable dose ，MTD ）大于10g/kg ，给药当天对小鼠体重有轻微影响，第2天恢复正常，脏器未见异常病变。

睡菜乙酸乙酯部位、正丁醇部位可明显抑制小鼠自主活动，睡菜乙酸乙酯部位高剂量组，正丁醇部位高、低剂量组可使阈下剂量戊巴比妥钠小鼠入睡率明显增加；乙酸乙酯高、低剂量组，正丁醇部位高、低剂量组可使阈上剂量戊巴比妥钠小鼠的入睡潜伏期缩短，持续睡眠时间增加。

睡菜提取物毒性较小且有较好的镇静催眠活性，乙酸乙酯部位和正丁醇部位都有显著地镇静催眠活性。

关键词：睡菜；急性毒性；最大耐受量；镇静；催眠Acute Toxicity of Extracts of Menyanthes trifoliate L.and Its Sedative and Hypnotic Effects on MiceLIN Fang 1，CHEN Jing-wen 1，ZHANG Zhi-qi 2，LIU Cheng-xiong 1，CHEN Jian-feng 1，ZOU Kun 1，CHENG Fan 1，*（1.Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development ，College of Biological andPharmaceutical Sciences ，China Three Gorges University ，Yichang 443002，Hubei ，China ；2.Shennongjia National Park Administration ，Shennongjia Forestry District 442400，Hubei ，China ）Abstract ：The safety and feasibility of Menyanthes trifoliate L.as a tranquility food was explored.The maximum tolerated dose method was used to calculate the acute toxicity.And locomotor activity assay was used to evaluate the sedative and hypnotic activities.The effective of M.trifoliate extract and different polar parts on the sleep rates ，the sleep latency and duration of sleep in model mice were compared by injecting subthreshold dose and suprathreshold dose of pentobarbital sodium.The maximum tolerated dose （MTD ）of the acute toxicity of extract from M.trifoliate was higher than 10g/kg.The day of administration had a slight effect on the body weight of the mice ，and returned to normal on the second day ，and no abnormal lesions were found in the organs.The ethyl acetate fraction and the n-butanol fraction of M.trifoliate could obviously inhibit the locomotor activity of mice.The high dose of ethyl acetate fraction and the high ，low dose of n-butanol fraction of M.trifoliate could increasethe percentage of sleeping.The high ，low dose of ethyl acetate fraction and the high ，low dose of n-butanol fraction of M.trifoliate could decrease the sleep latency and prolong the sleeping time of mice.The extract of M.trifoliate showed low acute toxicity and great sedation-hypnotic activity.The n-butanol extract and ethyl acetate31睡眠，是高等脊椎动物周期出现的一种自发的和可逆的静息状态，对人类身体健康极为重要。

04/2013:2034EP 7.5SUBSTANCES FOR PHARMACEUTICAL USE药用物质DEFINITION 定义Substances for pharmaceutical use are any organic or inorganic substances that are used as active substances or excipients for the production of medicinal products for human or veterinary use. They may be obtained from natural sources or produced by extraction from raw materials, fermentation or synthesis.药用物质是指人用或兽用医疗产品生产中所使用的活性物质或辅料，其可能是有机的或无机的物质。

这些物质可能是从自然途径获取，或从原料中萃取、发酵或合成得到。

This general monograph does not apply to herbal drugs, herbal drugs for homoeopathic preparations, herbal drug preparations, extracts, or mother tinctures for homoeopathic preparations, which are the subject of separate general monographs (Herbal drugs (1433), Herbal drugs for homoegopathic preparations (2045), Herbal drug preparations (1434), Extracts (0765), Mother tinctures for homoeopathic preparations (2029)). It does not apply to raw materials for homoeopathic preparations, except where there is an individual monograph for the substance in the non-homoeopathic part of the Pharmacopoeia.本通论不适用于草药制品、顺势疗法制剂用草药、草药制剂、提取物、或顺势闻法制剂的药酒母体，这些品种应参照各自的各论（草药制品（1433）、顺势疗法制剂用草药（2045）、草药制剂（1434）、提取物（0765）、或顺势闻法制剂的药酒母体（2029））。

多穗石柯叶提取物的急性毒性实验研究作者：陆武弟杨仕婷赵志文梁耀元韦能陆来源：《右江医学》2017年第05期【摘要】目的对多穗石柯叶乙醇提取物的急性毒性进行研究，测定SD大鼠对多穗石柯叶乙醇提取物的最大耐受量（MTD）。

方法通过预实验得出多穗石柯叶乙醇提取物毒性不明显，无法测定出半数致死量（LD50），故进行最大耐受量（MTD）的测定。

将大鼠分为提取物组和空白组，实验前禁食不禁水12 h；灌胃，定时观察并记录大鼠毒性反应和死亡情况，连续观察14 d；每天称量体重，第14天后将大鼠处死进行解剖，观察心、肺、肝、脾、肾等主要脏器的变化，称量肝、脾重量。

结果提取物组大鼠的自主活动、体重变化以及有关脏器重量的变化情况与空白组大鼠比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05），试验期间未出现大鼠死亡。

SD大鼠对多穗石柯叶乙醇提取物的MTD为9.34 g提取物/kg。

结论多穗石柯叶乙醇提取物毒性较低，具有良好的食用安全性。

【关键词】多穗石柯叶；急性毒性；最大耐受量中图分类号：R285.5 文献标识码：ADOI：10.3969/j.issn.10031383.2017.05.004Experimental study of acute toxicity of extracts from leaves Lithocarpus polystachyus（DC.）Rehd[HJ2][HJ]LU Wudi1，YANG Shiting1，ZHAO Zhiwen1，LIANG Yaoyuan2，WEI Nenglu3，LIJin4▲（1.Undergraduate Class，Grade 2014 in College of Medical Laboratory，2.College of Basic Medicine，3.College of Pharmacy，4.Science and Technology Department，Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities，Baise 533000，China ）[HJ2][HJ]【Abstract】ObjectiveTo study the acute toxicity of the alcohol extracts from leaves of Lithocarpus polystachyus（DC.） Rehd，so as to measure the maximum tolerated does（MTD）of SD rats.MethodsIn preliminary experiment，the alcohol extracts from leaves of Lithocarpus polystachyus（DC.） Rehd did not show obvious toxicity and the median lethal does（LD50）could not be measured.Therefore，the MTD was measured.Rats were divided into extract group and blank group.Before experiment，all rats were being fasted for 12 hours and fed with only water； they were given intragastric administration，then toxic reaction and death were observed and recorded regularly for continuous 14 d；rats were weighed everyday.14 days later，the rats were killed and dissected，the changes of main organs such as heart，lung，liver，spleen and kidney were observed，and liver and spleen were weighed.ResultsThere was no statistically significant difference in autonomic activities，weight change and change of relevant organ weights between the blank group and the extract group（P>0.05）.No rat died during the experiment.The MTD of the alcohol extracts from leaves of Lithocarpus polystachyus（DC.） Rehd in SD rats was 9.34 g extract/kg.ConclusionAlcohol extracts from leaves of Lithocarpus polystachyus（DC.） Rehd has low toxicity，which is safe for food.【Key words】leaves of Lithocarpus polystachyus（DC.） Rehd；acute toxicity；MTD多穗石柯为壳斗科石柯属植物[1]，别名甜茶、甜叶子树、大叶稠子、苷茶、多穗柯等，以野生形式零星分布于我国长江以南各省区的低山密林中，其中以湖南中西部雪峰山一带洞口、隆回花瑶瑶山地区产量最多。